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NCHRP Web-Only Document 269: Guide Specification for Service Life Design of Highway Bridges v Contents SUMMARY: DEVELOPMENT OF THE AASHTO GUIDE SPECIFICATION FOR SERVICE LIFE DESIGN OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES .............................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 2 Background ................................................................................................................................................. 2 Research Objective ..................................................................................................................................... 2 Research Approach ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Contents of the Guide Specification .......................................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW AND SURVEY ........................................................................ 5 Literature Review Synthesis ...................................................................................................................... 5 Background ............................................................................................................................................... 5 Definitions ................................................................................................................................................ 6 Summary of Relevant Research Undertaken as Part of SHRP 2 .............................................................. 8 SHRP 2 R19A ...................................................................................................................................... 8 SHRP 2 R19B ...................................................................................................................................... 9 Summary of Service Life Design Methodologies................................................................................... 10 Full Probabilistic Methods ...................................................................................................................... 12 Limit State: Depassivation Due to Carbonation (Uncracked Concrete)............................................. 12 Limit State: Depassivation Due to Chloride Ingress (Uncracked Concrete, Marine Environment) .. 13 Limit State: Corrosion Induced Cracking and Spalling ..................................................................... 13 Limit State: Freeze/thaw Damage Causing Local Loss of Mechanical Properties, Cracking, Scaling and Loss in Cross-Section - without Deicing Agents or Sea Water ................................................... 14 Limit State: Freeze/thaw Induced Surface Scaling - with Deicing Agents or Sea Water .................. 14 Limit State: Freeze/thaw Induced Surface Scaling ............................................................................ 14 Partial Factor Methods ............................................................................................................................ 14 Limit State: Depassivation due to Carbonation (Uncracked Concrete) ............................................. 14 Limit State: Depassivation due to Chloride Ingress (Uncracked Concrete, Marine Environment) ... 15 Limit State: Freeze/thaw Damage Causing Local Loss of Mechanical Properties, Cracking, Scaling and Loss in Cross-Section - without Deicing Agents or Sea Water ................................................... 15 Deemed-To-Satisfy Guidance ................................................................................................................ 15 Definition of Exposure Classes .......................................................................................................... 15 Eurocode ........................................................................................................................................ 16 Australian Bridge Design Code ..................................................................................................... 19 ACI................................................................................................................................................. 20 Canadian Standards Association .................................................................................................... 21 Florida DOT Structures Manual .................................................................................................... 24 Oregon DOT Bridge Design and Drafting Manual ........................................................................ 25 Georgia DOT Bridge and Structures Design Manual .................................................................... 25 Virginia DOT ................................................................................................................................. 25
NCHRP Web-Only Document 269: Guide Specification for Service Life Design of Highway Bridges vi PennDOT Design Manual, Part 4 .................................................................................................. 26 Deemed-to-Satisfy and Avoidance Provisions Based on Specific Deterioration Mechanisms .......... 27 ISO 16204 and fib Bulletin 34 ....................................................................................................... 27 ACI................................................................................................................................................. 27 Canadian Standards Association .................................................................................................... 35 ODOT Bridge Design and Drafting Manual .................................................................................. 37 Virginia Transportation Research Council .................................................................................... 37 PennDOT Design Manual, Part 4 .................................................................................................. 38 Concrete Material Specifications ....................................................................................................... 39 Eurocode ........................................................................................................................................ 39 Australian Bridge Design Code ..................................................................................................... 41 Canadian Standards Association .................................................................................................... 41 AASHTO ....................................................................................................................................... 43 FDOT Structures Manual ............................................................................................................... 44 Texas DOT Bridge Design Manual ............................................................................................... 46 GDOT Bridge and Structures Design Manual ............................................................................... 46 VTRC ............................................................................................................................................. 46 Concrete Cover ................................................................................................................................... 46 Eurocode ........................................................................................................................................ 46 Australian Bridge Design Code ..................................................................................................... 48 Canadian Standards Association .................................................................................................... 49 AASHTO ....................................................................................................................................... 53 FDOT Structures Manual ............................................................................................................... 53 ODOT Bridge Design and Drafting Manual .................................................................................. 55 TxDOT Bridge Design Manual ..................................................................................................... 55 GDOT Bridge and Structures Design Manual ............................................................................... 55 VDOT ............................................................................................................................................ 56 NCHRP Synthesis 333 ................................................................................................................... 58 PennDOT Design Manual, Part 4 .................................................................................................. 58 Concrete Crack Control ...................................................................................................................... 59 Eurocode ........................................................................................................................................ 59 Canadian Standards Association .................................................................................................... 60 AASHTO ....................................................................................................................................... 61 SHRP 2 Project R19B .................................................................................................................... 63 NCHRP Synthesis 333 ................................................................................................................... 64 GDOT Bridge and Structures Design Manual ............................................................................... 64 VDOT ............................................................................................................................................ 65 PennDOT Design Manual, Part 4 .................................................................................................. 65 Concrete Overlays, Waterproofing Membranes, and Sealers ............................................................ 65 ODOT Bridge Design and Drafting Manual .................................................................................. 65 NCHRP Synthesis 333 ................................................................................................................... 66 NCHRP Synthesis 209 ................................................................................................................... 66 NCHRP Synthesis 425 ................................................................................................................... 74 PennDOT Design Manual, Part 4 .................................................................................................. 77 Structural Steel Coatings .................................................................................................................... 77 NACE............................................................................................................................................. 78 Eurocode ........................................................................................................................................ 82 Australian Bridge Design Code ..................................................................................................... 83 Canadian Standards Association .................................................................................................... 83 AASHTO ....................................................................................................................................... 87 FDOT Structures Manual ............................................................................................................... 87
NCHRP Web-Only Document 269: Guide Specification for Service Life Design of Highway Bridges vii ODOT Bridge Design and Drafting Manual .................................................................................. 88 GDOT Bridge and Structures Design Manual ............................................................................... 88 ISO ................................................................................................................................................. 88 FHWA Weathering Steel Technical Advisory............................................................................... 89 PennDOT Design Manual, Part 4 .................................................................................................. 90 Drainage ............................................................................................................................................. 90 Eurocode ........................................................................................................................................ 91 Australian Bridge Design Code ..................................................................................................... 91 Canadian Standards Association .................................................................................................... 91 AASHTO ....................................................................................................................................... 91 FDOT Structures Manual ............................................................................................................... 92 ODOT Bridge Design and Drafting Manual .................................................................................. 92 GDOT Bridge and Structures Design Manual ............................................................................... 92 PennDOT Bridge Design Manual, Part 4....................................................................................... 93 Element Replacement and/or Future Expansion ................................................................................ 93 Australian Bridge Design Code ..................................................................................................... 94 Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code ....................................................................................... 95 Eurocode ........................................................................................................................................ 95 ODOT Bridge Design and Drafting Manual .................................................................................. 95 PennDOT Bridge Design Manual, Part 4....................................................................................... 96 fib Benchmarking of Deemed-to-Satisfy Provisions .......................................................................... 96 Summary and Knowledge Gaps ............................................................................................................. 99 Survey of Industry Practice ................................................................................................................... 101 Bridge System .................................................................................................................................. 102 Bridge Components .......................................................................................................................... 110 Design for Durability ....................................................................................................................... 118 Summary of Findings ....................................................................................................................... 134 CHAPTER 3 DEVELOPMENT OF THE GUIDE SPECIFICATION FOR SERVICE LIFE DESIGN OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES ...................................................................................................... 136 Service Life Design Approaches ............................................................................................................ 136 Service Life Categories ........................................................................................................................... 136 Environmental Exposure ........................................................................................................................ 137 Exposure Zones .................................................................................................................................... 137 Exposure Classes .................................................................................................................................. 139 Concrete Structures .......................................................................................................................... 139 Steel Structures ................................................................................................................................. 141 Foundations and Retaining Walls .................................................................................................... 142 Protection Strategies ............................................................................................................................... 142 General Design Guidelines ................................................................................................................... 142 Concrete Structures............................................................................................................................... 144 General Requirements ...................................................................................................................... 144 Freeze-Thaw and Sulfate Attack ...................................................................................................... 145 Probabilistically Calibrated Deemed-to-Satisfy Provisions for Chloride-Induced Corrosion ......... 145 Limit State .................................................................................................................................... 146 Mathematical Model .................................................................................................................... 147
NCHRP Web-Only Document 269: Guide Specification for Service Life Design of Highway Bridges viii Treatment of Buried and Nonaggressive Environments .............................................................. 148 Input Parameters â Exposure Conditions ..................................................................................... 148 Input Parameters â Material Properties ........................................................................................ 152 Model Limitations ........................................................................................................................ 156 Calibrated Design Provisions â Concrete Cover .......................................................................... 156 Calibrated Design Provisions â Points System ............................................................................ 160 Other Protection Strategies ............................................................................................................... 160 Steel Structures ..................................................................................................................................... 161 Foundations and Retaining Walls ......................................................................................................... 161 Renewable Elements ............................................................................................................................. 162 Life Cycle Cost Analysis ......................................................................................................................... 162 Probabilistic Service life Design Framework ....................................................................................... 162 Case Studies ............................................................................................................................................. 163 CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTED RESEARCH .................................................... 164 Conclusions .............................................................................................................................................. 164 Suggested Research ................................................................................................................................. 164 Concrete Structures............................................................................................................................... 165 Chloride-induced Corrosion ............................................................................................................. 165 Reinforcement Critical Chloride Threshold ................................................................................. 165 Chloride Diffusion Parameters .................................................................................................... 166 Exposure Condition Parameters ................................................................................................... 166 Cracking ....................................................................................................................................... 166 Overlays and Surface Treatments ................................................................................................ 166 Concrete Cover ............................................................................................................................ 166 Freeze-Thaw and Sulfate Attack ...................................................................................................... 167 Steel Structures ..................................................................................................................................... 167 Foundations and Retaining Walls ......................................................................................................... 167 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................ 168 APPENDIX A LITERATURE REVIEW OF TRANSPORTATION AGENCY SUPPORTED RESEARCH ............................................................................................................................................ A-1 APPENDIX B SURVEY RESPONSE DATA ...................................................................................... B-1 APPENDIX C GUIDE SPECIFICATION TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................... C-1 APPENDIX D EXAMPLE PRESERVATION PLAN......................................................................... D-1 APPENDIX E CALIBRATED COVER DIMENSIONS AND RELIABILITY INDICES .............. E-1
