How Weather Affects the Noise You Hear from Highways (2018)

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88 1. Ross, C. D. (2000). Outdoor Sound Propagation in the U.S. Civil War. Applied Acoustics, 59(2), 137–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-682X(99)00022-5 2. Menge, C. W., Rossano, C. F., Anderson, G. S., & Bajdek, C. J. (1998). FHWA Traffic Noise Model, Version 1.0 Technical Manual. Washington, DC: US DOT. 3. Ingard, U. (1953). A Review of the Influence of Meteorological Conditions on Sound Propagation. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 25(3), 405–411. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1907055 4. Rudnick, I. (1957). Propagation of Sound in the Open Air. In C. M. Harris (Ed.), Handbook of Noise Control. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 5. Kurze, U., & Beranek, L. L. (1988). Sound Propagation Outdoors. In L. L. Beranek (Ed.), Noise and Vibration Control. Washington, DC: Institute of Noise Control Engineering. 6. Piercy, J. E., Embleton, T. F. W., & Sutherland, L. C. (1977). Review of Noise Propagation in the Atmosphere. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 61(6), 1403–1418. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.381455 7. Delany, M. (1977). Sound Propagation in the Atmosphere: A Historical Review. Acustica, 38, 201–223. 8. Embleton, T. F. W. (1996). Tutorial on Sound Propagation Outdoors. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 100(1), 31–48. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.415879 9. Sutherland, L. C., & Daigle, G. A. (1997). Atmospheric Sound Propagation. In M. J. Crocker (Ed.), Encyclo- pedia of Acoustics. New York, NY: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470172513.ch32 10. Salomons, E. M. (2001). Computational Atmospheric Acoustics. Kluwer Academic Publishers. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/978-94-010-0660-6 11. Wiener, F. M., & Keast, D. N. (1959). Experimental Study of the Propagation of Sound over Ground. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 31(6), 724–733. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1907778 12. Parkin, P. H., & Scholes, W. E. (1964). The horizontal propagation of sound from a jet engine close to the ground, at Radlett. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 1(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/ 0022-460X(64)90003-3 13. Parkin, P. H., & Scholes, W. E. (1965). The horizontal propagation of sound from a jet engine close to the ground, at Hatfield. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 2(4), 353–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/ 0022-460X(65)90115-X 14. Harris, C. M. (1966). Absorption of Sound in Air versus Humidity and Temperature. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 40(1), 148–162. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1910031 15. Piercy, J. E. (1972). The Absorption of Sound in the Atmosphere. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 52(5), 1310. 16. Canard-Caruana, S., Léwy, S., Vermorel, J., & Parmentier, G. (1990). Long range sound propagation near the ground. Noise Control Engineering Journal, 34(3), 111–119. https://doi.org/10.3397/1.2827762 17. Rasmussen, K. B. (1986). Outdoor Sound Propagation Under the Influence of Wind and Temperature Gradients. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 104(2), 321–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-460X(86)90271-3 18. Society of Automotive Engineers. 1964. “Standard Values of Atmospheric Absorption as Function of Temperature and Humidity for Use in Evaluating Aircraft Flyover Noise,” SAE Committee A-21, Report No. ARP866, New York, NY. 19. Sutherland, L. C., Piercy, J. E., Bass, H. E., & Evans, L. B. (1974). Method for calculating the absorption of sound by the atmosphere. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 56(S1, No. S1), S1. https://doi.org/ 10.1121/1.1914056 20. American National Standards Institute. 1978. “Method for the Calculation of the Absorption of Sound by the Atmosphere.” ANSI S1.26-1978, New York, NY. 21. Pierce, A. D. (1991). Acoustics. An Introduction to its Physical Principles and Applications. New York, NY: American Institute of Physics. References

References 89 22. ISO 9613-1:1993(E). 1993. “Acoustics. Attenuation of sound during propagation outdoors. Part 1: Calcula- tion of the absorption of sound by the atmosphere.” International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland. 23. Salomons, E. M. (1999). Reduction of the performance of a noise screen due to screen-induced wind-speed gradients. Numerical computations and wind-tunnel experiments. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 105(4), 2287–2293. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.426835 24. Salomons, E. M. (1998). Caustic diffraction fields in a downward refracting atmosphere. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 104(6), 3259–3272. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.423966 25. Botteldooren, D. (1994). Acoustical finite-difference time-domain simulation in a quasi-Cartesian grid. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 95(5), 2313–2319. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.409866 26. Blumrich, R., & Heimann, D. (2002). A linearized Eulerian sound propagation model for studies of complex meteorological effects. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 112(2), 446–455. https://doi.org/ 10.1121/1.1485971 27. Salomons, E. M., Blumrich, R., & Heimann, D. (2002). Eulerian Time-Domain Model for Sound Propaga- tion over a Finite-Impedance Ground Surface. Comparison with Frequency-Domain Models. Acustica, 88, 483–492. 28. Van Renterghem, T., Salomons, E. M., & Botteldooren, D. (2005). Efficient FDTD-PE model for sound propagation in situations with complex obstacles and wind profiles. Acustica, 91, 671–679. 29. Ciskowski, R. D., & Brebbia, C. A. E. (1991). Boundary Element Methods in Acoustics. London, UK: Elsevier. 30. Salomons, E. M., van Maercke, D., Defrance, J., & de Roo, F. (2011). The Harmonoise Sound Propagation Model. Acustica, 97(1), 62–74. https://doi.org/10.3813/AAA.918387 31. Weiner, F. M., & Warner, C. F. (1959). Experimental Study of the Propagation of Sound over Ground. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 31(6), 724–733. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1907778 32. Kriebel, A. R. (1972). Refraction and Attenuation of Sound by Wind and Thermal Profiles over a Ground Plane. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 51(1), 19–23. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1912816 33. Wayson, R. L., & Bowlby, W. (1990). Atmospheric Effects on Traffic Noise Propagation. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, (1255): 59–72. 34. Gutenberg, B. (1942). Propagation of Sound Waves in the Atmosphere. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 14(151), 151–155. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1916211 35. Harris Miller Miller & Hanson Inc., Bowlby & Associates, Inc., Environmental Acoustics, Anderson, G.S., and D.E. Barrett. 2014. NCHRP Report 791: Supplemental Guidance on the Application of FHWA’s Traffic Noise Model (TNM). Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. 36. Pierce, A. D. (1991). Acoustics. An Introduction to its Physical Principles and Applications. Woodbury, NY: Acoustical Society of America. 37. Morse, P. M., & Ingard, K. U. (1968). Theoretical Acoustics. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 38. ISO 9613-1:1993(E). 1993. Acoustics. Attenuation of sound during propagation outdoors. Part 1: Calculation of the absorption of sound by the atmosphere. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland. 39. Monin, A. S., & Obukhov, A. M. (1954). Basic laws of turbulent mixing in the surface layer of the atmosphere. Tr. Akad. Nauk SSSR Geophiz. Inst., 151(24), 163–187. 40. Businger, J. A., Wyngaard, J. C., Izumi, Y., & Bradley, E. F. (1971). Flux Profile Relationships in the Atmospheric Surface Layer. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 28(2), 181–189. https://doi.org/10.1175/ 1520-0469(1971)0282.0.CO;2 41. Heimann, D., & Salomons, E. M. (2004). Testing meteorological classifications for the prediction of long-term average sound levels. Applied Acoustics, 65(10), 925–950. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust. 2004.05.001 42. Salomons, E. M. (2001). Computational Atmospheric Acoustics. Kluwer Academic Publishers. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/978-94-010-0660-6 43. Salomons, E.M., van den Berg, F.H.A, and H.E.A. Brackenhoff. 1994. “Long-term average sound transfer through the atmosphere: predictions based on meteorological statistics and numerical computations of atmospheric sound propagation.” Proc. Sixth Intern. symposium on long-range sound propagation, Ottawa, Canada. 44. Lumley, J. L., & Panofsky, H. A. (1964). The Structure of Atmospheric Turbulence. New York, NY: Interscience Publishers. 45. Fleagle, R. G., & Businger, J. A. (1980). An Introduction to Atmospheric Physics (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Academic Press. 46. Frisch, U. (1995). Turbulence: The Legacy of A. N. Kolmogorov. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. 47. Hinze, J. O. (1975). Turbulence (2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw–Hill College. 48. Slade, D. H. (1968). Meteorology and Atomic Energy. Springfield, VA: US Atomic Energy Commission. 49. Daigle, G. A., Piercy, J. E., & Embleton, T. F. W. (1983). Line-of-sight propagation through turbulence near the ground. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 74(5), 1505–1513. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.390152

90 How Weather Affects the Noise You Hear from Highways 50. Embleton, T.F.W. 1987. “Outdoor Noise Propagation.” Proceedings of INCE NoiseCon87, pp. 15–26. 51. Chernov, L. A. (1960). Wave Propagation in a Random Medium. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 52. Tatarskii, V. I. (1961). Wave Propagation in a Turbulent Medium. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 53. Tatarskii, V. I. (1971). The Effects of the Turbulent Atmosphere on Wave Propagation. Jerusalem: Israel Program for Scientific Translations. 54. Brown, E. H., & Clifford, S. F. (1976). On the attenuation of sound by turbulence. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 60(4), 788–794. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.381159 55. Johnson, M.A. 1985. “A Turbulence Model for Acoustic Propagation.” Master Thesis. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL. 56. Beranek, L. L. (Ed.). (1988). Noise and Vibration Control. Washington, DC: Institute of Noise Control. 57. ISO 9613-2. 1996. Acoustics—Attenuation of sound during propagation outdoors—Part 2: General method of calculation, ISO. 58. Dutch standard model for road traffic noise – version 2012. The model is described in the document “Calculation and measurement method for environmental traffic noise 2012,” which can be downloaded from http://www.infomil.nl. The description is in Dutch. An English description of a previous version of the model can be found in [3]. 59. Salomons, E. M., Zhou, H., & Lohman, W. J. A. (2010). Efficient numerical modeling of traffic noise. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 127(2), 796–803. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3273890 60. German noise calculation method, described in: VDI-Richtlinie 2720, Blatt 1 “Schallschutz durch Abschirmung im Freien,” Beuth Verlag Berlin, November 1987. 61. Salomons, E.M. 2000.”Outdoor noise control in the Netherlands: current engineering models and new developments.” Presented at the Annual Meeting of the German Acoustical Society DAGA, Oldenburg. 62. Maekawa, Z. (1968). Noise reduction by screens. Applied Acoustics, 1(3), 157–173. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/0003-682X(68)90020-0 63. FHWA, “Traffic Noise Model Version 2.5.” http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/noise/traffic_noise_ model/tnm_v25/ (As of December 4, 2017). 64. Gordon, C. G., Galloway, W. J., Kugler, B. A., & Nelson, D. L. (1971). NCHRP 117: Highway Noise: A Design Guide for Highway Engineers. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board. 65. Wesler, J.E. 1972. Manual for Highway Noise Prediction. Technical Report No. DOT/TSC-FHWA-72-1, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. 66. Kugler, B. A., & Pierson, A. G. (1973). NCHRP 144: Highway Noise: A Field Evaluation of Traffic Noise Reduction Measures. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board. 67. Barry, T.M., and J.A. Reagan. 1978. FHWA Highway Traffic Noise Prediction Model. Report No. FHWA- RD-77-108, US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. 68. Rudder, F.F., and P. Lam. 1977. User Manual; TSC Highway Noise Prediction Code: MOD-04. Report No. FHWA-RD-77-108, US DOT, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. 69. Rudder, F.F., Lam, D.F., and P Chueng. 1979. User Manual: FHWA Level 2 Highway Traffic Noise Predic- tion Model, STAMINA 1.0. Report No. FHWA-RD-78-138, US DOT, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. 70. Bowlby, W., Higgins, J., and J. Reagan. 1983. Noise Barrier Cost Reduction Procedure, STAMINA 2.0.OPTIMA: Users Manual. Report No. FHWA-DP-58-1, US DOT, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. 71. Anderson, G.S., Lee, C.S.Y, Fleming, G.G., and C.W. Menge. 1998. FHWA Traffic Noise Model, Version 1.0 User’s Guide. Report No. FHWA-PD-96-009 and DOT-VNTSC-FHWA-98-1, US DOT, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. 72. Menge, C.W., Rossano, C.F., Anderson, G.S., and C.J. Bajdek. 1998. FHWA Traffic Noise Model, Version 1.0, Technical Manual. Report No. FHWA-PD-96-010 and DOT-VNTSC-FHWA-98-2, US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. 73. Anderson, G.S., Bowlby, W., Menge, C.W., and R.L. Wayson. 1992. Highway Traffic Noise Prediction Proce- dures: Review and Evaluation Report. Report No. DTS-75-HW366-LR1, US Department of Transportation, John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, Cambridge, MA. 74. Kragh, J., Plovsing, B., DELTA, Acoustics & Vibration, Storeheier, S.Å., SINTEF, Telecom and Informatics, Jonasson, H.G., and SP Swedish National Testing and Research Institute, Acoustics. 2001. “Nordic Envi- ronmental Noise Prediction Methods, Nord2000. Summary Report. General Nordic Sound Propagation Model and Applications in Source-Related Prediction Methods.” Nordic Noise Group, Reykjavik, Iceland. 75. Salomons, E. M., van Maercke, D., Defrance, J., & de Roo, F. (2011). The Harmonoise Sound Propagation Model. Acustica, 97(1), 62–74. https://doi.org/10.3813/AAA.918387 76. Information about the Harmonoise model and the NMPB model, as formulated for the harmonized EU model Cnossos-EU, can be found at the following URL: https://circabc.europa.eu/w/browse/ 477df8f1-1dc3-4e37-bda0-28e56a6595cb

References 91 An English version of the French NMPB model for road traffic noise (“Methodological guide, Road noise prediction, 2: NMPB 2008 – Noise propagation method including meteor ological effects.” Version June 2009, Setra) is available at the following URL: http://www.infra-transports-materiaux.cerema.fr/IMG/pdf/ US_0957-2A_Road_noise_predictionDTRF.pdf 77. Heimann, D., & Salomons, E. M. (2004). Testing meteorological classifications for the prediction of long-term average sound levels. Applied Acoustics, 65(10), 925–950. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust. 2004.05.001 78. Directive 2002/49/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 25 June 2002 relating to the assess- ment and management of environmental noise. Official Journal of the European Communities, L 189/12, 18 July 2002. URL: http://ec.europe.eu/environment/noise/directive_en.htm 79. Salomons, E.M., van den Berg, F.H.A, and H.E.A. Brackenhoff. 1994. “Long-term average sound transfer through the atmosphere: predictions based on meteorological statistics and numerical computations of atmospheric sound propagation.” Proc. Sixth Intern. symposium on long-range sound propagation, Ottawa, Canada. 80. Salomons, E. M. (1996). Noise barriers in a refracting atmosphere. Applied Acoustics, 47(3), 217–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-682X(95)00047-D 81. Salomons, E. M. (1999). Reduction of the performance of a noise screen due to screen-induced wind-speed gradients. Numerical computations and wind-tunnel experiments. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 105(4), 2287–2293. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.426835 82. Salomons, E. M., & Rasmussen, K. B. (2000). Numerical computation of sound propagation over a noise screen based on an analytic approximation of the wind speed field. Applied Acoustics, 60(3), 327–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-682X(99)00052-3 83. Salomons, E.M. 2003. The influence of wind on sound from highways with noise barriers. TNO report DGT-RPT-030010 (in Dutch), report prepared for the Dutch Ministry of Environment. 84. Gilbert, K. E., & White, M. J. (1989). Application of the parabolic equation to sound propagation in a refracting atmosphere. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 85(2), 630–637. https://doi.org/ 10.1121/1.397587 85. Gilbert, K. E., & Di, X. (1993). A fast Green’s function method for one-way sound propagation in the atmosphere. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 94(4), 2343–2352. https://doi.org/ 10.1121/1.407454 86. Salomons, E. M. (1998). Improved Green’s function parabolic equation method for atmospheric sound prop- agation. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 104(1), 100–111. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.423260 87. Salomons, E. M. (2001). Computational Atmospheric Acoustics. Kluwer Academic Publishers. https:// doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0660-6 88. Salomons, E. M. (1994). Diffraction by a screen in downwind sound propagation: A parabolic- equation approach. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 95(6), 3109–3117. https://doi.org/ 10.1121/1.410002 89. Ciskowski, R. D., & Brebbia, C. A. E. (1991). Boundary Element Methods in Acoustics. London, UK: Elsevier. 90. Blumrich, R., & Heimann, D. (2002). A linearized Eulerian sound propagation model for studies of complex meteorological effects. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 112(2), 446–455. https:// doi.org/10.1121/1.1485971 91. Salomons, E. M., Blumrich, R., & Heimann, D. (2002). Eulerian Time-Domain Model for Sound Propaga- tion over a Finite-Impedance Ground Surface. Comparison with Frequency-Domain Models. Acustica, 88, 483–492. 92. Van Renterghem, T., & Botteldooren, D. (2007). Prediction-step staggered-in-time FDTD: An efficient numerical scheme to solve the linearised equations of fluid dynamics in outdoor sound propagation. Applied Acoustics, 68(2), 201–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2005.10.003 93. Van Renterghem, T., Salomons, E. M., & Botteldooren, D. (2005). Efficient FDTD-PE model for sound propagation in situations with complex obstacles and wind profiles. Acustica, 91, 671–679. 94. Turner, D.B. 1970. Workbook of Atmospheric Dispersion Estimates. Publication AP-26, Office of Air Programs, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. 95. Davenport, A.G. 1963. The Relationship of Wind Structure to Wind Loading. Proceedings of Confer- ence Wind Effects on Buildings and Structures, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, England. 96. US Environmental Protection Agency. 2004. User’s Guide for the AERMOD Meteorological Preprocessor (AERMET). Report No. EPA-454/B-03-002 and EPA-454/B-03-003, Research Triangle Park, NC. 97. US Federal Code of Federal Regulations, 23 CFR 772, Procedures for Abatement of Highway Traffic Noise and Construction Noise. 98. Lee, C.S.Y., and G. G. Fleming. 1996. Measurement of Highway-Related Noise. DOT-VNTSC-FHWA-96-5/ FHWA-PD-96-046, US DOT, John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, Cambridge, MA.

92 How Weather Affects the Noise You Hear from Highways 99. van den Hout, D., Salomons, E.M., Polinder, H., Janssen, S., Graham, J., Maca, V., and E. Kuusisto. 2011. Integrated environmental health impact assessment for noise due to urban road traffic. Report of the FP6 project HEIMTSA (deliverable 7.1.9), Annex B, pp. 81–90. 100. US Code of Federal Regulations, 23 CFR 771, “Environmental Impact and Related Procedures.” 101. Hanson, C.E., Towers, D.A., and L.D. Meister. 2006. Transit Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment. US DOT, Federal Transit Administration, Washington, DC. 102. US Department of Housing and Urban Development. 2009. HUD Noise Guidebook. 103. Environmental Division – Tennessee Department of Transportation. 2011. “Policy on Highway Traffic Noise Abatement.” Departmental Policy, State of Tennessee Department of Transportation, Nashville, TN. 104. Hendricks, R., Rymer, B., Buehler, D., and J. Andrews. 2013. Technical Noise Supplement to the Traffic Noise Analysis Protocol. Report No. CT-HWANP-RT-13-069.25.2, California DOT, Sacramento, CA. 105. Hendricks, R. 1998. General Guidelines for Studying the Effects of Noise Barriers on Distant Receivers. Technical Advisory No. TAN-98-01-R9701, California DOT, Sacramento, CA. 106. Montana, D. O. T. (2011). Montana DOT Noise Policy. Helena, MT: Montana Department of Transportation. 107. Fleming, G.G., Knauer, H.S., Lee, C.S.Y., and S. Pedersen. 2011. Noise Barrier Design Handbook. US DOT, John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, Cambridge, MA. 108. American National Standards Institute. 1998. “Methods for Determining the Insertion Loss of Outdoor Noise Barriers.” ANSI S12.8. 109. California DOT. 2002. “Highway Traffic Noise Fundamentals.” http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/env/noise/ online_training_module1/master.htm (As of December 5, 2017). 110. US Environmental Protection Agency. (2016). AERMOD Implementation Guide. In EPA-454/B-16-013. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency. 111. Attenborough, K., Li, K. M., & Horoshenkov, K. (2007). Predicting Outdoor Sound. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis. 112. Rochat, J.L., and G.G. Fleming. 2002. Validation of FHWA’s Traffic Noise Model (TNM): Phase 1. Report No. FHWA-EP-02-031, US Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. 113. Manning, C. J. (1981). The Propagation of Noise from Petroleum and Petrochemical Complexes to Neighbouring Communities. CONCAWE. 114. “Proceedings of the Symposium on Long Range Sound Propagation.” 1981. Diamondhead, MS. https:// drive.google.com/file/d/0Bx4jrsZynm9HNGFhMWQ2ZWItNDNlNS00MDJhLThjYjEtMzVjMmQyMDE 1OTU0/view (As of December 5, 2017). 115. Lawther, J. 1981. “A Model for Predication of Highway Traffic Noise.” In Proceedings of the Symposium on Long Range Sound Propagation, Diamondhead, MS. 116. Illingworth & Rodkin, Inc. (2011). I-80 Davis OGAC Pavement Noise Study. Sacramento, CA: California DOT. 117. Saurenman, H., Chambers, J., Sutherland, L., Bronsdon, R., and H. Forschner. Atmospheric Effects Associated with Highway Noise Propagation. Final Report 555, Arizona DOT, Phoenix, AZ. 118. Stull, R. B. (1988). An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3027-8 119. Fleming, G., Rapoza, A., and C. Lee. 1995. Development of national Reference Energy Mean Emission Levels for the FHWA Traffic Noise Model (FHWA TNM®, Version 1.0. Report No. FHWA-PD-96-008, US DOT, John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, Cambridge, MA. 120. European Environment Agency. 2012. The Noise Observation & Information Service for Europe. http:// noise.eea.europa.eu/ (As of December 5, 2017). 121. NCHRP Project 25–52 Meteorological Effects on Roadway Noise, Project website, http://apps.trb.org/ cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3892