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2found to be the most successful in resolving specific problems. To develop these syntheses in a compre- hensive manner and to ensure inclusion of significant knowledge, TRB employs a consultant to gather and analyze available information from numerous sources, including a large number of transit agencies. A panel of experts in the subject area is established to guide the consultants in organizing and evaluating data collected on each topic and to review the synthesis report. For each topic, the project objectives are (1) to locate and assemble documented information; (2) to learn what practice has been used for solving or alle- viating problems; (3) to identify all ongoing research; (4) to learn what problems remain largely unsolved; and (5) to organize, evaluate, and document the use- ful information that is acquired. Each synthesis is an immediately useful document that records practices that were acceptable within the limitations of the knowledge available at the time of its preparation. As the processes of advancement con- tinue, new knowledge can be expected to be added to that which is now on hand; eventually the synthesis may need to be updated or redone. If you believe that a synthesis should be updated, it would be appreci- ated if you would contact TRB and let us know. Selection of Topics TCRP Project Panel J-7 meets each year (typically in May) to select topics for study using funds from the upcoming fiscal year. The membership of this com- mittee is given in Table 1. Current funding allows for initiation of approximately six syntheses per year. either in documented form or as undocumented experience and practice. This information may be fragmented, scattered, and unevaluated. As a con- sequence, full knowledge of what has been learned about a problem may not be brought to bear on its solution. Costly research findings may go unused, valuable experience may be overlooked, and due consideration may not be given to recommended practices for solving or alleviating the problem. There is information on nearly every subject of concern to the public transportation industry. Much of it derives from research or from the work of practi- tioners faced with problems in their day-to-day work. To provide a systematic means for assembling and evaluating such useful information and to make it available to the entire transit community, the Transit Cooperative Research Program Oversight and Project Selection (TOPS) Committee authorized the Trans- portation Research Board to undertake a continuing study. This study, TCRP Project J-7, âSynthesis of In- formation Related to Transit Practices,â searches out and synthesizes useful knowledge from all available sources and prepares concise, documented reports on specific topics. Reports from this endeavor constitute a TCRP report series, Synthesis of Transit Practice. THE SYNTHESIS PROGRAM This synthesis series reports on current knowledge and practice, in a compact format, without the detailed directions usually found in handbooks or design man- uals. Each report in the series provides a compendium of the current knowledge available on those measures Table 1 TCRP Project Panel J-7. Name Affiliation Chair Brad J. Miller Pinellas Suncoast Transit Authority (PSTA), St. Petersburg, FL Member Donna DeMartino San Joaquin Regional Transit District, Stockton, CA Member Michael Ford Consultant, Camas, WA Member Bobby J. Griffin Griffin and Associates, Flower Mound, TX Member Jeanne Krieg Eastern Contra Costa Transit Authority, Antioch, CA Member Paul J. Larrousse Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ Member Ronald Kilcoyne North County Transit District, Oceanside, CA Member Elizabeth Presutti Des Moines Area Regional Transit AuthorityâDART, Des Moines, IA Member Robert H. Prince, Jr. AECOM Consulting Transportation Group, Inc., Boston, MA Member Jarrett W. Stoltzfus Foothill Transit, West Covina, CA Liaison Faith Hall Federal Transit Administration, Washington, D.C. American Public Transportation Association, Washington, D.C. Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C.
3The following factors are considered in the selec- tion process for synthesis topics: ⢠The problem should be widespread enough to generate broad interest in the synthesis. ⢠The topic should be timely and critical with respect to economic impact, safety, or social impact. ⢠The topic is appropriate if current practice is nonuniform or inconsistent from agency to agency, or if the validity of some practices appears to be questionable. ⢠The quality and quantity of useful available information should indicate a need to orga- nize and compress that which has already been learned and written on the topic. ⢠The topic should not be one where ongoing research or other activities in progress might be expected to render the synthesis obsolete shortly after completion. The continued success of this project depends on a constant supply of worthy synthesis topics solicited annually from a variety of sources, including transit officials, equipment and service suppliers, research organizations, FTA, APTA, and TRB committees. The interest of those who have recommended topics is sincerely appreciated, and they are urged to continue. Conduct of the Studies Throughout the year, following the J-7 project panelâs selection of topics, studies are initiated in the order of priority assigned by the committee. A panel consisting of practitioners and researchers is formed for each topic. At its first meeting, this topic panel thoroughly discusses the topic, refines the tentative scope, suggests sources of information, and selects the consultant based on expression of interest received in response to an industry-wide solicitation. Following this meeting, an agreement is negoti- ated with the consultant to gather information on the topic, synthesize it, and draft a report. Typically, the agreement covers a period of 9 months. Information gathering and preparation of the first draft of the syn- thesis report usually takes 5 months. This draft is then reviewed by the topic panel with the consultant, often at a second panel meeting. Subsequent drafts and a meeting are scheduled if needed, although this rarely occurs. After the staff is substantially satisfied with the report, a final draft is sent to the members of the TCRP Project Panel J-7 for their approval. At the same time, members from the topic panel have their last chance to review the report. Comments from these reviews are incorporated into the final report, which is usually published as a TCRP Synthesis of Transit Practice. Studies in Progress as of January 2018 Work is currently under way on the topics listed in Table 2. Questions on these topics should be addressed to the Project Study Manager, Mariela Garcia-Colberg (e-mail: mgarciacolberg@nas.edu and 202/334-2361). Available Publications The Syntheses of Transit Practice that have been completed under this project are listed in Table 3. Copies of these syntheses can be obtained through the Internet at: https://www.mytrb.org/store. Elec- tronic copies are available at: http://www.trb.org/ Publications/PubsTCRPSynthesisReports.aspx. Index of Topic Studies Table 4 is a keyword index of published syn- theses and studies currently in progress. The report numbers in blue are live links. Click on the number to access the report. Table 2 Synthesis StudiesâIn Progress as of January 2018. No. Title SA-41 Battery Electric BusesâState of the Practice SA-42 College Student Transit Pass Programs SA-43 Transit Service Evaluation Standards SA-44 Comprehensive Bus Network Redesign SB-27 Public Transit and Bikesharing SB-28 Administration of ADA Paratransit Eligibility Appeal Programs SB-29 Customer Focused Service Guarantees and Transparency Practices SB-30 Current Practices in Providing Demand- Response Transit SB-31 Implementing the U.S. DOT Reasonable Accommodation Rule SD-05 Mitigating Third Rail Insulator Failuresâ State of the Practice SF-20 Managing the Transit Scheduling Workforce SG-14 ADA Paratransit Service Delivery Models SG-15 Contracting Fixed-Route Bus Transit Service SH-18 On-Board Survey Methods and Technologies
4Table 3 Published TCRP Syntheses. No. Title/Pages 1 Safe Operating Procedures for Alternative Fuel Buses (1993) 48 pp., $16.00 2 Low-Floor Transit Buses (1994) 43 pp., $12.00 3 Incentive Programs to Improve Transit Employee Performance (1994) 44 pp., $12.00 4 Integration of Bicycles and Transit (1994) 58 pp., $12.00 5 Management Information Systems (1994) 77 pp., $19.00 6 The Role of Performance-Based Measures in Allocating Funding for Transit Operations (1994) 52 pp., $11.00 7 Regulatory Impacts on Design and Retrofit of Bus Maintenance Facilities (1994) 50 pp., $12.00 8 Retrofit of Buses to Meet Clean Air Regulations (1994) 48 pp., $12.00 9 Waste Control Practices at Bus Maintenance Facilities (1995) 26 pp., $10.00 10 Bus Route Evaluation Standards (1995) 54 pp., $12.00 11 System-Specific Spare Bus Ratios (1995) 46 pp., $12.00 12 Transit Bus Service Line and Cleaning Functions (1995) 48 pp., $14.00 13 Risk Management for Small and Medium Transit Agencies (1995) 31 pp., $13.00 14 Innovative Suburb-to-Suburb Transit Practices (1995) 50 pp., $14.00 15 System-Specific Spare Rail Vehicle Ratios (1995) 43 pp., $13.00 16 Changing Roles and Practices of Bus Field Supervisors (1996) 45 pp., $13.00 17 Customer Information at Bus Stops (1996) 64 pp., $18.00 18 Bus Occupant Safety (1996) 55 pp., $15.00 19 Passenger Transfer System Review (1996) 37 pp., $14.00 20 Transit-Focused Development (1997) 55 pp., $16.00 21 Improving Transit Security (1997) 36 pp., $15.00 22 Monitoring Bus Maintenance Performance (1997) 48 pp., $16.00 23 Inspection Policy and Procedures for Rail Transit Tunnels and Underground Structures (1997) 95 pp., $25.00 24 AVL Systems for Bus Transit (1997) 47 pp., $16.00 25 Light Rail Vehicle Compression Requirements (1997) 34 pp., $15.00 26 Bus Transit Fare Collection Practices (1997) 29 pp., $14.00 27 Emergency Preparedness for Transit Terrorism (1997) 73 pp., $21.00 28 Managing Transit Construction Contract Claims (1998) 50 pp., $17.00 29 Passenger Counting Technologies and Procedures (1998) 50 pp., $23.00 30 ADA Paratransit Eligibility Certification Practices (1998) 38 pp., $16.00 31 Paratransit Contracting and Service Delivery Methods (1998) 35 pp., $16.00 32 Transit Advertising Revenue: Traditional and New Sources and Structures (1998) 58 pp., $20.00 33 Practices in Assuring Employee Availability (1999) 69 pp., $27.00 34 Data Analysis for Bus Planning and Monitoring (2000) 62 pp., $27.00 35 Information Technology Update for Transit (2000) 98 pp., $31.00 36 Identifying and Reducing Fraudulent Third Party Tort Claims Against Public Transit Agencies (2000) 58 pp., $25.00 37 Communicating with Persons with Disabilities in a Multimodal Environment (2001) 48 pp., $26.00 38 Electronic Surveillance Technology on Transit Vehicles (2001) 57 pp., $28.00 39 Transportation on College and University Campuses (2001) 62 pp., $28.00 40 A Challenged Employment System: Hiring, Training, Performance Evaluation, and Retention of Bus Operators (2001) 72 pp., $29.00 41 The Use of Small Buses in Transit Service (2002) 72 pp., $15.00 42 Use of Flexible Funds for Transit Under ISTEA and TEA-21 (2002) 40 pp., $15.00 43 Effective Use of Transit Websites (2002) 79 pp., $16.00 44 Training for On-Board Bus Electronics (2002) 63 pp., $15.00 45 Customer-Focused Transit (2002) 100 pp., $17.00 46 Diversity Training Initiatives (2003) 59 pp., $15.00 47 Corporate Culture as the Driver of Transit Leadership Practices (2003) 91 pp., $17.00 48 Real-Time Bus Arrival Information Systems (2003) 61 pp., $15.00
5(continued on next page) Table 3 (Continued) No. Title/Pages 49 Yield to Bus ProgramsâState of the Practice (2004) 88 pp. 50 Use of Rear-Facing Position for Common Wheelchairs on Transit Buses (2003) 42 pp., $14.00 51 Transit Advertising Sales Agreements (2004) 99 pp., $18.00 52 Transit Operator Health and Wellness Programs (2004) 80 pp., $17.00 53 Operational Experiences with Flexible Services in Transit Systems (2004) 57 pp., $16.00 54 Maintenance Productivity Practices (2004) 92 pp., $18.00 55 Geographic Information Systems Applications in Transit (2004) 60 pp., $16.00 56 Performance-Based Measures in Transit Fund Allocation (2004) 74 pp., $16.00 57 Computer-Aided Scheduling and Dispatch in Demand-Responsive Transit Services (2004) 79 pp., $17.00 58 Emergency Response Procedures for Natural Gas Transit Vehicles (2005) 53 pp., $15.00 59 Strategic Planning and Management in Transit Agencies (2005) 44 pp., $15.00 60 Practices in No-Show and Late Cancellation Policies for ADA Paratransit (2005) 49 pp., $16.00 61 Maintenance Staffing Levels for Light Rail Transit (2005) 41 pp., $16.00 62 Integration of Bicycles and Transit (2005) 70 pp., $17.00 63 On-Board and Intercept Transit Survey Techniques (2005) 91 pp., $19.00 64 Bus Use of Shoulders (2006) 91 pp., $35.00 65 Transit Agency Participation in Medicaid Transportation Programs (2006) 48 pp., $31.00 66 Fixed-Route Transit Ridership Forecasting and Service Planning Methods (2006) 51 pp., $31.00 67 Bus Transit Service in Land Development Planning (2006) 62 pp., $32.00 68 Methods of Rider Communication (2006) 95 pp., $35.00 69 Web-Based Survey Techniques (2006) 104 pp., $35.00 70 Mobile Data Terminals (2007) 150 pp., $47.00 71 Paratransit Managerâs Skills, Qualifications, and Needs (2007) 52 pp., $36.00 72 Use of Biodiesel in a Transit Fleet (2007) 61 pp., $38.00 73 AVL Systems for Bus Transit Update (2007) 104 pp., $50.00 74 Policies and Practices for Effectively and Efficiently Meeting ADA Paratransit Demand (2008) 54 pp., $40.00 75 Uses of Higher Capacity Buses in Transit Service (2008) 72 pp., $45.00 76 Integration of Paratransit and Fixed-Route Transit Services (2008) 48 pp., $40.00 77 Passenger Counting Systems (2008) 73 pp., $45.00 78 Transit Systems in College and University Communities (2008) 88 pp., $47.00 79 Light Rail Vehicle Collisions with Vehicles at Signalized Intersections (2008) 40 pp., $37.00 80 Transit Security Update (2008) 141 pp., $57.00 81 Preventive Maintenance Intervals for Transit Buses (2010) 71 pp., $47.00 82 Transit Fare Arrangements for Public Employees (2010) 81 pp., $49.00 83 Bus and Rail Transit Preferential Treatments in Mixed Traffic (2010) 202 pp., $68.00 84 Current Practices in Greenhouse Gas Emissions Savings from Transit (2010) 77 pp., $49.00 85 Effective Use of Citizen Advisory Committees for Transit Planning and Operations (2010) 63 pp., $43.00 86 Relationships Between Streetcars and the Built Environment (2010) 52 pp., $42.00 87 Practices in the Development and Deployment of Downtown Circulators (2011) 113 pp., $57.00 88 Strollers, Carts, and Other Large Items on Buses and Trains (2011) 162 pp., $63.00 89 Public Participation Strategies for Transit (2011) 87 pp., $54.00 90 Video Surveillance Uses by Rail Transit Agencies (2011) 79 pp., $52.00 91 Use and Deployment of Mobile Device Technology for Real-Time Transit Information (2011) 78 pp., $49.00 92 Transit Asset Condition Reporting (2011) 45 pp., $41.00 93 Practices to Protect Bus Operators from Passenger Assault (2011) 126 pp., $60.00 94 Innovative Rural Transit Services (2011) 43 pp., $41.00 95 Practices for Wayside Rail Transit Worker Protection (2012) 79 pp., $54.00 96 Off-Board Fare Payment Using Proof-of-Payment Verification (2012) 117 pp., $60.00 97 Improving Bus Transit Safety Through Rewards and Discipline (2012) 53 pp., $46.00 98 Ridesharing as a Complement to Transit (2012) 62 pp., $48.00
6Absenteeism 33, 52 Accidents âLight Rail 79 âPrevention 95, 126 âReduction 97 ADA Paratransit 119 Adopt-a-Stop 103 Advertising âBuses/Trains, on 32, 51 âStations/Stops 32, 51 âWebsites 43 Advisory Committees 85 Alternative Fuels 1 âSafe Operating Procedures, Buses 1 Asset Management 92, 100 Automated Onboard Systems, Vehicle Health 81 Automated Vehicle Location (AVL) Systems 24, 34, 48, 53, 55, 73, 77, 91, 93, 94, 110 Automatic Passenger Counters (APC) 29, 66, 73, 77 Automatic Vehicle Monitoring 24, 34, 48, 53, 55, 73 Automotive Service Excellence 120 Table 4 Index to TCRP Syntheses and Studies. Blue numbers are live links to those reports. Table 3 (Continued) No. Title/Pages 99 Uses of Social Media in Public Transportation (2012) 57 pp., $48.00 100 Elevator and Escalator Maintenance and Safety Practices (2012) 58 pp., $48.00 101 Implementation and Outcomes of Fare-Free Transit Systems (2012) 96 pp., $57.00 102 Integrating Passenger Ferry Service with Mass Transit (2013) 45 pp., $44.00 103 Transit Station and Stop Adoption Programs (2013) 59 pp., $49.00 104 Use of Electronic Passenger Information Signage in Transit (2013) 100 pp., $58.00 105 Use of Market Research Panels in Transit (2013) 62 pp., $48.00 106 Energy Savings Strategies for Transit Agencies (2013) 68 pp., $52.00 107 Rail Transit Track Inspection Practices (2014) 50 pp., $50.00 108 Transit Bus Operator Distraction Policies (2013) 92 pp., $58.00 109 System-Specific Spare Bus Ratios Update (2014) 61 pp., $49.00 110 Commonsense Approaches for Improving Transit Bus Speeds (2014) 147 pp., $68.00 111 Optimizing Bus Warranty (2014) 62 pp. 112 Maintaining Transit Effectiveness (2014) 107 pp. 113 Sub-Allocating FTA Section 5307 Funding Among Multiple Recipients in Metropolitan Areas (2014) 73 pp. 114 Critical Incident Management and Clearance Practices for Rail Transit (2015) 101 pp. 115 Open Data: Challenges and Opportunities for Transit Agencies (2015) 114 pp. 116 Practices for Establishing ADA Paratransit Eligibility Assessment Facilities (2015) 67 pp. 117 Better On-Street Bus Stops (2015) 132 pp. 118 Practices for Utility Coordination in Transit Projects (2015) 56 pp. 119 Use of Taxis in Public Transportation for People with Disabilities and Older Adults (2016) 103 pp. 120 Use of Automotive Service Excellence Tests Within Transit (2016) 89 pp. 121 Transit Agency Practices in Interacting with People Who Are Homeless (2016) 88 pp. 122 Transit Supportive Parking Policies and Programs (2016) 69 pp. 123 Onboard Camera Applications for Buses (2016) 70 pp. 124 Planning and Design for Fire and Smoke Incidents in Underground Passenger Rail Systems (2017) 103 pp. 125 Multiagency Electronic Fare Payment Systems (2017) 132 pp. 126 Successful Practices and Training Initiatives to Reduce Bus Accidents and Incidents at Transit Agencies (2017) 92 pp. 127 Addressing Difficult Customer Situations (2017) 89 pp. 128 Practices for Evaluating the Economic Impacts and Benefits of Transit (2017) 95 pp. 129 Managing Extreme Weather at Bus Stops (2017) 77 pp. 43 Track Maintenance Costs on Rail Transit Properties (2008) (web-only doc)
7Bicycles â Integration with Buses 4, 62 â Integration with Ferries 4, 62 â Integration with Rail 4, 62, 122 Biodiesel 72 Buff Load (see Compression Requirements) Built Environment 86 Buses âAlternative Fuels 1 â Compressed Natural Gas 1 â Ethanol 1 â Liquefied Natural Gas 1 â Liquefied Petroleum Gas 1 â Methanol 1 âAutomated Vehicle Location Systems 24, 34, 48, 53, 55, 94 âBicycle Integration with 4, 62, 88 âBiodiesel 72 âBypass Lanes 83 âCleaning 12 âCollege and University Campuses 39, 78 âDowntown Circulators 87 âDriver Availability 33, 40, 52 âElectronic Equipment 44 âFare Collection 26, 96 âFare-Free 101 âField Supervisors 16 âFuel and Fluid Storage 7 âHigher Capacity 75 â Intercity 94 â Integration with Passenger Ferries 102 âLow-Floor 2 âMaintenance 54, 81, 111, 120 âMaintenance Facilities 7, 9, 12 âNatural Gas 58 âOccupant Safety 18, 38, 50, 58 âPassenger Transfer 19 âProcurement 111 âRail, Integration with 83 âRapid Transit 75, 83 âRepairs 111 âRetrofitting 8 âRoute Evaluation Standards 10 âRoutes 110 âSafety 97 âService Line and Cleaning 12 âSignage 104 âShoulders 64 âSmall Buses 41 âSpeeds 110 âStops, Customer Information at 17, 37, 48 âStrollers, Integration with 88 âSuburb-to-Suburb Service 14 âSystem-Specific Spare Ratios 11 Table 4 (Continued) (continued on next page) âTraffic Operations 49 âWarranty 111 âWaste Control at Maintenance Facilities 9 Bus Field Supervisors âChanging Roles and Practices 16 Bus Garages (see Bus Maintenance Facilities) Bus Maintenance Facilities âCleaning 12 âRegulations on Design and Retrofit of 7 âWaste Control 9 Bus Route Evaluation Standards 10, 14 Bus Stops â Information at 17, 37, 48 âLocations 53, 117, 129 âSafety Design 18, 117 âSigns 17, 37 Cameras 123 Claims (see Liability) Certification, ASE 120 Circulators 87 Codes (see Regulations, Standards) College and University Campuses 39, 78 Communications âRiders 68, 89 Commuter Benefits 82 Compression Requirements âLight Rail Vehicles 25 Computer-Aided Dispatch 73, 91, 93, 110 Congestion Mitigation 84 Construction Contract Claims 28 Contracts âAdvertising 32, 51 âDisputes and Resolution 28 â Information Technology Services 35 âMaintenance 54 âParatransit Services 31, 71 Coordination âUtilities 118 Cost-Effectiveness âFare-Free Transit 101 âTransit 112 Customer Service 43, 45 âAutomatic Vehicle Location 73 âAwareness 43, 45, 48, 49, 68 âBicycles on Transit 62 âComplaint Resolution 38 âComputer-Aided Scheduling and Dispatch 57, 91, 115 âEmployee Fare Programs 82 âGeographic Information Systems 55 â Information at Bus Stops 17, 48 âManagement Role 16, 47
8 âPassengers with Disabilities 30, 31, 37, 50, 53, 60, 74, 116, 119 âPassengers with Strollers, Carts, and Other Large Items 88 âPublic Participation 89 âService Line and Cleaning 12 âSurveys 63, 69 âTransfers 19 Design âBicycle Storage and Transport 62 âBus â Clean Air Regulations, to Meet 8 â Low-Floor Transit Buses 2 â Safety 18, 50, 58, 93 âBus Maintenance Facilities 7 âBus Stops 18, 117 âElevators and Escalators 100 âEngines 7, 8 âRegulatory Impacts on 7, 8 âSmall Buses 41 âStreetcar Systems 86 âSurveillance Technology 38 âSurvey Questionnaires 63, 69 âTunnels 23 âWebsites 43 Dispatch 57 âBus 53, 60 Distraction Policies 108 Diversity âTraining 46 Driver âDistractions 108 âHealth and Wellness 52 âHiring 40 âPerformance Evaluation 40 âRetention 40 âTraining 40, 44, 45, 49, 57 Dynamic Message Signs 91, 104, 115 Electronic Signage 104 Electronic Surveillance 38, 90 Elevators 100 Emergency Procedures âBus 58 âRail 114 Emissions, Greenhouse Gas 84 Employee Assistance Programs 16, 52, 82 Energy, Savings 106 Environment, The âClean Air Act 1, 7, 8 âEmissions, Biodiesel 72 âGreenhouse Gas Emissions 84 âWaste Control 9 Escalators 100 Fare Collection âBus 26, 34 âDowntown Circulators 87 âElectronic Registering Fareboxes (ERFs) 29 âEvasion 93, 96 âFare-Free 101 âOff-Board 96 âStructure 102 âUnlimited Access Systems 39, 125 Ferries âBicycles, Integration with 4, 62 âPassenger Ferry, Integration with Mass Transit 102 Fleet Management 15, 24, 35, 109 Flexible Transit Service 53 Fixed-Route Transit 66, 74 Fraudulent Claims 36 Fuel Systems 72 Functional Assessments 116 Funding Allocation âBicycle Services 62 âCirculators 87 â Infrastructure 92 âFare-Free Transit 101 âFTA Section 5307 113 âMaintenance 53 âMedicaid Transportation Programs 65 âPerformance-Based 56 âRole of Performance-Based Measures 6 âSpare Bus Ratios, System-Specific 11 âSpare Rail Vehicle Ratios 15 âSurveillance 90 âSystems Costs 48 âUnder ISTEA and TEA-21 42 Funding, Flexible 42 Geographic Information Systems 55 Global Positioning Systems (GPS) âBus 24, 53, 73, 78, 91, 110 Greenhouse Gas Emissions 84 Homeless Use of Public Transit 121, 127 Incentive Programs âEmployee 3, 33, 52, 82, 97 â Incident Management 114 Information Technology (IT) 5, 35, 43, 57 âAutomatic Vehicle Location 73 âGeographic Information Systems 55 âGlobal Positioning Systems 70 Table 4 (Continued) Blue numbers are live links to those reports.
9 âMobile Device Technology 91 âSignage 104 âSocial Media 99 âSupervisors, Impact on 16 âWeb-Based Surveys 69 Infrastructure 92 Inspection âBus Maintenance 81 âElevators and Escalators 100 âRail Tunnels and Underground Structures 23 âTrack 95, 107 Integrated Service 76, 98 Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) âAdvanced Public Transportation Systems (APTS) 35 âAutomated Vehicle Location Systems 24, 34, 48, 53, 55, 73, 77, 91 âAutomated Vehicle Monitoring (AVM) 24, 34, 48, 53, 55, 73 âAutomatic Passenger Counters 29, 34, 77 âGlobal Positioning Systems (GPS) 24, 53 âTransfer Automation 19 âMobile Data Terminals 70 âMobile Device Technology 91, 99 Interactions, Homeless 121, 127 Internet 43 Liability âConstruction Contract Claims 28 âFraudulent Third Party Claims 36 â Institutional 49 âRisk Management 13 Light Rail Vehicles (LRV) âCompression Requirements 25 âOperations 79 âSystem-Specific Spare Ratios 15 Light Rail Transit 61, 79, 83 âFare Collection 96 Litter Collection 103 Low-Floor Buses 2 Maintenance âBus Maintenance Facilities 7, 9 âFleet Programs 109 âElevators and Escalators 100 âLine and Cleaning Functions 12 âLight Rail Transit 43 (web-only), 61 âMonitoring Performance 22, 44, 120 âPreventive 81, 92 âProductivity 53, 54 âRail Track 107 âStops/Stations 103 Maintenance Management Information System 109 Table 4 (Continued) Management 44, 47, 59, 71 Management Information Systems (see Information Technology) Market Research, Panels 105 Marketing âBicycles on Transit 62 âCirculators 87 âSocial Media 99 Mobile Data Terminals 70 Mobility 116 Monitoring Maintenance Performance 22, 54 Multimodal Service Coordination 102 Non-Emergency Medical Transportation 65 On Time Performance 110 Open Data 115 Panels, Market Research 105 Paratransit Eligibility 116 Paratransit Services 30, 31, 60, 65, 71, 74, 76, 112, 116, 119 Park-and-Ride 122 Parking 122 Parking and Storage âBicycles 62 Partnerships 65 Passengers âComfort 12 âCommunicating with 37, 68, 89, 102 â Information Display 91, 104, 117 âRidership Counts 29, 34 âSafety 18, 21, 50, 58, 80, 88, 100, 127 âSatisfaction 45, 64, 69, 101 âTransfer Systems 19 Pedestrian Access âBus Stops 117, 129 Performance-Based Measures âFunding Allocation 56 âDiversity Training 46 âRole in Funding Allocation 6 Performance Evaluation âBus Operators 40 âFare-Free Transit 101 âCirculators 87 âReal-Time Bus Arrival Information Systems 43, 48, 91 âTravel Time 110 Planning âAdvisory Committees 85 âStrategic 59 (continued on next page)
10 Policy Development âNo-Show and Late Cancellation 60 âGreenhouse Emissions 84 Policy Procedures âRail Tunnel and Underground Structures Inspection 23, 124 âSafe Operation for Alternative Fuel Buses Preventive Maintenance 109 Productivity âEmployee 3, 16, 22, 33, 54 âProof-of-Payment 96 âTransit System 54, 56, 60, 112 Public Involvement in Transit Planning 85, 89 Public Transportation âFunding 113, 128 Quality Assurance âBus Maintenance 81 Queue Jump/Bypass Lanes 83 Rail âBicycle Integration with 4, 62 â Incident Management 114 â Integration with Large Items 88 âLight Rail Vehicle Compression Requirements 25 âPassenger Transfers 19 âSecurity 21, 90, 124 âStation Area Development 20 âStreetcars 86 âSuburb-to-Suburb Service 14 âSystem-Specific Spare Ratios 15 âTrack Inspection 107 âTunnel and Underground Structures 23, 124 Real-Time Transit Information 91, 99, 104, 115 Recruitment âBus Drivers 16, 33, 40 âManagement 47 âSecurity Personnel 21 âSupervisors 16 Regulations âAir Quality 1, 7, 8, 84 âAlternative Fuel Buses 1, 72 âAmericans with Disabilities Act (ADA) 2, 7, 16, 17, 24, 30, 31, 37, 50, 53, 60, 65, 74, 76, 116 âBuses on Shoulders 64 âBus Stops 117 âDrugs and Alcohol 16 âEPA 7 âFamily Leave Medical Act 33 âLeave Policies 33 âLocal and State 7 âOccupational Safety and Health Administration 7, 52 âResource Conservation and Recovery Act 9 âRetrofitting 7, 8 âSuburb-to-Suburb Service 14 âWaste Management 9 Retrofitting âBus 8, 49 âBus Maintenance Facilities 7 âEngine 7, 8 âRegulatory Impacts on 7 Revenues âAdvertising 51 Ridesharing 98 Ridership 63 âFare-Free Transit 101 âForecasting 66 âParking 122 Risk Management 90 âMedium Agencies 13 âSmall Agencies 13 Safety âAlternative Fuel Bus Operation 1 âBus Drivers 93, 108, 123, 127 âBus Occupants 18, 38, 50, 64, 123, 127 âBus Route Evaluation 10 âCommunications 68 âLight Rail Vehicle Compression Resistance 25 â Incentives and Rewards 97 â Infrastructure 92 âRail 114 âTrack Workers 95, 107 âTraffic Operations 49 âVideo Surveillance 90, 123 Scheduling âAdherence 49 âAutomatic Vehicle Location Systems 24, 48, 53, 55, 73, 91 âBus Driver Availability 33 âBus Route Evaluation 10 âBus Stop Information 17, 48 âBus Transfers 19 âComputer-Aided 57 âDemand-Responsive 53, 57 âDowntown Circulators 87 âElevators and Escalators 100 âFlexible Route 53 âMaintenance, Bus 81 âParatransit 74, 76 âPoint Deviation 53 âRidesharing 98 Table 4 (Continued) Blue numbers are live links to those reports.
11 âRidership Data Collection 29, 34, 63 âSmall Buses 41 âSocial Media 99 âSuburb-to-Suburb 14 Security âAutomatic Vehicle Location 73 âBus Drivers, for 33, 93 âCrime Prevention 21, 38, 80, 127 âDrivers and Passengers 123, 127 âPassenger Security Inspections 80 âTechnology Systems 35, 38 âTerrorism 27, 80 âViolence Reduction 21, 93 Service âPlanning 66, 89, 94 âProductivity 112 âQuality 15, 45, 53, 57 âSmall Buses 41 Service Line and Cleaning 12 Signage 104 Social Media, Uses of in Public Transportation 99 Social Services 121 Spare Ratios âSystem-Specific Buses 11, 109 âSystem-Specific Rail Vehicles 15 Standards âAlternative Fuels 1 âBus Route Evaluation 10, 14 âMaintenance 54 State of Good Repair 92 Stop Adoption Programs 103 Streetcars 86 Sub-Allocation, Funding 113 Suburb-to-Suburb Commuting 14 Supervisors âBus Field 16 âRelations with Drivers 33 Surveillance 9, 123 Surveys âOn-Line and Intercept 63 âWeb-Based 69 Taxis 119 Terrorism 27, 80 Ticket Purchasing 96 Tort Claims 36 Track Inspection 107 Track Maintenance 43 (web-only), 95, 107 Traffic Engineering 110 Training âBus Drivers 18, 30, 40, 93, 126 âDiversity Training 46 âDriversâ Training 126 â Information Technology 35, 44 âManagement, Paratransit 71 âRiders, Paratransit 74 âSupervisors 16, 126 âTechnicians 81, 120 âTrack Inspection 107 âWarranty 111 Transfers 19 Transit-Focused Development 20 Transit Funding 113 Transit, Integration with Ridesharing 98 Transit-Oriented Development 122 Transit, Public Involvement 89 Transit, Security 90, 93 Transit Signal Priority 83 Transit Stops/Stations, Adoption 103 Transit Vehicle Technologies 106 Transitways 83 Transportation Demand Management 39 Transportation Network Companies 119 Tunnels 23 Underground Structures 23 Unions 54 U-Pass 78 Urbanized Area Formula Program 113 Utilities 118 Vandalism 93 Van Pools 98 Video Surveillance 90 Violence (see Security) Volunteers 103 Warranty Programs âBus 111 Waste Control âBus Maintenance Facilities 9 Table 4 (Continued)
These digests are issued in order to increase awareness of research results emanating from projects in the Cooperative Research Programs (CRP). Persons wanting to pursue the project subject matter in greater depth should contact the CRP Staff, Transportation Research Board, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20001. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FMCSA, FRA, FTA, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology, PHMSA, or TDC endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. Subject Categories: Public Transportation ⢠Operations and Traffic Management ⢠Design ⢠Planning and Forecasting Vehicles and Equipment ⢠Maintenance and Preservation ⢠Energy ⢠Environment ⢠Society ⢠Finance Transportation Research Board 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 ISBN 978-0-309-39012-5 9 7 8 0 3 0 9 3 9 0 1 2 5 9 0 0 0 0