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Suggested Citation:"2. Problem Statement." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Transit Agency Guide to Evaluating Secondary Train Detection/Protection Systems in Communications-Based Train Control Systems. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25063.
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SECTION 2  2  Problem Statement  According to IEEE 1474.1‐2004 – IEEE Standard for CBTC Performance and Functional Requirements,  “A  CBTC  system  is  a  continuous,  automatic  train  control  system  utilizing  high‐resolution  train  location determination, independent of track circuits; continuous, high capacity, bidirectional train‐ to‐wayside data communications; and train‐borne and wayside processors capable of implementing  automatic  train  protection  (ATP)  functions,  as  well  as  optional  automatic  train  operation  (ATO)  functions and automatic train supervision (ATS) functions.”  CBTC  allows  trains  to  operate  safely  at  shorter  headways  and  permits  system  operations  to  recover  more rapidly in the event of service delays. These features offer a more regular and improved passenger  service which  can  translate  into  increased  line  capacity,  constrained only by  the performance of  the  rolling  stock and  the  limitations of  the physical  track alignment. One of  the  fundamental operational  benefits of CBTC systems is that movement authority limits are no longer constrained by physical fixed‐ block boundaries, but are established through train position reports that can provide “virtual block” or  “moving block” control philosophies.   Per Federal Transit Administration (FTA) Report No. 45, An Assessment of the Business Case for CBTC:  “To date, deployment of CBTC technology within the United States has been limited, due, at least in  part,  to a perception of higher  costs associated with  the  implementation of  this  technology. This  perception of higher costs  is  in  turn driven,  in part, by a perception  that CBTC  systems  require a  secondary track circuit‐based or axle counter based ‘fallback’ system to detect and protect trains in  the event of CBTC system failures.”  This  guide  examines  why  some  transit  agencies  have  elected  to  implement  STD/PS  in  their  CBTC  projects, while others have  successfully deployed CBTC without  it, opting  to  rely  strictly on operating  practices and  rules. The  result  is  that different  types of CBTC  systems with different  levels of STD/PS  (from  non‐existent  to  a  full  system)  are  used  throughout  the  world.  The  reasoning  for  selecting  a  particular CBTC architecture and  feedback on experience are described  in  this guide,  in order  to help  transit agencies  considering CBTC make  the decision on what  level of STD/PS,  if any,  is preferred  for  their system. 

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TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Web-Only Document 71: A Transit Agency Guide to Evaluating Secondary Train Detection/Protection Systems in Communications-Based Train Control Systems provides a practical approach to evaluating the appropriate level of secondary train detection/protection systems (STD/PS) for a given communications-based train control system application. In terms of detection, track circuits and axle counters are both considered and compared, including the broken rail detection capabilities of track circuits and the possibility of having no secondary detection at all.

The first part of this guide presents different technologies, and discusses communications-based train control deployment trends and feedback on operations from rail transit agencies around the world. The second part provides guidance for selection of an appropriate level of STD/PS, in terms of candidate technologies, product maturity, and potential risks. The document is accompanied by a PowerPoint presentation.

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