Use of Automated Machine Guidance within the Transportation Industry (2018)

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APPENDIX C: EXISTING AMG SPECIFICATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES

C-i CONTENTS Requirements for Electronic Data to be Supplied to Construction (Draft Proposal), AASHTO Technology Implementation Group (06/04/2007) ......................................................................1 Machine Control Grading – Special Provisions 5-1.26, District 11, California Department of Transportation (2007)..................................................................................................................4 Guidelines for Implementing Automated Machine Guidance, California Department of Transportation (June 30, 2009) ...................................................................................................6 Implementation of Automated Machine Guidance for Ongoing Projects (Memorandum) California Department of Transportation (November 2013) ....................................................15 Survey Control of Grading by GPS or RTS Methods – Revision of Section 625, Pilot Project Special Provision, Colorado Department of Transportation (November 03, 2008) .................18 Design Guidance Memorandum (DGM) 1-19 Machine Control, Delaware Department of Transportation (July 30, 2007) ..................................................................................................22 Draft specification for Machine Control – Section 763637, Delaware Department of Transportation (March 23, 2009) ..............................................................................................25 Draft specification for Allowing “Stakeless Excavation” on a Highway Contract – Section 105.08 Construction Stakes, Lines, and Grades, Indiana Department of Transportation .........32 Developmental Specifications for Global Positioning System Machine Control Grading DS- 01103, Iowa Department of Transportation (Effective Date September 18, 2007) ..................36 Special provisions for slipform paving system machine control SP-010391, Iowa Department of Transportation (April 21, 2009) ................................................................................................41 Developmental Specifications for PCC Paving 3-D Machine Control DS-12025 (NEW), Iowa Department of Transportation (Effective Date October 16, 2012) ...........................................46 Part III Technical Requirements, Section 107 Construction Stakeout Standard Specifications for Construction and Materials, Maryland State Highway Administration (July 2008) ................49 Special Provision for Group 3: Digital Terrain Model/Digital Elevation Model Products and Services, Minnesota Department of Transportation (July 01, 2001) ........................................54 Special Provision for Automated Machine Guidance Systems SP 907-699-1, Mississippi Department of Transportation (August 24, 2010) .....................................................................59 Specifications of Computer Deliverable Contract Plans, Missouri Department of Transportation (June 01, 2009) ..........................................................................................................................64 Waiver of Liability, ROW\Forms\Utl\909, Montana Department of Transportation (Revised November 2009) .......................................................................................................................70 Preparation and transfer of electronic engineering data (engineering bulletin EB 05-023), New York State Department of Transportation (April 05, 2005) ......................................................72 Engineering Instruction 06-007: Revision to Standard Specifications: Section 105-10, Survey and Stakeout; Section 625, Survey Operations, Row Markers & Permanent Survey Markers (engineering instruction 06-007), New York State Department of Transportation (April 03, 2006) .........................................................................................................................................81 Survey Operations, Row and Survey Markers, and GPS Inspection Units –Revision to Standard Specifications Section 625 (EI 08-03X), New York State Department of Transportation (May 07, 2009) ...................................................................................................................................92 Automated Machine Guidance – Special Provisions for Contract 201918 (R-2606B) Addendum 3: “US 311 Bypass from north of Spencer Road (SR 1929) to US 220”, North Carolina

C-ii Department of Transportation (June 19, 2008) .......................................................................119 Automated Machine Guidance – Special Provisions Draft, North Carolina Department of Transportation (June 17, 2008) ...............................................................................................136 Machine Control Grading Section 1-05.9 Draft Specification, Machine Control Project Delivery Memorandum # 08-01, Washington State Department of Transportation (April 07, 2008) ...139 Construction Layout Stakes for Electronic Data, West Virginia Department of Transportation (2010) ......................................................................................................................................148 Construction Staking Subgrade, Item 650.4500 (Special Provision), Wisconsin State Department of Transportation .....................................................................................................................152 CMM 7.18 GPS Machine Guidance, Wisconsin State Department of Transportation ...............156 Real Time Kinematic (RTK) GPS Specification, Wyoming Department of Transportation ......160

C-1 Requirements for Electronic Data to be Supplied to Construction (Draft Proposal), AASHTO Technology Implementation Group (06/04/2007)

C-4 Machine Control Grading – Special Provisions 5-1.26, District 11, California Department of Transportation (2007)

C-5 5-1.__ MACHINE CONTROL GRADING The Contractor may utilize grading equipment controlled with a Global Positioning System (GPS) machine control grading system for the grading and construction of the roadway, except for final grading. The Contractor may use any type of GPS machine control equipment and system that results in achieving the existing grading requirements. All equipment required to accomplish GPS machine control grading shall be able to generate end results that meet the Standard Specifications. If the Contractor chooses to use machine control grading, the Contractor shall furnish a written request for the electronic information within 10 working days after the approval of the contract. The Engineer will have 10 working days to furnish the Contractor with the electronic information. The electronic information (Machine Control Surface Model file) will be provided to the Contractor in ASCII, Land XML and VRS formats. Attention is directed to "Lines and Grades" of these special provisions. The Engineer will set stakes or marks after notification from the Contractor is received. The Contractor shall provide controls for the machine control grading system. The Contractor shall perform the necessary conversion of the files for its selected GPS machine control system. The Contractor shall independently ensure that the electronic information will function in its GPS machine control system. The Department does not guarantee that its electronic information is directly compatible with the system proposed by the Contractor. Any manipulation of the electronic information by the Contractor shall be taken at the Contractor’s own risk. The Contractor shall meet the same accuracy requirements as conventional grading construction. Grading work shall conform to the requirements in "Earthwork" of these special provisions. Updated electronic data will be provided when in the opinion of the Engineer, significant changes to the plans affect the final grading surface, otherwise grading changes will be addressed through traditional survey staking. The electronic information provided is available solely for the convenience of the Contractor. It is expressly understood and agreed that the Department assumes no responsibility in respect to the sufficiency or accuracy of the electronic information. Use of the electronic information shall be subject to all of the conditions and limitations set forth in Section 2-1.03, "Examination of Plans, Specifications, Contract, and Site of Work," of the Standard Specifications and these special provisions. Payment Full compensation for the use of GPS machine control grading, including converting the electronic information at any time during construction, shall be considered as included in the contract prices paid for the various items of earthwork involved and no additional compensation will be allowed therefor.

C-6 Guidelines for Implementing Automated Machine Guidance, California Department of Transportation (June 30, 2009) http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/row/landsurveys/SurveysManual/AutomatedMachineGuidanceGuideli nes7_5_09.pdf

C-15 Implementation of Automated Machine Guidance for Ongoing Projects (Memorandum) California Department of Transportation (November 2013) http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/construc/CPDirectives/cpd13-10.pdf

C-18 Survey Control of Grading by GPS or RTS Methods – Revision of Section 625, Pilot Project Special Provision, Colorado Department of Transportation (November 03, 2008) http://www.coloradodot.info/business/manuals/survey/chapter- 6/chapter6appendix/Revision%20625%20Machine%20Control.doc/view

Pilot project special provision: 625gpsrts 11.3.2008 REVISION OF SECTION 625 SURVEY CONTROL OF GRADING BY GPS OR RTS METHODS C-19 Section 625 of the Standard specifications is hereby revised for this project as follows: Subsection 625.01 shall include the following: The Contractor may use grading equipment controlled by Global Positioning System (GPS) machine control grading techniques or Robotic Total Station (RTS) equipment to control the construction of subgrade, subbase, base course and other roadway structure materials and in construction of ditches and other planned excavations and embankment designated on the project. Subsection 625.02 shall include the following: When used, equipment required to accomplish GPS or RTS machine control grading shall be provided by the Contractor and shall be able to generate end results that meet the Contract requirements. When the Contractor uses automated controlled equipment, the Contractor shall furnish a GPS Rover or RTS equipment to the Engineer for review of the work. With the equipment, the Contractor shall provide eight hours of formal training on the use of the GPS or RTS and the Contractor’s systems to CDOT project personnel prior to beginning any grading. This training is for the purpose of providing CDOT project personnel with an understanding of the equipment, software, and electronic data being used by the Contractor. The GPS Rover or RTS equipment will be returned to the Contractor upon completion and acceptance of the final as constructed grade report. The Contractor may use any type of approved GPS or RTS equipment that achieves the horizontal and vertical tolerances specified in the CDOT Survey Manual. Add subsection 625.051 immediately following subsection 625.05 as follows: 625.051 Use of GPS or RTS Equipment in Lieu of Conventional Staking. The plans may indicate areas of the project where CDOT is providing electronic surface models. The Contractor shall convert electronic data provided by CDOT for these areas into the format required by the Contractor's system and equipment at the Contractor's expense. Work performed using GPS or RTS equipment shall conform to the plan typical sections. The remaining areas shall be constructed with conventional construction survey techniques and stakes unless the Contractor chooses to develop and submit a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) to the Engineer for review. The Contractor shall develop the DTM using the Contract Documents and any CDOT furnished DTM data. Changes in the given electronic data shall not be made unless approved by the Engineer in writing. To use any CDOT furnished DTM data, the Contractor shall release CDOT and its employees from all liability for the accuracy of the data and its conformance to the Contract. The Contractor shall perform three 500 foot test sections with the selected GPS or RTS system to demonstrate that the Contractor has the capabilities, knowledge, equipment, and experience to properly operate the system and meet acceptable tolerances. If the Contractor fails to demonstrate this ability, the Contractor shall construct the project using conventional surveying and staking methods. The Engineer may review the Contractor’s machine control grading results, surveying calculations, records, field procedures, and actual staking at any time. If the Engineer determines the work is not meeting the required horizontal and vertical tolerances, the Contractor shall redo such work to the requirements of the Contract at the Contractor's expense.

Pilot project special provision: 625gpsrts 11.3.2008 REVISION OF SECTION 625 SURVEY CONTROL OF GRADING BY GPS OR RTS METHODS C-20 The Contractor shall provide stakes at all alignment control points, at every 500 foot stationing, and where required for coordination activities involving environmental agencies and utility companies at the Contractor's expense. At least one week prior to the Preconstruction conference, the Contractor shall submit to the Engineer, for review, a written GPS or RTS machine control grading work plan which shall include: (1) Equipment type (2) Control software manufacturer (3) The control software version (4) Primary survey control to be used along with the locations of the GPS base stations used for broadcasting differential correction data to the rover units. Contractor delays due to operating the GPS or RTS machine control system will not result in adjustment to the bid price or quantity of any construction items or be justification for granting any type of contract extension. Subsection 625.07 shall include the following: When GPS or RTS methods are used for any of the construction surveying, a Professional Land Surveyor (PLS) or Professional Engineer (PE) licensed in Colorado shall be provided by the Contractor to furnish an interim earthwork quantity report to the Engineer prior to 20 percent completion of the planned earthwork in any phase. Prior to beginning work on any subsequent operation the Contractor’s PLS or PE shall certify in writing to the Engineer that the final grade is within specified tolerance. Delete subsection 625.12 and replace with the following: 625.12 Construction surveying will not be measured, but will be paid for on a lump sum basis, regardless of whether conventional surveying, GPS, RTS, or a combination of these methods is used. Subsection 625.13 shall include the following: When GPS or RTS methods are used for any of the construction surveying, the Contract lump sum price bid shall include full compensation for all such surveying work including but not limited to: (1) Materials (2) Equipment (3) Labor (4) Office work - preparing the electronic data files for use in the Contactor’s machine control grading system, developing or building a DTM to facilitate the GPS machine control grading system, and all other calculations required to complete the work. (5) Test section as specified by the Engineer. (6) Training for CDOT project personnel, (7) Final as constructed grade report ************************************************************************************* INSTRUCTIONS TO DESIGNERS (delete instructions and symbols from final draft): This is a pilot project special provision that is to be used only on selected projects. Submit proposed pilot projects to the Staff Survey Coordinator for review early in design prior to using this special provision.

Pilot project special provision: 625gpsrts 11.3.2008 REVISION OF SECTION 625 SURVEY CONTROL OF GRADING BY GPS OR RTS METHODS C-21 Include this special provision on projects on which a digital terrain model (DTM) has been developed for all or part of the work and the Contractor will be allowed to use Global Positioning System (GPS) machine control grading techniques or Robotic Total Station (RTS) equipment to control construction. The plans should clearly show the areas where a DTM has been developed. List the DTM in the special provision, Revision of Section 102 – Project Plans and Other Data, as part of the computer information available.

C-22 Design Guidance Memorandum (DGM) 1-19 Machine Control, Delaware Department of Transportation (July 30, 2007) http://www.deldot.gov/information/pubs_forms/manuals/dgm/pdf/1-19_machine_control.pdf

C-25 Draft specification for Machine Control – Section 763637, Delaware Department of Transportation (March 23, 2009) http://www.efl.fhwa.dot.gov/files/technology/3d-modeling/DelDOT-Machine-Control-Spec.pdf

C-26 763637- Machine Control Grading Description: This specification contains the requirements for grading operations utilizing Global Positioning Systems (GPS). The Contractor may utilize grading equipment equipped with GPS machine control systems to perform the excavation and embankment for the project as indicated on the plans. Use of this procedure and equipment is intended for grading the subgrade surface; it is not intended for the use in constructing final surface grades. The plans indicate the areas of the project where roadway construction may be accomplished with GPS machine control techniques. All other areas shall be constructed with conventional survey techniques unless the contractor chooses to build the required surface model to facilitate GPS machine control grading for those areas at no additional cost to the Department. The Contractor may use any manufacturer’s GPS machine control equipment and system that results in achieving the grading requirements outlined in section 202 of the standard specifications. The Contractor shall convert the electronic data provided by the Department into the format required by their system. The Department will only provide the information outlined in this document and no additional electronic data will be provided. The Contractor shall perform three 500 foot test sections with the selected GPS system to demonstrate that the Contractor has the capabilities, knowledge, equipment, and experience to properly operate the system and meet acceptable tolerances. The engineer will evaluate and make the determination. If the Contractor fails to demonstrate this ability, the Contractor shall construct the project using conventional surveying and staking methods. Materials: All equipment required to perform GPS machine control grading, including equipment needed to verify the work, shall be provided by the Contractor and shall be able to generate end results that are in accordance with the requirements of Division 200 – EARTHWORK of the Standard Specifications. Construction: a. DelDOT Responsibilities: 1. The Department will set initial vertical and horizontal control points in the field for the project as indicated in the contract documents, (plans set). If the contractor needs to establish new control points they shall be traversed from existing control points and verified to be accurate by conventional surveying techniques. 2. The Department will provide the project specific localized coordinate system.

C-27 3. The Department will provide data in an electronic format to the Contractor. a. The information provided shall not be considered a representation of actual conditions to be encountered during construction. Furnishing this information does not relieve the Contractor from the responsibility of making an investigation of conditions to be encountered including, but not limited to site visits, and basing the bid on information obtained from these investigations, and the professional interpretations and judgments of the Contractor. The Contractor shall assume the risk of error if the information is used for any purpose for which the information is not intended. b. Any assumption the Contractor makes from this electronic information shall be at their risk. If the contractor chooses to develop their own digital terrain model the Contractor shall be fully responsible for all cost, liability, accuracy and delays. c. The Department will develop and provide electronic data to the Contractor for their use as part of the contract documents. The Contractor shall independently ensure that the electronic data will function in their machine control grading system. 4. The Files that are provided were originally created with the computer software applications MicroStation (CADD software) and INROADS (civil engineering software). The data files will be provided in the native formats and other software formats described below. The contractor shall perform necessary conversion of the files for their selected grade control equipment. The Department will furnish the Contractor with the following electronic files: a. CAD files i. Inroads- Existing digital terrain model (.DTM) ii. Inroads- Proposed digital terrain model (.DTM) iii. Microstation Existing and proposed surface elements – triangles b. Alignment Data Files: i. ASCII Format 5. The Engineer shall perform spot checks of the Contractor’s machine control grading results, surveying calculations, records, field procedures, and actual staking. If the Engineer determines that the work is not being performed in a manner that will assure accurate results, the Engineer may order the contractor to redo such work to the requirements of the contract documents, at no additional cost to the Department.

C-28 B. Contractor’s Responsibites 1. The Contractor shall provide the Engineer with a GPS rover and Automatic Level, for use during the duration of the contract. At the end of the contract, the GPS rover and Automatic Level will be returned to the Contractor. The Contractor shall provide a total of 8 hours of formal training on the Contractor’s GPS machine control system to the Engineer and up to three additional Department appointees. 2. The Contractor shall review and apply the data provided by the Department to perform GPS machine control grading. 3. The Contractor shall bear all costs, including but not limited to the cost of actual reconstruction of work, that may be incurred due to application of GPS machine control grading techniques. Grade elevation errors and associated corrections including quantity adjustments resulting from the contractor’s use of GPS machine control shall be at no cost to the Department. 4. The Contractor shall convert the electronic data provided by the Department into a format compatible with their system. 5. The Contractor understands that manipulation of the electronic data provided by the Department shall be performed at their own risk. 6. The Contractor shall check and if necessary, recalibrate their GPS machine control system at the beginning of each workday in accordance with the manufactures recommendations, or more frequently as needed to meet the requirements of the project. 7. The Contractor shall meet the accuracy requirements for the subbase placement as detailed in the Standard Specifications. 8. The Contractor shall establish secondary control points at appropriate intervals and at locations along the length of the project. These points shall be outside the project limits and/or where work is performed. These points shall be at intervals not to exceed 1000 feet. The horizontal position of these points shall be determined by conventional survey traverse and adjustments from the original baseline control points. The conventional traverse shall meet or exceed the Department Standards. The elevation of these control points shall be established using differential leveling from the project benchmarks, forming a closed loop. A copy of all new control point information including closure report shall be provided and approved by the Engineer prior to construction activities. The contractor shall be responsible for all errors resulting from their efforts and shall correct deficiencies to the satisfaction of the Engineer and at no additional cost to the Department. 9. The Contractor shall provide stakes at all alignment control points, at every 500 foot stationing, and where required for coordination activities involving environmental agencies and utility companies at the Contractor’s expense. Work that is done solely for utility companies and that is beyond the work performed under item 763501 -

C-29 Construction Engineering and item 763637 - Construction Engineering (GPS) Machine Control Grading shall follow and be paid for under item 763597 -Utility Construction Engineering. The engineer must approve all requests for item 763597 -Utility Construction Engineering, before the work begins. 10. The Contractor shall at minimum set hubs at the top of finished grade at all hinge points on the cross section at 500 foot intervals on the main line and at least 4 cross sections on side roads and ramps as directed by the engineer or as shown on the plans. Placement of a minimum of 4 control points outside the limits of disturbance for the excavation of borrow pits, Stormwater Management Ponds, wetland mitigation sites etc. These control points shall be established using conventional survey methods for use by the Engineer to check the accuracy of the construction. 11. The Contractor shall preserve all reference points and monuments that are identified and established by the Engineer for the project. If the Contractor fails to preserve these items the Contractor shall reestablish them at no additional cost to the Department. 12. The Contractor shall provide control points and conventional grades stakes at critical points such as, but not limited to, PC’s, PT’s, superelevation points, and other critical points required for the construction of drainage and roadway structures. 13. If the Contractor makes any changes to the final surface during construction then he/she shall provide the Engineer with electronic as-built construction data for the final roadway surface in DTM format compatible with the latest version of Inroads Survey Select Cadd. 14. No less than 2 weeks before the scheduled preconstruction meeting, the Contractor shall submit to the Engineer for review a written machine control grading work plan which shall include the equipment type, control software manufacture and version, and proposed location of the local GPS base station used for broadcasting differential correction data to rover units. 15. The Contractor shall follow the guidelines set forth in the “Geometric Geodetic Accuracy Standards and Specifications for Using GPS Relative Positioning Techniques” and follow a minimum of Second Order Class 1, (2-I) classification standards. Automated equipment operations have a high reliance on accurate control networks from which to take measurements, establish positions, and verify locations and features. Therefore, a strong contract control network in the field which is the same or is strongly integrated with the project control used during the design of the contract is essential to the successful use of this technology with the proposed Digital Terrain Model (DTM). Consistent and well designed site calibration for all machine control operations (as described below under Contract Control Plan) are required to ensure the quality of the contract deliverables. The Contract Control Plan is intended to document which horizontal and vertical control will be held for these operations. Continued incorporation of the CORS Stations (if included in the initial project control) is essential to maintaining the integrity of positional locations and elevations of features.

C-30 Contract Control Plan: The Contractor shall develop and submit a Contract Control Plan for all contracts which include item 763637 Construction Engineering (GPS) Machine Control Grading. Contract control includes all primary and secondary horizontal and vertical control which will be used for the construction contract. Upon the contractor’s completion of the initial survey reconnaissance and control verification, but prior to beginning primary field operations, the Contractor shall submit a Contract Control Plan document (signed and sealed by the Delaware licensed Land Surveyor or Delaware Professional Engineer who oversees its preparation) for acceptance by the Engineer. 1. A control network diagram of all existing horizontal and vertical control recovered in the field as contract control. 2. Include a summary of the calculated closures of the existing control network, and which control has been determined to have been disturbed or out of tolerance from its original positioning. 3. An explanation of which horizontal and vertical control points will be held for construction purposes. If necessary include all adjustments which may have been made to achieve required closures. 4. An explanation of what horizontal and vertical control (including base stations) was set to accomplish the required stakeout or automated machine operation. Include how the position of these new control points was determined. 5. Describe the proposed method and technique (technology and quality control) for utilizing the control to establish the existing and/or proposed feature location and to verify the completed feature location and/or measured quantity. 6. A listing of the horizontal and vertical datums to be used and the combined factor to be used to account for ellipsoidal reduction factor and grid scale factor. 7. If a Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) Network was used to establish the initial control for design of this contract, or if the Contractor proposes to use CORS with any construction operation, the survey reconnaissance and control verification shall include verifying the contract control and shall report the accuracy results back in the Contract Control Plan. 8. If the Contractor chooses to use machine control as a method of measuring and controlling excavation, fill, material placement or grading operations as a method of measuring and controlling excavation, fill, material placement or grading operations, the Contractor Control Plan shall include the method by which the automated machine guidance system will initially be site calibrated to both the horizontal and vertical contract control, and shall describe the method and frequency of the calibration to ensure consistent positional results.

C-31 Method of Measurement No measurement. Basis of Payment No payment.

C-32 Draft specification for Allowing “Stakeless Excavation” on a Highway Contract – Section 105.08 Construction Stakes, Lines, and Grades, Indiana Department of Transportation http://www.in.gov/dot/div/contracts/standards/book/sep13/2014Master.pdf

C-36 Developmental Specifications for Global Positioning System Machine Control Grading DS- 01103, Iowa Department of Transportation (Effective Date September 18, 2007) http://jjhannon.com/NCHRP/IOWA_DS-01103.pdf

C-41 Special provisions for slipform paving system machine control SP-010391, Iowa Department of Transportation (April 21, 2009)

C-46 Developmental Specifications for PCC Paving 3-D Machine Control DS-12025 (NEW), Iowa Department of Transportation (Effective Date October 16, 2012)

C-49 Part III Technical Requirements, Section 107 Construction Stakeout Standard Specifications for Construction and Materials, Maryland State Highway Administration (July 2008) http://www.marylandroads.com/ohd/part3.pdf

C-54 Special Provision for Group 3: Digital Terrain Model/Digital Elevation Model Products and Services, Minnesota Department of Transportation (July 01, 2001) http://www.dot.state.mn.us/surveying/pdf/photospecs/digter/DIGITAL_TERRAIN_MODEL_C OMPILATION_fine_JUL_2001.pdf

C-59 Special Provision for Automated Machine Guidance Systems SP 907-699-1, Mississippi Department of Transportation (August 24, 2010) http://sp.mdot.ms.gov/Contract%20Administration/DesignBuild/PROPOSED%20IMPROVEME NTS%20TO%20INTERSTATE%2055/RFP%20I-55%20Pike%20and%20Lincoln.pdf

C-64 Specifications of Computer Deliverable Contract Plans, Missouri Department of Transportation (June 01, 2009) http://www.missouriruralpublictransportation.org/business/documents/ComputerDeliverableCont ractPlans060109.pdf

C-70 Waiver of Liability, ROW\Forms\Utl\909, Montana Department of Transportation (Revised November 2009) https://www.mdt.mt.gov/other/rw/external/forms/909.pdf

C-72 Preparation and transfer of electronic engineering data (engineering bulletin EB 05-023), New York State Department of Transportation (April 05, 2005) https://www.dot.ny.gov/main/business-center/consultants/forms-publications-and- instructions/engineering-information-issuance-system/eb-repository/eb05023.pdf

C-81 Engineering Instruction 06-007: Revision to Standard Specifications: Section 105-10, Survey and Stakeout; Section 625, Survey Operations, Row Markers & Permanent Survey Markers (engineering instruction 06-007), New York State Department of Transportation (April 03, 2006) https://www.dot.ny.gov/portal/page/portal/main/business-center/consultants/forms-publications- and-instructions/engineering-information-issuance-system/ei-repository/ei06007.pdf

C-92 Survey Operations, Row and Survey Markers, and GPS Inspection Units –Revision to Standard Specifications Section 625 (EI 08-03X), New York State Department of Transportation (May 07, 2009) https://www.dot.ny.gov/portal/pls/portal/mexis_app.pa_ei_eb_admin_app.show_pdf?id=10266

C-119 Automated Machine Guidance – Special Provisions for Contract 201918 (R-2606B) Addendum 3: “US 311 Bypass from north of Spencer Road (SR 1929) to US 220”, North Carolina Department of Transportation (June 19, 2008) https://connect.ncdot.gov/letting/design%20build%20program/r- 2606b/rfp%20addendum%203.pdf

C-136 Automated Machine Guidance – Special Provisions Draft, North Carolina Department of Transportation (June 17, 2008) https://connect.ncdot.gov/letting/design%20build%20program/r- 2123ce/rfp%20industry%20draft.pdf

C-139 Machine Control Grading Section 1-05.9 Draft Specification, Machine Control Project Delivery Memorandum # 08-01, Washington State Department of Transportation (April 07, 2008) http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/publications/fulltext/ProjectDev/ProjectDeliveryMemos/Memo08- 01.pdf

C-148 Construction Layout Stakes for Electronic Data, West Virginia Department of Transportation (2010) http://www.transportation.wv.gov/highways/contractadmin/specifications/SpecComit/SpecMeeti ngs/specmeetyear/2011/Documents/20110214_PDFs/639_20101207_dd_639.3ConstructionLayo utElectronicMethod_SProj_1.pdf

C-152 Construction Staking Subgrade, Item 650.4500 (Special Provision), Wisconsin State Department of Transportation http://roadwaystandards.dot.wi.gov/standards/stndspec/ss-06-50.pdf#ss650

C-156 CMM 7.18 GPS Machine Guidance, Wisconsin State Department of Transportation http://roadwaystandards.dot.wi.gov/standards/cmm/cm-07-18.pdf

C-160 Real Time Kinematic (RTK) GPS Specification, Wyoming Department of Transportation http://www.dot.state.wy.us/files/live/sites/wydot/files/shared/Construction/2015%20Construction %20Manual/2015%20Construction%20Manual.pdf