National Academies Press: OpenBook
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Implications of Connected and Automated Driving Systems, Vol. 4: Autonomous Vehicle Action Plan. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25292.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Implications of Connected and Automated Driving Systems, Vol. 4: Autonomous Vehicle Action Plan. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25292.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Implications of Connected and Automated Driving Systems, Vol. 4: Autonomous Vehicle Action Plan. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25292.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Implications of Connected and Automated Driving Systems, Vol. 4: Autonomous Vehicle Action Plan. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25292.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Implications of Connected and Automated Driving Systems, Vol. 4: Autonomous Vehicle Action Plan. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25292.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Implications of Connected and Automated Driving Systems, Vol. 4: Autonomous Vehicle Action Plan. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25292.
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NCHRP Web-Only Document 253: Implications of Connected and Automated Driving Systems Vol. 4: Autonomous Vehicle Action Plan Tammy E. Trimble Stephanie Baker Jason Wagner Virginia Tech Transportation Institute Blacksburg, VA Betty Serian Brad Mallory Betty Serian and Associates Camp Hill, PA Richard Bishop Pete Gould Bishop Consulting Highland, MD Wendy Wagner Lisa Loftus-Otway University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX Sam Morrissey Glenn Havinoviski Iteris Fairfax, VA Contractor’s Final Report for NCHRP Project 20-102(07) Submitted July 2018 ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration, and was conducted in the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP), which is administered by the Transportation Research Board (TRB) of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FMCSA, FRA, FTA, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology, PHMSA, or TDC endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. DISCLAIMER The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research. They are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; or the program sponsors. The information contained in this document was taken directly from the submission of the author(s). This material has not been edited by TRB.

The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, non- governmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is president. The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The National Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.national-academies.org. The Transportation Research Board is one of seven major programs of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The mission of the Transportation Research Board is to increase the benefits that transportation contributes to society by providing leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Board’s varied committees, task forces, and panels annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. Learn more about the Transportation Research Board at www.TRB.org.

C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S CRP STAFF FOR NCHRP WEB-ONLY DOCUMENT 253 Christopher J. Hedges, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Lori L. Sundstrom, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs Gwen Chisholm Smith, Manager, Transit Cooperative Research Program Keyara Dorn, Program Coordinator Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Natalie Barnes, Associate Director of Publications Jennifer Correro, Senior Editorial Assistant NCHRP PROJECT 20-102(07) PANEL AREA TWENTY: SPECIAL PROJECTS Robert G. Mikell, IDEMIA, Snellville, GA (Chair) Joseph Chapman, California DMV, Sacramento, CA Samer Dessouky, University of Texas–San Antonio, San Antonio, TX Yoassry M. Elzohairy, Ontario Ministry of Transportation, Downsview, ON Patty A. Morneault, Maine Bureau of Motor Vehicles, Augusta, ME David M. Neitz, CDM Smith, Boston, MA James S. Thiel, Thiel, Vu & Associates, LLC, Madison, WI Kirk Zeringue, Louisiana DOTD, Baton Rouge, LA Carl K. Andersen, FHWA Liaison Cathie Curtis, American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators Liaison Bernardo Kleiner, TRB Liaison

iv T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Challenge: Preparing for Connected and Automated Driving System-Equipped Vehicle Deployment ............................................................................................................................. 1 Purpose of the Autonomous Vehicle Action Plan (AVAP) ........................................................................ 2 1.2 AVAP Organization ......................................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Definitions, Assumptions, and Considerations ................................................................................ 4 Levels of Automation ................................................................................................................................ 4 Definitions of C/ADS Commercial Applications ........................................................................................ 4 Definition of Harmonization ..................................................................................................................... 6 Assumptions ............................................................................................................................................. 6 C/ADS LEGAL LANDSCAPE ................................................................................................. 9 2.1 Overview of the C/ADS Legal Landscape ......................................................................................... 9 2.2 In-Depth State Legal and Regulatory Audit ................................................................................... 10 PRIORITIZATION AND HARMONIZATION OF C/ADS LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY CHANGES ......................................................................................... 17 3.1 Understanding Opportunities for Legal and Regulatory Modifications .......................................... 17 3.2 Overarching Considerations Regarding Harmonization ................................................................. 18 Potential Benefits Associated with Harmonization ................................................................................ 18 Potential Drawbacks of Harmonization .................................................................................................. 19 Implications of Not Harmonizing ............................................................................................................ 20 Alternatives to Harmonization ............................................................................................................... 21 3.3 Prioritization and Harmonization Recommendations ................................................................... 23 Short-Term (2018–2020) Modification Priorities ................................................................................... 23 Mid-Term (2021–2025) Priorities ........................................................................................................... 31 Long-Term (2026 and beyond) Priorities ................................................................................................ 39 3.4 Complex Interplay of Deployment Transition and Interoperability ............................................... 41 3.5 Prioritization and Harmonization Conclusions .............................................................................. 42 BARRIERS TO LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY MODIFICATIONS ...................................... 44 4.1 Potential Barriers to Modifications ............................................................................................... 44 Lagging Legislative Action ....................................................................................................................... 44 A Quick-Fix Approach .............................................................................................................................. 44 Lack of a Model State Policy or Minimum Guidance .............................................................................. 44

v A Focus Only on Testing .......................................................................................................................... 45 Lack of Federal Clarifications .................................................................................................................. 45 Lack of or Delayed State-led C/ADS Working Group .............................................................................. 45 Overstated Automation Capabilities ...................................................................................................... 45 Lack of Best Practices ............................................................................................................................. 45 Overcoming Barriers – Establishing a C/ADS Vehicle State Policy Task Force ....................................................................................................................... 46 5.1 Task Force Overview .................................................................................................................... 46 Establishing a Task Force ........................................................................................................................ 46 Identifying Task Force Members ............................................................................................................ 47 5.2 Task Force Activities ..................................................................................................................... 47 Convene a Working Group ..................................................................................................................... 47 Obtain Feedback ..................................................................................................................................... 48 Petition for Change ................................................................................................................................. 48 5.3 State Task Force Examples............................................................................................................ 48 Connecticut ............................................................................................................................................. 48 North Carolina ........................................................................................................................................ 49 North Dakota .......................................................................................................................................... 49 Pennsylvania ........................................................................................................................................... 49 Utah ........................................................................................................................................................ 50 Virginia .................................................................................................................................................... 50 Washington ............................................................................................................................................. 50 Overcoming Barriers – Engaging Legislators to Advance ADS-Equipped Vehicle Legislation ........................................................................................ 51 6.1 Introduction to Legislative Outreach ............................................................................................ 51 The Importance of Legislative Outreach ................................................................................................ 51 6.2 The Outreach Process ................................................................................................................... 51 Know the Ask and Prepare in Advance ................................................................................................... 51 Identify the Right Agency Team ............................................................................................................. 53 Where to Start ........................................................................................................................................ 53 What to Present ...................................................................................................................................... 54 Knowing When to Present ...................................................................................................................... 54 Final Thoughts ........................................................................................................................................ 55 The Road Forward ............................................................................................................. 56 7.1 Next Steps .................................................................................................................................... 56 References ......................................................................................................................................... 57

vi L I S T O F T A B L E S Table 2-1. Critical Category Checklist for State Legal Audits ................................................................ 12 Table 2-2. Triggers Used to Identify Problematic State Provisions – Core Questions ........................... 15 Table 2-3. Triggers Used to Identify Problematic State Provisions – Supplemental Triggers ................ 15 Table 3-1. Short-Term (2018-2020) Prioritization and Harmonization Modification Summary............. 29 Table 3-2. Mid-Term (2021–2025) Prioritization and Harmonization Modification Summary .............. 37 Table 3-3. Long-Term (2026 and beyond) Prioritization and Harmonization Modification Summary ... 41 L I S T O F F I G U R E S Figure 1-1. Contributing factors to the Autonomous Vehicle Action Plan (AVAP). ................................. 2 Figure 1-2. SAE J3016 Levels of Automation ......................................................................................... 4 Figure 1-3. Timeline for C/ADS deployment. ........................................................................................ 8 Figure 2-1. Map of state automated vehicle-related activities as of June 2018. .................................. 10 Figure 3-1. Visual depiction of the centric approach to prioritization efforts. ..................................... 17

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Implications of Connected and Automated Driving Systems, Vol. 4: Autonomous Vehicle Action Plan Get This Book
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TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Web-Only Document 253: Implications of Connected and Automated Driving Systems, Vol. 4: Autonomous Vehicle Action Plan (AVAP) develops awareness of the legislative landscape and the foundational laws and regulations that may need to be prioritized for modification for Connected and Automated Driving Systems (C/ADSs) technologies. The AVAP is intended to provide guidance and resources to state departments of motor vehicles (DMVs) and transportation (DOTs) to assist with the legal changes that will result from the rollout of C/ADS equipped vehicles.

PowerPoint Presentation slides accompany Vol. 4 and are available for download. This presentation is designed to provide a state policy task force with background information on the legal landscape for C/ADS-equipped vehicles.

View all volumes of NCHRP Web-Only Document 253:

  • Vol. 1: Legal Landscape
  • Vol. 2: State Legal and Regulatory Audit
  • Vol. 3: Legal Modification Prioritization and Harmonization Analysis
  • Vol. 4: Autonomous Vehicle Action Plan
  • Vol. 5: Developing the Autonomous Vehicle Action Plan
  • Vol. 6: Implementation Plan
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