Socioeconomic Impacts of Automated and Connected Vehicles (2018)

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21 roles and responsibilities. The smooth and successful deployment of a new CAVSM-based transport ecosys- tem requires new governance frameworks and public policies that anticipate and effectively address the full range of expected impacts. Research in the following areas would help to adequately inform this transition. • Devise models for partnership and collaboration— along with their performance measures—that can ensure a smooth transition of public mass transit toward a new, CAV-based ecosystem. • Review all professions that are directly or indirectly linked to transport, the relevance of demographic vari- ables, how these professions are likely to change or disappear with CAVSM, which new or revised jobs will emerge, and which education and (re)training pro- grams and tools are required to facilitate the transition. • Investigate the future and changing roles and respon- sibilities of drivers, the new or alternative tasks to which they could be assigned (e.g., at the collection points for the last mile), and which other job oppor- tunities exist at locations. • Investigate how potential changes in travel behav- ior and travel time use might affect the nature and social role of communities in a CAVSM-dominated landscape and how undesired effects such as spatial mismatch or the extreme virtualization of social inter- actions can be avoided through targeted policy mea- sures that support community development. • Explore new opportunities for collaboration between government, industry, and civil society; how their Andrea Ricci served as the rapporteur of the sym-posium. He drafted summaries of the general sessions and of the breakout groups, including keynote speeches and the presentations of the white paper and of the exploratory topics. He also attended breakout group sessions to gain a better understand- ing of the challenges and of potential topics for future research discussed by the participants, and he collected and analyzed notes prepared by the moderators to gather additional insights on the topic-related debates and their outcomes. The rapporteur developed a potential portfolio for EU-U.S. research on the socioeconomic impacts of CAVs. Notwithstanding some inevitable overlaps, the potential research topics can be grouped by the follow- ing subject areas: transport ecosystem, governance, and public policies; impact evaluation; regulation and stan- dards; strategies, planning, and best practices; accept- ability; and data, methods, and tools. These research topics may be considered by the European Commission, TRB, and other funding agencies and research program owners on both sides of the Atlantic when devising their future research agendas and prioritizing projects and twinning opportunities. TransporT EcosysTEm, GovErnancE, and public policiEs The advent of CAVs and shared mobility will induce radical changes in the structure and functioning of the transport ecosystem, with a proliferation of the type and number of stakeholders and a redefinition of many Andrea Ricci, Institute of Studies for the Integration of Systems (ISINNOVA), Rapporteur Potential Portfolio for EU-U.S. Research on Socioeconomic Impacts of CAVs

2 2 S O C I O E C O N O M I C I M P A C T S O F A U T O M A T E D A N D C O N N E C T E D V E H I C L E S respective roles will change, and which new gover- nance frameworks are required to fully harness the CAV potential. • Identify public policies and their spatial differentiation that can help mitigate the potential negative effects of CAVSM on disadvantaged groups and guide the deployment of innovative transportation services that leave no one behind. • Design and validate effective approaches to foster stakeholders’ involvement in addressing the equity implications of CAVs. • Identify and address inequities among mobility service stakeholders, whether through economics (e.g., subsi- dies) or regulation to ensure a fair playing field among providers. • Devise and establish a research framework on the cybersecurity of automated freight and deliveries that overcomes the shortcomings arising from the classi- fied nature of most cybersecurity research. impacT EvaluaTion CAVSM will generate a wide variety of impacts, well beyond those affecting the performance of the transport system. Their identification and their quantitative esti- mation call for novel, multidisciplinary research efforts as highlighted below. • Analyze the impact of CAVSM on the labor market as a whole and on macroeconomic performances, con- sidering both direct impacts in the transport sector and indirect impacts in sectors such as manufacturing that are heavily affected by technologies such as 3-D printing that reduce travel demand effects. • Assess productivity changes induced by CAVSM, investigate whether being able to work while travel- ing will equally benefit different groups (e.g., full time versus gig economy workers), and whether productiv- ity changes will affect the groups’ work–life balance. • Research the effects of freight automation on equity gaps and the extent to which a CAV-operated freight transport system will affect the capability of people to satisfy their basic needs and freedoms. Explore whether an increasing digital divide may prevent access to automated freight services for specific socio- economic groups. • Assess the extent of potential revenue losses and gains arising from the advent of CAVs for government and other stakeholders, and investigate alternative revenue sources to compensate for any government revenue losses. • Assess the environmental impacts of automated freight and automated deliveries and their spatial and demographic distribution. • Estimate the extent to which a CAV-based transport system will influence travel time budgets and the sub- sequent direct impacts on land use patterns, urban forms (e.g., mono versus polycentric), the distribution of residential areas, and the centralization of jobs. • Explore how commuting travel behavior is impacted by work and home location decisions that are in turn driven by the availability of CAVSM and identify pos- sible incentives that employers could provide to influ- ence positive social outcomes. rEGulaTion and sTandards The rapid diffusion of CAVSM technologies, solutions, and practices may lead to market failures along with other unintended consequences arising from the inap- propriate use of technology or from unresolved conflicts of interest. Research could identify regulatory measures and inform the establishment of standards in critical areas such as the following: • Investigate possible regulation and market-based mechanisms (e.g., subsidies) to provide minimum mobility services for all. • Investigate the equity implications of CAVs for vari- ous stakeholders with equity concerns (e.g., age, abil- ity, race/ethnicity, place, income) and identify the need for regulation, subsidies, and PPPs. • Explore opportunities for devising regulation and market-based mechanisms to ensure that the private sector duly considers societal good while pursuing legitimate profits in operating CAVSM. • Identify and establish safety standards, protocols, and indicators that a CAV-operated freight system is required to meet before it is fully deployed and scaled. • Foster data integration and interoperability through the development of open data standards on the basis of common use cases for cities and regions. • Design and establish the safety assessment process for CAVs with the support of original equipment manu- facturers, public safety validators, and insurance com- panies, including the identification of specific criteria and methods to assess roadworthiness. • Research the impact of dependency on AVs with regard to failure and disaster management and devise protocols and procedures for evacuations in a CAV environment and for containment of blackout impli- cations, as CAVs rely heavily on the electricity supply.

P O T E N T I A L P O R T F O L I O F O R E U - U . S . R E S E A R C H 23 • Establish a body of regulation for unaccompanied minors in shared mobility CAVs. • Investigate issues arising from the tele-operation of privately owned, fully automated CAVs in order to define responsibilities and establish the required pro- tocols for tele-intervention as the need arises. sTraTEGiEs, planninG, and bEsT pracTicEs Research is also needed to inform new strategies and planning approaches that anticipate and adequately address a wide range of critical changes in the transport ecosystem arising from the advent of CAVSM. Pilot proj- ects and the identification of best practices can play a major role. The following research topics are suggested: • Establish best practices and new paradigms for long- term and short-term planning, including through an extension of the scope and mandate of the Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans, to support government agen- cies’ planning capabilities considering the uncertainty of CAV impacts for various stakeholders. • Examine how the advent of CAVs can help cities inte- grate shared mobility in their public transport strategy. • Develop an interdisciplinary approach to designing infrastructure and public space in a CAV-dominated environment, including streets, parking areas, small traffic architecture (traffic signs, street lights), sharing spaces, and the associated users’ prioritization. • Examine whether and to what extent data exchange associated with freight automation can provide opportunities for developing novel multimodal strate- gies and solutions that are environmentally friendly and spatially efficient. • Develop pilot projects at different spatial scales (urban, suburban, rural), notably to link results of equity performance analysis to practice. • Identify strategies and best practices for public– private data sharing and assess the extent to which such strategies are constrained by power wielded by local jurisdictions. • Assess risks arising from potential data breaches and cybersecurity attacks, identify strategies and mea- sures to minimize negative impacts and increase the resilience of the transport system, and develop best- practice solutions or a code of conduct assigning responsibilities among various stakeholders, or both. • Define feasible business models, service concepts, and partnerships among various stakeholders to address barriers and opportunities in the provision of CAV mobility services for older adults. • Explore the risks of driverless trucks for the security of goods on board and the means for different stakehold- ers to overcome the risks. • Review the existing process of drivers’ training on safety issues (e.g., use of simulators, driving license, emergency procedures) and identify necessary changes to ensure safe CAV operation. • Review past/contemporary experiences from other automation-driven transitions to derive best practices in the transfer of lessons learned between different spatial and social contexts. accEpTabiliTy It is now widely established that new technologies can only be successfully deployed if their worth is fully recog- nized by all stakeholders involved and, most importantly, if they are well accepted by the community of users. Accordingly, policies and strategies are increasingly shift- ing their focus from the maximization of technology diffu- sion to the satisfaction of people’s needs and aspirations. Acceptability of CAVSM and of its perceived impacts on society is yet largely understudied and calls for targeted research efforts as suggested in the following list. • Investigate how safety and security risks are perceived across sociodemographic groups and how they influ- ence travel behavior. • Investigate consumers’ mental models of CAV tech- nology and its performance and use this information to understand the potential risk of misuse. • Investigate public acceptance of long commuting trips and whether and how these trips are likely to change with the introduction of AVs. • Research the nature and extent of impacts of CAVSM on social inclusion and well-being, the propensity of users to take advantage of the social interaction opportunities offered by shared mobility, and their overall response to the time and cost tradeoffs of trav- eling with others. • Identify user requirements for personal data-handling practices that ensure transparency and enable users’ control while fostering the public good by, for exam- ple, improving network conditions, identifying safety risks, and encouraging safe travel behavior. • Investigate the relative value of CAV data to different stakeholders in relation to their use, and assess con- sumer awareness of data value along with the public acceptance of their use. • Examine requirements and opportunities for sub- sidizing automated freight infrastructure and its

2 4 S O C I O E C O N O M I C I M P A C T S O F A U T O M A T E D A N D C O N N E C T E D V E H I C L E S maintenance and investigate the societal acceptability of large public investments that will only (appear to) benefit a limited set of companies and communities. daTa, mEThods, and Tools CAVSM introduces radical changes in the transport eco- system, with new stakeholders appearing along with new services, new risks, and a wide array of largely unexplored impacts that affect the entire economy. Accordingly, many of the knowledge gaps to be faced require additional data and new data collection and management approaches as well as new methods and tools to exploit them. Research could address the following challenges: • Appraise specific data needs to support research on the socioeconomic impacts of CAVSM, the possible data sources, and privacy issues. • Collect and organize high-quality homogenous acci- dent data covering large regions, to support CAV- related research, development, and establishment of effective roadworthiness testing procedures. • Explore the potential for integration of data into a unified platform for transport system management that covers many different modes and options and thus supersedes the centrality of cars so far. • Review and assess a range of options for leveraging and putting data to purpose, with particular emphasis on lidar data. • Identify and test new (including participatory) methods for assessing equity impacts of transport policies and plans, as traditional, workhorse tools such as travel demand and land use models may prove unfit to gauge the equity performance of CAV-based trans- port systems. • Review and further develop data protection methods, tools, and guidance that can enable the public sector to identify data requirements for CAVSM-based transport operations, assess data quality and the ethics of third- party data collection and analysis, and identify data sets that must be kept under the public responsibility. • Identify intangible benefits arising from CAVSM such as increased productivity and enhanced quality of travel and devise methods to estimate and quantify them. • Develop appropriate audiovisual communication cue protocols that maximize the security of loading and unloading automated freight vehicles.