Field Test of BMPs Using Granulated Ferric Oxide Media to Remove Dissolved Metals in Roadway Stormwater Runoff (2019)

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NCHRP Web-Only Document 265: Field Test of BMPs Using Granulated Ferric Oxide Media to Remove Dissolved Metals in Roadway Stormwater Runoff Keith Pilgrim Chris Bonick Kevin Menken Raul Velasquez Matt Metzger Omid Mohseni Barr Engineering Co. Minneapolis, MN Hugh Zeng HZ United Minneapolis, MN Contractor’s Final Report for NCHRP Project 25-54 Submitted May 2019 ACKNOWEDGMENT This work was sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration, and was conducted in the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP), which is administered by the Transportation Research Board (TRB) of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FMCSA, FRA, FTA, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology, PHMSA, or TDC endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. DISCLAIMER The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research. They are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; or the program sponsors. The information contained in this document was taken directly from the submission of the author(s). This material has not been edited by TRB.

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C O O P E R A T I  V E  R E S E A R  C H  P R O G R A M S  CRP STAFF FOR NCHRP Web-Only Document 265 Christopher J. Hedges, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Lori L. Sundstrom, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs Ann M. Hartell, Senior Program Officer Jarrel McAfee, Senior Program Assistant Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Natalie Barnes, Associate Director of Publications Kathleen Mion, Senior Editorial Assistant NCHRP PROJECT 25-54 PANEL Henry L. Barbaro, Massachusetts DOT, Boston, MA (Chair) Robert A. Armstrong, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, WI Frederick Simon Bergdolt, Olympia, WA Mike Borst, U.S. EPA, Edison, NJ John C. Taylor, Mississippi DOT, Jackson, MS Martin P. "Marty" Wanielista, University of Central Florida, Winter Park, FL Susan Jones, FHWA Liaison Christine Gerencher, TRB Liaison .

iv Field Test of BMPs Using Granulated Ferric Oxide Media to Remove Dissolved Metals in Roadway Stormwater Runoff Contents Summary.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………1 Chapter 1  Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................... 2  1.1  Statement of Project Needs and Objectives ....................................................................................................... 2  1.1.1  Project Objectives ............................................................................................................................................... 2  1.1.2  Scope of the Report ........................................................................................................................................... 3  1.1.3  Intended Users and Uses ................................................................................................................................. 3  1.1.4  Relationship with Other NCHRP Publications .......................................................................................... 3  Chapter 2  Field Testing of Ferric Oxide Media Filters: Project Design ........................................................................ 5  2.1  Field Testing Sites and Tributary Watersheds .................................................................................................... 5  2.1.1  Ferric Oxide Filter Design ................................................................................................................................. 6  2.1.1.1  Swale-Type Filter at Maplewood Mall ........................................................................................ 6  2.1.1.2  Vault-Type Filter at Highway 36/61 ............................................................................................ 7  2.1.1.3  Differences of the Ferric Oxide Filter Systems Studied ....................................................... 8  2.1.1.4  Ferric Oxide Media ............................................................................................................................. 8  2.2  Monitoring Design ......................................................................................................................................................10  2.2.1  Objectives and Sampling Design ................................................................................................................10  2.2.1.1  Monitoring Locations ......................................................................................................................11  2.2.1.2  Monitoring Parameters ..................................................................................................................11  2.2.2  Equipment and Materials ...............................................................................................................................12  2.2.2.1  Highway 36/61 ..................................................................................................................................12  2.2.2.2  Woodlynn Avenue ............................................................................................................................13  2.2.3  Quality Assurance and Quality Control ....................................................................................................13  Chapter 3  Field Testing of Ferric Oxide Media Filters: Monitoring Results .............................................................15  3.1  Woodlynn Avenue Ferric Oxide Filter ..................................................................................................................15  3.1.1  Monitoring Events ............................................................................................................................................15  3.1.2  Hydrology ............................................................................................................................................................15 

v 3.1.3  Monitoring Results and Treatment Performance: Metals .................................................................17  3.1.4  Monitoring Results: General Chemistry ....................................................................................................22  3.1.5  Monitoring Results: Chemistry Measurements for a Storm Hydrograph ...................................24  3.1.6  Dissolved Oxygen .............................................................................................................................................24  3.1.7  Multi-Sample Event ..........................................................................................................................................26  3.2  Highway 36/61 Ferric Oxide Filter .........................................................................................................................28  3.2.1  Monitoring Events ............................................................................................................................................28  3.2.2  Hydrology ............................................................................................................................................................28  3.2.2.1  Hydraulic Conductivity ...................................................................................................................30  3.2.3  Monitoring Results and Treatment Performance: Metals .................................................................32  3.2.4  Monitoring Results: General Chemistry ....................................................................................................37  3.2.5  Dissolved Oxygen and pH .............................................................................................................................38  3.2.6  Multi-Sample Event ..........................................................................................................................................41  3.3  Comparison of Woodlynn and Highway 36/61 ...............................................................................................43  Chapter 4  Bench Scale Testing of Open Graded Friction Course ................................................................................45  4.1  Experimental Design ..................................................................................................................................................45  4.1.1  Testing Apparatus .............................................................................................................................................45  4.1.2  OGFC Specimen Preparation ........................................................................................................................46  4.1.3  Experimental Design ........................................................................................................................................46  4.1.4  Synthetic Highway Stormwater ...................................................................................................................49  4.1.5  Ferric Oxide Media Application ...................................................................................................................51  4.2  Experimental Procedure ............................................................................................................................................52  4.3  Results ..............................................................................................................................................................................53  Chapter 5  Ferric Oxide Filter Sizing Methodology ............................................................................................................57  5.1  Sizing Methodology ...................................................................................................................................................57  5.2  Sizing Example ..............................................................................................................................................................61  Chapter 6  Cost–Benefit Analysis ...............................................................................................................................................65  Chapter 7  Discussion .....................................................................................................................................................................70  Chapter 8  Potential Future Research ......................................................................................................................................72  Chapter 9  References ....................................................................................................................................................................73 

vi List of Tables Table 2-1  Elemental analysis of ferric oxide-sand filter bed samples using dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy .................................................................................. 9  Table 2-2  Elemental composition of iron aggregate as provided by the supplier........................................ 9  Table 2-3  Parameters monitored, method and reporting units ........................................................................ 12  Table 3-1  Summary of hydrologic measurements for the Woodlynn Avenue ferric oxide treatment cell. ......................................................................................................................................................................... 17  Table 3-2  Dissolved metals event mean concentrations at the inlet and outlet of the Woodlynn Avenue ferric oxide-sand filter. .................................................................................................................. 21  Table 3-3  Total metals event mean concentrations at the inlet and outlet of the Woodlynn Avenue ferric oxide-sand filter. ................................................................................................................................... 22  Table 3-4  General parameter event mean concentrations at the inlet and outlet of the Woodlynn Avenue ferric oxide-sand filter. .................................................................................................................. 23  Table 3-5  Inputs used to estimate UBOD decay rates at the Woodlynn Avenue ferric oxide-sand filter. ....................................................................................................................................................................... 25  Table 3-6  Summary of hydrologic measurements for the Highway 36/61 ferric oxide treatment cell. ................................................................................................................................................................................. 29  Table 3-7  Calculation of hydraulic conductivity for the Highway 36/61 ferric oxide-sand filter .......... 31  Table 3-8  Dissolved metals event mean concentrations at the inlet and outlet of the Highway 36/61 ferric oxide-sand filter. ................................................................................................................................... 36  Table 3-9  Total metals event mean concentrations at the inlet and outlet of the Highway 36/61 ferric oxide-sand filter. ................................................................................................................................... 37  Table 3-10  General parameter event mean concentrations at the inlet and outlet of the Highway 36/61 ferric oxide-sand filter treatment system ............................................................... 38  Table 3-11  Comparison of average total and dissolved metals removal at Woodlynn Avenue and Highway 36/61 .................................................................................................................................................. 44  Table 4-1  Selection of Rainfall Intensity from NOAA. ............................................................................................ 47  Table 4-2  Contact Time Estimation Based on FE Simulations. ........................................................................... 49  Table 4-3  Experimental Design for OGFC Samples Containing Ferric Oxide Media. ................................ 49  Table 4-4  Synthetic Highway Runoff Composition. Metals are nominal........................................................ 51  Table 4-5  Average general chemical and physical conditions measured for the OGFC tests with quartzite and granite. ..................................................................................................................................... 56  Table 5-1  Outcome of the ferric oxide-sand treatment cell sizing exercise. ................................................ 64  Table 6-1  Highway 36/61 site and tributary watershed parameter inputs to the NCHRP 792 sand filter evaluation tool. ....................................................................................................................................... 66  Table 6-2  Highway 36/61 tributary runoff average and annual parameter inputs to the NCHRP 792 sand filter evaluation tool. ............................................................................................................................ 66  Table 6-3  Highway 36/61 ferric oxide-sand filter BMP design parameter inputs to the NCHRP 792 sand filter evaluation tool. ............................................................................................................................ 66  Table 6-4  Highway 36/61 life cycle cost analysis assumptions and inputs to the NCHRP 792 sand filter evaluation tool. ....................................................................................................................................... 68  Table 6-5  Highway 36/61 ferric oxide-sand whole life cycle cost estimate analysis. ................................ 69 

vii List of Figures Figure 2-1  Woodlynn Avenue swale-type ferric oxide filter during and after construction. ...................... 5  Figure 2-2  Highway 36/61 vault-type ferric oxide filter during and after construction. ............................... 6  Figure 2-3  Modified design drawing for the Woodlynn Avenue ferric oxide-sand filter. ............................ 7  Figure 2-4  Modified design drawing of the Highway 36/61 ferric oxide filter. ................................................ 8  Figure 3-1  Water level above the ferric oxide filter bed, storage, and cumulative outflow for an individual storm event on August 15, 2017 at the Woodlynn Avenue ferric oxide filter. ... 16  Figure 3-2  Event mean concentrations of dissolved metals measured at the inlet and outlet of the Woodlynn Avenue ferric oxide-sand filter. ............................................................................................ 19  Figure 3-3  Event mean concentrations of total metals measured at the inlet and outlet of the Woodlynn Avenue ferric oxide-sand filter. ............................................................................................ 20  Figure 3-4  Change in dissolved oxygen in the Woodlynn Avenue ferric oxide-sand filter bed during the (1) 2017 and (b) 2018 monitoring periods.. ................................................................................... 24  Figure 3-5  Dissolved oxygen in ponded water at Woodlynn Avenue during two storm events in 2018. ................................................................................................................................................................................. 25  Figure 3-6  Change in metals and general parameter concentrations during a September 24, 2018 storm event at the Woodlynn Avenue ferric oxide-sand filter. ..................................................... 27  Figure 3-7  Water level (a) within and above the ferric oxide sand-filter bed and (b) for the individual pressure transducers for a single storm event on May 29 and 30. .............................................. 29  Figure 3-8  Comparison of inflow and outflows from the Highway 36/61 ferric oxide treatment cell. 30  Figure 3-9  Peak water level and peak flow measured at Highway 36/61 ........................................................ 32  Figure 3-10  Event mean concentrations of dissolved metals measured at the inlet and outlet of the Highway 36/61 ferric oxide filter. ............................................................................................................... 34  Figure 3-11  Event mean concentrations of total metals measured at the inlet and outlet of the Highway 36/61 ferric oxide filter. ............................................................................................................... 35  Figure 3-12  In-situ dissolved oxygen measurement at the Highway 36/61 ferric oxide-sand filter bed in 2017 and 2018 .............................................................................................................................................. 39  Figure 3-13  Dissolved oxygen dynamics within the Highway 36/61 ferric oxide-sand bed during a single storm event in 2018. .......................................................................................................................... 40  Figure 3-14  Example of pH dynamics within the Highway 36/61 ferric oxide-sand bed during a select number of storm events in 2018. ............................................................................................................... 40  Figure 3-15  Change in total and dissolved metals at the two inlets and one outlet of the Highway 36/61 ferric oxide-sand filter during the course of one storm event ....................... 42  Figure 3-16  Change in general chemical parameters in the inlet and the outlet of the Highway 36/61 ferric oxide-sand filter during the course of one storm event from October 9 to October 10, 2018. ............................................................................................................................................. 43  Figure 4-1  Testing Apparatus to Evaluate Ferric Oxide Media in OGFC .......................................................... 45  Figure 4-2  Granite OGFC Sample ..................................................................................................................................... 46  Figure 4-3  Quartzite OGFC Sample ................................................................................................................................. 46  Figure 4-4  Contact Times for Three Dissolved Metal Particles (A, B, and C) in OGFC pavement .......... 47 

viii Figure 4-5  Typical FE Seepage Simulation Results ................................................................................................... 48  Figure 4-6  Typical FE-Based Particle Transport Simulation for Contact Time Estimation ......................... 48  Figure 4-7  Cumulative Distribution for pH from SELDM. ....................................................................................... 50  Figure 4-8  Cumulative Distribution for Hardness from SELDM. .......................................................................... 50  Figure 4-9  Cumulative Distribution for Metals from SELDM. ............................................................................... 51  Figure 4-10  Ferric oxide media. .......................................................................................................................................... 52  Figure 4-11  Uncorrected percent removal of dissolved metals for quartzite OGFC for tests conducted with 0.7, 2, and 4.7 hours contact time. .................................................................................................. 54  Figure 4-12  Uncorrected percent removal of dissolved metals for granite OGFC for tests conducted with 0.7, 2.0, and 4.7 hours contact time. ............................................................................................... 55  Figure 4-13  Corrected percent removal of dissolved metals for quartzite OGFC for tests conducted with 0.7, 2, and 4.7 hours contact time. .................................................................................................. 55  Figure 4-14  Corrected percent removal of dissolved metals for granite OGFC for tests conducted with 0.7, 2.0, and 4.7 hours contact time. ......................................................................................................... 56  Figure 5-1  Ferric oxide-sand filter sizing example showing (a) water level within and above the ferric- oxide sand filter bed, (b) flows through the overflow outlet, and (c) dissolved oxygen in water ponded above the filter bed. .......................................................................................................... 63  List of Appendices Appendix A Report for the Development of Two Porous HMA Mix Designs and Preparation of Samples ............................................................................................................................................................. 76