Sustainable
Diets, Food, and Nutrition
PROCEEDINGS OF A WORKSHOP
Leslie Pray, Rapporteur
Food Forum
Food and Nutrition Board
Health and Medicine Division
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, DC
www.nap.edu
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This activity was supported by contracts between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Institutes of Health (HHSN263201200074I/HHSN26300079); the U.S. Department of Agriculture (59-8040-7-001, AG-3A94-C-17-0009, USDA-CNPP-FF-17-DC, and USDA-OFS-NAS-17-DC-01); and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (HHSP233201400020B/HHSP23337012), with additional support by the American Heart Association; Cargill, Inc.; Chobani, LLC; The Coca-Cola Company; Conagra Brands; General Mills, Inc.; Keurig Dr Pepper; Mars, Inc.; Nestlé Corporate Affairs; Ocean Spray Cranberries, Inc.; PepsiCo; and Unilever. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the project.
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-47955-4
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-47955-X
Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.17226/25192
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Copyright 2019 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
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Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Sustainable diets, food, and nutrition: Proceedings of a workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.17226/25192.
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In memory of
Leslie A. Pray
1964–2018
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PLANNING COMMITTEE FOR A WORKSHOP ON SUSTAINABLE DIETS, FOOD, AND NUTRITION1
CONNIE AVRAMIS, Research and Development Director, Nutrition and Health, Unilever
ADAM DREWNOWSKI, Professor of Epidemiology and Director, Nutritional Sciences Program, School of Public Health, University of Washington
JESSICA FANZO, Bloomberg Distinguished Associate Professor, Global Food and Agriculture Policy and Ethics, Nitze School of Advanced International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University
KATE J. HOUSTON, Director, Federal Government, Relations/Corporate Affairs, Cargill, Inc.
PAMELA STARKE-REED, Deputy Administrator, Nutrition, Food Safety, and Quality, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture
PARKE E. WILDE, Professor, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University
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1 The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s planning committees are solely responsible for organizing the workshop, identifying topics, and choosing speakers. The responsibility for the published Proceedings of a Workshop rests with the workshop rapporteur and the institution.
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FOOD FORUM (AS OF AUGUST 2018)1
SYLVIA ROWE (Chair), SR Strategies, LLC, Washington, DC
ARTI ARORA, The Coca-Cola Company, Atlanta, Georgia
FRANCIS (FRANK) BUSTA, University of Minnesota, St. Paul
CINDY DAVIS, Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
JOY DUBOST, Unilever Research and Development, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey
DENISE R. EBLEN, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC
NAOMI K. FUKAGAWA, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
SONYA A. GRIER, American University, Washington, DC
JEAN HALLORAN, Consumers Union, Yonkers, New York
JACKIE HAVEN, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Alexandria, Virginia
KATE J. HOUSTON, Cargill, Inc., Washington, DC
LEE-ANN JAYKUS, North Carolina State University, Raleigh
HELEN H. JENSEN, Iowa State University, Ames
RENÉE S. JOHNSON, Library of Congress, Washington, DC
WENDY L. JOHNSON, Nestlé Corporate Affairs, Arlington, Virginia
CHRISTINA KHOO, Ocean Spray Cranberries, Inc., Lakeville, Massachusetts
VIVICA I. KRAAK, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg
CATHERINE KWIK-URIBE, Mars, Inc., Germantown, Maryland
PETER LURIE, Center for Science in the Public Interest, Washington, DC
CHRISTOPHER JOHN LYNCH, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
SUSAN T. MAYNE, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland
KAREN McINTYRE, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
MEGAN NECHANICKY, General Mills, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota
S. SUZANNE NIELSEN, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
ERIK D. OLSON, Natural Resources Defense Council, Washington, DC
ROBERT C. POST, Chobani, LLC, New York, New York
JILL REEDY, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
___________________
1 The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s forums and roundtables do not issue, review, or approve individual documents. The responsibility for the published Proceedings of a Workshop rests with the workshop rapporteur and the institution.
KRISTIN REIMERS, Conagra Brands, Omaha, Nebraska
CLAUDIA S. RIEDT, Keurig Dr Pepper, Plano, Texas
SHARON A. ROSS, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
PAMELA STARKE-REED, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
REGINA L. TAN, Office of Food Safety, Food and Nutrition Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Alexandria, Virginia
DOROTHEA K. VAFIADIS, American Heart Association, Washington, DC
JEFFREY J. ZACHWIEJA, PepsiCo, Barrington, Illinois
Health and Medicine Division Staff
HEATHER DEL VALLE COOK, Food Forum Director
ROMY NATHAN, Program Officer
ANNA BURY, Research Associate (through August 2018)
SYLARA MARIE CRUZ, Research Associate
CYPRESS LYNX, Senior Program Assistant
ANN L. YAKTINE, Director, Food and Nutrition Board
Reviewers
This Proceedings of a Workshop was reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in making each published proceedings as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets the institutional standards for quality, objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process.
We thank the following individuals for their review of this proceedings:
Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the content of the proceedings, nor did they see the final draft before its release. The review of this proceedings was overseen by HUGH H. TILSON, University of North Carolina. He was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this proceedings was carried out in accordance with standards of the National Academies and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content rests entirely with the rapporteur and the National Academies.
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Contents
The Dimensions of Sustainability
Implications and Relevance of Sustainable Diets Internationally: It’s All About the Context
Decision Making Under Uncertainty: Sustainable Diets for Conditions of Scarcity or Abundance
3 MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF SUSTAINABLE DIETS FROM PRODUCTION TO CONSUMPTION
Mapping Food Supply and Demand: Data Inputs, Metrics, and Measures
Dietary Patterns Link Human Health and the Environment
What Makes for Food Systems That Are Sustainable and Resilient?
4 SUSTAINABILITY AND HEALTHY DIETARY CHANGES THROUGH POLICY AND PROGRAM ACTION
The Health and Environmental Aspects of Dietary Changes Toward Sustainable Diets
Reducing the Carbon Footprint Without Sacrificing Affordability, Nutrient Density, and Taste
A Menu of Solutions for a Sustainable Food Future
The Case for Nutrition-Sensitive Value Chain Interventions: What Gets Measured Gets Improved
Opportunities for Integrating Sustainability and Dietary Guidance
5 INNOVATION IN FOOD PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION TO REDUCE ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT
Reducing the Footprint of Animal Agriculture
Reducing the Footprint Through Alternative Diets
Local and Regional Food Systems in Sustainable Diets
Sustainable Food Systems: Innovations at the Intersection of Supply Chains and Consumers
Overall Impressions and Takeaways