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Suggested Citation:"1. Introduction." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Transit Agency Guide to Evaluating Secondary Train Detection/Protection Systems in Communications-Based Train Control Systems. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25063.
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SECTION 1  1  Introduction  A continuous need to address passenger growth, enforce safe operation, and more effectively utilize rail  transit  infrastructure  has  led  many  urban  mass  transit  operators  to  adopt  new  technologies.  The  evolution  and  adoption  of  Communications‐Based  Train  Control  (CBTC)  technology  over  the  past  decades have grown significantly, which in turn made it a widely accepted signaling system for both new  mass transit projects and replacements/upgrades of legacy signaling systems.   CBTC’s capabilities provide an advanced means to safely control rail traffic while increasing throughput  and  shortening headways. However,  the  selection of CBTC  technology  and  application  strategies  can  pose some significant challenges, especially when modernizing existing transit lines with goals to achieve  specific benefits and return on capital investment.   This publication seeks to assist transit agencies considering a CBTC system with understanding the need  for  supplementing  CBTC with  a  secondary  train  detection/Protection  System  (STD/PS)  or  the  use  of  operating procedures in lieu of an STD/PS. It must be made clear that CBTC does not require a secondary  or  fallback  system,  and  the  decision whether  to  use  one  should  be  based  primarily  on  the  agency’s  requirements  for managing non‐CBTC  trains which may be either non‐CBTC equipped  trains or  trains  with CBTC failure.  The guide  identifies general characteristics of CBTC  systems and  types of STD/PS used  to  supplement  them, and  then discusses  common operating procedures/practices by  transit agencies which operate  CBTC with or without  the STD/PS. This guide discusses different  factors  to consider when deciding on  the STD/PS, with emphasis on both benefits and drawbacks of available methods. Sorted by relevance,  those factors should be used together with the decision flow diagrams to aid the selection process.   Acknowledging  the  fact  that  every  transit  agency  is  different,  the  goal  of  this  guide  is  not  to  derive  straightforward solutions for a particular case or situation or to set forth any rules, nor does it attempt  to substitute the exercise of systematic thorough studies when assessing and selecting CBTC technology.   This guide was developed using information gathered from leading CBTC signaling suppliers and transit  agencies operating under CBTC. The guide aims  to provide direction on  the method of  reasoning  for  decision makers. It  illustrates the  importance of major factors  leading to a solution, helps to support a  transit agency’s choice, and provides a means to formalize the thought process. 

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TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Web-Only Document 71: A Transit Agency Guide to Evaluating Secondary Train Detection/Protection Systems in Communications-Based Train Control Systems provides a practical approach to evaluating the appropriate level of secondary train detection/protection systems (STD/PS) for a given communications-based train control system application. In terms of detection, track circuits and axle counters are both considered and compared, including the broken rail detection capabilities of track circuits and the possibility of having no secondary detection at all.

The first part of this guide presents different technologies, and discusses communications-based train control deployment trends and feedback on operations from rail transit agencies around the world. The second part provides guidance for selection of an appropriate level of STD/PS, in terms of candidate technologies, product maturity, and potential risks. The document is accompanied by a PowerPoint presentation.

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