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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Advancing Progress in the Development of Combination Cancer Therapies with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25405.
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Advancing Progress in the Development of

Combination
Cancer Therapies

with

Immune Checkpoint
Inhibitors

PROCEEDINGS OF A WORKSHOP

Erin Balogh and Sharyl J. Nass, Rapporteurs

National Cancer Policy Forum

Board on Health Care Services

Health and Medicine Division

images

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, DC
www.nap.edu

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Advancing Progress in the Development of Combination Cancer Therapies with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25405.
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001

This activity was supported by Contract No. 200-2011-38807 (Task Order No. 75D30118F00071) and Contract No. HHSN263201800029I (Task Order No. HHSN26300008) with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Cancer Institute/National Institutes of Health, respectively, and by the American Association for Cancer Research, American Cancer Society, American College of Radiology, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Association of American Cancer Institutes, Association of Community Cancer Centers, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Cancer Support Community, CEO Roundtable on Cancer, Flatiron Health, Helsinn Therapeutics (U.S.), Inc., LIVESTRONG Foundation, Merck, National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Novartis Oncology, Oncology Nursing Society, and Pfizer Inc. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the project.

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-49086-3
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-49086-3
Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.17226/25405

Additional copies of this publication are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313; http://www.nap.edu.

Copyright 2019 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Advancing progress in the development of combination cancer therapies with immune checkpoint inhibitors: Proceedings of a workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.17226/25405.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Advancing Progress in the Development of Combination Cancer Therapies with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25405.
×

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The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, nongovernmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president.

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Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.nationalacademies.org.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Advancing Progress in the Development of Combination Cancer Therapies with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25405.
×

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Consensus Study Reports published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine document the evidence-based consensus on the study’s statement of task by an authoring committee of experts. Reports typically include findings, conclusions, and recommendations based on information gathered by the committee and the committee’s deliberations. Each report has been subjected to a rigorous and independent peer-review process and it represents the position of the National Academies on the statement of task.

Proceedings published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine chronicle the presentations and discussions at a workshop, symposium, or other event convened by the National Academies. The statements and opinions contained in proceedings are those of the participants and are not endorsed by other participants, the planning committee, or the National Academies.

For information about other products and activities of the National Academies, please visit www.nationalacademies.org/about/whatwedo.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Advancing Progress in the Development of Combination Cancer Therapies with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25405.
×

WORKSHOP PLANNING COMMITTEE1

ROGER DANSEY (Co-Chair), Chief Medical Officer, Seattle Genetics

SAMIR N. KHLEIF (Co-Chair), Director, Loop Immuno-Oncology Lab, Biomedical Scholar, and Professor of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center

AMY P. ABERNETHY, Chief Medical Officer, Chief Scientific Officer, and Senior Vice President, Oncology, Flatiron Health2

EDWARD J. BENZ, JR., President and Chief Executive Officer Emeritus, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Richard and Susan Smith Distinguished Professor of Medicine, Genetics and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School

GIDEON BLUMENTHAL, Deputy Office Director (Acting), Office of Hematology and Oncology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research; Associate Director, Precision Oncology, Oncology Center of Excellence, Food and Drug Administration

CHRIS BOSHOFF, Head and Senior Vice President, Immuno-Oncology, Early Development, and Translational Oncology, Pfizer Inc.

OTIS W. BRAWLEY, Bloomberg Distinguished Professor, Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University

CHRISTOPHER R. COGLE, Professor of Medicine, Pierre Chagnon Professor of Stem Cell Biology and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of Florida; Scholar in Clinical Research, Leukemia & Lymphoma Society

LISA KENNEDY SHELDON, Chief Clinical Officer, Oncology Nursing Society

LEE M. KRUG, Program Leader, NKTR-214, Oncology Clinical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb

___________________

1 The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s planning committees are solely responsible for organizing the workshop, identifying topics, and choosing speakers. The responsibility for the published Proceedings of a Workshop rests with the workshop rapporteurs and the institution.

2 In February 2019, Dr. Abernethy became Principal Deputy Commissioner of Food and Drugs at the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The views expressed in this proceedings do not necessarily represent the official views or policies of FDA.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Advancing Progress in the Development of Combination Cancer Therapies with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25405.
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MARTIN J. MURPHY, Chief Executive Officer, CEO Roundtable on Cancer

DAVID REESE, Senior Vice President, Translational Sciences, Amgen Inc.

RICHARD L. SCHILSKY, Senior Vice President and Chief Medical Officer, American Society of Clinical Oncology

DAN THEODORESCU, Director, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center

GEORGE J. WEINER, C.E. Block Chair of Cancer Research, Professor of Internal Medicine, and Director, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa

Project Staff

ERIN BALOGH, Senior Program Officer

RUTH COOPER, Senior Program Assistant (from October 2018)

NICOLE KASTELIC, Summer Intern (June–July 2018)

NATALIE LUBIN, Senior Program Assistant (until October 2018)

CYNDI TRANG, Research Assistant (until September 2018)

EMILY ZEVON, Associate Program Officer (from October 2018)

SHARYL J. NASS, Forum Director and Director, Board on Health Care Services

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Advancing Progress in the Development of Combination Cancer Therapies with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25405.
×

NATIONAL CANCER POLICY FORUM1

EDWARD J. BENZ, JR. (Chair), President and Chief Executive Officer Emeritus, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Richard and Susan Smith Distinguished Professor of Medicine, Genetics and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School

LUCILE L. ADAMS-CAMPBELL, Professor of Oncology, Associate Director for Minority Health and Health Disparities Research, and Senior Assistant Dean, Community Outreach and Engagement, Georgetown University Lombardi Cancer Center

GARNET L. ANDERSON, Senior Vice President and Director, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Affiliate Professor, Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington

KENNETH ANDERSON, Kraft Family Professor of Medicine, American Cancer Society Clinical Research Director, Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

WILLIAM L. BAILEY, Vice President, Medical & Scientific Affairs Research & Development, Helsinn Therapeutics (U.S.), Inc.

KAREN BASEN-ENGQUIST, Annie Laurie Howard Research Distinguished Professor, Professor of Behavioral Science, and Director, Center for Energy Balance in Cancer Prevention and Survivorship, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center

CHRIS BOSHOFF, Chief Development Officer, Oncology, Global Product Development, Pfizer Inc.

CATHY J. BRADLEY, Associate Dean for Research, Colorado School of Public Health, Professor and Deputy Director, University of Colorado Cancer Center

OTIS W. BRAWLEY, Bloomberg Distinguished Professor, Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University

ROBERT W. CARLSON, Chief Executive Officer, National Comprehensive Cancer Network

___________________

1 The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s forums and roundtables do not issue, review, or approve individual documents. The responsibility for the published Proceedings of a Workshop rests with the workshop rapporteurs and the institution.

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Advancing Progress in the Development of Combination Cancer Therapies with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25405.
×

NANCY E. DAVIDSON, President and Executive Director, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Senior Vice President, Director, and Full Member, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Head, Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington

GEORGE D. DEMETRI, Professor of Medicine and Director, Ludwig Center, Harvard Medical School; Senior Vice President for Experimental Therapeutics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Associate Director for Clinical Sciences, Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center

JAMES H. DOROSHOW, Deputy Director for Clinical and Translational Research, National Cancer Institute

NICOLE F. DOWLING, Associate Director for Science, Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

SCOT W. EBBINGHAUS, Vice President and Therapeutic Area Head, Oncology Clinical Research, Merck Research Laboratories

KOJO S. J. ELENITOBA-JOHNSON, Professor, Perelman School of Medicine; Director, Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Division of Precision and Computational Diagnostics, University of Pennsylvania

AWNY FARAJALLAH, Vice President, Head, US Medical Oncology, Bristol-Myers Squibb

STANTON L. GERSON, Director, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center; Professor of Hematological Oncology, Case Western Reserve University; Director, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center

LORI HOFFMAN HŌGG, Veterans Health Administration National Oncology Clinical Advisor and Program Manager, Prevention Policy, Department of Veterans Affairs

LINDA HOUSE, President, Cancer Support Community

HEDVIG HRICAK, Chair, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

ROY A. JENSEN, President, Association of American Cancer Institutes; Director, The University of Kansas Cancer Center; William R. Jewell, M.D. Distinguished Masonic Professor, Kansas Masonic Cancer Research Institute

LISA KENNEDY SHELDON, Chief Clinical Officer, Oncology Nursing Society

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Advancing Progress in the Development of Combination Cancer Therapies with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25405.
×

SAMIR N. KHLEIF, Director, Loop Immuno-Oncology Lab, Biomedical Scholar, and Professor of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center

RONALD M. KLINE, Medical Officer, Patient Care Models Group, Center for Medicare & Medicaid Innovation, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services

MICHELLE M. LE BEAU, Arthur and Marian Edelstein Professor of Medicine and Director, The University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center

MIA LEVY, Director, Rush University Cancer Center; Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology; and Systems Vice President, Cancer Services, Rush University Medical Center

J. LEONARD LICHTENFELD, Interim Chief Medical Officer, American Cancer Society

NEAL J. MEROPOL, Vice President, Research Oncology, Flatiron Health

MARTIN J. MURPHY, Chief Executive Officer, CEO Roundtable on Cancer

RANDALL A. OYER, Medical Director, Oncology, Ann B. Barshinger Cancer Institute, Lancaster General Penn Medicine

RICHARD PAZDUR, Director, Oncology Center of Excellence; Acting Director, Office of Hematology and Oncology Products, Food and Drug Administration

RICHARD L. SCHILSKY, Senior Vice President and Chief Medical Officer, American Society of Clinical Oncology

DEBORAH SCHRAG, Chief, Division of Population Sciences, Professor of Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

LAWRENCE N. SHULMAN, Professor of Medicine, Deputy Director for Clinical Services, and Director, Center for Global Cancer Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania

DAN THEODORESCU, Director, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center

VERENA VOELTER, Head, United States Oncology Clinical Development & Medical Affairs, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Advancing Progress in the Development of Combination Cancer Therapies with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25405.
×

GEORGE J. WEINER, C. E. Block Chair of Cancer Research, Professor of Internal Medicine, and Director, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa

ROBERT A. WINN, Associate Vice Chancellor, Community Based-Practice; Professor of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago; Director, University of Illinois Health Cancer Center

National Cancer Policy Forum Staff

ERIN BALOGH, Senior Program Officer

RUTH COOPER, Senior Program Assistant

ANNALEE GONZALES, Administrative Assistant

NATALIE LUBIN, Research Assistant

MICAH WINOGRAD, Financial Officer

EMILY ZEVON, Associate Program Officer

SHARYL J. NASS, Forum Director and Director, Board on Health Care Services

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Advancing Progress in the Development of Combination Cancer Therapies with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25405.
×

Reviewers

This Proceedings of a Workshop was reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in making each published proceedings as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets the institutional standards for quality, objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process.

We thank the following individuals for their review of this proceedings:

Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the content of the proceedings nor did they see the final draft before its release. The review of this proceedings was overseen by ELI Y. ADASHI, Brown University. He was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this proceedings was carried out in accordance with standards of the National Academies and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content rests entirely with the rapporteurs and the National Academies.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Advancing Progress in the Development of Combination Cancer Therapies with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25405.
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Page xiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Advancing Progress in the Development of Combination Cancer Therapies with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25405.
×

Acknowledgments

Support from the many annual sponsors of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s National Cancer Policy Forum is crucial to the work of the forum. Federal sponsors include the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Cancer Institute/National Institutes of Health. Non-federal sponsors include the American Association for Cancer Research, American Cancer Society, American College of Radiology, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Association of American Cancer Institutes, Association of Community Cancer Centers, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Cancer Support Community, CEO Roundtable on Cancer, Flatiron Health, Helsinn Therapeutics (U.S.), Inc., LIVESTRONG Foundation, Merck, National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Novartis Oncology, Oncology Nursing Society, and Pfizer Inc.

The forum wishes to express its gratitude to the expert speakers whose presentations helped further the dialogue and advance progress in the clinical development of combination cancer therapies with immune checkpoint inhibitors. The forum also wishes to thank the members of the planning committee for their work in developing an excellent workshop agenda.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Advancing Progress in the Development of Combination Cancer Therapies with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25405.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Advancing Progress in the Development of Combination Cancer Therapies with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25405.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Advancing Progress in the Development of Combination Cancer Therapies with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25405.
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Acronyms and Abbreviations

ASCO American Society of Clinical Oncology
BLA Biologics License Application
cHL classical Hodgkin’s lymphoma
CSC Cancer Support Community
DDR2 discoidin domain receptor 2
FDA Food and Drug Administration
IHC immunohistochemistry
IND Investigational New Drug
INFORMED Information Exchange and Data Transformation
Lung-MAP Lung Cancer Master Protocol
MSI-H high microsatellite instability
NCCN National Comprehensive Cancer Network
NCI National Cancer Institute
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Advancing Progress in the Development of Combination Cancer Therapies with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25405.
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NCI-MATCH National Cancer Institute Molecular Analysis for Therapy Choice
NCTN National Clinical Trials Network
NDA New Drug Application
NSCLC non-small cell lung cancer
PCR polymerase chain reaction
PET positron emission tomography
RCC renal cell carcinoma
RECIST Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors
SCLC small cell lung cancer
SITC Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer
TMB tumor mutational burden
VEGFR vascular endothelial growth factor receptor
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Advancing Progress in the Development of Combination Cancer Therapies with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25405.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Advancing Progress in the Development of Combination Cancer Therapies with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25405.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Advancing Progress in the Development of Combination Cancer Therapies with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25405.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Advancing Progress in the Development of Combination Cancer Therapies with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25405.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Advancing Progress in the Development of Combination Cancer Therapies with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25405.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Advancing Progress in the Development of Combination Cancer Therapies with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25405.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Advancing Progress in the Development of Combination Cancer Therapies with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25405.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Advancing Progress in the Development of Combination Cancer Therapies with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25405.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Advancing Progress in the Development of Combination Cancer Therapies with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25405.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Advancing Progress in the Development of Combination Cancer Therapies with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25405.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Advancing Progress in the Development of Combination Cancer Therapies with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25405.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Advancing Progress in the Development of Combination Cancer Therapies with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25405.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Advancing Progress in the Development of Combination Cancer Therapies with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25405.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Advancing Progress in the Development of Combination Cancer Therapies with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25405.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Advancing Progress in the Development of Combination Cancer Therapies with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25405.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Advancing Progress in the Development of Combination Cancer Therapies with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25405.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Advancing Progress in the Development of Combination Cancer Therapies with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25405.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Advancing Progress in the Development of Combination Cancer Therapies with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25405.
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In recent years, significant progress has been made in the clinical development and use of various types of cancer immunotherapy, all of which rely on the immune system to fight cancer. The majority of new cancer drug applications submitted to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are for immunotherapies or combinations involving immunotherapies. One type of immunotherapy is an immune checkpoint inhibitor. Cells in the human body have proteins that regulate the immune system response to foreign invaders (e.g., cancer cells, microorganisms). However, cancer cells can coopt these “checkpoint” proteins and thwart the immune system’s ability to recognize and attack cancer cells. To help promote an immune response to cancer, researchers have developed immune checkpoint inhibitors that enable T-cells to recognize cancer cells as foreign and to prevent deactivation of an immune system response.

To examine the challenges and opportunities to develop combination cancer therapies that include immune checkpoint inhibitors, the National Cancer Policy Forum held a workshop on July 16–17, 2018, in Washington, DC. This workshop convened stakeholders with a broad range of expertise, including cancer researchers, clinicians, patient advocates, and representatives from industry, academia, and government. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.

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