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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Mechanistic–Empirical Model for Top–Down Cracking of Asphalt Pavements Layers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25304.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Mechanistic–Empirical Model for Top–Down Cracking of Asphalt Pavements Layers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25304.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Mechanistic–Empirical Model for Top–Down Cracking of Asphalt Pavements Layers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25304.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Mechanistic–Empirical Model for Top–Down Cracking of Asphalt Pavements Layers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25304.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Mechanistic–Empirical Model for Top–Down Cracking of Asphalt Pavements Layers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25304.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Mechanistic–Empirical Model for Top–Down Cracking of Asphalt Pavements Layers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25304.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Mechanistic–Empirical Model for Top–Down Cracking of Asphalt Pavements Layers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25304.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Mechanistic–Empirical Model for Top–Down Cracking of Asphalt Pavements Layers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25304.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Mechanistic–Empirical Model for Top–Down Cracking of Asphalt Pavements Layers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25304.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Mechanistic–Empirical Model for Top–Down Cracking of Asphalt Pavements Layers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25304.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Mechanistic–Empirical Model for Top–Down Cracking of Asphalt Pavements Layers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25304.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Mechanistic–Empirical Model for Top–Down Cracking of Asphalt Pavements Layers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25304.
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114 REFERENCES 1. Anderson, M. D’Angelo, J. and Huber, G. (2001).Forensic Investigation of Early Cracking on I-25 in Denver, Colorado. Report No. CDOT-DTD-R-2001-10, Colorado Department of Transportation, Denver, Colorado. 2. Harmelink, D., and Aschenbrener, T. (2003) Extent of Top-Down Cracking in Colorado. Report No. CDOT-DTD-R-2003-7, Colorado Department of Transportation, Denver, Colorado. 3. Harmelink, D., Shuler, S., and Aschenbrener, T. (2008) Top-Down Cracking in Asphalt Pavements: Causes, Effects, and Cures. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 134(1), 1–6. 4. Myers, L. A., and R. Roque (2002) “Top-down Crack Propagation in Bituminous Pavements and Implications for Pavement Management.” Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 71, 651–670. 5. El Halim, A., O., Hassan, Y., Farha, M. and Bekheet, W. (2004) Surface Cracking: Origin and Causes, Theoretical and Field Studies. Cracking in Pavements: Mitigation, Risk Assessment and Prevention, Proceedings of the 5th International RILEM Conference, Limoges, 19–26. 6. Nunn, M. (1997) “Long-Life Flexible Pavement.” Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Asphalt Pavements, Seattle, USA. 7. Hugo, F., and T.W. Kennedy (1985) “Surface Cracking of Asphalt Mixtures in Southern Africa,” Proceedings of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 54, 454–501. 8. Dauzats, M., and A. Rampal (1987) “Mechanism of Surface Cracking in Wearing Courses,” Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Asphalt Pavements, Ann Arbor, 232-247. 9. Gerritsen, A. H., van Gurp, C. A. P. M., van der Heide, J. P. J., Molenaar, A. A. A., and Pronk, A. C. (1987) “Prediction and Prevention of Surface Cracking in Asphaltic Pavements.” Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Structural Design of Asphalt Pavements, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, pp. 378–391. 10. Matsuno, S., and T. Nishizawa (1992) “Mechanism of Longitudinal Surface Cracking in Asphalt Pavement.” 7th International Conference on Asphalt Pavements, Vol. 2, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom, 277–291. 11. Svasdisant, T., M. Schorsch, G. Y. Baladi and S. Pinyosunun (2002) “Mechanistic Analysis of Top-Down Cracks in Asphalt Pavements.” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1809, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 126–136. 12. Wamburga, J. H. G., J. N. Maina and H. R. Smith (1999) “Kenya Asphaltic Materials Study.” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1681, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 129–137. 13. Pellinen, T., Rowe, G., and Biswas, K. (2004) Evaluation of surface (top down) longitudinal wheel path cracking. Final report FHWA/IN/JTRP-2004/6, Indiana Department of Transportation.

115 14. Worel, B. (2003) “MnRoad HMA Performance,” Presented at the MnRoad Workshop, Mn/ Road Office of Materials, http://mnroad.dot.state.mn.us, Maplewood, MN. 15. De Freitas, E. F., Pereira, P., Picado-Santos, L., and Papagiannakis, A. T. (2005) “Effect of Construction Quality, Temperature, and Rutting on Initiation of Top-Down Cracking.” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1929, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 174–182. 16. Komoriya, K., T. Yoshida, and H. Nitta. (2001) “WA-DA-CHI-WA-RE Surface Longitudinal Cracks on Asphalt Concrete Pavement.” TRB 80th Annual Meeting (CD- ROM), Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. 17. Zhang, Z., R. Roque, and B. Birgisson .(2001b) “Evaluation of Laboratory–Measured Crack Growth Rate for Asphalt Mixtures.” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1767, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 67–75. 18. Witczak, M. W., and O. A. Fonseca. (1996) “Revised Predictive Model for Dynamic (Complex) Modulus of Asphalt Mixtures.” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1540, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 15–23. 19. Deme, I. J., and F. D., Young. (1987) “Ste. Anne Test Road Revisited Twenty Years Later.” Proceedings, Canadian Technical Asphalt Association, Vol. 32, 254–283. 20. Birgisson, B., Wang, J., and Roque, R. (2006). “Implementation of the Florida Cracking Model into the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design.” Report No. UF# 0003932, Florida Department of Transportation. 21. Myers, L. A., R. Roque and B. E. Ruth. (1998) “Mechanisms of Surface-Initiated longitudinal Wheel Path Cracks in High-Type Bituminous Pavements,” Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 67, 401–428. 22. Myers, L., R. Roque, B. Ruth and C. Drakos. (1999) “Measurement of Contact Stresses for Different Truck Tire Types to Evaluate Their Influence on Near-Surface Cracking and Rutting.” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1655, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 175–184. 23. Merrill, D. (2000) “Investigating the Causes of Surface Cracking in Flexible Pavements Using Improved Mathematical Models.” Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wales Swansea. 24. Tsai, B. W., Harvey, J. T., and Monismith, C. L. (2002) “High Temperature Fatigue and Fatigue Damage Process of Aggregate-Asphalt Mixes.” Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 71, 345–385. 25. Highter, W. H., and D. J. Wall. (1984) “Thermal Properties of Some Asphaltic Concrete Mixes.” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 968, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 38–45. 26. Kavianipour, A., and J. V. Beck (1977) “Thermal Property Estimation Utilizing the Laplace Transform with Application to Asphaltic Pavement.” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 20(3), 259–267. 27. Tan, S., B. Low, and T. Fwa. (1992) “Determination of Thermal Conductivity and Diffusivity by Transient Heating of a Thin Slab.” Building & Environment, 27(1), 71–76.

116 28. Tan, S., T. Fwa, C. Chuai, and B. Low. (1997) “Determination of Thermal Properties of Pavement Materials and Unbound Aggregates by Transient Heat Conduction.” Journal of Testing and Evaluation, ASTM, 25(1), 15–22. 29. Mahoney, J. P. (2001) “Study of Long–Lasting Pavements in Washington State,” Transportation Research Circular 503: Perpetual Bituminous Pavements, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 88–95. 30. Roque, R., Zou, J., Kim, Y.R., Baek, C.M., Thirunavukkarasu, S., Underwood, B.S., and Guddati, M.N. (2010) NCHRP Web-Only Document 162: Top-Down Cracking of Hot-Mix Asphalt Layers: Models for Initiation and Propagation. TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C. 31. Mirza, M. W., and M. W. Witczak. (1995) “Development of a Global Aging System for Short and Long Term Aging of Asphalt Cements.” Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 64, 393–430. 32. Uchida K., T. Kurokawa, K. Himeno, and T. Nishizawa. (2002) “Healing Characteristics of Asphalt Mixture under High Temperature Conditions.” The 9th International Conference on Asphalt Pavements (CD-ROM), Copenhagen, Denmark. 33. Leech, D. and Nunn, M. E. (1997) “Deterioration Mechanisms in Flexible Roads.” Proceedings of the 2nd European Symposium on the Performance and Durability of Bituminous Materials, Leeds. 34. De Beer, M., Fisher, C., and Jooste, F. J. (1997) “Determination of Pneumatic tyre/pavement interface contact stresses under moving loads and some effects on pavement with thin asphalt surfacing layers.” Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Asphalt Pavements, Seattle, 179–227. 35. Fernando, E., Musani, D., Park, D., and Liu, W. (2006) “Evaluation of effects of tire size and inflation pressure on tire contact stresses and pavement response.” FHWA/ TX-06/0-4361-1, Texas Transportation Institute, College Station, TX 77843. 36. Weissman S. L. (1999) “Influence of Tire-Pavement Contact Stress Distribution on Development of Distress Mechanisms in Pavements.” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1655, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 161–167. 37. Pottinger, M.G. (1992) “The Three-Dimensional Contact Patch Stress Field of Solid and Pneumatic Tires,” Tire Science and Technology, TSTCA, 20(1), 3–32. 38. Sebaaly, P., and N. Tabatabaee (1989) “Effects of Tire Pressure and Type on Response of Flexible Pavement.” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1227, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 115–127. 39. Jacobs, M., de Bondt, A., Molenaar, A., and P. Hopman. (1992) “Cracking in Asphalt Concrete Pavements,” Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Asphalt Pavements, 89–105. 40. Lippmann, S.A. (1985) “Effects of Tire Structure and Operating Conditions on the Distribution of Stress Between the Tread and the Road,” The Tire Pavement Interface, ASTM, Philadelphia, 91–109.

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A MECHANISTIC–EMPIRICAL MODEL FOR TOP–DOWN CRACKING OF ASPHALT PAVEMENT LAYERS APPENDICES 126

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TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Web-Only Document 257: A Mechanistic–Empirical Model for Top–Down Cracking of Asphalt Pavements Layers develops a calibrated mechanistic-empirical (ME) model for predicting the load-related top-down cracking in the asphalt layer of flexible pavements. Recent studies have determined that some load-related fatigue cracks in asphalt pavement layers can be initiated at the pavement surface and propagate downward through the asphalt layer. However, this form of distress cannot entirely be explained by fatigue mechanisms used to explain cracking that initiates at the bottom of the pavement. This research explores top-down cracking to develop a calibrated, validated mechanistic-empirical model for incorporation into pavement design procedures.

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