Improved Analysis of Two-Lane Highway Capacity and Operational Performance (2018)

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NCHRP 17-65 Improved Analysis of Two-Lane Highway Capacity and Operational Performance Final Report 94 5. References AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials). A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, 6th ed. Washington, DC, 2011. Abdul-Mawjoud A. A., and G. G. Sofia. Development of Models for Predicting Speed on Horizontal Curves for Two-Lane Rural Highways. In Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Volume 33, Issue 2 B, 2008. Allen, R. W., Harwood, D., Christos, J. P., and Glauz, W. D. The Capability and Enhancement of VDANL and TWOPAS for Analyzing Vehicle Performance on Upgrades and Downgrades within IHSDM. Final Report. FHWA-RD-00-078. Federal Highway Administration. McLean, VA. January 2000. 138 pages. Al-Kaisy, A. and S. Karjala. Car-Following Interaction and the Definition of Free-Moving Vehicles on Two-Lane Rural Highways. In ASCE Journal of Transportation Engineering, Volume 136, Issue 10, 2010. Al-Kaisy, A. and Freedman, Z. Estimating Performance on Two-Lane Highways: Case Study Validation of a New Methodology. Transportation Research Record 2173, Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2011, pp. 72-79. Al-Kaisy, A. and Freedman, Z. Empirical Examination of Passing Lane Operational Benefits on Rural Two-Lane Highways. Journal of Transportation Research Forum, Vol. 49, No. 3, 2010, pp. 53- 68. Al-Kaisy, A. and Durbin, C. Platooning on Two-lane Two-way Highways: an Empirical Investigation. In Journal of Advanced Transportation, Volume 43, Issue 1, 2009, pp. 71-88. Al-Kaisy, A. and Durbin, C. Evaluating New Methodologies for Estimating Performance on Two- Lane Highways. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 35, No. 8, 2008, pp. 777-785. Al-Kaisy, A., Jafari, A., Washburn, S.S., Luttinen, T., and Dowling, R. Traffic Operations on Rural Two-Lane Highways: a Review on Performance Measures and Indicators. Presented at 97th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, 2018, Washington D.C. Al-Kaisy, A., Jafari, A., and Washburn, S.S.. Following Status and Percent Followers on Two-Lane Two-Way Highways: Empirical Investigation. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2615, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2017, pp. 62-72. Al-Kaisy, A., Jafari, A., and S. Washburn. Measuring Performance on Two-Lane Highways: Empirical Investigation. Presented at 96th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2017.

NCHRP 17-65 Improved Analysis of Two-Lane Highway Capacity and Operational Performance Final Report 95 Al-Kaisy, A., Jafari, A., Washburn, S.S., Luttinen, T., and Dowling, R. Performance Measures on Two-Lane Highways: Survey of Practice. Presented at 95th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, 2016, Washington D.C. Al-Kaisy, A. and Karjala, S. Indicators of Performance on Two-Lane Rural Highways: An Empirical Investigation. Transportation Research Record 2071, Journal of the Transportation Research Board, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 2008, pp. 87-97. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, Washington, D.C. 2011 Archilla, R. & Morrall, J. Traffic characteristics on two-lane highway downgrades, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 30, 119–133. 1996 Bennett, C. R. A Speed Reduction Model for Rural Two-Lane Highways. Thesis for Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering, The University of Auckland. 1994. Bennett, C.R., and R. C. M. Dunn. Critical Headways on Two-Lane Highways in New Zealand. Proceedings of the second international symposium on Highway Capacity, 1994, Volume 1, pp. 91- 100. Bergh, Torsten, Mats Remgård1, Arne Carlsson, Johan Olstam, Per Strömgren. 2+1-roads Recent Swedish Capacity and Level-of Service Experience. International Symposium on Enhancing Highway Performance (ISEHP) – Rural Roads Workshop, June 17, 2016 Berlin, Germany. Bergh, T., Strömgren, P. 2+1-roads in Sweden. International Symposium on Enhancing Highway Performance (ISEHP) – Rural Roads Workshop, June 17, 2016 Berlin, Germany. Bessa, J. and Setti, J. Derivation of ATS and PTSF Functions for Two-lane, Rural Highways in Brazil. In Koutsopoulos, H.N. and Bang, K.L. (ed.), 6th International Symposium on Highway Capacity and Quality of Service. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol. 16. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2011, pp. 282-292. Bonneson, J. A., Superelevation distribution methods and transition designs, National Cooperative Highway Research Program. Report 439, 2000. Bonneson, J., Pratt, M., Miles, J. & Carlson, P., Development of guidelines for establishing effective curve advisory speeds, Federal Highway Administration. Project FHWA/TX-07/0-5439-1 Final Report, 2007. Brewer, M., Venglar, S., Fitzpatrick, K., Ding, L., and Park, B.J. (2012). Super 2 Highways in Texas. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2301, 46–54. Brewer, M., and Venglar, S. P. Passing Behavior of Drivers on Super 2 Highways in Texas. 4th International Symposium on Highway Geometric Design, Valencia (ES), 2010, 1–15.

NCHRP 17-65 Improved Analysis of Two-Lane Highway Capacity and Operational Performance Final Report 96 Brewer, M., Venglar, S. P., and Ding, L. Operational Characteristics of Super 2 Highways in Texas. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2223, DOI: 10.3141/2223-05, 2011a, pp. 34–42. Brilon, W. and Weiser, F. Two-Lane Rural Highways: The German Experience. In Transportation Research Record 1988: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 2006, pp. 38-47. Buckley, D., 1968. A semi-Poisson model of traffic flow. Transportation Science Vol. 2, No. 2, 107– 132. Chowdhury, M. A., Warren, D. L. and Bissell, H. Analysis of advisory speed setting criteria. Public Roads, 55, 65–71. 1991 Catbagan, J.L., and Nakamura, H. An Improved Follower Recognition Procedure to Estimate Follower Flow-Based Quality of Service Measures. Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Volume 8, 2010, pp. 1822-1837. Catbagan, J. and Nakamura, H. Evaluation of Performance Measures for Two-Lane Expressways in Japan. Transportation Research Record 1988, Journal of the Transportation Research Board, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 2006, pp. 111-118. Catbagan, J. L. and Nakamura, H. Influence of Heavy Vehicles on Japan Two-Lane Highway Speed and Follower Flow Characteristics. In Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies (EASTS), Vol. 7, 2007, pp. 2533-2545. Cunha, A. L. and Setti, J. R. Truck equivalence factors for divided, multilane highways in Brazil, in Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Highway Capacity and Quality of Service, pp. 248–258, 2011. Dijker, T., Bovy, P.H.L., and R. G. M. M. Vermijs. Car-Following Under Congested Conditions Empirical Findings. In Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1644, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D. C., 1998, pp. 20-28. Dixon, M., Sarepali, S., and Young, K. Field Evaluation of Highway Capacity Manual 2000 analysis procedures for two-lane highways. Transportation Research Record no. 1802, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, DC, 2002, pp. 125-132. Donnell, E. T., Gemar, M. D. and Cruzado, I., Operational effects of wide edge lines applied to horizontal curves on two-lane rural highways, Federal Highway Administration. Project FHWA-PA- 2006-006-510401-04 Final Report, 2006. Donnell, E. T., Ni, Y., Adolini, M. and Elefteriadou, L., Speed prediction models for trucks on two- lane rural highways, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1751, 44–55, 2001.

NCHRP 17-65 Improved Analysis of Two-Lane Highway Capacity and Operational Performance Final Report 97 Dowling, R.G., List, G., Yang, B., Witzke, E., and Flannery, A. Incorporating Truck Analysis into the Highway Capacity Manual, NCFRP Report 31, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2014. Eck, R. W., Polus, A. and Tsou, K., Performance characteristics of coal-hauling trucks in mountainous terrain, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 869, 77–83, 1982. Elefteriadou, L., Torbic, D. and Webster, N., Development of passenger car equivalents for freeways, two-lane highways, and arterials, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1572, 51–58, 1997. Enberg, A., and M. Pursula. Traffic Flow Characteristics on a Three-Lane Rural Highway in Finland: Results from Empirical Studies and Simulations. Transportation Research Record No. 1572, TRB, Washington, D. C., 1997, pp. 35-42. Evans, L., and P. Wasielewski. Risky Driving Related to Driver and Vehicle Characteristics. In Journal of Accident Analysis & Prevention, Volume 15, Issue 12, 1983, pp. 121-136. Fambro, D. B., Fitzpatrick, K. and Koppa, R. J., Determination of stopping sight distances, National Cooperative Highway Research Program. Report 400, 1997. Farah, H. and Toledo, T. Passing Behavior on Two-Lane Highways. Transportation Research Board 89th Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C. January 2010. Figueroa, A. M., and A. P. Tarko. Speed Factors on Two-lane Rural Highways in Free-flow Conditions. 84th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington D.C., 2005. Figueroa, A. and Tarko, A., Speed changes in the vicinity of horizontal curves on two-lane rural roads, Journal of Transportation Engineering, 133, 215–222, 2007. Fitzpatrick, K. and Collins, J. M., Speed-profile model for two-lane rural highways, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1737, 42–49, 2000. Fitzpatrick, K., Elefteriadou, L., Harwood, D. W., Collins, J. M., McFadden, J., Anderson, I. B., Krammes, R. A., Irizarry, N., Parma, K. D., Bauer, K. M. and Pasetti, K., Speed prediction for two- lane rural highways, Federal Highway Administration. Project FHWA-RD-99-171 Final Report, 2000. Fitzpatrick, K., Miaou, S., Brewer, M., Carlson, P., and M. D. Wooldridge. Exploration of the Relationships between Operating Speed and Roadway Features on Tangent Sections. In ASCE Journal of Transportation Engineering, Volume 131, Issue 4, 2005. Florida Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles., Florida Commercial Driver’s License Handbook. Retrieved June 4, 2016 from https://www.flhsmv.gov/handbooks /EnglishCDLHandbook.pdf, 2014.

NCHRP 17-65 Improved Analysis of Two-Lane Highway Capacity and Operational Performance Final Report 98 Freedman, Z., and A. Al-Kaisy. Investigation of Performance and Lane Utilization within a Passing lane on Two-lane Rural Highway. International Journal for Traffic and Transport Engineering ,Vol. 3, issue 3, 2013, pp. 279-290. Fry, J. C., Woolley, J. E. and Taylor, M. A. P. A Microsimulation Model of Truck Speeds on Grades. 4th Transportation Specialty Conference of the Canadian Society for Civil Engineering. Montreal, Quebec, Canada. June 2002. Gattis, J., R. Bhave, and L. Duncan. Alternating Passing Lane Length. Transportation Research Record 1961, TRB, Washington, D. C., 2006, pp. 16-23. Greibe, Poul. Trafitec–Denmark. 2+1 roads in Denmark – Traffic safety, design and capacity. International Symposium on Enhancing Highway Performance (ISEHP) – Rural Roads Workshop, June 17, 2016 Berlin, Germany. Ghosh, I., Chandra, S. and Boora, A. Operational Performance Measures for Two-Lane Roads: An Assessment of Methodological Alternatives. 2nd Conference of Transportation Research Group of India (2nd CTRG), Agra, India, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 104, Elsevier, December 12-15, 2013, pp. 440 – 448. Glennon, J. C. and Weaver, G. D., Highway curve design for safe vehicle operations, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 390, 15–26, 1972. Guell, D.L., and M.R. Virkler. Capacity Analysis of Two-lane Highways. In Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1194, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D. C., 1988, pp. 199-203. Guzman, J., Comparison of day and night vehicular speeds on horizontal curves on rural two-lane highways, Texas Transportation Institute. Report No. TTI-04690-5, 1996. Hammontree, H. Testing of, and Enhancements to, Two-Lane Highway Modeling in CORSIM. Masters Thesis, University of Florida. Committee Chair: Scott S. Washburn. December 2010. Handbuch für die Bemessung von Straßenverkehrsanlagen., Forschungsgesellschaft für Strassen- und Verkehrswesen, Cologne, Germany, 2001. Handbuch für die Bemessung von Straßenverkehrsanlagen., Forschungsgesellschaft für Strassen- und Verkehrswesen, Cologne, Germany, 2015. Harwood, D.W., A.D. May, I.B. Anderson, L. Leiman, and A. R. Archilla, Capacity and Quality of Service of Two-Lane Highways, Final Report of NCHRP Project 3-55(3), Midwest Research Institute, November 1999. Harwood, D. and A. St. John. Operational Effectiveness of Passing Lanes on Two-Lane Highways. Federal Highway Administration, Report No. FHWA-RD-86-195, 1986.

NCHRP 17-65 Improved Analysis of Two-Lane Highway Capacity and Operational Performance Final Report 99 Harwood, D. and A. St. John. Passing Lanes and Other Operational Improvements on Two-Lane Highways. Federal Highway Administration, Report No. FHWA-RD-85-028, 1985. Hashim, I. and Abdel-Wahed, T. Evaluation of performance measures for rural two-lane roads in Egypt. Alexandria Engineering Journal, Elsevier, 50, 2011, pp. 245-255. Hashim, I. H. Analysis of Speed Characteristics for Rural Two-lane Roads: A Field Study from Minoufiya Governorate, Egypt. In Ain Shams Engineering Journal, Volume 2, Issue 1, 2011, pp. 43- 52. HBS. Handbuch für die Bemessung von Strassenverkehrsanlagen. Köln: Forschungsgesellschaft für Strassen- und Verkehrswesen, 2001. Hoban, C.J. Measuring Quality of Service on Two-lane Rural Roads. Australian Road Research Board Conference Proceedings, 1984, pp. 117-131. Hoogendoorn, S. P. Unified Approach to Estimating Free Speed Distributions. Transportation Research Part B, Vol. 39, Issue 8, 2005, pp. 709-727. Hu, W. and Donnell, E. T., Models of acceleration and deceleration rates on a complex two-lane rural highway: Results from a nighttime driving experiment, Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 13, 397-408, 2010. Institute of Transportation Engineers. Traffic Engineering Handbook. Sixth Edition, ITE, Washington, DC, 2009. Jacob, A. and Anjaneyulu, M., Operating speed of different classes of vehicles at horizontal curves on two-lane rural highways, Journal of Transportation Engineering, 139, 287–294, 2013. Jacobs, F., Queues and overtakings on two-lane roads, in Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Transportation and Traffic Theory, pp. 181–202, 1974. Jafari, A., Al-Kaisy, A., Washburn, S.S. Investigation of Passing Lane Effective Length on Two-Lane Two-Way Highways. Presented at 97th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, 2018, Washington D.C. Jessen, D. R., Schurr, K. S., McCoy, P. T., Pesti, G. and Huff, R. R., Operating speed prediction on crest vertical curves of rural two-lane highways in Nebraska, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1751, 67–75, 2001. Kim, J. A Capacity Estimation Method for Two-lane Two-way Highways Using Simulation Modeling. Ph.D. dissertation of The Pennsylvania State University, 2006. Lamm, R., Choueri, E. M. and Hayward, J. C., Tangent as an independent design element, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1195, 123–131, 1988. Lay, M.G. Handbook of Road Technology, Gordon and Breach, 1986.

NCHRP 17-65 Improved Analysis of Two-Lane Highway Capacity and Operational Performance Final Report 100 Leong, H. J. W. The Distribution and Trend of Free Speeds on Two-Lane Two-Way Rural Highways in New South Wales. 4th Australian Road Research Board Conference. Melbourne, Australia. 1968. Li, J. and Washburn, S. S. Implementing Two-Lane Highway Simulation Modeling into CORSIM. 6th International Symposium on Highway Capacity and Quality of Service. Stockholm, Sweden. July 2011. Li, J. and Washburn, S.S. Improved Operational Performance Assessment for Two-Lane Highway Facilities. Journal of Transportation Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers. Reston, VA, Vol. 140, Issue 6, June 2014, pp. 04014017-1/04014017-9. Llorca, C., Moreno, A. T., Lenorzer, A., Casas, J., and Garcia, A. Development of a New Microscopic Passing Maneuver Model for Two-Lane Rural Roads. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies. In Press. 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.trc.2014.06.001. Lobo, A., Jacques, M. A. P., Rodrigues, C. M., and A. Couto. Free-Gap Evaluation for Two-Lane Rural Highways. In Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2223, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D. C., 2011, pp. 9-17. Luttinen, R.T., Dixon, M., and Washburn, S.S. Two-Lane Highway Analysis in the HCM2000. Highway Capacity and Quality of Service committee white paper. January 2005. Luttinen, R.T. Percent Time-Spent-Following as Performance Measure for Two-Lane Highways. In Transportation Research Record 1776, Journal of the Transportation Research Board, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 2001, pp. 52–59. Luttinen, R.T. Capacity and Level of Service on Finnish Two-Lane Highways. Finnra Reports 18/2001. Finnish Road Administration, 2001a. http://alk.tiehallinto.fi/s12/htdocs/photo/julkaisut/3200665etwo_line_highways.pdf Luttinen, R.T. Level of Service on Finnish Two-Lane Highways. In Transportation Research Circular E-C018: Fourth International Symposium on Highway Capacity. TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 2000, pp. 175–187. Luttinen, R.T. Statistical Analysis of Vehicle Time Headways. Helsinki University of Technology, Transportation Engineering, Publication 87. Otaniemi, 1996. Mannering, F. L. and Washburn, S. S., Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 5th Edition (U.S. Customary Units), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, 2012. May, A. D. Traffic Flow Fundamentals. Prentice hall Inc., 1990.

NCHRP 17-65 Improved Analysis of Two-Lane Highway Capacity and Operational Performance Final Report 101 May, A., Traffic Performance and Design of Passing Lanes. Transportation Research Record, Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1303, TRB, Washington, D. C., 1991, pp. 63-73. McLean, J. Two-Lane Highway Traffic operations: Theory and Practice. Transportation Studies Volume 11, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1989. Moreno, A., Llorca, C., Sayed, T., and Garcia, A. Field Evaluation of Traffic Performance Measures for Two-Lane Highways in Spain. Presented at the TRB 93rd Annual Meeting, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, January 12-16, 2014. Moreno, A. T., Llorca, C., Washburn, S. S., Bessa Jr., J. E. and Garcia, A.. Effect of Average Passing Zone Length on Spanish Two-Lane Highway Performance, Transportation Research Board 95th Annual Meeting, 2016. Morrall, J.F., and Werner, A. Measuring Level of Service of Two-Lane Highways by Overtakings. In Transportation Research Record 1287, Journal of the Transportation Research Board, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1990, pp. 62-69. Nakamura, H. and Oguchi, T. An Investigation on Performance Measures for Two-Lane Expressways in Japan, Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Highway Capacity and Quality of Service. Vol.2: Technical Papers. Tokyo: Japan Society of Traffic Engineers, 2006, pp. 87–104. Nakamura, H. and Oguchi, T. An Overview on Capacity and Quality of Service Studies in Japan, Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Highway Capacity and Quality of Service. Vol.1: Country Reports and Special Session Papers. Tokyo: Japan Society of Traffic Engineers, 2006a, pp. 87–104. O’Flaherty, C. Transport Planning and Traffic Engineering. London: Arnold, 1997. Oregon Department of Transportation. Modeling Performance Indicators on Two-Lane Rural Highways: The Oregon Experience. Retrieved December 11, 2014, from http://www.oregon.gov /odot/td/tp/docs/reports/modelingperf.pdf Ottesen, J. L. and Krammes, R. A. Speed-profile model for a design-consistency evaluation procedure in the United States, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1701, 76–85, 2000. Park, B., Fitzpatrick, K., and Brewer, M. Safety Effectiveness of Super 2 Highways in Texas. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2280, 2012, pp. 38– 50. Pasanen, E., and H. Salmivaara. Driving Speeds and Pedestrian Safety in the City of Helsinki. In Journal of Traffic Engineering & Control. , Volume 34, Issue 6, 1993, pp. 308-310. Passetti, K. A. and Fambro, D. B. Operating speeds on curves with and without spiral transitions, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1658, 9–16, 1999.

NCHRP 17-65 Improved Analysis of Two-Lane Highway Capacity and Operational Performance Final Report 102 Penmetsa, P., Ghosh, I., and S. Chandra. Evaluation of Performance Measures for Two-Lane Intercity Highways under Mixed Traffic Conditions. In ASCE Journal of Transportation Engineering, Volume 141, Issue 10, 2015. Polus, A., and Cohen, M. Theoretical and Empirical Relationships for the Quality of Flow and for a New Level of Service on Two-Lane Highways. Journal of Transportation Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 135, No. 6, June 2009, pp. 380-385. Polus, A., Craus, J. and Grinberg, I. Downgrade speed characteristics of heavy vehicles, Journal of Transportation Engineering, 107, 143–152, 1981. Polus, A., Fitzpatrick, K., and D.B. Fambro. Predicting Operating Speeds on Tangent Sections of Two-Lane Rural Highways. In Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1737, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D. C., 2000, pp. 50-57. Polus, A., Livneh, M., and Frischer, B. Evaluation of the passing process on two-lane rural highways. In Transportation Research Record 1701, Journal of the Transportation Research Board, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, DC, 2000, pp. 53-60. Potts, I. B., and Harwood, D. W. Application of European 2+1 Roadways Designs. Research Results Digest, 275. National Cooperative Highway Research Program: Research Results Digest. April 2003. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. Project 20-7/Task 139, 2003, pp. 1–31. Potts, I. B., and D.W. Harwood. Benefits and Design/Location Criteria for Passing Lanes. Missouri Department of Transportation, Report No. RTD-04 -008, 2004. Rakha, H. A, Ingle, A., Hancock, K. L. and Al-Kaisy, A. F.. Estimating truck equivalencies for freeway sections, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2027, 73–84, 2007. Ritchie, M. L., Choice of speed in driving through curves as a function of advisory speed and curve signs, Human Factors, 14, 533–538, 1972. Roess, R. P. and Prassas, E. E., The Highway Capacity Manual: A Conceptual and Research History, Volume 1: Uninterrupted Flow, Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland, 2014. Romana, M. and Perez, I. Measures of Effectiveness for Level-of-Service Assessment of Two-Lane Roads: An Alternative Proposal Using a Threshold Speed. In Transportation Research Record 1988, Journal of the Transportation Research Board, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, DC, 2006, pp. 56-62. Rong, J., Guo, J. and Zhou, R. Chinese Highway Capacity Research Studies and Applications. In Koutsopoulos, H.N. and Bang, K.L. (ed.), 6th International Symposium on Highway Capacity and Quality of Service – Country Reports. Stockholm: TRB and KTH, 2011, pp. 52–66.

NCHRP 17-65 Improved Analysis of Two-Lane Highway Capacity and Operational Performance Final Report 103 Rozic, P. Capacity of Two-Lane, Two-Way Rural Highways: The New Approach. In Transportation Research Record 1365, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1992, pp. 19-29. Schweizer Norm SN 640-080-b, Projektierung Grundlagen–Geschwindigkeit als Projektierungselement., Vereinigung Schweizerrischer Strassenfachleute VSS, Zurich, Switzerland, 1991. Setti, J. R. A. and Neto, E. F.M., Estimation of truck equivalents for upgrades on two-lane rural roads in Brazil, in Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Highway Capacity, 897–914, 1998. Shiomi, Y., Yoshii, T., and R. Kitamura. Platoon Based Traffic Flow Model for Estimating Breakdown Probability at Single-lane Expressway Bottlenecks. In Transportation Research Part B, Volume 45, Issue 9, 2011, pp. 1314-1330. St. John, A. D., Nonlinear truck factor for two-lane highways, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 615, 49–53, 1976. St. John, A. D. and Kobett, D. R., Grade effects on traffic flow stability and capacity, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Report 185, 1978. Sumner, R., Hill, D. and Shapiro, S., Segment passenger car equivalent values for cost allocation on urban arterial roads, Transportation Research Part A: General, 18, 399–406, 1984. Tapani, Andreas. Versatile Model for Simulation of Rural Road Traffic. In Transportation Research Record 1934, Journal of the Transportation Research Board, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, DC, 2005, pp. 169-178. Taylor, M. A., Miller, A. J. and Ogden, K. W., Aspects of traffic flow on grades, in Proceedings of the 6th Australian Road Research Board Conference, pp. 232–248, 1972. Trafikverket. TRVMB Kapacitet och framkomlighetseffekter. TRV 2013:64343. 2014 Transportation Research Board. Highway Capacity Manual. Fourth Edition, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, DC, 2000. Transportation Research Board. Highway Capacity Manual. Fifth Edition, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, DC, 2010. Transportation Research Board. Highway Capacity Manual 6th Edition: A Guide for Multimodal Mobility Analysis, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2016. Van As, C. The Development of an Analysis Method for the Determination of Level of Service of Two- Lane Undivided Highways in South Africa. Project Summary. South African National Roads Agency, Limited, Pretoria, 2003.

NCHRP 17-65 Improved Analysis of Two-Lane Highway Capacity and Operational Performance Final Report 104 Van As, C. Technical Reference Manual Highway Traffic Model. South African National Roads Agency, 2014. Van As, C. and Niekerk, A. The Operational Analysis of Two-Lane Rural Highways, 23rd Annual Southern African Transport Conference, Pretoria, South Africa, 12-15 July, 2004. Vejdirektoratet. Kapacitet og serviceniveau. Vejdirektoratet, Vejregelrådet. – Road Standards for Capacity and Level of Service, 2010 (in Danish). Vogel, K. What Characterizes a “Free Vehicle” in an Urban Area? In Transportation Research Part F, Volume 5, Issue 1, 2002, pp. 15-29. Washburn, Scott S. Improvements and Enhancements to LOSPLAN 2009. Florida Department of Transportation. Tallahassee, FL. March 2011. 79 pages. Washburn, Scott S., SwashSim Traffic Simulation Program, User Guide for the Two-Lane Highway Module. University of Florida, 2017. Washburn, Scott S., McLeod, Douglas S., and Courage, Kenneth G. Adaptation of the HCM2000 for Planning Level Analysis of Two-Lane and Multilane Highways in Florida. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1802, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2002, pp. 62-68. Washburn, Scott S. and Ozkul, S. Heavy vehicle effects on Florida freeways and multilane highways, Florida Department of Transportation. Project TRC-FDOT-93817-2013 Final Report. 2013. Wasielewski, P. An Integral Equation for the Semi-Poisson Headway Distribution Model. Transportation Science, Vol. 8, 1974, pp. 237-247. Wasielewski, P. Car-Following Headways on Freeways Interpreted by the Semi-Poisson Headway Distribution Model. In Journal of the Transportation Science, Volume 13, Issue 1, 1979, pp. 36-55. Webb, G. M. Downhill truck speeds, California Division of Highways. Traffic Bulletin No. 1. 1961 Webster, N. and Elefteriadou, L., A simulation study of truck passenger car equivalents (PCE) on basic freeway sections, Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 33, 323–336, 1999. Weiser, F. (a). Capacity and quality of service of 2-lane rural roads in Germany, Unknown conference and location. Lecture. Date Unknown Weiser, F. (b). Draft for chapter L3–Segments of rural roads–in HBS 2010, Unknown conference and location. Lecture. Date Unknown Weiser, F. Two-Lane and 2+1 Highways in the German HBS 2015. International Symposium on Enhancing Highway Performance (ISEHP) – Rural Roads Workshop, June 17, 2016 Berlin, Germany.

NCHRP 17-65 Improved Analysis of Two-Lane Highway Capacity and Operational Performance Final Report 105 Wooldridge, M., Messer, C., Heard, B., Raghupathy, S., Parham, A., Brewer, M., and S. Lee. Design Guidelines for Passing Lanes on Two-Lane Roadways. FHWA, Report No. FHWA-TX-02-4064, 2001. Wooldridge, M. D., Messer, C. J., Heard, B. D., Raghupathy, S., Parham, A. H., Brewer, M., and Lee, S. Design guidelines for passing lanes on two-lane roadways (Super 2). Final Report. Project Number 0-4064. Texas Transportation Institute. Federal Highway Administration. Project FHWA/TX-02/4064-1, 2001. Yagar, S., Predicting speeds for rural 2-lane highways, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 18A, 61–70, 1984. Yagar, S. and Van Aerde, M., Geometric and environmental effects on speeds of 2-lane highways, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 17A, 315–325, 1983. Yu, Q. and Washburn, S.S. Operational Performance Assessment for Two-Lane Highway Facilities. Journal of Transportation Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, Vol. 135, Issue 4, April 2009, pp. 197-205.