Combining Individual Scour Components to Determine Total Scour (2018)

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

238 7.0 REFERENCES Abed, L.M. (1991). "Local scour around bridge piers in pressure flow." Ph.D. thesis, Civil Engineering Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, U.S.A. Arneson, L.A. (1997). “The effect of pressure-flow on local scour in bridge openings.” PhD. thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. Arneson, L.A., and Abt, S.R. (1999). "Vertical contraction scour at bridges with water flowing under pressure conditions." Stream stability and scour at highway bridges, E.V. Richardson and P.F. Lagasse, eds., ASCE, Reston, Va., 189-204. Arneson, L.A., Zevenbergen, L.W., Lagasse, P.F., and Clopper, P.E. (2012). "Evaluating scour at bridges." Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (HEC-18), U.S. Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C. Benedict, S.T., Deshpande, N., Aziz, N.M., and Conrads, P.A. (2007). “Trends of abutment- scour prediction equations applied to 144 field sites in South Carolina.”, Open-File Report 03- 295, U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior. Biglari, B., Sturm, T. W. (1998). Numerical modeling of flow around bridge abutments in compound channel. J. Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, 124(2), 156-164. Bomminayuni, S. and Stoesser, T. (2011). "Turbulence statistics in an open-channel flow over a rough bed." J. Hydraul. Eng., 137 (11), 1347-1358. Briaud, J.L., Chen, H.C., Li, Y., Nurtjahyo, P., and Wang, J. (2005). "SRICOS-EFA method for contraction scour in fine-grained soils." J. Geotechnical and Geo-environmental Engineering, 131(10), 1283-1294. Briaud, J.L., Chen, H.C., Chang, K.A., Oh, S.J., and Chen, X. (2009). Final Report for NCHRP Report 24-15(2): Abutment Scour in Cohesive Material. TRB, National Research Council, Washington, DC. Cardoso, A.H., and Bettess, R. (1999). “Effects of time and channel geometry on scour at bridge abutments.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 125(4), 388-399. Chabert, J. and Engeldinger, P. (1956). Etude des affouilleme autourdes piles de ponts, Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique, Chatou, France (in French). Chang, F. and Davis, S. (1998). "Maryland SHA procedure for estimating scour at bridge abutments, part 2 - clear water scour." Proc. of Water Resources Engineering, '98, ASCE, Memphis, TN, 169-173. Chang, F. and Davis, S. (1999). "Maryland SHA procedure for estimating scour at bridge waterways, Part 1 - live bed scour." Stream stability and scour at highway bridges, E.V. Richardson and P.F. Lagasse, eds., ASCE, Reston, Va., 401-411.

239 Chrisohoides, A., Sotiropoulos, F., Sturm, T. W. (2003). Coherent structures in flat-bed abutment flow: computational fluid dynamics simulations and experiments. J. Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, 129(3), 177-186. Coleman, S.E. and Melville, B. W. (2001). "Case study: New Zealand bridge scour experiences." J. Hydraul. Eng., 127(7), 535-546. Conaway, J.S. (2006). "Comparison of long-term streambed scour data with modeled values at the Knik River, Alaska.” Proc. Third International Conference on Scour and Erosion, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 146-153. Conaway, J.S. (2007). "Analysis of real-time streambed scour data from bridges in Alaska." Proc. of World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2007, Tampa, FL, 1-6. Croce, R., Griebel, M., Schweitzer, M. A. (2004). A parallel level-set approach for two phase flow problems with surface tension in three space dimensions. Technical Report 157, Sonderforschungsbereich 611, Universität Bonn. Dongol, D.M. (1994). "Local scour at bridge abutments." Report No. 544, School of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. Ettema, R., Bergendahl, B. S., Yorozuya, A., and Idi-Bektur, P. (2016). “Breaching of bridge abutments and scour at exposed abutment columns.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 06016010 Ettema, R., Ng, Kam, Chakradhar, R., Fuller, J., Kempema, E.W. (2015). “Failure of spill- through bridge abutments during scour: Flume and field observations.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 141(5): 06015001 Ettema, R. and Fuller, J. (2013). "Abutment failure during bridge waterway scour." Proc. 2013 IAHR Congress, Beijing, China, 1-8. Ettema R., Constantinescu, G., and Melville, B. (2011). NCHRP Web-Only Document 175: Evaluation of Bridge Scour Research: Pier Scour Processes and Predictions. TRB, National Research Council, Washington, DC. Ettema, R., Nakato, T. and Muste, M. (2010). Final Report for NCHRP Project 24-20: Estimation of Scour Depth at Bridge Abutments Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. Fael, C.M.S., Gonzalo, S.-G., Martin-Vide, J.-P., and Cardoso, A.H. (2006). “Local scour at vertical-wall abutments under clear-water flow conditions.” Water Resources Research, Vol. 42, W10408 12. Froehlich, D. C., (1989). Abutment Scour Prediction. Presented at 68th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.

240 Froehlich, D.C. (1989). "Local scour at bridge abutments." Proc., National Conference of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, New Orleans, LA, 13-18. Garde, R. J., Subramanya, K., and Nambudripad, K. (1961). "Study of scour around spur dikes." J, Hydraulics Div., ASCE, Vol. 87, No. HY6(1961), 23-37. Ge, L., Lee, S. O., Sotiropoulos, F., & Sturm, T. (2005). 3D unsteady RANS modeling of complex hydraulic engineering flows. II: Model validation and flow physics. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 131(9), 809-820. Gill, M. A. (1972). "Erosion of sand beds around spur dikes." J, Hydraulics Div., ASCE, 98(9), 1587-1602. Gill, M. A. (1981). "Bed erosion in rectangular long contraction." J, Hydraulics Div., ASCE, 107(HY3), 273-294. Goring, D. G., & Nikora, V. I. (2002). Despiking acoustic Doppler velocimeter data. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 128(1), 117-126. Gotvald, A. J., & McCallum, B. E. (2010). Epic flooding in Georgia, 2009 (No. 2010-3107). US Geological Survey. Guo, J., Kerenyi, K., Pagan-Ortiz, J.E., and Flora, K. (2009). "Bridge pressure flow scour at clear water threshold condition." Trans. Tianjin Univ., 15(2), 79-94. Guven, O., Melville, J.G., Curry, J.E., and Crim, S.H. (2005). “Observations and evaluations of scour at two bridge sites with cohesive soils.” Geotechnical Special Publication, no. 130-142, 1535-1547. HEC (Hydrologic Engineering Center) (2016). River Analysis System, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Davis, CA. Holnbeck, S.R., Parrett, C., and Tillinger, T.N. (1993). “Bridge scour and change in contracted section, Razor Creek.” Proc., Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, San Francisco, CA, 2249-2255. Holnbeck, S.R. and Parrett, C. (1997). “Method for rapid estimation of scour at highway bridges based on limited site data.” Water-resources investigations report 96-4310, U.S. Geological Survey. Hong, Jian-Hao., Chiew, Yee-Meng., Lu, Jau-Yau., Lai, Jihn-Sung., and Lin, Yung-Bin. (2012). “Houfeng bridge failure in Taiwan.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 138(2), 186-198. Hong, S. (2005). "Interaction of bridge contraction scour and pier scour in a laboratory river model." Master's thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology. Hong, S., Gotvald, A. Sturm, T.W. and Landers, M. (2006). “Laboratory and field measurement of bridge contraction scour.”, Proc. Third International Conference on Scour and Erosion, CURNET, Gouda, Netherlands.

241 Hong, S. and Sturm, T.W. (2009). “Physical model study of bridge abutment and contraction scour under submerged orifice flow conditions”. 33rd IAHR Congress: Water Engineering for a Sustainable Environment, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Hong, S. and Sturm, T.W. (2010). “Physical modeling of abutment scour for overtopping, submerged orifice and free surface flows”. Proc. Fifth International Conference on Scour and Erosion, San Francisco, U.S.A. Hong, S. (2013). “Prediction of clear-water abutment scour depth in compound channel for extreme hydrologic events.” PhD. thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology. Hong, Seung Ho, Sturm, T. W., and Stoesser, T. (2015). “Clear-water abutment scour depth in compound channel for extreme hydrologic events,” J. Hydraul. Eng,, ASCE, 141(6). Jarrett, R.D. and Boyle, J.M. (1986). “Pilot study for collection of bridge-scour data”, Water- resources investigations report 86-4030, U.S. Geological Survey. Johnson, P.A., and Torrico, E.F. (1994). Scour Around Wide Piers in Shallow Water. In Transportation Research Record 1471, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, DC. Jones, J. S., Bertoldi, D.A., and Umbrell E.R. (1993). "Preliminary studies of pressure flow scour." Proc., ASCE. National Hydraulics Conference, San Francisco, California, U.S.A, 916- 921. Kandasamy, J. K. (1985). "Local scour at skewed abutments." Report No. 375, School of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand: 278pp. Kandasamy, J.K. (1989). "Abutment Scour." School of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. Kara, S., Stoesser, T., and Sturm, T.W. (2012). "Turbulence statistics in compound channels with deep and shallow overbank flows." J. Hydraulic Research, Vol. 50(5), 482-493. Kara, S., Stoesser, T., Sturm, T.W., and Saad, Mulahasan (2015a). “Flow dynamics through a submerged bridge opening with overtopping,” J. Hydraulic Research, 53(2), 186-195. Kara, S., Stoesser, T., and Sturm, T.W. (2015b). “Free surface vs. rigid lid LES computations for bridge abutment flow,” J. Hydraul. Eng., ASCE, DOI: 10.1061/ (ASCE)HY.1943- 7900.0001028, 141:9, September 2015. Kim, D., Kim, D., Kim, J.H., and Stoesser, T. (2010). "Large eddy simulation of flow and solute transport in ozone contact chambers." J. Environ. Eng., 136 (1), 22-31. Kim, D., Kim, J.H., and Stoesser, T. (2013). "Hydrodynamics, turbulence and solute transport in ozone contact chambers." J. Hydraulic Research, Vol. 51(5), 558-568. Koken, M., Constantinescu, G. (2008). An investigation of the flow and scour mechanisms around isolated spur dikes in a shallow open channel. Part I. Conditions corresponding to the

242 initiation of the erosion and deposition process. Water Resources Research, 44, W08406, DOI:10.1029/2007WR006489. Koken, M., Constantinescu, G. (2009). An investigation of the dynamics of coherent structures in a turbulent channel flow with a vertical sidewall obstruction. Physics of Fluids, 21, 085104, DOI 10.1063/1.3207859. Koken, M., Constantinescu, G. (2011). Flow and turbulence structure around a spur dike in a channel with a large scour hole. Water Resources Research, 47, W12511, doi:10.1029/2011WR010710. Komura, S. (1966). "Equilibrium depth of scour in long constrictions." J. Hydraulics Div., ASCE, 92(HY5). Kothyari, U.C., Hager, W.H., and Oliveto, G. (2007). "Generalized approach for clear-water scour at bridge foundation elements.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 133 (11), 1229-1240. Kwan, T.F. (1984). "Study of abutment scour." Report No. 328, School of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand: 225pp. Kwan, T.F. (1988). "A study of abutment scour." School of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. Lagasse, P.F., Clopper, P.E., Zevenbergen, L.W., and Ruff, J.F. (2006). NCHRP Report 568: Riprap Design Criteria, Recommended Specifications, and Quality Control. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies Washington, DC. Lagasse, P. F., Clopper, P. E., Pagan-Ortiz, J. E., Zevenbergen, L. W., Arneson, L. A., Schall, J. D., & Girard, L. D. (2009). Bridge Scour and Stream Instability Countermeasures: Experience, Selection and Design Guidance., Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 23, Vol. 2. FHWA NHI- 09-112, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. Lagasse, P.F., Ghosn, M., Johnson, P.A., Zevenbergen, L.W., and Clopper P.E. (2013). NCHRP Report 761: Reference Guide for Applying Risk and Reliability-Based Approaches for Bridge- Scour Prediction., Transportation Research Board, the National Academies, Washington, DC. Lai, Y.G., Weber, L.J., and Patel, V.C. (2003). “Non-hydrostatic three-dimensional method for hydraulic flow simulation - Part I: formulation and verification,” J. Hydraul. Eng., ASCE, 129(3), 196-205. Landers, M.N. (1992). "Bridge scour data management." Proc. ASCE Water Forum ’92. Baltimore, Maryland, 1094-1099. Landers, M.N., and Mueller, D.S. (1993). “Reference surfaces for bridge scour depth.”, Proc. National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, San Francisco, CA, 2075-2080.

243 Larsen, R.J., Ting, Francis C.K., and Jones, Allen L. (2011). “Flow velocity and pier scour prediction in a compound channel: Big Sioux river bridge at Flandreau, South Dakota.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 137(5), 595-605. Laursen, E. M. (1960). "Scour at bridge crossings." J. Hydraulics Div., ASCE, 86(2), 39-54. Laursen, E. M. (1963). "An analysis of relief bridge scour." J. Hydraulics Div., ASCE, 89(3), 93- 118. Laursen, E. M. and A. Toch (1956). "Scour around bridge piers and abutments." Bulletin No. 4, Iowa Highway Research Board, Ames, Iowa, U.S.A. Lee, Seung oh, Sturm, T.W., Gotvald, A., and Landers, M. (2004). “Comparison of laboratory and field measurements of bridge pier scour.” Proc. Second International Conference on Scour and Erosion, ed. By Y.M. Chiew, S.Y. Lim, and N.S. Cheng, Singapore, 231-239 Lee, Seung oh and Sturm, T.W. (2009). “Effect of sediment size scaling on physical modeling of bridge pier scour”, J. Hydraul. Eng., 135(10), 793-802. Lee, D., Nakagawa, H., Kawaike, K., Baba, Y. & Zhang, H. 2010 Inundation flow considering overflow due to water level rise by river structures. Annuals of Disas. Prev. Res. Inst., Kyoto Univ. 53B. Lim, S.Y. (1997). “Equilibrium clear-water scour around an abutment.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 123(3), 237-243. Lim, S.-Y. and Cheng, N.-S. (1998a). “Scouring in long contractions.” Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 124(5), 258-261. Lim, S.Y., and Cheng, N.-S. (1998b). “Prediction of live-bed scour at bridge abutments.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 124(6), 635-638. Liu, H.K.; Chang, F.M.; and Skinner, M.M. (1961). "Effect of bridge construction on scour and backwater", Report CER 60 HKL 22, Department of Civil Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. Lombard, P.J. and Hodgkins, G.A. (2008). “Comparison of observed and predicted abutment scour at selected bridges in Maine.” Maine Department of Transportation. Lu, Jau-Yau., Hong, Jian-Hao., Su, Chih-Chiang., Wang, Chuan-Yi., and Lai, Jihn-Sung. (2008). “Field measurements and simulation of bridge scour depth variations during floods.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 134(6), 810-821. Lyn, D. (2008a). "Pressure-flow scour: A Reexamination of the HEC-18 equation." J. Hydraul. Eng., 134(7), 1015-1020.

244 Lyn, D. (2008b). "Turbulence models in sediment transport engineering," Chapter 16 in Sedimentation engineering: measurements, modeling, and practice, edited by M. Garcia, ASCE Manual of Practice No. 110, ASCE, Reston, VA. Macky, G. H. (1990). "Survey of road expenditure due to scour." Report CR 90.09, DSIR Hydrology Centre, Christchurch, New Zealand: 52pp. Malavasi, S., & Guadagnini, A. (2003). Hydrodynamic loading on river bridges. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 129(11), 854-861. Malavasi, S., & Guadagnini, A. (2007). Interactions between a rectangular cylinder and a free- surface flow. Journal of Fluids and Structures, 23(8), 1137-1148. Melville, B.W. (1992). "Local scour at bridge abutments." J. Hydraul. Eng., 118(4), 615-631. Melville, B. W. (1997). "Pier and abutment scour: Integrated approach." J. Hydraul. Eng., 123(2), 125-136. Melville, B. W. and Coleman S.E. (2000). "Bridge scour." Water Resources Publications, Colorado, U.S.A., 550pp. Morales, R., and Ettema, R. (2013). “Insights from depth-averaged numerical simulation of flow at bridge abutments in compound channels.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 139(5): 470-481. MSHA (2010), “Manual for hydrologic and hydraulic design.” Maryland State Highway Administration, Baltimore, MD. Report available at www.gishydro.umd.edu. Morris, J.L., and Pagan-Ortiz, J.E. (1999). “Bridge scour evaluation program in the United States.” Stream Stability and Scour at Highway Bridges, E.V. Richardson and P.F. Lagasse, eds., ASCE, 61-70. Mueller, D.S. and Wagner, C.R. (2005). “Field observations and evaluations of streambed scour at bridges”, FHWA-RD-03-052. Munson, B., Rothmayer, A., Okiishi, T., and Huebsch, W. (2013). Fundamentals of fluid mechanics, 7th edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York. Nicoud, F. and Ducros, F. (1999). "Subgrid-scale stress modelling based on the square of the velocity gradient tensor." Flow, Turbulence and Combustion, 62(3), 183-200. Niehus, C.A. (1996). “Scour assessments and sediment-transport simulation for selected bridge sites in South Dakota.”, Water-resources investigations report 96-4075, U.S. Geological Survey. Niño, Y., García, C. M., Cantero, M. I., & García, M. H. (2005). Turbulence Measurements with Acoustic Doppler Velocimeters. Journal of hydraulic engineering, (12), 1062-1073. Oben-Nyarko, K. and Ettema, R. (2011). “Pier and abutment scour interaction.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 137(12), 1598-1605.

245 Oliveto, G. and Hager, W. (2002). "Temporal evolution of clear-water pier and abutment scour." J. Hydraul. Eng., 128(9), 811-820. Oliveto, G. and Hager, W. (2005). "Further results to time-dependent local scour at bridge elements." J. Hydraul. Eng., 131(2), 97-105. Osher, S. and Sethian, J.A. (1988). "Fronts propagating with curvature-dependent speed algorithms based on Hamilton-Jacobi formulations." Journal of Computational Physics, 79(1), 12-49. Osher, S., Fedkiw, R. (2002). Level set methods and dynamic implicit surfaces. New York: Springer-Verlag. Ouro, P., Stoesser, T., McSherry R. (2015). Large-Eddy Simulation of a Vertical Axis Tidal Turbine using an Immersed Boundary Method. In: CFD for Wind and Tidal Offshore Turbines, Editors: Ferrer, E., Montlaur, A., Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering, ISBN 978-3-319- 16201-0. Paik, J., Ge, L., Sotiropoulos, F. (2004). Toward the simulation of complex 3D shear flows using unsteady statistical turbulence models. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 25, 513- 527. Paik, J., Sotiropoulos, F. (2005). Coherent structure dynamics upstream of a long rectangular block at the side of a large aspect ratio channel. Physics of fluids 17, 115104. Parola, A. C., Hagerty, D. J., & Kamojjala, S. (1998). NCHRP Report 417: Highway Infrastructure Damage Caused by the 1993 Upper Mississippi River Basin Flooding. Parola, A., Hagerty, D.J., and Kamojjala, S. (2008). NCHRP Report 417: Highway Infrastructure Damage Caused by The 1993 Upper Mississippi River Basin Flooding, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C. Rhie, C.M., and Chow, W.L. (1983). “Numerical study of the turbulent flow past an airfoil with trailing edge separation,” AIAA Journal, 21(11), 1526-1532. Rodi, W. (1993). Turbulence Models and their Application in Hydraulics. 3rd edition. IAHR Monograph, Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema. Rodi, W., Constantinescu, G., Stoesser, T. (2013). Large Eddy Simulation in hydraulics. IAHR Monograph, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group (ISBN-10: 1138000247). Rossell, R.P. and Ting, C.K. (2013). "Hydraulic and contraction scour analysis of a meandering channel: James river bridges near Mitchell, South Dakota." J. Hydraul. Eng., 139(12), 1286- 1296.

246 Shan, H., Xie, A., Bojanowski, C., Suaznabar, O., Lottes, S., Shen, J., and Kerenyi, K. (2012). “Submerged flow bridge scour under clear water conditions.” Report FHWA-HRT-12-034, Federal Highway Administration, McClean, VA. Shatanawi, K.M., Aziz, N.M., and Khan, A.A. (2008). “Frequency of discharge causing abutment scour in South Carolina.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 134(10), 1507-1512. Shearman, J.O., Kirby, W.H., Schneider, V.R., Flippo, H.N., Bridge Waterways Analysis Model; Research Report (1986). U.S. Federal Highway Administration Report No. FHWA/RD- 86/108, 112 pages. Shen, H.W., Schneider, V. R., and Karaki, S. (1966). "Mechanics of local scour." U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Institute for Applied Technology, Fort Collins, CO. Sheppard, D.M., Melville, B.W., and Demir, H. (2014). "Evaluation of existing equations for local scour at bridge piers." J. Hydraul. Eng., 140 (1), 14-23. Sheppard, D.M. and Miller, W. (2006). "Live-bed local pier scour experiments." J. Hydraul. Eng., 132 (7), 635-642. Sethian, J.A. and Smereka, P. (2003). "Level set methods for fluid interfaces." Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Vol 35, 341-372. Shirole, A.M. and Holt, R.C. (1991). Planning for a Comprehensive Bridge Safety Assurance Program. In Transportation Research Record 1290. TRB, National Research Council, Washington, DC. SonTek (2001). SonTek/YSI ADVField/Hydra Operation manual (firmware Version 7.9 and later). 6837 Nancy Ridge Drive, Suite A, San Diego, CA 92121-3217 USA. Stoesser, T., Braun, C., Garcia-Villalba, M., and Rodi W. (2008). "Turbulence structures in flow over two dimensional dunes." J. Hydraul. Eng., 134 (1), 42-55. Stoesser, T. and Nikora, V. (2008). "Flow structure over square bars at intermediate submergence: Large Eddy Simulation (LES) study of bar spacing effect." Acta Geophysica, 56 (3), 876-893. Stoesser, T. (2010). "Physically realistic roughness closure scheme to simulate turbulent channel flow over rough beds within the framework of LES." J. Hydraul. Eng., 136 (10), 812-819. Straub, L.G. (1934). "Effect of channel contraction works upon regimen of moveable bed streams." Trans. American Geophysical Union part II. Sturm, T.W., and Janjua, N.S. (1993). “Bridge Abutment Scour in a Floodplain,” Hydraulic Engineering ’93, Proceedings of the Hydraulics Conference, San Francisco, CA, ASCE, pp. 761- 766.

247 Sturm, T.W. and Janjua, N.S. (1994). "Clear water scour around abutments in floodplains." J. Hydraul. Eng., 120(8), 956-972. Sturm, T. W. and Sadiq, A. (1996). Clear-Water Scour Around Bridge Abutments Under Backwater Conditions, In Transportation Research Record 1523, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, DC, pp. 196-202. Sturm, T.W. (2004). “Enhanced abutment scour studies for compound channels.”, FHWA-RD- 99-156. Sturm, T.W. (2006). "Scour around bankline and setback abutments in compound channels." J. Hydraul. Eng., 132(1), 21-32. Sturm, T.W. (2009). Open Channel Hydraulics, 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill, New York. Sturm, T.W., Ettema, R., and Melville, B. (2011). Web-Only Document 181: Evaluation of Bridge-Scour Research: Abutment and Contraction Scour Processes and Prediction. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC. Sussman, M., Smereka, P., Osher, S. (1994). A level set approach for computing solutions to incompressible two-phase flow. Journal of Computational Physics 114(1), 146-159. Ting, Francis C.K., Larsen, Ryan J., and Jones, Allen L. (2011). Hydrographs and Estimates of Scour Depth Excess for Pier Scour Prediction: Use for Ungauged Streams with Scour Rate in Cohesive Soils Method. In Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2262, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, 193-199. DOI: 10.3141/2262-19 Umbrell, E. R., Young, G. K. Stein, S.M., and Jones J.S. (1998). "Clear-water contraction scour under bridges in pressure flow." J. Hydraul. Eng., 124(2), 236-240. Van Ballegooy, S. (2005). "Bridge abutment scour countermeasures." Ph.D. thesis, The Univ. of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. Voulgaris, G., & Trowbridge, J. H. (1998). Evaluation of the acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) for turbulence measurements. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 15(1), 272-289. Wagner, C.R., Mueller, D.S., Parola, A.C., Hagerty, D.J., and Benedict, S.T. (2006), NCHRP Web-Only Document 83: Scour at Contracted Bridges. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC. Webby, M. G. (1984). "The effect of entrance shape on the depth of clear water scour at a contraction", Report 3-86/2, Central Laboratories, Ministry of Works and Development, Lower Hutt, New Zealand, 53pp.

248 Wong, W. H. (1982). "Scour at bridge abutments." Report No. 275, School of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand: 109 pp. Xiong, X., Melville, B.W., and Friedrich, H. (2013). "Effects of contraction length on abutment scour." Proc., 2013 IAHR Congress, Beijing, China. Yorozuya, A., and Ettema, R. (2015). “Three abutment scour conditions at bridge waterways.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 141(12): 04015028. Yue, W., Lin, C-L., Patel, V.C. (2003). Numerical simulation of unsteady multidimensional free surface motions by level set method. Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids, 42:853–884. Zevenbergen, L., Thorne, C.R., Spitz, W.J., and Xiangjiang, Huang (2011). NCHRP Web-Only Document 177: Evaluation of Bridge Scour Research: Geomorphic Processes and Predictions, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC. Zhang, Guoping, Hsu, Shi A., Guo, Tingzong, Zhao, Xiaoyan, Augustine, Andrew D., and Zhang, Ling (2013). “Evaluation of design methods to determine scour depths for bridge structures.”, FHWA/LA.11/491, Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development. Zhao, H., Chan, T., Merriman, B., Osher, S. (1996). A variational level set approach to multiphase motion. J. Comput. Phys., vol. 127, no. 1, pp. 179–195.