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Page 48
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Microgrids and Their Application for Airports and Public Transit. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25233.
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Page 49
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Microgrids and Their Application for Airports and Public Transit. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25233.
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Page 49
Page 50
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Microgrids and Their Application for Airports and Public Transit. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25233.
×
Page 50
Page 51
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Microgrids and Their Application for Airports and Public Transit. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25233.
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Page 51

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48 ABB (2015). Asea, Brown, Boveri, Ltd. ABB website: http://www.abb.com. ACI (2014, February 23). “What are the Scope 1, Scope 2 and Scope 3 emissions?” Airports Council International. Retrieved from Verifavia webpage: http://www.verifavia.com/greenhouse-gas-verification/fq-what-are-the- scope-1-scope-2-and-scope-3-emissions-151.php. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (n.d.). “Energy Savings Performance Contracting.” Retrieved from ACEEE State and Local Policy Database: http://database.aceee.org/state/energy-savings-performance. Asmus, P. (2009, November 06). “Renewable Energy Resilience.” Retrieved from Peter Asmus, online journal entry: http://peterasmus.com/journal/2009/11/6/the-microgrid-revolution.html. Asmus, P. (2016, September). “Has Hitachi Zeroed In On the Most Viable Microgrid Business Model Today?” Navigant Research webpage: https://www.navigantresearch.com/tag/hitachi. Asmus, P., and M. Lawrence (2016). Emerging Microgrid Business Models. Navigant Research. Navigant Consult- ing, Inc. Online at: https://www.navigantresearch.com/research/emerging-microgrid-business-models. ATAG (n.d.) “Climate action takes flight.” Retrieved from Air Transport Action Group website, Aviation Benefits Beyond Borders: https://aviationbenefits.org/environmental-efficiency/our-climate-plan/. ATAG (2016, May). “Facts & Figures.” Retrieved from Air Transport Action Group webpage: http://www.atag.org/ facts-and-figures.html. Bartos, M., et al. (2016). Impacts of Rising Air Temperatures on Electric Transmission Ampacity and Peak Elec- tricity Load in the United States. Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 11 (11). IOP Publishing Ltd., U.S. Headquarters: Philadelphia, PA. Booz Allen Hamilton, Inc. (2016). Amtrak New York City Microgrid Feasibility Study. Energy Research and Development Authority, Albany, NY. Chen, O. (2016, June 01). U.S. Microgrid Growth Beats Estimates: 2020 Capacity Forecast Now Exceeds 3.7 Gigawatts. Retrieved from Greentech Media webpage: https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/ u-s-microgrid-growth-beats-analyst-estimates-revised-2020-capacity-project. Cohn, L. (2016, November 25). “Which Microgrid Controller Works Best Where?” Retrieved from Microgrid Knowledge webpage: https://microgridknowledge.com/microgrid-controller-nrel/. CSE et al. (2017). Self-Generation Incentive Handbook. Center for Sustainable Energy, Pacific Gas & Elec- tric, Southern California Edison, and Southern California Gas Company. Online: https://www.pge.com/ pge_global/common/pdfs/solar-and-vehicles/your-options/solar-programs/self-generation-incentive-program/ SGIP-Handbook.pdf. Daryanian, B., P. Datka, and L. Freeman (2017, July 23). “Microgrid Feasibility Studies: Considerations and Lessons Learned.” Retrieved from Electric Light & Power website: http://www.elp.com/articles/ powergrid_international/print/volume-22/issue-7/features/microgrid-feasibility-studies.html. DOE (2014, June 6). “Microgrid Portfolio of Activities” webpage. Retrieved from U.S. Department of Energy Office of Electricity website: https://energy.gov/oe/services/technology-development/smart-grid/ role-microgrids-helping-advance-nation-s-energy-syst-0. DOE (2015, December 21). “Business Energy Investment Tax Credit (ITC)” Retrieved from Energy.Gov website: https://energy.gov/savings/business-energy-investment-tax-credit-itc. DOE (2016). Quadrennial Energy Review: Energy Transmission, Storage, and Distribution Infrastructure, Imple- mentation Report Card. Office of Energy Policy and Systems Analysis, U.S. Department of Energy, Washing- ton, D.C. Online: https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/12/f34/QER%201.1%20Implementation% 20Report%20Card.pdf. DOE (2018). “Microgrid Definitions” webpage on MICROGRIDS at Berkeley Lab website: https:// building-microgrid.lbl.gov/microgrid-definitions. References

References 49 Eaton (2016). Power Outage Annual Report: Blackout Tracker, United States Annual Report 2016. Eaton. Online: https://switchon.eaton.com/blackout-tracker. Ecoult (2017). “Frequency regulation and grid services.” Retrieved from Ecoult webpage: http://www.ecoult.com/ applications/frequency-regulation-and-grid-services. EIA (2016). U.S. Energy Information Agency website: https://www.eia.gov/. EIA (2017). U.S. Energy Information Agency website: https://www.eia.gov/. EPA (2017, July). Green Vehicle Guide. Retrieved from “Fast Facts on Transportation Greenhouse Gas Emissions” webpage: https://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/fast-facts-transportation-greenhouse-gas-emissions. EPRI (2013). Microgrids: A Primer. Electric Power Research Institute, Washington, D.C. EPRI (2016). Literature Review—Microgrid Implementations in North America. Electric Power Research Institute, Washington, D.C. ERS (2016). NY Prize Stage 1 Feasibility Study: Eighth Avenue Microgrid Final Report, prepared for the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority by Energy & Resource Solutions, North Andover, MA. General Microgrids (2014, February 26). Why Microgrids? Retrieved from General Microgrids website: https://www.generalmicrogrids.com/why-microgrids. Griffith, S. (2016). Powering Microgrids for the 21st-Century Electrical System. National Electrical Manufacturers Association, Rosslyn, VA. GTM Research (2014). “North American Microgrids 2014: The Evolution of Localized Energy Opti- mization,” on Grid Edge (June 2014) webpage: https://www.greentechmedia.com/research/report/ north-american-microgrids-2014#gs.B7zzRrY. GTM Research (2015). North American Microgrids 2014: The Evolution of Localized Energy Optimization. GTM Research. Online: https://www.greentechmedia.com/research/report/north-american-microgrids- 2014#gs.2S=Lbts. GTM Research (2016). “U.S. Microgrid Growth Bets Estimates: 2020 Capacity Forecast Now Exceeds 3.7 Giga- watts.” Retrieved from GTM Research Spotlight: https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/ u-s-microgrid-growth-beats-analyst-estimates-revised-2020-capacity-project. Hamblen, M. (2012, November 1). “Hurricane Sandy: Backup generators fail at major New York hospi- tals.” Retrieved from Computerworld: https://www.computerworld.com/article/2493223/data-center/ hurricane-sandy—backup-generators-fail-at-major-new-york-hospitals.html. Hanna, R., et al. (2017). Evaluating Business Models for Microgrids: Interactions of Technology and Policy. Elsevier, San Diego, CA. IEEE Standards Association (2017). EEE P1547 Draft Standard for Interconnection and Interoperability of Distrib- uted Energy Resources with Associated Electric Power Systems Interfaces. Webpage (last updated September 2, 2017). Retrieved from: http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/scc21/1547_revision/1547revision_index.html. KEMA DNV (2014). Microgrids—Benefits, Models, Barriers and Suggested Policy Initiatives for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Massachusetts Clean Energy Center, Boston, MA. Lazard (2015). Lazard’s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis, Version 9.0. Lazard. Online: https://www.lazard.com/ perspective/levelized-cost-of-energy-analysis-90/. Lifelines Council (2014). Lifelines Interdependency Study. Lifelines Council of the City and County of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA. Marnay, C., et al. (2015). Microgrid Evolution Roadmap Engineering, Economics, and Experience. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA. Maryland Resiliency Taskforce (2014). Maryland Resiliency Through Microgrids: Task Force Report. Maryland Energy Administration, Annapolis, MD. Online: http://energy.maryland.gov/documents/marylandresiliency throughmicrogridstaskforcereport_000.pdf. McDonald, J. D. (2014, March 17). “Microgrids Beyond the Hype: Utilities Needs to See a Benefit.” Technol- ogy Leaders. IEEE Electrification Magazine, Vol. 2(1), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, New York, NY. Microgrid Institute for the Minnesota Department of Commerce (2013). Minnesota Micrigrids: Barriers, Oppor- tunities and Pathways Towards Energy Assurance. Minnesota Department of Commerce. St. Paul, MN. Mueller, M. (2017, January 26). Welcome to Alcatraz: One of the Largest Microgrids in the United States. Retrieved from Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy: https://www.energy.gov/eere/articles/ welcome-alcatraz-one-largest-microgrids-united-states. National Conference of State Legislatures (2016, January 26). “PACE FINANCING” webpage. Retrieved from NCSL website: http://www.ncsl.org/research/energy/pace-financing.aspx. Navigant Consulting, Inc. (2017). Microgrid Deployment Tracker 2Q17. [Information on current Navigant Microgrid Deployment Trackers is available online at https://www.navigantresearch.com/?s=Microgrid +Deployment+Tracker.] Navigant Research (2015). 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50 Microgrids and Their Application for Airports and Public Transit Navigant Research (2017). Energy Storage for Transmission and Distribution Deferral. Available online: https:// www.navigantresearch.com/research/energy-storage-for-transmission-and-distribution-deferral. NEMA (2013, February 25). The Power of Microgrids. Retrieved from National Electrical Manufacturers Asso- ciation webpage: https://www.nema.org/Storm-Disaster-Recovery/Microgrids-and-Energy-Storage/Pages/ The-Power-of-Microgrids.aspx. NEMA (2014). Microgrids, Macro Benefits: How to Talk to Decision Makers About Building Your Own Electrical Power System. National Electrical Manufacturers Association, Rosslyn, VA. NEMA (2016). Powering Microgrids for the 21st-Century Electrical System. NEMA MGRD 1-2016 (Document 100798). National Electrical Manufacturers Association, Rosslyn, VA. NRG Energy, Inc. (2016). Stewart International Airport—New Windsor Community Microgrid Stage 1: Fea- sibility Assessment (slides). New York: NYSERDA. https://www.nyserda.ny.gov/-/media/NYPrize/files/ studies/41-Stewart-Airport-Town-of-New-Windsor.pdf. NOAA (2017). Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters: Time Series webpage: https://www/ncdc.noaa.gov/ billions/time-series. NYSERDA (2014). Microgrids for Critical Facility Resiliency in New York State: Final Report. New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, Albany, NY. NYSERDA (2017, March 23). “Governor Cuomo Announces $11 Million Awarded for Community Microgrid Development Across New York.” Retrieved from NYSERDA webpage: https://www.nyserda.ny.gov/About/ Newsroom/2017-Announcements/2017-03-23-Governor-Cuomo-Announces-11-Million-Awarded-for- Community-Microgrid-Development. Oehlerking, L., J. McDaniel, and D. Rogge (2016). Six Lessons Learned on Microgrid Implementation. Black & Veatch Corporation, San Francisco, CA. Paulos, B. (2014, May 19). “UC San Diego Is Building the ‘Motel 6’ of Microgrids.” Retrieved from GreenTech Media webpage: https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/byrom-washom-master-of-the- microgrid#gs.PTmt8uw. Princeton University (2015, January 5). “The Princeton Energy Plant.” Retrieved from Facilities/Princeton University webpage: https://facilities.princeton.edu/news/the-princeton-energy-plant. Quashie, M., F. Bouffard, and G. Joos (2017). Business cases for isolated and grid-connected microgrids: Methodology and applications. Applied Energy (November 2017), Elsevier, San Diego, CA. RMI (2015). The Economics of Battery Storage. Rocky Mountain Institute, Basalt, Co. Online: https://rmi-org/ insights/reports/economics-battery-energy-storage/. Saadeh, O. (2015) “North American Microgrids 2015: Advancing Beyond Local Energy Optimization” Brochure). GTM Research. Online: http://www.ourenergypolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/ North-American-Microgrids-2015-brochure.pdf. 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References 51 Sustainable Business Magazine (2015). “An Education in the Environment.” Interview, Sustainable Business Magazine, Issue 1/15 (February 2, 2015), Norwich, Norfolk, UK. Trabish, H. K. (2016, August 30). “Public purpose microgrids: Mixed ownership models spur utility investment in growing sector.” Retrieved from Utility Dive website: http://www.utilitydive.com/news/public-purpose- microgrids-mixed-ownership-models-spur-utility-investment-i/425296/. Trabish, H. K. (2017, April 10). “Why utilities say grid security is the most pressing sector issue of 2017.” Retrieved from Utility Dive website: https://www.utilitydive.com/news/why-utilities-say-grid-security-is- the-most-pressing-sector-issue-of-2017/440056/. U.S.DOT (2016, August 5). “Performance-Based Contracts.” Retrieved from Transportation.Gov website: https://www.transportation.gov/mission/sustainability/performance-based-contracts. Wood, E. (2016, January 15). “U.S. DOE Channels over $10M to Microgrids for Grid R&D,” on Microgrid Knowledge website: https://microgridknowledge.com/microgrid-funding/.

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TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) and Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) have released a joint report, ACRP Synthesis 91 / TCRP Synthesis 137: Microgrids and Their Application for Airports and Public Transit. The report describes microgrids that airports and public transit agencies can implement to increase resilience of their critical infrastructure. A microgrid is described as a collection of loads, on-site energy sources, local energy storage systems, and an overarching control system. Developments in control technologies have seen advanced microgrid controllers expand microgrid functionality to create new value streams and revenue opportunities, increasing microgrid viability to many more sectors. This synthesis describes the benefits, challenges, costs, revenue streams, and ownership structures relevant to airports and public transit entities.

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