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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Review of the Citrus Greening Research and Development Efforts Supported by the Citrus Research and Development Foundation: Fighting a Ravaging Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25026.
×

A Review of the Citrus Greening Research and
Development Efforts Supported by the Citrus
Research and Development Foundation

FIGHTING A RAVAGING DISEASE

Committee on a Review of the Citrus Greening
Research and Development Efforts
Supported by the Citrus Research and Development Foundation:
Fighting a Ravaging Disease

Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources

Division on Earth and Life Studies

A Consensus Study Report of

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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, DC
www.nap.edu

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Review of the Citrus Greening Research and Development Efforts Supported by the Citrus Research and Development Foundation: Fighting a Ravaging Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25026.
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001

This activity was supported by Contract/Grant No. 10003459 with the Citrus Research and Development Foundation. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the project.

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-47214-2
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-47214-8
Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.17226/25026

Cover photo credits: Top left: cross-sections of citrus fruits courtesy of the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Research Service; Top right: citrus plant infested with Asian citrus psyllids courtesy of the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service; Bottom left: citrus leaf with symptoms of citrus greening courtesy of the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Research Service; Bottom middle: shoots of mature Hamlin sweet orange in tissue culture potentially altered with disease resistance genes courtesy of Janice Zale; Bottom right: close-up photo of Asian citrus psyllid courtesy of the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Research Service.

Additional copies of this report are available for sale from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313; http://www.nap.edu.

Copyright 2018 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

Suggested Citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Review of the Citrus Greening Research and Development Efforts Supported by the Citrus Research and Development Foundation: Fighting a Ravaging Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.17226/25026.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Review of the Citrus Greening Research and Development Efforts Supported by the Citrus Research and Development Foundation: Fighting a Ravaging Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25026.
×

images

The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, nongovernmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is president.

The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president.

The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The National Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine.

Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.nationalacademies.org.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Review of the Citrus Greening Research and Development Efforts Supported by the Citrus Research and Development Foundation: Fighting a Ravaging Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25026.
×

images

Consensus Study Reports published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine document the evidence-based consensus on the study’s statement of task by an authoring committee of experts. Reports typically include findings, conclusions, and recommendations based on information gathered by the committee and the committee’s deliberations. Each report has been subjected to a rigorous and independent peer-review process and it represents the position of the National Academies on the statement of task.

Proceedings published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine chronicle the presentations and discussions at a workshop, symposium, or other event convened by the National Academies. The statements and opinions contained in proceedings are those of the participants and are not endorsed by other participants, the planning committee, or the National Academies.

For information about other products and activities of the National Academies, please visit www.nationalacademies.org/about/whatwedo.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Review of the Citrus Greening Research and Development Efforts Supported by the Citrus Research and Development Foundation: Fighting a Ravaging Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25026.
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COMMITTEE ON A REVIEW OF THE CITRUS GREENING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS SUPPORTED BY THE CITRUS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION: FIGHTING A RAVAGING DISEASE

Chair

JACQUELINE FLETCHER, Oklahoma State University (Emerita)

Members

MAY R. BERENBAUM, NAS,1 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

STEWART M. GRAY, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture

RUSSELL L. GROVES, University of Wisconsin–Madison

RALPH SCORZA, Ralph Scorza LLC (retired from Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture)

LINDSAY R. TRIPLETT, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven

JOHN TRUMBLE, University of California, Riverside

BING YANG, Iowa State University, Ames

Staff

CAMILLA YANDOC ABLES, Study Director

JENNA BRISCOE, Research Assistant

___________________

1 National Academy of Sciences.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Review of the Citrus Greening Research and Development Efforts Supported by the Citrus Research and Development Foundation: Fighting a Ravaging Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25026.
×

BOARD ON AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES

Chair

CHARLES W. RICE, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS

Members

SHANE C. BURGESS, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ

SUSAN CAPALBO, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR

GAIL CZARNECKI-MAULDEN, Nestlé Purina PetCare, St. Louis, MO

GEBISA EJETA, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN

JAMES S. FAMIGLIETTI, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA

FRED GOULD, NAS,1 North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC

DOUGLAS B. JACKSON-SMITH, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH

JAMES W. JONES, NAE,2 University of Florida, Gainesville, FL

STEPHEN S. KELLEY, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC

JAN E. LEACH, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO

JILL J. MCCLUSKEY, Washington State University, Richland, WA

KAREN I. PLAUT, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN

JIM E. RIVIERE, NAM,3 Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS

Staff

ROBIN A. SCHOEN, Director

CAMILLA YANDOC ABLES, Senior Program Officer

JENNA BRISCOE, Research Assistant

KARA N. LANEY, Senior Program Officer

PEGGY TSAI YIH, Senior Program Officer

___________________

1 National Academy of Sciences.

2 National Academy of Engineering.

3 National Academy of Medicine.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Review of the Citrus Greening Research and Development Efforts Supported by the Citrus Research and Development Foundation: Fighting a Ravaging Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25026.
×

Preface

Citrus huanglongbing (HLB) is a complex, challenging, and devastating disease that threatens a major U.S. crop despite intense management efforts. Research on HLB over the past decade has involved scientists, growers, industry representatives, regulators, and administrators who have explored multiple facets of the disease syndrome and the many environmental, horticultural, sociological, and economic factors that impact it. This National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine study committee, following its statement of task to review and assess these research efforts, has relied upon many sources of information, including refereed scientific journal articles, extension publications, websites, presentations by researchers and others at the 2017 International Research Conference on Huanglongbing as well as in a series of the National Academies–hosted scientific open forums and webinars targeted to specific research topics, project progress reports, and personal communications. The committee is grateful to each of the individuals who contributed to the committee’s work by sharing information about their research, observations, perspectives, and experience. The information gathered from these sources and during these interactions was essential to the committee’s understanding of the issues and to the writing of this report. Many of these people are acknowledged by name in Appendix B; we realize that we may have missed some contributors and regret any inadvertent omissions.

The committee owes much to Dr. Camilla Y. Ables, Study Director, whose knowledge of citrus production and pathology, as well as her professional and capable guidance, contributions, and support at each stage of the committee’s work, were invaluable to this process. We also thank

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Review of the Citrus Greening Research and Development Efforts Supported by the Citrus Research and Development Foundation: Fighting a Ravaging Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25026.
×

Robin A. Schoen, Director of the National Academies’ Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, for her wise and thoughtful input and advice throughout the study, and Jenna Briscoe, Research Assistant, whose IT skills, meeting organization support, and good cheer made these aspects of our work move seamlessly. We thank Dr. Harold Browning, Chief Operations Officer of our study sponsor, the Citrus Research and Development Foundation (CRDF), and the CRDF staff, who worked closely and tirelessly with us to assure that we had access to needed information. Thanks are due also to representatives of other HLB funding agencies and federal agencies (the California Citrus Research Board, USDA NIFA, USDA MAC, USDA APHIS, and USDA ARS), involved in HLB research and management, for providing information on their responsibilities, activities, and projects.

Sincere thanks are due to the members of the study committee, a group of outstanding and experienced scientists who dug deeply into the literature, entered thoughtfully and enthusiastically into discussions with one another and with HLB information providers, and used their remarkable skills in analysis and composition to create a report that is not only comprehensive but perceptive and forward thinking. Over the past year, as the committee participated in four project meetings/research forums and three webinars in addition to numerous conference calls, members maintained a high level of energy, sustained by trust that their science-based and experience-informed findings, conclusions, and recommendations will provide support to HLB stakeholder groups for future decision making and research prioritization on this challenging disease.

Jacqueline Fletcher
Chair, Committee on a Review of the Citrus Greening
Research and Development Efforts Supported by the
Citrus Research and Development Foundation:
Fighting a Ravaging Disease

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Review of the Citrus Greening Research and Development Efforts Supported by the Citrus Research and Development Foundation: Fighting a Ravaging Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25026.
×

Acknowledgments

This Consensus Study Report was reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in making each published report as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets the institutional standards for quality, objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process.

We thank the following individuals for their review of this report:

Blake Bextine, The University of Texas at Tyler

Christopher Dardick, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture

John Dougherty, Monsanto (retired)

Sheng Yang He, NAS,1 Michigan State University

George G. Kennedy, North Carolina State University

Steven Lindow, NAS,2 University of California, Berkeley

Hanu Pappu, Washington State University

Gail Wisler, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (retired)

Raymond Yokomi, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture

___________________

1 National Academy of Sciences.

2 National Academy of Sciences.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Review of the Citrus Greening Research and Development Efforts Supported by the Citrus Research and Development Foundation: Fighting a Ravaging Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25026.
×

Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations of this report nor did they see the final draft before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Jeffery Dangl, NAS,3 University of North Carolina, and Michael Ladisch, NAE,4 Purdue University. They were responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with the standards of the National Academies and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content rests entirely with the authoring committee and the National Academies.

___________________

3 The National Academy of Sciences.

4 The National Academy of Engineering.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Review of the Citrus Greening Research and Development Efforts Supported by the Citrus Research and Development Foundation: Fighting a Ravaging Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25026.
×
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Review of the Citrus Greening Research and Development Efforts Supported by the Citrus Research and Development Foundation: Fighting a Ravaging Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25026.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Review of the Citrus Greening Research and Development Efforts Supported by the Citrus Research and Development Foundation: Fighting a Ravaging Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25026.
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Acronyms and Abbreviations

ACP Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri
AHL acyl-homoserine lactone
AMP antimicrobial peptide or antimicrobial protein
APHIS U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
ARS U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service
Bt Bacillus thuringiensis
Ca calcium
CCTF Core Citrus Transformation Facility (UF CREC)
cDNA complementary DNA
CDR constitutive disease resistance
CDRE Citrus Disease Research and Extension (USDA NIFA SCRI)
CHMA Citrus Health Management Area
CHRP Citrus Health Response Program (USDA APHIS)
CLaf Candidatus Liberibacter africanus
CLam Candidatus Liberibacter americanum
CLas Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus
CRB Citrus Research Board (Visalia, California)
CRDF Citrus Research and Development Foundation (Lake Alfred, Florida)
CREC Citrus Research and Education Center (University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida)
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Review of the Citrus Greening Research and Development Efforts Supported by the Citrus Research and Development Foundation: Fighting a Ravaging Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25026.
×
CRISPR clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
CTV Citrus tristeza virus
Cu copper
CYPome cytochrome p450 complement
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
dsRNA double-stranded RNA
EDT early detection technology
EFNP enhanced foliar nutrition program
ENP(s) enhanced nutritional program(s)
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FCPRAC Florida Citrus Production Research Advisory Council (precursor agency to CRDF)
GE genetically engineered
GFP green fluorescent protein
GM genetically modified
GMO genetically modified organism
HLB huanglongbing (alternate name: citrus greening disease)
IFAS University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences
IOCV International Organization of Citrus Virologists
IPM integrated pest management
IRCHLB International Research Conference on Huanglongbing
K potassium
LAMP loop-mediated isothermal amplification
MAC Multi-Agency Coordination (USDA)
MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase
MeSA methyl salicylate
Mn manganese
mRNA messenger RNA
N nitrogen
NAREEE National Agricultural Research, Extension, Education, and Economics
NBS-LRR nucleotide binding site–leucine-rich repeat
NCBI National Center for Biotechnology Information
Page xvii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Review of the Citrus Greening Research and Development Efforts Supported by the Citrus Research and Development Foundation: Fighting a Ravaging Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25026.
×
NI near- to immediate-term
NIFA National Institute of Food and Agriculture
NIH National Institutes of Health
NRC National Research Council
NVDMC New Varieties Development & Management Corporation
Orco olfactory receptor co-receptor
P phosphorous
PAMP pathogen-associated molecular pattern
PCR polymerase chain reaction
PGR plant growth regulator
PI principal investigator
PTI PAMP-triggered immunity
qPCR quantitative polymerase chain reaction
R gene resistance gene
R&D research and development
RFA request for applications
RNA ribonucleic acid
RNAi RNA interference
ROS reactive oxygen species
SA salicylic acid
SAR systemic acquired resistance
SCRI Specialty Crop Research Initiative
SDE Sec-dependent effector
Sec general secretory system
SNP soft or nonclumping nanoparticles
SOD superoxide dismutase
T1SS Type I secretion system
TCPB Texas Citrus Producers Board
UC University of California
UCR University of California, Riverside
UF University of Florida
USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture
UV ultraviolet
VOC volatile organic compound
Zn zinc
Page xviii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Review of the Citrus Greening Research and Development Efforts Supported by the Citrus Research and Development Foundation: Fighting a Ravaging Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25026.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Review of the Citrus Greening Research and Development Efforts Supported by the Citrus Research and Development Foundation: Fighting a Ravaging Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25026.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Review of the Citrus Greening Research and Development Efforts Supported by the Citrus Research and Development Foundation: Fighting a Ravaging Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25026.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Review of the Citrus Greening Research and Development Efforts Supported by the Citrus Research and Development Foundation: Fighting a Ravaging Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25026.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Review of the Citrus Greening Research and Development Efforts Supported by the Citrus Research and Development Foundation: Fighting a Ravaging Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25026.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Review of the Citrus Greening Research and Development Efforts Supported by the Citrus Research and Development Foundation: Fighting a Ravaging Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25026.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Review of the Citrus Greening Research and Development Efforts Supported by the Citrus Research and Development Foundation: Fighting a Ravaging Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25026.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Review of the Citrus Greening Research and Development Efforts Supported by the Citrus Research and Development Foundation: Fighting a Ravaging Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25026.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Review of the Citrus Greening Research and Development Efforts Supported by the Citrus Research and Development Foundation: Fighting a Ravaging Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25026.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Review of the Citrus Greening Research and Development Efforts Supported by the Citrus Research and Development Foundation: Fighting a Ravaging Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25026.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Review of the Citrus Greening Research and Development Efforts Supported by the Citrus Research and Development Foundation: Fighting a Ravaging Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25026.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Review of the Citrus Greening Research and Development Efforts Supported by the Citrus Research and Development Foundation: Fighting a Ravaging Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25026.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Review of the Citrus Greening Research and Development Efforts Supported by the Citrus Research and Development Foundation: Fighting a Ravaging Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25026.
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Page xiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Review of the Citrus Greening Research and Development Efforts Supported by the Citrus Research and Development Foundation: Fighting a Ravaging Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25026.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Review of the Citrus Greening Research and Development Efforts Supported by the Citrus Research and Development Foundation: Fighting a Ravaging Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25026.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Review of the Citrus Greening Research and Development Efforts Supported by the Citrus Research and Development Foundation: Fighting a Ravaging Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25026.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Review of the Citrus Greening Research and Development Efforts Supported by the Citrus Research and Development Foundation: Fighting a Ravaging Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25026.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Review of the Citrus Greening Research and Development Efforts Supported by the Citrus Research and Development Foundation: Fighting a Ravaging Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25026.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Review of the Citrus Greening Research and Development Efforts Supported by the Citrus Research and Development Foundation: Fighting a Ravaging Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25026.
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Huanglongbing (HLB) or citrus greening, first observed more than a hundred years ago in Asia, is the most serious disease threat to the citrus-growing industry worldwide due to its complexity, destructiveness, and incalcitrance to management. First detected in Florida in 2005, HLB is now widespread in the state and threatens the survival of the Florida citrus industry despite substantial allocation of research funds by Florida citrus growers and federal and state agencies.

As the HLB epidemic raged in 2008, Florida citrus growers began allocating funds for HLB research in hopes of finding short-, medium-, and long-term solutions. This effort created the Citrus Research and Development Foundation (CRDF), an organization with oversight responsibility for HLB research and development efforts in Florida. This report provides an independent review of the portfolio of research projects that have been or continue to be supported by the CRDF. It seeks to identify ways to retool HLB research—which, despite significantly increasing understanding of the factors involved in HLB, has produced no major breakthroughs in controlling the disease—and accelerate the development of durable tools and strategies that could help abate the damage caused by HLB and prevent the possible collapse of the Florida citrus industry.

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