National Academies Press: OpenBook

Sustainable Highway Construction (2019)

Chapter: Appendix D: Glossary

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix D: Glossary." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Sustainable Highway Construction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25708.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix D: Glossary." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Sustainable Highway Construction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25708.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix D: Glossary." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Sustainable Highway Construction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25708.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix D: Glossary." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Sustainable Highway Construction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25708.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix D: Glossary." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Sustainable Highway Construction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25708.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix D: Glossary." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Sustainable Highway Construction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25708.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix D: Glossary." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Sustainable Highway Construction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25708.
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206 Appendix D: Glossary

207 Abbreviation Full Title Definition ABC Accelerated bridge construction Prefabricating bridge off-site or away from traffic to minimize traffic disruption, improve safety, and improve durability and quality. AFAD Automated flagger assistance device An automated system that replaces flaggers. ASTM formerly: American Society for Testing and Materials Organization that develops and delivers voluntary consensus standards. ATC Alternative technical concept The FHWA says these are, "...suggested changes submitted by proposing teams to the contracting agency's supplied basic configurations, project scope, design or construction criteria. These proposed changes provide a solution that is equal or better to the requirements in the Request for Proposal document. If the ATC concept is acceptable to the contracting agency, the concept may be incorporated as part of the proposing teams technical and price submittal. ATCs provide flexibility to the proposers in order to enhance innovation and achieve efficiency." B100 100% biodiesel Diesel fuel that is entirely made from vegetable oil- or animal fat-based diesel fuel consisting of long-chain alkyl (methyl, ethyl, or propyl) esters. B20 20% biodiesel Diesel fuel that contains 20% vegetable oil- or animal fat- based diesel fuel consisting of long-chain alkyl (methyl, ethyl, or propyl) esters. BIM Building information modeling The U.S. National Building Information Model Standard Project Committee defines BIM as, "...a digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a facility. A BIM is a shared knowledge resource for information about a facility forming a reliable basis for decisions during its life-cycle; defined as existing from earliest conception to demolition." BVP Best value procurement Best value procurement. A procurement process that considers both qualitative and quantitative criteria for selecting project contractors and vendors. CA/T Central Artery/Tunnel Refers to the large Boston-area project that rerouted I-93 into a tunnel (among other things) unofficially known as the Big Dig. CA4PRS Construction Analysis for Pavement Rehabilitation Strategies A decision-support tool for transportation agencies that helps in selection of the most effective and economical strategies for highway maintenance and rehabilitation projects.

208 Abbreviation Full Title Definition CBA Community benefits agreement A contract between developer and a coalition of community organizations pledging support in return for benefits including local hiring. CFR Code of Federal Regulations Codification of the general and permanent rules published in the Federal Register. CIR Cold in-place recycling A pavement rehabilitation method in which some fraction of the existing pavement thickness (up to about 4 inches) is milled up, crushed and screened, then mixed with asphalt cement (or emulsified/foamed asphalt) and replaced to serve as a high-quality base material upon which to pave. CM/GC Construction manager / general contractor Method of project delivery in which the owner hires a contractor to provide feedback during the design phase and then the contractor becomes the general contractor for the construction phase. May also be known as GC/CM, CM at-risk. CSD Context- sensitive design An approach to design that accounts for the environment (both ecological and social) in which the street/highway is situated. DA Development agreement An agreement between a developer and a government entity that promises certain local benefits (that may include local hiring) in exchange for development permission. DB Design-build Method of project delivery in which the owner enters into a single contract with one entity for both design and construction services. DBB Design-bid-build Method of project delivery in which the owner enters into separate contracts for design and construction services. Design is complete before construction services are competitively bid. DBE Disadvantaged business enterprise Defined by the U.S. Department of Transportation as, "...for-profit small business concerns where socially and economically disadvantaged individuals own at least a 51% interest and also control management and daily business operations." DfC Design for constructability Technical considerations in design that make infrastructure easier to construct. DfD Design for deconstruction Technical considerations in design that make infrastructure easier to deconstruct, salvage, and/or disassemble. DOT Department of transportation Portion of a government with domain over transportation.

209 Abbreviation Full Title Definition EPD Environmental product declaration Third-party verified cradle-to-gate life-cycle assessment based environmental impact declarations that reliably communicate potential environmental impacts from a material being used in construction. FDR Full-depth reclamation A pavement rehabilitation method in which the existing full pavement thickness and some portion of the underlying material is pulverized, blended, and stabilized (with cement, lime, foamed/emulsified asphalt, etc.) to provide a high-quality base material upon which to pave. FHWA Federal Highway Administration An agency within the U.S. Department of Transportation that supports State and local governments in the design, construction, and maintenance of the Nation’s highway system and various federally and tribal owned lands. GHG Greenhouse gas A gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range (8-15 mm wavelength). The primary greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and ozone. GIS Geographic information system Computer-based system that presents and processes spatial information. GPR Ground penetrating radar Radar pulses used to image subsurface characteristics. GPS Global positioning system Satellite-based radio navigation system. GRS-IBS Geo-synthetic Reinforced Soil- Integrated Bridge System A bridge system that uses alternating layers of compacted granular fill material and geo-synthetic reinforcement to provide support to small single span bridges. GWP Global warming potential A relative measure of how much heat a greenhouse gas traps in the atmosphere. It compares the amount of heat trapped by a certain mass of the gas in question to the amount of heat trapped by a similar mass of carbon dioxide. A GWP is calculated over a specific time interval, commonly 20, 100 or 500 years. HIPERPAV High Performance Paving Software used to predict early-aged concrete pavement behavior. HIR Hot in-place recycling A pavement rehabilitation method in which the existing asphalt pavement surface (usually ¾ - 2 inches deep) is heated and softened, scarified or milled, supplemented with aggregate and/or additives (if required), mixed, then replaced.

210 Abbreviation Full Title Definition HMA Hot mix asphalt Combination of aggregate and asphalt cement used as a hard-surface pavement. IC Intelligent compaction Compaction monitoring and control using accelerometers on rollers to measure compaction effort and material response to estimate asphalt pavement density. IDIQ Indefinite delivery / indefinite quantity According to the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR), these are contracts that provide for an indefinite quantity of supplies or services during a fixed period and within stated limits. INVEST Infrastructure Voluntary Evaluation Sustainability Tool A web-based self-evaluation tool comprised of voluntary sustainability best practices, called criteria, which cover the full life cycle of transportation services, including system planning, project planning, design, and construction, and continuing through operations and maintenance. IPD Integrated project delivery Method of project delivery in which the agency, designer, contractor, and other project entities enter in a multi-party contractual agreement. This agreement aligns all parties with common group goals, which can include sustainability. IT Information technology The study or use of computer systems to store, access, and transmit information. LCA Life-cycle assessment An accounting method to quantify the environmental impacts of a process or product throughout its life. LCCA Life-cycle cost analysis An economic analysis method that accounts for the total cost of a facility LEED Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design A sustainable (also known as green) building rating system and certification program managed by the U.S. Green Building Council. LIDAR Light detection and ranging Surveying method that measures distance to a target using pulsed laser light. Lidar can be used to make high- resolution 3-D maps of objects and terrain. MIT Magnetic imaging tomography Pulse induction technology that allows location of reflective material within pavements using magnetic field analysis. MTCO2e Metric tons (tonnes) of carbon dioxide equivalent An amount of greenhouse gas whose atmospheric impact has been standardized to that of carbon dioxide based on its global warming potential. A common metric in greenhouse gas calculations. NMAS Nominal maximum aggregate size For a given gradation, the largest sieve size that retains some of the material but not more than 10%. NOx Oxides of Nitrogen Atmospheric pollutants.

211 Abbreviation Full Title Definition NTP Notice to Proceed Notification letter from the owner to the contractor stating when the contractor can begin project work. OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration U.S. government administration to assure safe and healthful working conditions for working men and women by setting and enforcing standards and by providing training, outreach, education and assistance. PBES Prefabricated bridge elements and systems Bridge components or systems that are fabricated off-site to reduce on-site construction time. PG Performance grade Asphalt grading system based on a common battery of tests conducted at specific temperatures. PLA Project labor agreement An agreement to ensure labor peace by ensuring key terms of hiring and working conditions ahead of time, which often includes local hiring requirements. PPP Public private partnership Contractual agreement between public/private sector partners that allows more private sector participation than usual including financing, constructing, owning and operating facilities. RAP Reclaimed asphalt pavement Reclaimed asphalt pavement. Existing asphalt pavement removed from a pavement structure to be processed, recycled and/or reused. RCA Recycled concrete aggregate Existing concrete materials recycled into aggregate, usually through crushing or other processing. RCNM Roadway Construction Noise Model FHWA computer model used to predict construction noise. RCWM Recycled co- products and waste materials Co-products or waste materials from one industry used as construction material in another industry. RFID Radio frequency identification Use of electromagnetic waves to provide and track objects using attached tags. RFP Request for proposals A document that asks for proposals by vendors/contractors for a particular project, service, or material. RFQ Request for qualifications A prequalification stage in the procurement process used as a screening step. Potential vendors/contractors submit information and are then selected as qualified and eligible to respond to a request for proposals. SCM Supplementary cementitious material Materials that contribute to the hardening of concrete through pozzolonic or hydraulic activity.

212 Abbreviation Full Title Definition SCP Sustainable construction practice A construction practice considered sustainable by this Guidebook/research. SCSH Sustainable Construction Safety and Health A rating system for construction safety and health. SMP Sustainability management plan A documented plan that describe how sustainability will be incorporated, measured, managed and reported within an organization or project. SPMT Self-propelled modular transporter Large platform vehicle with many wheels used to transport large items usually too large, heavy, or unwieldy for traditional truck transport. SR State Route Abbreviation for a state road or highway. SS Slow setting Emulsion setting time specification. Slow set asphalt emulsions set in 20 minutes to several hours. UAV Unmanned aerial vehicle An aircraft piloted by remote control or onboard computers. VE Value engineering The FHWA defines VE as, "…as a systematic process of review and analysis of a project, during the concept and design phases, by a multidiscipline team of persons not involved in the project, that is conducted to provide recommendations for: providing the needed functions safely, reliably, efficiently, and at the lowest overall cost; improving the value and quality of the project; and reducing the time to complete the project." VECP Value engineering change proposal A proposed change offered by the contractor that may be incorporated into a project. Usually done to (1) reduce costs, (2) improve value, or (3) reduce time while still meeting the project's intent. WFL Western Federal Lands Western division of the Office of Federal Lands Highway. WMA Warm mix asphalt Generic term to describe a number of processes that allow hot mix asphalt to be produced at lower temperatures.

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A programmatic approach to sustainable materials procurement in highway construction may be better than one-off attempts. For now, there is little guidance on procuring sustainability in highway construction and sustainability is not as important as cost or schedule.

The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Web-Only Document 262: Sustainable Highway Construction describes the research process and outcomes used to develop NCHRP Research Report 916: Sustainable Highway Construction Guidebook and a presentation that accompanies that Guidebook.

The Web-Only Document is also accompanied by a presentation of the materials.

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