Practices to Mitigate Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) Affected Pavements at Airports (2019)

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Practices to Mitigate Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) Affected Pavements at Airports A Synthesis of Airport Practice Kurt D. Smith Applied pAvement technology, inc. Urbana, IL Thomas J. Van Dam nce Reno, NV 2019 Research sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration Subscriber Categories Aviation • Maintenance and Preservation • Pavements A I R P O R T C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M ACRP SYNTHESIS 96

ACRP SYNTHESIS 96 Project 11-03, Topic S09-08 ISSN 1935-9187 ISBN 978-0-309-48055-0 Library of Congress Control Number 2019944274 © 2019 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FMCSA, FRA, FTA, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology, PHMSA, or TDC endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. 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C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S CRP STAFF FOR ACRP SYNTHESIS 96 Christopher J. Hedges, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Lori L. Sundstrom, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs Marci A. Greenberger, Manager, Airport Cooperative Research Program Thomas J. Helms, Jr., Senior Program Officer Stephanie L. Campbell, Senior Program Assistant Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Natalie Barnes, Associate Director of Publications Hilary Freer, Senior Editor ACRP PROJECT 11-03 PANEL Joshua D. Abramson, Easterwood Airport Management, College Station, TX (Chair) Debbie K. Alke, Montana DOT, Helena, MT (retired) Gloria G. Bender, TransSolutions, LLC, Fort Worth, TX David A. Byers, Quadrex Aviation, LLC, Melbourne, FL David N. Edwards, Jr., Greenville–Spartanburg Airport District, Greer, SC Brenda L. Enos, Burns & McDonnell, Kansas City, MO Linda Howard, Independent Aviation Consultant, Bastrop, TX Patrick W. Magnotta, FAA Liaison Matthew J. Griffin, Airports Consultants Council Liaison Liying Gu, Airports Council International–North America Liaison Adam Williams, Aircraft Owners & Pilots Association Liaison Christine Gerencher, TRB Liaison TOPIC 09-08 PANEL Mujeeb Basha, American Veterans Industries, LLC, Lockport, IL Alessandra Bianchini, Air Force Civil Engineer Center, Tyndall AFB, FL Ernie Heymsfield, University of Arkansas - Fayetteville, Fayetteville, AR Vivek Khanna, WSP, Dallas, TX Tyson D. Rupnow, Louisiana DOTD, Baton Rouge, LA David Brill, FAA Liaison Gregory D. Cline, FAA Liaison Gary Mitchell, American Concrete Pavement Association Liaison Nelson H. Gibson, TRB Liaison

ABOUT THE ACRP SYNTHESIS PROGRAM Airport administrators, engineers, and researchers often face problems for which information already exists, either in documented form or as undocumented experience and practice. This infor- mation may be fragmented, scattered, and unevaluated. As a consequence, full knowledge of what has been learned about a problem may not be brought to bear on its solution. Costly research findings may go unused, valuable experience may be overlooked, and due consideration may not be given to recommended practices for solving or alleviating the problem. There is information on nearly every subject of concern to the airport industry. Much of it derives from research or from the work of practitioners faced with problems in their day-to-day work. To provide a systematic means for assembling and evaluating such useful information and to make it available to the entire airport community, the Airport Cooperative Research Program authorized the Transportation Research Board to undertake a continuing project. This project, ACRP Project 11-03, “Synthesis of Information Related to Airport Practices,” searches out and synthesizes useful knowl- edge from all available sources and prepares concise, documented reports on specific topics. Reports from this endeavor constitute an ACRP report series, Synthesis of Airport Practice. This synthesis series reports on current knowledge and practice, in a compact format, without the detailed directions usually found in handbooks or design manuals. Each report in the series provides a compendium of the best knowledge available on those measures found to be the most successful in resolving specific problems. FOREWORD By Thomas J. Helms, Jr. Staff Officer Transportation Research Board The focus of this report is on current practices for mitigating alkali-silica reaction (ASR) in affected pavements at airports. Some concrete pavements commonly used at airports are susceptible to the destructive effects of ASR. Given the substantial initial investment required for pavement, airports are interested in using mitigations to slow the effects of ASR. This study is based on information acquired through a literature review, survey results from 19 airports participating in the study from a range of geographic locations and airport categories, and personal interviews with representatives of several airports. The results of the literature review and survey along with case examples repre- senting interviews with airports known to have experienced ASR on airside pavement facilities are presented. Mr. Kurt D. Smith, Applied Pavement Technology, Inc., Urbana, Illinois, and Mr. Thomas J. Van Dam, Ph.D., NCE, Reno, Nevada, synthesized the information and wrote the report. The members of the topic panel are acknowledged on page iv. This synthesis is an immediately useful document that records the practices that were acceptable within the limitations of the knowledge available at the time of its preparation. As progress in research and practice continues, new knowledge will be added to that now at hand.

AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research report herein was performed under Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Project 11-03 by Applied Pavement Technology, Inc. (APTech) and NCE. Mr. Kurt Smith, P.E., APTech, served as the Principal Investigator and primary author of the report. Dr. Tom Van Dam, P.E., NCE, was the Co-Principal Investigator and the second report author. The authors would like to acknowledge the support provided by Ms. RoseMary Evans (APTech) in preparing, distributing, monitoring, and summarizing the survey results, as well as the assistance provided by Mr. Kundayi Mugabi in communicating with the respondents. Moreover, several APTech engineers (Mr. Peter-Paul Dzwilewski, Mr. Kyle Potvin, Ms. Carrie Truschke, Mr. Monty Wade, Mr. David Peshkin, Ms. Gen Long, Mr. Jim Bruinsma, Mr. Bill Weiss, and Ms. Maggie Covalt) and NCE engineers (Mr. Jeff Stempihar and Ms. Sara Henderson) graciously shared contact information, design reports, and photographs pertinent to the study, and their help and support are greatly appreciated. Some individuals representing airport owner/agencies participated in the surveys that were conducted under this study and willingly shared data and information, and their assistance is dutifully recognized. In addition, the following individuals representing the listed airports willingly provided design and con- struction details, materials information, and photographs for use in the case examples. Their time and contributions are gratefully acknowledged: • Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport: Mr. Rick Slankard, Mr. Curtis Richardson, and Mr. Jon Rudd, City of Phoenix, Aviation Department. • Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport: Mr. Rick Boudreau (Boudreau Engineering, Inc.), Mr. Quintin Watkins (Michael Baker International), Mr. Charlie Greer (Consultant), and Dr. Tara Cavalline (University of North Carolina–Charlotte). • Bangor International Airport: Mr. Jason Homiak (Jacobs Engineering Group, Inc.). • Colorado Springs Airport: Mr. Troy Stover, Colorado Springs Airport.

1 Summary 5 Chapter 1 Introduction 7 Objectives 7 Work Approach 7 Report Organization 9 Chapter 2 Literature Review Summary 9 ASR History Highlights 11 Mechanisms of ASR Development 13 Identifying ASR in Pavements 17 Preventing ASR in New Concrete Construction 22 Treatment of ASR in Existing Concrete Pavements 32 Summary 34 Chapter 3 Airport Surveys 34 Introduction 34 Survey Content 35 Verification of ASR 37 Corrective Treatments to Address ASR 39 Mitigation Strategies to Address ASR 40 Other Comments 40 Summary 41 Chapter 4 Case Examples 41 Introduction 41 Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport 44 Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport 46 Bangor International Airport 48 Colorado Springs Airport 51 Key Takeaways from Case Examples 52 Chapter 5 Conclusions and Further Research 52 Overall Findings 54 Suggestions for Further Research 55 References A-1 Appendix A Survey Questionnaire B-1 Appendix B Survey Results C-1 Appendix C Bibliography C O N T E N T S Note: Photographs, figures, and tables in this report may have been converted from color to grayscale for printing. The electronic version of the report (posted on the web at www.trb.org) retains the color versions.