Sustainable Highway Construction (2019)

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196 Appendix C: Preliminary and Draft Consolidated Lists of Sustainable Construction Practices

197 TABLE C-1. Preliminary List of Identified SCPs by Inquiry Mode (Note: SCPs that appear on the same row are repeats, identified in multiple different inquiry modes.) Literature Review Survey Interview Workshop 64 sustainable practices identified 57 sustainable practices identified 32 sustainable practices identified 40 sustainable practices identified Org. Strategy/Culture/Ex. Support Corporate Sustainability Commitment Index (CSCI) Sust. Component of Pre‐Project Planning Index (SCPPI) Include sustainability at higher level of mission/vision/goals Industry award programs (NAPA examples) Corporate sustianability reports Corporate sustianability reports Track/report sustainability metrics (e.g., GreenLITES) Track sustainability goals/performance Set organization goals to give idea of priority/value Participate in programs that recognize sust. Efforts Separate practices and enablers in program level  Policy/Program Compliance with sustainability legislation green design/procurement use technology/innovation to increase sustainability Re‐organize to better implement sustainability Measurement/reporting system Sustainability training Sustainability training Sustainability management plan Sustainability plan ISO 14000 compliant EMS ISO certification/EMS Encourage local suppliers, labor Government incentives Vehicle idling policy (usually covered by law, how effective is it?) Healthy living programs (exercise, produce buying, etc.) 15% OJT for state residents On‐the‐job training Suicide prevention programs Targeted hiring for minority employees near construction site Hire low‐risk ex‐convicts, support orgs that provide pre‐training Sustainability objectives in employee job descriptions FEMP sustainability scorecard (government) Let projects in Q4 NEPA/SEPA/CEQA assessments of GHG Program to identify  SCPs prevented by org. hurdles Policy to minimize impact on active transportation modes Volume and economy‐of‐scale (adopt SCP for whole program) Employee retention and education programs Delivery Method Integrated project delivery Early involvement by contractors Early inclusion of green strategies design‐build More design‐build (for speed, flexibility, innovation) Design‐build gives more sustainability value Include "public impacts" as a part of delivery method decision Methods to allow contrators to be innovative GCCM (early contractor involvement) CM gives more sustainability value Sustainabliity conference after project award Partnering session for sustainability DBB: practical pause from WSDOT Financing PPP (whole life PM approach) PPP P3 more likely to have sustainability requirements Procurement Include sustainability in best value procurement Sustainability provisions Less complete design in tenders ‐ more innovative proposal Alternative technical proposals Alternative technical proposals ATCs: contract must state agency values to get proper ATCs Life cycle costing Lifecycle thinking (beyond first cost) Procurement methods that allow contractor input are better Contracting Use rating systems (Envision, Greenroads, INVEST) IDIQ to streamline contrating (e.g., Glacier NP from Krumbein) Limit idling specs (required by law usually?) EPDs EPDs EPDs and LCAs: comparisons may not be fair Sustainability plan Incorporate sustainability into the contract Flexible work windows Schedule flexibility for contractor Allow non‐night work (paving) less traffic restrictions (public prefers longer/fewer closures) Innovative Practices 155 total sustainable practices identifiedHighway Construction Framework Level Category Program Project Delivery

198 Literature Review Survey Interview Workshop 50 sustainable practices identified 31 sustainable practices identified 23 sustainable practices identified 23 sustainable practices identified Scheduling 2‐lift paving for PCC Consider road user cost in scheduling Consider public at‐large costs (instead of just RUC) paving/milling in same work zone Accelerated construction to minimize traffic delays detour vs. no detour Consolidate work in WZ (more than one thing during shut‐down) Estimating Model‐based estimating (BIM) Model‐based estimating Automated quantity takeoff UAV for data collection LIDAR data for estimates Hi‐res DEM (from LIDAR) Use something other than first costs to make decisions Project Controls & Administration Enhanced IT (cloud‐based, multimedia, handheld, etc.) Clould digital storage of documents eConstruction ‐ all of it and not just mobile devices Geospatial technologies (barcoding, RFID, GIS, GPS) Imaging technologies (LIDAR, 4D progress models) Drones to track material quantities in field eConstruction mobile devices (HeadLight, PlanGrid, Bluebeam) 3D models ‐ for controls and GPS earthwork to reduce) Set project goals to give idea of priority/value Earthwork Balanced cut/fill Balanced cut/fill (with contractor input to design to assist) Reduced earthwork Use tech. for balanced earthwork GPS earthwork (with 3D models) GPS on machines save lots of fuel Automated machine guidance Ground improvement instead of remove/replace Ground improvement instead of remove/replace Drainage/Sewer/Water Trenchless technologies Reuse of water for concrete Structures (Aesthetics) Aesthetic wall design Context‐sensitive rock slopes Construction site aesthetics Structures (Bridges) Accelerated bridge construction Accelerated bridge construction Prefabrication Prefabrication saves times, less impact to community Geo‐synthetic reinforced soil‐integrated bridge systems Slide‐in bridge construction Incremental launching method Segmental Concrete Stainless steel stainless steel bridges Paint restrictions ‐ be careful, low VOC requires more paint Latex‐modified concrete on bridge decks Structures (Walls) earthen berms instead of sound walls Pavement Smoother pavements Reduce fuel use / equip. emissions Concrete: reuse water asphalt: higher density Asphalt/concrete quality  Asphalt: reduce segregation Asphalt: longitudinal joints Work Zone Traffic Control Early merge control Late merge control Signalized merge control Speed management Advanced warning systems to warm motorists of traffic queues Limit traffic disruptions (GHG/fuel associated with traffic) Work zone intrusion warning systems queue detection systems Travel time measurement TMP before bidding documents released specilist firm to engage public on D‐B contracts license plate recognition tech to measure travel time Limit disruptions to active transportation Do not disrupt services to community during construction Project Highway Construction Framework Innovative Practices 163 total sustainable practices identified Level Category

199 Literature Review Survey Interview Workshop 13 sustainable practices identified 14 sustainable practices identified 8 sustainable practices identified 11 sustainable practices identified Materials Recycled materials Recycled materials (optional and REQUIRED use) Recycled materials Add minor concrete use % of recycled aggregate concrete  Asphalt: WMA WMA WMA ‐ compaction aid, not energy savings large‐volume industrial byproducts (e.g., foundry sand) High RAP/RAS quality issues High RAP/RAS quality issues More durable materials (stainless rebar) on‐site materials processing Low‐VOC cold patch material Cement: lower CO2 content tax break for high RAP Use recycled materaisl in temporary construction features QPL is often a barrier Reuse concrete beams in bridges (ODOT) Cold central plant recycling for asphalt Pressure treated posts vs. galvanazed steel posts Safety Sust. Construcdtion safety and health rating system (SCSH) Electronic flaggers instead of human flaggers Crane inspection with drones Employment DBE, Veteran‐owned businesses Training ARTBA Safety Certification for Transp. Project Professionals Suicide prevention training Community & Health Mobile applications Social media Community board created by contractor ‐ met with regularly Public information officers on large projects Bluetooth‐enabled message signs Monetize community impact  Contruction communications plan Economic sustainability for impacted businesses  use an ombudsman approach Noise backup alarm modifications Reduced noise for wildlife Light Work zone glare reduction Semi‐permanent high‐mast lighting Design for Constructability Long‐life pavements Precast pavements Deconstruction vs. demolition Constructability reviews for projects Quality Permission for contractor to salvage Address wildlife in Quality management plan Equipment Utlitiies Landscaping Restoration of soil after demobilization Innovative Practices 163 total sustainable practices identified Level Category Project Highway Construction Framework

200 TABLE C-2. Draft Consolidated List of SCPs (This was the draft list once redundancies were eliminated and workshop feedback was incorporated.) Highway Construction Framework Innovative Practice Explanation (if needed) Level Category Program Org. Strategy/Culture/ External Support (Enablers) Corporate Sustainability Commitment Index (CSCI) An index derived from corporate stats to indicate a commitment to sustainability Sust. Component of Pre-Project Planning Index (SCPPI) Academic index to show the level of pre-project planning that addressed sustainability Include sustainability at higher level of mission/vision/goals Statements in organization's high-level mission/vision/goals. Industry award programs (NAPA examples) Awards given for sustainable practice that originate from the same industry Corporate Sustainability Reports (CSR) CSRs done to Global Reporting Initiative Standards Track/report sustainability metrics (e.g., GreenLITES) Use internal or 3rd party rating systems to objectively quantify sustainability efforts Set organization goals to give idea of priority/value Participate in programs that recognize sust. Efforts Separate practices and enablers in program level Org. strategy/culture/ex. Support are really enablers, we will call them such Policy/Program Compliance with sustainability legislation Comply with what is required. Does not count as "sustainability" by definitions of this project green design/procurement Implement sustainable procurement practices/rules use technology/innovation to increase sustainability Meaning that use of technology can result in more sustainable outcomes. Pretty generic Reorganize to better implement sustainability There may be an advantage to sustainability for certain company organizational structures Sustainability training Train employees on sustainability and organizational goals Measurement/reporting system Implement a sustainability measurement or reporting system internally Sustainability management plan Use a plan to management organization sustainability efforts. Like a quality management plan but for sustainability ISO 14000 compliant EMS Have an environmental management system of some sort Encourage local suppliers, labor This is similar to sustainable procurement + local suppliers/labor Government incentives Government should incentivize sustainable practice Vehicle idling policy Law makes this required in many, if not most, places Healthy living programs (exercise, produce buying, etc.) Programs that benefit health of employees 15% OJT for state residents Training programs Suicide prevention programs FEMP sustainability scorecard (government) Federal Energy Management Program scorecard to support OMB scorecard on sustainability/energy

201 Highway Construction Framework Innovative Practice Explanation (if needed) Level Category Policy/Program (continued) Let projects in Q4 NEPA/SEPA/CEQA assessments of GHG Have a policy to quantify GHG emissions either because of or independent of NEPA/SEPA, etc Program to identify SCPs prevented by org. hurdles Identify good SCPs that cannot be done due to organizational hurdles and eliminate those hurdles Policy to minimize impact on active transportation modes Make it policy to also consider active transport modes when planning work zones Volume and economy of scale (adopt SCP for whole program) Adopt SCPs as a program/policy for all projects - may provide an economy of scale Targeted hiring for minority contractor employees near construction corridor Programs that encourage hiring traditionally disadvantaged populations Hiring low-risk ex-convicts & supporting organizations that provide pre-training Programs that encourage hiring traditionally disadvantaged populations Sustainability objectives in employee job descriptions Integrating sustainability into individual job performance reviews Employee retention and education programs Project Delivery Delivery Method Integrated project delivery Collaboration (as a minimum) or multi-party contracts (max) can better encourage sustainability Alternative technical proposals Allow alternative designs/methods that enhance sustainability Early involvement by contractors GC/CM or similar approach Early inclusion of green strategies Better to pursue sustainability from early concept stage rather than attempt later integration design-build Design-build better at offering speed, flexibility, and incorporating innovation PPP (whole life PM approach) PPP encourages more whole life costing and approach to design/construction Include "public impacts" as a part of delivery method decision A separate qualifications section to do with one or more aspects of sustainability Methods to allow contractors to be innovative Allowing more contractor innovation will lead to more sustainable construction GC/CM (early contractor involvement) Early involvement = more integration of design and construction, cost control, etc. Design-bid-build: practical pause from WSDOT Build in a time after award before NTP to allow contractor to come up with ATCs/changes to benefit sustainability Financing P3 projects - more likely to have whole life/sustainability Financing structure encourages long-term thinking which is conducive to and part of sustainability Project Procurement Include sustainability in best value procurement A separate qualifications section to do with one or more aspects of sustainability Less complete design in tenders - more innovative design by proposers This is a form of asking for alternative delivery methods. Do such methods result in more sustainable projects?

202 Highway Construction Framework Innovative Practice Explanation (if needed) Level Category Alternative Technical proposals (ATCs) Allow them, and communicate owner sustainability values so ATCs can meet those values better Life cycle costing Consider the infrastructure cost over its entire life rather than just construction costs Procurement methods that allow contractor input are better Use rating systems as a requirement in procurement Contracting Use rating systems (Envision, Greenroads, INVEST) IDIQ to streamline contracting In some cases, IDIQ can streamline process where multiple contracts are involved EPDs Use Environmental Product Declarations as part of procurement, but be careful of comparing Limit idling specs (required by law usually?) Usually already required by law Sustainability plan Require a sustainability plan (with deliverables) from the contractor in the contract Schedule flexibility for contractor Allow contractor to better allocate their resources (usually among several jobs) Allow non-night work (paving) Better safety, better productivity, public usually prefers if short enough less traffic restrictions (public prefers longer/fewer closures) Public usually prefers longer/fewer closures Flexible work windows Allow contractor more say in choosing work windows Project Scheduling 2-lift paving for PCC Use 2-lift concrete paving to accelerate schedule Consider road user cost in scheduling Consider traffic delays/VOC when determining best schedule. Especially for urban projects paving/milling in same work zone Can reduce project schedule Accelerated construction to minimize traffic delays Can reduce schedule and user delays detour vs. no detour Consider impacts of detour routes vs. not having one Consolidate work in WZ (more than one thing during shut-down) Allows for more efficient use of highway/road closures Estimating Model-based estimating (BIM) Do estimates based on digital models/objects Automated quantity takeoff Similar to model-based estimating UAV for data collection Use UAVs to gather quantity data from the field LIDAR data for estimates Use LIDAR (on UAVs or otherwise) to gather quantity or dimension data from the field Hi-res digital model (from LIDAR) Create digital model from LIDAR and do estimates from this Use something other than first costs to make decisions This may not be a contractor's estimate, but consider life-cycle costs rather than just construction costs Project Controls & Administration Enhanced IT (cloud-based, multimedia, handheld, etc.) Leverage cloud, mobile, multimedia computing to reduce risk, provide more insight, etc. Geospatial technologies (barcoding, RFID, GIS, GPS) Use geospatial technologies to track location, materials flow Imaging technologies (LIDAR, 4D progress models) Use imaging technologies to provide data for construction models, estimates

203 Highway Construction Framework Innovative Practice Explanation (if needed) Level Category e-Construction mobile devices (HeadLight, PlanGrid, Bluebeam, AASHTO) Use mobile devices and modern data storage/analysis 3D models - for controls and GPS earthwork to reduce) Use 3D models for construction control (e.g., earthwork) Set project goals to give idea of priority/value Include sustainability in the goals to give it equal footing with quality, budget, schedule, safety Earthwork Balanced cut/fill Reduces truck trips and associated fuel use and emissions Reduced earthwork Reduces truck trips and associated fuel use and emissions Technology to accomplish balanced cut/fill or reduced earthwork Combine project controls with earthwork to reduce earthwork Ground improvement instead of remove/replace Use ground improvement (stabilization, freezing, etc.) to reduce earthwork Drainage/Sewer/Water Trenchless technologies Reduces earthwork and can reduce traffic delays Reuse of water for concrete Can reuse water for concrete, but must allow in specs Structures (Aesthetics) Aesthetic wall design Aesthetics are often proposed by contractor and approved by project Context-sensitive rock slopes Federal Lands Highway sculpts rock slopes to match existing in- situ slopes. Not just angled planes Construction site aesthetics Fence artwork, decorations, crane decorations, etc. Structures (Bridges) Accelerated bridge construction Build bridges faster and cause less traffic delay through a variety of techniques Prefabrication Build structures (or portions) offsite to improve quality, time, and reduce traffic delay on installation Geo-synthetic reinforced soil-integrated bridge systems FHWA EDC effort. Reduces need for structural abutments and, therefore, cost/time reduced Slide-in bridge construction Build bridge next to existing bridge, slide old bridge out / new in. Saves on traffic delay Incremental launching method Build bridge on one side or another and move finished portion out over piers incrementally Segmental concrete Precast or cast-in-place segmental concrete Stainless steel Build stainless steel bridges - savings in weight, steel is recyclable, waste less Paint restrictions - be careful, low VOC requires more paint Latex modified concrete on bridge decks Used to restore bridge decks. More of a design feature Structures (Walls) earthen berms instead of sound walls Alternative, low cost method where ROW is available Pavement Smoother pavements Reduces VOC for traffic driving on pavement. Smoothness affected by construction (and design) Reduce fuel use / equip. emissions Reduce fuel use and equipment emissions using exhaust systems (Tier 4), efficiency, etc. Concrete: reuse water Reuse water for concrete water (usually not allowed now) asphalt: higher density Good evidence that increased density may lead to longer life

204 Highway Construction Framework Innovative Practice Explanation (if needed) Level Category Asphalt: reduce segregation Construction issue that causes premature failure. General approach: improve construction quality Asphalt: longitudinal joints Construction issue that causes premature failure. General approach: improve construction quality Work Zone Traffic Control Early merge control Control merge for WZ to reduce delay and improve safety Late merge control Control merge for WZ to reduce delay and improve safety Signalized merge control Control merge for WZ to reduce delay and improve safety Speed management Control merge for WZ to reduce delay and improve safety Advanced warning systems to warm motorists of traffic queues Control merge for WZ to reduce delay and improve safety Limit traffic disruptions (GHG/fuel associated with traffic) Reduce traffic disruptions through any method. Work zone intrusion warning systems Active safety methods to warn of intrusion queue detection systems Detect queues and relay information ahead so traffic is warned and can slow Travel time measurement Measure travel time through WZ, set contractor performance based on travel time TMP before bidding documents released Fully develop TMP before bidding documents released. specialist firm to engage public on D-B contracts Use specialists to communicate with public license plate recognition tech to measure travel time Use license plate recognition to calculate travel times, based contractor performance on travel times thru WZ Limit disruptions to active transportation Consider active transport modes when limiting disruptions due to WZ (not just cars, buses) Do not disrupt services to community during construction Make service to community a priority when considering WZ Materials Recycled materials Use recycled material instead of or to supplement new/virgin material Asphalt: WMA Use WMA to reduced mixing temperature and/or improve construction quality large-volume industrial byproducts (e.g., foundry sand) Use large-volume industrial byproducts (foundry sand, steel slag, etc.) in materials High RAP/RAS quality issues Many note quality issues with high RAP/RAS mixtures More durable materials (stainless rebar) Use more durable materials to reduce maintenance. on-site materials processing Use on-site materials to reduce travel emissions/fuel use Low VOC cold patch material Reduce VOC for cold patch material Cement: lower CO2 content Variety of ways to reduced CO2 content of cement (clinker factor) tax break for high RAP Reduce taxes (or provide incentive) for using recycled materials like RAP Use recycled materials in temporary construction features This avoids the quality/durability issues with some recycled materials QPL is often a barrier Open up QPL for alternative materials. How do you test or be sure?

205 Highway Construction Framework Innovative Practice Explanation (if needed) Level Category Reuse concrete beams in bridges (ODOT) If structurally sound, can reuse entire beams in low-volume or pedestrian bridges Cold central plant recycling for asphalt Pressure treated posts vs. galvanized steel posts May provide a carbon reduction Safety Sust. Construction safety and health rating system (SCSH) Rating system for safety developed at Oregon State Electronic flaggers instead of human flaggers Improve safety by using some form of robotic flaggers Crane inspection with drones Employment DBE, Veteran-owned businesses Have DBE/veteran-owned business goals Training ARTBA Safety Certification for Transp. Project Professionals Additional training for safety or other items. Certification is a way to verify training done/passed Suicide prevention programs Construction industry more susceptible to suicide than average Community & Health Mobile applications Outreach via mobile apps identified as one of the more popular methods to do outreach Social media Social media presence to do outreach Community board created by contractor - met with regularly Meet with local community regularly to resolve construction impact issues Public information officers on large projects Bluetooth-enabled message signs Monetize community impact Construction communications plan Economic sustainability for impacted businesses use an ombudsman approach Use an ombudsman to be the representative of the public/community Noise backup alarm modifications Eliminate or use less startling noise Reduced noise for wildlife In some areas may be necessary Light Work zone glare reduction Reduce glare (unwanted light) Semi-permanent high-mast lighting Design for Constructability Long-life pavements Make pavements more durable (last longer) - less materials required for maintenance over life Precast pavements Can reduce traffic delay by eliminating cure time in field Deconstruction vs. demolition Deconstruct infrastructure and save usable components to be reused/recycled Constructability reviews for projects Review design for constructability Quality Permission for contractor to salvage Make sure specifications allow contractor to salvage (and not pre-determine what is to be done with mats) Address wildlife in Quality management plan Equipment Utilities Landscaping Restoration of soil after demobilization