National Academies Press: OpenBook

Harmonization of Approaches to Nutrient Reference Values: Applications to Young Children and Women of Reproductive Age (2018)

Chapter: Appendix D: Tools and Methods to Evaluate the Risk of Bias in Individual Studies

« Previous: Appendix C: AGREE II Instrument
Suggested Citation:"Appendix D: Tools and Methods to Evaluate the Risk of Bias in Individual Studies." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Harmonization of Approaches to Nutrient Reference Values: Applications to Young Children and Women of Reproductive Age. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25148.
×

Appendix D

Tools and Methods to Evaluate the Risk of Bias in Individual Studies

Below are examples of tools and methods that were developed to measure the strength of various studies as well as the risk of bias in randomized trials, nonrandomized studies, diagnostic test accuracy, cohort studies, randomized controlled trials, and case control studies. The table below has been adapted from the European Food Safety Authority’s 2017 report The Principles and Methods Behind EFSA’s Guidance on Uncertainty Analysis in Scientific Assessment.

Tool Study Design or Applicable Setting Institution Reference
Office of Health Assessment and Translation Risk of Bias (RoB) Tool Experimental animal studies, human randomized controlled trial (RCT), human observational National Toxicology Programme (NTP) https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/ohat/pubs/riskofbiastool_508.pdf (accessed August 6, 2018)
RoB 2.0 Risk of bias in randomized trials Cochrane collaboration https://sites.google.com/site/riskofbiastool/welcome/rob-2-0-tool (accessed August 6, 2018)
Suggested Citation:"Appendix D: Tools and Methods to Evaluate the Risk of Bias in Individual Studies." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Harmonization of Approaches to Nutrient Reference Values: Applications to Young Children and Women of Reproductive Age. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25148.
×
Tool Study Design or Applicable Setting Institution Reference
Robins-I Risk of bias in nonrandomized studies of interventions Cochrane collaboration https://sites.google.com/site/riskofbiastool/welcome/home (accessed August 6, 2018)
RoB Diagnostic Test Accuracy Risk of bias in diagnostic test accuracy Cochrane Canada http://training.cochrane.org/resource/primer-cochrane-diagnostic-test-accuracy-reviews (accessed August 6, 2018)
Tool to assess risk of bias in cohort studies Risk of bias in cohort studies CLARITY Group https://www.evidencepartners.com/resources/methodological-resources (accessed August 6, 2018)
Tool to assess risk of bias in randomized controlled trials Risk of bias in RCT CLARITY Group https://www.evidencepartners.com/resources/methodological-resources (accessed August 6, 2018)
Tool to assess risk of bias in case control studies Risk of bias in case control studies CLARITY Group https://www.evidencepartners.com/resources/methodological-resources (accessed August 6, 2018)

SOURCE: Adapted with permission from EFSA et al., 2018.

REFERENCE

EFSA Scientific Committee, D. Benford, T. Halldorsson, M. J. Jeger, H. K. Knutsen, S. More, H. Naegeli, H. Noteborn, C. Ockleford, A. Ricci, G. Rychen, J. R. Schlatter, V. Silano, R. Solecki, D. Turck, M. Younes, P. Craig, A. Hart, N. Von Goetz, K. Koutsoumanis, A. Mortensen, B. Ossendorp, A. Germini, L. Martino, C. Merten, O. Mosbach-Schulz, A. Smith, and A. Hardy. 2018. Scientific opinion on the principles and methods behind EFSA’s Guidance on Uncertainty Analysis in Scientific Assessment. EFSA Journal 16(1):5122-5235.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix D: Tools and Methods to Evaluate the Risk of Bias in Individual Studies." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Harmonization of Approaches to Nutrient Reference Values: Applications to Young Children and Women of Reproductive Age. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25148.
×
Page 141
Suggested Citation:"Appendix D: Tools and Methods to Evaluate the Risk of Bias in Individual Studies." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Harmonization of Approaches to Nutrient Reference Values: Applications to Young Children and Women of Reproductive Age. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25148.
×
Page 142
Next: Appendix E: Scaling Methods to Extrapolate from Reference Values of One Age Group to Another »
Harmonization of Approaches to Nutrient Reference Values: Applications to Young Children and Women of Reproductive Age Get This Book
×
 Harmonization of Approaches to Nutrient Reference Values: Applications to Young Children and Women of Reproductive Age
Buy Paperback | $65.00 Buy Ebook | $54.99
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

Recommended intake levels for nutrients and other dietary components were designed initially to prevent nutrient deficiency diseases in a given population, and the original methodological approach used to derive intake values did not include consideration for other applications. However, with the increasing globalization of information and the identification of a variety of factors specific to different population subgroups (e.g., young children and women of reproductive age) that influence their nutritional needs, there has been increasing recognition of the need to consider methodological approaches to deriving nutrient reference values (NRVs) that are applicable across countries and that take into account the varying needs of different population subgroups.

There is a need for guidance and recommendations about methodological approaches, as well as their potential for application to an international process for the development of NRVs, and particularly for young children and women of reproductive age. Harmonization of Approaches to Nutrient Reference Values: Applications to Young Children and Women of Reproductive Age examines these issues and makes recommendations for a unified approach to developing NRVs that would be acceptable globally.

READ FREE ONLINE

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  9. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!