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Suggested Citation:"5. Conclusions and Next Steps." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Developing the Guide to Retaining Essential Consultant-Developed Knowledge Within DOTs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24978.
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Page 41
Suggested Citation:"5. Conclusions and Next Steps." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Developing the Guide to Retaining Essential Consultant-Developed Knowledge Within DOTs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24978.
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Page 41
Page 42
Suggested Citation:"5. Conclusions and Next Steps." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Developing the Guide to Retaining Essential Consultant-Developed Knowledge Within DOTs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24978.
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Page 42

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Developing the Guide to Retaining Essential Consultant‐Developed Knowledge    Within DOTs  40  5. CONCLUSIONS AND NEXT STEPS Conclusions  This project was undertaken to provide guidance to DOTs on how they can capture, learn and maintain  essential, mission critical knowledge from the work of external consultants and contractors.  There had  been many prior studies documenting increases in outsourcing of DOT functions that had traditionally  been performed in‐house, such as design and other preconstruction activities.  These studies have  largely focused on helping DOTs to target functions for outsourcing; understand risks, benefits and  costs associated with outsourcing; and adopt successful contracting and oversight practices.  The topic  of knowledge capture and learning from consultants has been covered in the broader literature, with  primary examples from information technology or ERP implementation efforts.  However, it has not  been addressed in a substantive manner within the DOT environment.   A framework for understanding and addressing consultant knowledge transfer needs and strategies  was developed and subsequently refined through a series of focus groups and case studies. The initial  focus groups provided a signal that “risk of knowledge loss from consultants” was not a topic that  resonated with DOT managers when presented in a generalized fashion.  As the project progressed,  several possible reasons for this lack of concern were identified:   Many consulting projects are routine and do not delve into uncharted territory.  Project reports provide sufficient documentation, and consultants are available to answer any questions that arise.  Agencies may hire consultants to provide unique expertise that isn’t available in‐house.  They are seeking expert advice or solutions and don’t perceive a need for knowledge transfer.  Consultant project oversight methods are in many cases well‐established.  They provide for involvement of agency staff throughout the project, and require documentation of decisions and deviations from original scopes and plans.  Since DOTs are, as a rule, highly project‐focused, knowledge transfer needs across projects may not be recognized, or may be viewed as a lower priority need. Needs for knowledge transfer from consultants are highly situational.  In some cases, there is little or  no need for deliberate knowledge transfer activities beyond what is normally built in to agency  processes.  However, in other cases, there are in fact risks or missed opportunities that aren’t being  considered.  The task of the project was to distinguish and highlight situations where further attention  to consultant knowledge transfer is, in fact needed and beneficial.   Guidance about where to target  activities and what questions to ask is perhaps as valuable as guidance on specific knowledge capture  and learning practices.    Eleven case studies were developed that document examples of successful practices for knowledge  capture and learning from consultants.  These case studies represent a wide range of circumstances –  from marshalling a flood recovery response in Colorado to mentoring construction inspectors in  Virginia.  They provide excellent illustrations of how agencies recognized needs for knowledge capture  and learning, and used various tools at their disposal to meet these needs.    

Developing the Guide to Retaining Essential Consultant‐Developed Knowledge    Within DOTs  41  While “knowledge transfer from consultants” was not perceived to be a high priority concern, agencies   were concerned about knowledge retention in the context of employee retirements and other  transitions.  Many of the knowledge management techniques available to retain institutional  knowledge and foster employee learning are applicable both to consultants and employees.   Therefore, future research related to consultant knowledge capture might best be incorporated under  the broader knowledge management umbrella.   A final observation from this research is that while DOT employees and consultants sit on “different  sides of the fence,” from a knowledge management standpoint they both can be viewed as part of the  same ecosystem.  Given the movement of individuals between DOTs and consulting firms throughout  their careers, and the collegial relationships that exist over time, knowledge in this ecosystem is not  necessarily lost when a consultant completes a project.  This reinforces the notion that agencies can  take a unified approach to knowledge capture and learning techniques involving both consultants and  employees – while adhering to procurement rules.     Next Steps  Dissemination of Research Results    In order to maximize the value of this research, it will be important to ensure that its results – and in  particular, the Guide that was produced – is widely disseminated.  Communications (e.g. webinars,  presentations at meetings) can be targeted to create awareness among DOT training managers,  knowledge management professionals, chief engineers, engineering managers, and consultant offices.   The following AASHTO and TRB committees would help to build awareness of the product among the  intended audience:  AASHTO   Human Resources  Knowledge Management  Program Delivery and Operations committees (e.g. Design, Traffic Engineering, Bridge) TRB   Transportation Education and Training  Task Force on Knowledge Management  Management and Productivity Implementation Support  Additional support for application of the guidance could be provided through development of  workshops and peer exchange:   A workshop could be designed to walk DOT staff through the different guidance steps – to identify needs, develop learning objectives, and create an action plan of strategies.  A workshop could be designed on general knowledge capture and learning strategies that incorporates material on application of these strategies to consultants.

Developing the Guide to Retaining Essential Consultant‐Developed Knowledge    Within DOTs  42   Peer exchanges could be designed featuring case study agencies and others to share information on successful practices.  These could cover the full spectrum of techniques included in the case studies or focus on specific areas that are likely to be of greatest interest. Both consultants and DOT staff could be included in order to provide an opportunity to share perspectives and ideas. In conjunction with a workshop or peer exchange, a brochure (electronic or print) could be developed  to highlight particular techniques – for example, the “knowledge drive” method identified in the Philips  Innovation case study, or the detailed consultant design report identified in the Alberta Transportation  case study.     Further Research/Other Follow‐On Activities  The following additional activities could be considered to further development of the techniques and  approaches identified in this project:   Conduct a synthesis study to obtain an understanding of the current state of the practice with respect to some of the techniques identified – for example, use of blended teams, use of consultants as mentors, involvement of consultants in lessons learned capture, involvement of consultants in Communities of Practice, etc.  Based on the results of the synthesis, highlight successful techniques with broad applicability that are not yet in widespread use.  Conduct pilot demonstrations of the techniques in the guide.  This might include mapping out the specific types of knowledge and learning processes (using the framework presented in chapter 2 of the Guide), and facilitation of knowledge capture and learning activities.

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TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Web-Only Document 238: Developing the Guide to Retaining Essential Consultant-Developed Knowledge Within DOTs documents the methodology used to develop NCHRP Research Report 867: Keeping What You Paid For—Retaining Essential Consultant-Developed Knowledge Within DOTs. The document also provides key findings of the project and case studies used to create the guidance document.

NCHRP Research Report 867 presents guidance on the use of knowledge capture and active learning to ensure that essential, mission-critical knowledge is maintained within the agency when a contractor’s work is finished. Knowledge capture is the process of transforming human knowledge into codified information (for example, through documentation of interviews with key contractor personnel) and making the information available to others. Active learning occurs when DOT staff work directly with contractors or consultants. The report covers knowledge capture and active learning for system management, emergency response, and other critical components of a transportation agency's mission.

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