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17 The research team identified strategies that could help alleviate construction staff shortages. Table 4.1 lists these strategies by four general construction staffing functions: construction administration (A), construction engineering (E), construction inspection (I), and staff resource management and public relations (R). The strategies are labeled based on the general staffing function to which they are assigned. For example, E-1: 3D engineered models for construction may be used to address construction engineering staffing shortages. Since the four general staffing functions overlap in some areas, several of the strategies can affect more than one. For example, robotic total stations may help alleviate staffing challenges in both construction engineering (E-9) and construction inspection (I-14), so the strategy is listed under both staffing functions. A description and reference material for the strategies are included in the guidebookâs appendix. Tables 4-2 through 4-5 show the level of applicability of the strategies for each of the staff functions and work types. Each strategy is identified as either directly applicable to a specific work type for alleviating construction staffing demand, indirectly applicable, or not applicable. The linkages between strategies and work types are based on the literature review and staffing strategy interviews. These linkages are suggestions that may be considered when selecting strategies given a projectâs specific context. C H A P T E R 4 Construction Staffing Strategy Matrix
18 Workforce Optimization Workbook for Transportation Construction Projects Construction Administration (A) A-1 Accelerated construction A-2/I-2 Contract requirements A-2-1/I-2-1 Operations and maintenance by contractor A-2-2/I-2-2 Warranty A-2-3/I-2-3 Performance-based specifications A-3 Electronic business processes A-3-1 Change orders A-3-2 Document storage/management/work flow A-3-3 e-Signature A-3-4 Electronic requests for information (RFIs) A-4/E-4/I-4 Electronic field books A-5 Geographic information system (GIS) Construction Engineering (E) E-1 3D engineered models for construction E-2 Automated machine guidance E-3 Digital terrain models (DTMs) E-4/A-4/I-4 Electronic field books E-5/I-5 Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) E-6/I-6 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) E-7 Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) E-8/R-3 Resource allocation/leveling E-9/I-14 Robotic total stations E-10/I-15 Project inspection test plans (milestone inspections, witness points, and hold points) Construction Inspection (I) I-1 Concrete maturity meters I-2/A-2 Contract requirements I-2-1/A-2-1 Operations and maintenance (by contractor) I-2-2/A-2-2 Warranty I-3 e I-2-3/A-2-3 Performance-based specifications -Construction I-4/A-4/E-4 Electronic field books I-5/E-5 Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) I-6/E-6 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) I-7 Infrared temp. systems (Pave-IR) I-8 Intelligent compaction I-9 QC/QA/IA I-10 Remote equipment monitoring I-11 Mobile road-quality monitoring devices I-12 Remote video monitoring I-13 Risk-based inspection I-14/E-9 Robotic total stations I-15/E-10 Project inspection test plans (milestone inspections, witness points, and hold points) I-16 Unmanned aerial systems Staff Resource Management and Public Relations (R) R-1 CEI consultants R-2 Educational/community outreach R-3/E-8 Resource allocation/leveling R-4 Shifts and overtime (alternative work schedules) R-5 Recruitment, training, and retention programs Note: Some items not discussed in appendix. Table 4-1. List of strategies to alleviate staff shortage.
Construction Staffing Strategy Matrix 19 Construction Staff Function Construction Administration (A) Strategy (Tool) Work Type A -1 A -2 A -2-1 A-2- 2 A-2- 3 A-3 A -3- 1 A -3- 2 A -3- 3 A -3- 4 A -4 A -5 Pavement surface â â© â© â© â© â â Superstructure â â© â© â© â â â© Excavation /embankment â â© â© â â© Pipe/drainage â© â â â â© â â© Roadway base â â â â â© â â© Pavement base â â â â â© â â© Substructure â â© â© â© â â â© Temporary traffic control â© â© â â Structural foundation â â© â© â© â â â© Strips/signs/signals â© â â â Roadside â© â â Utilities (in contract relocations) â© â â â â â â Roadway lighting â© â â â â â â ITS â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â© â â â© Notes: â = directly applicable, â© = indirectly applicable, and blank cells = not applicable. Table 4-2. Staffing strategy matrix (construction administration functions). Notes: â = directly applicable, â© = indirectly applicable, and blank cells = not applicable. Construction Staff Function Construction Engineering (E) Strategy (Tool) Work Type E-1 E-2 E-3 E-4 E-5 E-6 E-7 E-8 E-8-1 E-8-2 E-8-3 E-9 E-10 Pavement surface â â â â â â â â â â â â â© Superstructure â© â© â© â â â â â â â â â© Excavation /embankment â â â â â© â â â â â â â â© Pipe/drainage â â â â â© â â â â â â â â© Roadway base â â â â â© â â â â â â â â Pavement base â â â â â© â â â â â â â â Substructure â© â© â© â â â â â â â â Temporary traffic control â© â© â© â â â© â â â â â Structural foundation â© â© â© â â© â â â â â â â Strips/signs/signals â© â© â â â© â â â â â â Roadside â â â â â â â â â â â â Utilities (in contract relocations) â â© â â â© â â â â â â â© Roadway lighting â© â© â â â â â â â â ITS â© â© â â â â â â â â© Table 4-3. Staffing strategy matrix (construction engineering functions).
20 Workforce Optimization Workbook for Transportation Construction Projects Construction Staff Function Construction Inspection (I) Strategy (Tool) Work Type I-1 I-2 I- 2-1 I- 2-2 I- 2-3 I-3 I-4 I-5 I-6 I-7 I-8 I-9 I- 10 I- 11 I- 12 I- 13 I- 14 I- 15 I- 16 Pavement surface â© â© â© â© â© â© â â â â â â â â â© â â© â© Superstructure â â© â© â© â© â© â â â â â© â â© â© Excavation /embankment â© â© â© â© â â© â â â â â â â â â© â© Pipe/drainage â â â â© â© â â© â â â© â© â© â â â© â© Roadway base â â â â© â© â â© â â â â â â â â â â â© Pavement base â â â â© â© â â© â â â© â â â â â â â â© Substructure â â© â© â© â© â© â â â â© â â â© Temporary traffic control â© â© â â â â â â â Structural foundation â â© â© â© â© â© â â© â â â© â â â© Strips/signs/signals â© â© â â â â© â© â© â â â â© Roadside â© â© â â â© â â© â© â© â â â â© Utilities (in contract relocations) â â â â© â© â â© â â â â â© â© Roadway lighting â â â â© â© â â â â© â© â© â â â â© ITS â© â© â© â© â© â â â â© â© â© â â â© â© Notes: â = directly applicable, â© = indirectly applicable, and blank cells = not applicable. Table 4-4. Staffing strategy matrix (construction inspection functions). Notes: â = directly applicable, â© = indirectly applicable, and blank cells = not applicable. Construction Staff Function Staff Resource Management and Public Relations (R) Strategy (Tool) Work Type R-1 R-2 R-3 R-3-1 R-3-2 R-3-3 R-4 R-5 Pavement surface â â© â â â â â â© Superstructure â â â â â â â© Excavation /embankment â â© â â â â â â© Pipe/drainage â â© â â â â â â© Roadway base â â© â â â â â â© Pavement base â â© â â â â â â© Substructure â â â â â â â© Temporary traffic control â â â â â â â â© Structural foundation â â â â â â â© Strips/signs/signals â â â â â â â â© Roadside â â â â â â â â© Utilities (in contract relocations) â â â â â â â â© Roadway lighting â â© â â â â â â© ITS â â© â â â â â â© Table 4-5. Staffing strategy matrix (staff resource management and public relations functions).