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Design Guide for Low-Speed Multimodal Roadways (2018)

Chapter: References and Bibliography

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Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Design Guide for Low-Speed Multimodal Roadways. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25248.
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Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Design Guide for Low-Speed Multimodal Roadways. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25248.
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Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Design Guide for Low-Speed Multimodal Roadways. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25248.
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Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Design Guide for Low-Speed Multimodal Roadways. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25248.
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Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Design Guide for Low-Speed Multimodal Roadways. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25248.
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Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Design Guide for Low-Speed Multimodal Roadways. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25248.
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Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Design Guide for Low-Speed Multimodal Roadways. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25248.
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Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Design Guide for Low-Speed Multimodal Roadways. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25248.
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265 AARP and the National Complete Streets Coalition. 2015. Evaluating Complete Streets Projects: A Guide for Prac- titioners. AARP, Washington, D.C. Online: https://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/app/legacy/documents/ evaluating-complete-streets-projects.pdf. AASHTO. 2004a. A Guide for Achieving Flexibility in Highway Design. American Association of State Highways and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C. AASHTO. 2004b. Guide for the Planning, Design and Operation of Pedestrian Facilities. American Association of State Highways and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C. AASHTO. 2005. A Guide to Accommodating Utilities Within Highway Right-of-Way, 4th Ed. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C. AASHTO. 2010. Highway Safety Manual (HSM), with 2014 supplement. American Association of State Highways and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C. AASHTO. 2011a. A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, 6th Ed. (The Green Book). American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C. AASHTO. 2011b. Roadside Design Guide. American Association of State Highways and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C. AASHTO. 2014a. Guide for Geometric Design of Transit Facilities on Highways and Streets. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C. AASHTO. 2014b. Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C. AREMA. n.d. Communications & Signals Manual. Website. American Railway Engineering and Maintenance of Way Association, Lanham, MD. Online: http://www.arema.org/AREMA_MBRR/Store/C_S_TOC.aspx. AREMA. 2017. Communications and Signal Manual. American Railway Engineering and Maintenance of Way Association, Lanham, MD. Bonneson, J. A., and M.D. Fontaine. 2001. NCHRP Report 457: Evaluating Intersection Improvements: An Engineering Study Guide. TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C. Byszeski, S. 2003. Street Pedestrian Crossing Sign Test. City of Redmond, Redmond, WA. Cambridge Systematics, Inc. and High Street Consulting Group. NCHRP Report 660: Transportation Performance Management: Insight from Practitioners. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2010. Cascade Bicycle Club. 2011. “Multimodal Level of Service in King County: A Guide to Incorporating All Modes of Transportation into Local Jurisdictions’ Roadway Performance Measurements.” PowerPoint presentation created by the Cascade Bicycle Club for the Seattle and King County Department of Health and Human Services and Public Health, Seattle, WA. CATS. 2003. SmartCode v9 and Manual. Center for Applied Transect Studies Website: www.transect.org/codes. html. City of Charlotte. 2007a. Multimodal LOS Standards for Signalized Intersections. City of Charlotte, Charlotte, NC. City of Charlotte. 2007b. Urban Street Design Guidelines. Adopted by Charlotte City Council (October 22, 2007), Charlotte, N.C. Online: http://charlottenc.gov/Transportation/PlansProjects/Documents/USDG%20Full%20 Document.pdf. City of Fort Collins. 1997. Multimodal Transportation Level of Service Manual. Colorado Transportation Plan- ning, Fort Collins, CO. City of Phoenix. n.d. 3rd&5thavenues. Website. Street Transportation Department, City of Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ. Online: http://3rdand5thave.com/project-info/. References and Bibliography

266 Design Guide for Low-Speed Multimodal Roadways CMF Clearinghouse. n.d. Crash Modification Factor (CMF) Clearinghouse. Web page funded by the Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. Online: www.cmfclearinghouse.org. CUTR. 2013. Landscaping of Highway Medians at Intersections. Report prepared for the Florida Department of Transportation by the Center for Urban Transportation Research, Tampa, FL. Dixon, K. H., et al. 2008a. Determining Effective Roadway Design Treatments for Transitioning From Rural Areas to Urban Areas on State Highways. Oregon Department of Transportation, Salem, OR. Dixon, K. H., et al. 2008b. NCHRP Report 612: Safe and Aesthetic Design of Urban Roadside Treatments. Trans- portation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. Donnell, E. T., et al. 2009. FHWA-SA-10-001. FHWA Speed Concepts: Informational Guide. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. Online: https://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/speedmgt/ref_mats/ fhwasa10001/. Dowling, R., et al. 2008. NCHRP Report 616: Multimodal Level of Service Analysis for Urban Streets. Transporta- tion Research Board of the National Academies, Washington D.C. Dowling, R., et al. 2016. NCHRP Report 825: Planning and Preliminary Engineering Applications Guide to the Highway Capacity Manual. Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. Eccles, K. A., and H. S. Levinson. 2007. TCRP Report 117: Design, Operation, and Safety of At-Grade Crossings of Exclusive Busways. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. ECMT. 2006. Speed Management. European Conference of Ministers of Transport, Germany. ETSC. 1995. Reducing Traffic Injuries Resulting from Excess and Inappropriate Speed. European Transport Safety Council, Brussels, Belgium. Fehr and Peers. n.d. Multimodal Level of Service Toolkit. Fehr and Peers (Corporate Office), Walnut Creek, CA. Online: http://asap.fehrandpeers.com/mmlos/. FHWA. n.d.a. “Bicycles and Pedestrians” Web page on PlanWorks Application. Website: www.fhwaapps.fhwa.dot. gov/planworks/Application/Show/17. FHWA. n.d.b. Context Sensitive Solutions, “Charlotte, NC – Urban Street Design Guidelines,” Web page: https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/css/case_studies/charlotte/. FHWA. n.d.c. Every Day Counts, An Innovation Partnership with States. Website: https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ innovation/everydaycounts/everydaycounts_overview.pdf. FHWA. n.d.d. “Pedestrian Safety Guide and Countermeasure Selection System” and “Bicycle Safety Guide and Countermeasure Selection System.” Web pages on PEDBIKESAFE Website: www.pedbikesafe.org. FHWA. n.d.e. “Performance-Based Planning Focus Area” Web page: https://www.planning.dot.gov/focus_ performance.asp. FHWA. 1997. Flexibility in Highway Design. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. FHWA. 1998. Older Driver Highway Design Handbook. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. Online: https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/97135/ rs1.cfm. FHWA. 2001a. An Analysis of Factors Contributing to “Walking Along Roadway” Crashes: Research Study and Guidelines for Sidewalks and Walkways. Report No. FHWA-RD-01-101. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington D.C. FHWA. 2001b. Decision Support Guide for the Installation of Shoulder and Center Line Rumble Strips on Non- Freeways. FHWA-SA-16-115. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington D.C. FHWA. 2001c. Designing Sidewalks and Trails for Access, Part I, A Review of Existing Guidelines. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. FHWA. 2001d. Designing Sidewalks and Trails for Access, Part II, Best Practices Guide. Federal Highway Adminis- tration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. FHWA. 2002. Pedestrian Facilities Users Guide: Providing Safety and Mobility. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. FHWA. 2003. Interactive Highway Safety Design Model (IHSDM). Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Depart- ment of Transportation, Washington, D.C. FHWA. 2004. Characteristics of Emerging Road and Trail Users and Their Safety. FHWA-HRT-04-104. Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C. FHWA. 2005. Safety Effects of Marked versus Unmarked Crosswalks at Uncontrolled Locations: Final Report and Recommended Guidelines. FHWA-HRT-04-100. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. FHWA. 2006a. Evaluation of Safety, Design, and Operation of Shared-Use Paths, Final Report. FHWA-HRT-05-137. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. Online: https:// www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/pedbike/05137/. FHWA. 2006b. Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation. FHWA- HRT-05-133. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C.

References and Bibliography 267 FHWA. 2006c. Shared Use Path Level of Use Calculator. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. Online: https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/ pedbike/05138/. FHWA. 2007a. Desktop Reference for Crash Reduction Factors. FHWA-SA-07-015. Federal Highway Administra- tion, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. FHWA. 2007b. Railroad-Highway Grade Crossing Handbook. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. FHWA. 2008. ACTION: Consideration and Implementation of Proven Safety Countermeasures. Memorandum. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. FHWA. 2009a. Context-Sensitive Solutions Primer. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. FHWA. 2009b. Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, 2009 Ed. (with Revision Numbers 1 and 2 incorpo- rated May 2012). Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. Online: http://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/. FHWA. 2009c. Speed Concepts: Informational Guide. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. FHWA. 2010a. Advancing Metropolitan Planning for Operations: An Objectives-Driven, Performance-Based Approach – A Guidebook. Office of Operations, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. Online: https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop10026/. FHWA. 2010b. Effects of Yellow Rectangular Rapid-Flashing Beacons on Yielding at Multilane Uncontrolled Crosswalks. FHWA-HRT-10-043. Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C. FHWA. 2010c. Evaluation of Lane Reduction “Road Diet” Measures on Crashes. FHWA-HRT-10-053, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. FHWA. 2011. Livability in Transportation Guidebook: Planning Approaches that Promote Livability. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. Online: https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ livability/case_studies/guidebook/livabilitygb10.pdf. FHWA. 2012a. Guidance Memorandum on Promoting the Implementation of Proven Safety Countermeasures. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. FHWA. 2012b. Speed Management: A Manual for Local Rural Road Owners. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. FHWA. 2013a. Bicycle and Pedestrian Facility Design Flexibility. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. FHWA. 2013b. Highway Functional Classification: Concepts, Criteria and Procedures. Federal Highway Adminis- tration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. FHWA. 2013c. Pedestrian Safety Guide for Transit Agencies. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. FHWA. 2013d. Performance Based Planning and Programming Guidebook. Federal Highway Administra- tion, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. Online: https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/ performance_based_planning/pbpp_guidebook/. FHWA. 2013e. Safety Benefits of Raised Medians and Pedestrian Refuge Areas. FHWA Safety Program, FHWA- SA-10-020. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. FHWA. 2014a. Engineering Countermeasures for Reducing Speeds: A Desktop Reference of Potential Effectiveness. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. FHWA. 2014b. Engineering Speed Management Countermeasures: A Desktop Reference of Potential Effectiveness in Reducing Crashes. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. FHWA. 2014c. Handbook for Designing Roadways for the Aging Population. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. FHWA. 2014d. Highway Design Handbook for Older Drivers and Pedestrians. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. FHWA. 2014e. “HSM Overview Fact Sheet.” Web page. Federal Highway Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. Online: https://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/hsm/factsheet/. FHWA. 2014f. Road Diet Informational Guide. FHWA-SA-14-028. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Depart- ment of Transportation, Washington, D.C. FHWA. 2015a. A Resident’s Guide for Creating Safe and Walkable Communities. FHWA-SA-07-016. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. FHWA. 2015b. Information: Relationship between Design Speed and Posted Speed. Guidance Memorandum, October 7, 2015. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. Online: https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/design/standards/151007.cfm. 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268 Design Guide for Low-Speed Multimodal Roadways FHWA. 2015d. Public Involvement Techniques for Transportation Decision-making. FHWA-HEP-15-044. Federal Transportation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. Online: https:// www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/public_involvement/publications/pi_techniques/. FHWA. 2015e. Road Diet Desk Reference. FHWA-SA-15-046. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. FHWA. 2015f. Separated Bike Lane Planning and Design Guide. Publication Number: FHWA-HEP-15-025. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. Online: https:// www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bicycle_pedestrian/publications/separated_bikelane_pdg/page00.cfm. FHWA. 2015g. Separated Bike Lane Planning and Design Guide. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Depart- ment of Transportation, Washington, D.C. FHWA. 2016a. Achieving Multimodal Networks: Applying Design Flexibility and Reducing Conflicts. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. FHWA. 2016b. Applying Performance Based Practical Design Methods to Complete Streets—A Primer on Employing Performance-Based Practical Design and Transportation Systems Management and Operations to Enhance the Design of Complete Streets. FHWA-HOP-16-059, Report No. 18112. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. FHWA. 2016c. Guidebook for Developing Pedestrian and Bicycle Performance Measures. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. FHWA. 2016d. Integrating Speed Management within Roadway Departure, Intersections, and Pedestrian and Bicyclist Safety Focus Areas. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. FHWA. 2016e. Small Town and Rural Multimodal Networks. Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C. FHWA. 2017. State of the Practice for Shoulder and Center Line Rumble Strip Implementation on Non-Freeway Facilities. FHWA-HRT-17-026. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. Fitzpatrick, K., et al. 2001. Evaluation of Pedestrian and Bicycle Engineering Countermeasures: Rectangular Rapid- Flashing Beacons, HAWKs, Sharrows, Crosswalk Markings, and the Development of an Evaluation Methods Report. FHWA-HRT-11-039. Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C. Fitzpatrick, K., et al. 2003. NCHRP Report 504: Design Speed, Operating Speed, and Posted Speed Practices. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. Fitzpatrick, K., et al. 2006. TCRP Report 112/NCHRP Report 562: Improving Pedestrian Safety at Unsignalized Crossings. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. Fitzpatrick, K., et al. 2015a. 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270 Design Guide for Low-Speed Multimodal Roadways Neuman, T. R., et al. 2017. NCHRP Research Report 839: A Performance-Based Highway Geometric Design Process. Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2017. NHTSA. 2015. Traffic Safety Facts: 2015 Data, Large Trucks. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. Online: https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov. North Carolina DOT. 2012. North Carolina Complete Streets Planning and Design Guidelines. North Carolina Board of Transportation, North Carolina Department of Transportation. Online: http://www.pedbikeinfo. org/pdf/PlanDesign_SamplePlans_CS_NCDOT2012.pdf. NRA. 2005. Guidelines on Traffic Calming for Towns and Villages on National Routes (REV B). National Roads Authority, Dublin, Ireland. Oregon DOT. 1999. Main Street . . . When a Highway Runs Through It: A Handbook for Oregon Communities. Oregon Department of Transportation, Salem, OR. Oregon DOT. 2016. 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NCHRP Project 03-72, “Lane Widths, Channelized Right Turns, and Right-Turn Deceleration Lanes in Urban and Suburban Areas,” Contractor’s Final Reports, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. Potts, I., D. Harwood, and K. Richard. 2007. Relationship of Lane Width to Safety for Urban and Suburban Arterials. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2023. Transporta- tion Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. Rahman, Z., et al. 2017. Assessment of the Impact of Lane Width on Arterial Crashes. Journal of Transportation Safety & Security, 10(3). DOI: 10.1080/19439962.2017.1281366. Ray, B. L., et al. 2008. NCHRP Report 613: Guidelines for Selection of Speed Reduction Treatments at High-Speed Intersections. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. Ray, B. L., et al. 2011. NCHRP Report 687: Guidance for Ramp and Interchange Spacing. 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 Design Guide for Low-Speed Multimodal Roadways
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TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Research Report 880: Design Guide for Low-Speed Multimodal Roadways provides best practice guidance by referencing a range of acceptable elements, criteria, and values for critical dimensions for design of low- to intermediate-speed roadways with a mix of users. The report assists designers in establishing a balance between operational efficiency, comfort, safety, and convenience for modes on the low- and intermediate-speed roadways. Low to intermediate speed is defined as 45 miles per hour and lower design speed for the purpose of this report.

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