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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Stray Current Control of Direct Current-Powered Rail Transit Systems: A Guidebook. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25768.
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Page 71
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Stray Current Control of Direct Current-Powered Rail Transit Systems: A Guidebook. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25768.
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Page 71
Page 72
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Stray Current Control of Direct Current-Powered Rail Transit Systems: A Guidebook. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25768.
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Page 72

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70 References 1. Arnold, R. J. Report of the American Committee on Electrolysis, 1921. New York, 1921. 2. Memon, S. A., and P. Fromme. Stray Current Corrosion and Mitigation in DC Transit Systems. IEEE Electrification Magazine, Vol. 2, 2014. 3. Memon, S. A. Understanding Stray Current Mitigation, Testing and Maintenance on DC Powered Rail Transit Systems. Proceedings of the 2013 Joint Rail Conference, Knoxville, TN, 2013. 4. Radley, W. G., and C. E. Richards. The Corrosion of Underground Cables. Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, Vol. 85, No. 516, pp. 685–704, 1939. 5. M’Collum, B., and K. H. Logan. Technologic Papers of the Bureau of Standards: Leakage of Currents from Electric Railways. Washington Government Printing Office, 1916. 6. Daniels, L. E., and W. Moorhead (Part A); Tuten III, J. M., and L. E. Daniels (Part B). TCRP Report 71: Track-Related Research: Volume 6: Direct-Fixation Track Design Specifications, Research, and Related Material. TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 2005. 7. Robles Hernandez, F. C., K. Koch, and G. Plascencia Barrera. TCRP Web-Only Document 37: Rail Base Corrosion Detection and Prevention. Appendix D. TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 2007. 8. Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc. TCRP Report 57: Track Design Handbook for Light Rail Transit. TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 2000. 9. Gilbert, L. O., J. H. Fitzgerald II, and J. Menke. A Corrosion Control Manual for Rail Rapid Transit. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, SRI International, and Urban Mass Transportation Administra- tion. Report UMTADC- 0152-83-1. 1982. 10. Szeliga, M. J. (ed.). Stray Current Corrosion: The Past, Present, and Future of Rail Transit Systems. NACE International, Houston, TX, 1994. 11. Stray-Current-Induced Corrosion in Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Structures. NACE International Publication 01110-2019, 2010. 12. Roberge, P. R. Handbook of Corrosion Engineering. McGraw-Hill, 2000. 13. Charalambous, C., and I. Cotton. Influence of Soil Structures on Corrosion Performance of Floating-DC Transit Systems. IET Electric Power Applications, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 9–16, 2007 (IET Digital Library). 14. Robles Hernández, F. C., G. Plascencia, and K. Koch. Rail Base Corrosion Problem for North American Transit Systems. Engineering Failure Analysis, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 281–294, 2008. 15. Barlo, T. J., and A. D. Zdunek. Stray Current Corrosion in Electrified Rail Systems. Final Report. e-publication, 1995. 16. Koch, G. H., M. P. H. Bongers, and N. G. Thompson. Corrosion Costs and Preventive Strategies in the United States. Publication No. FHWA-RD-01-156. FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation, 2002. 17. Pham, K. D., R. S. Thomas, and W. E. Stinger. Analysis of Stray Current, Track-to-Earth Potentials & Substation Negative Grounding in DC Traction Electrification System. IEEE/ASME Joint Rail Conference Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 2001. 18. Bertolini, L., M. Carsana, and P. Pedeferri. Corrosion Behaviour of Steel in Concrete in the Presence of Stray Current. Corrosion Science, Vol. 49, pp. 1056–1068, 2006. 19. IIT Research Institute. NCTRP Research Results Digest: Electrolytic Corrosion in DC-Powered Transit Systems, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1989. 20. Ledbetter, T., and R. Vail. Coordinated Efforts to Sustain Stray Current Mitigation on an Aging Heavy-Rail DC Transit System, NACE Corrosion Conference 2010, Paper No. 10110, 2010. 21. Kiessling, F., R. Puschmann, A. Schmieder, and E. Schneider. Contact Lines for Electric Railways, 2nd ed. Publicis Groupe, 2009. 22. 142-1991—IEEE Recommended Practice for Grounding of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems, 1992, https://standards.ieee.org.

References 71 23. Getting Down to Earth: A Manual on Earth-Resistance Testing for the Practical Man, 4th ed. Biddle Instru- ments, Blue Bell, PA, 1981. 24. Paul, D. DC Traction Power System Grounding, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 819–824, 2002. 25. Alamuti, M. M., H. Nouri, and S. Jamali. Effects of Earthing Systems in Stray Current for Corrosion and Safety Behaviour in Practical Metro Systems. IET Electrical Systems in Transportation, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 69–79, 2011. 26. Cotton, I., C. Charalambous, P. Ernst, and P. Aylott. Stray Current Control in DC Mass Transit Systems. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 722–730, 2005. 27. Lee, C. H., and C. J. Lu. Assessment of Grounding Schemes on Rail Potential and Stray Currents in a DC Transit System. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 1941–1947, 2006. 28. Tzeng, Y. S., and C. H. Lee. Assessment of Grounding, Bonding, and Insulation on Rail Potential and Stray Currents in a Direct Current Transit System. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F, Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit, Vol. 223, pp. 229–240, 2009. 29. Tzeng, Y. S., and C. H. Lee. Analysis of Rail Potential and Stray Currents in a Direct-Current Transit System. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 1516–1525, 2010. 30. Liu, Y. C., and J. F. Chen. Control Scheme for Reducing Rail Potential and Stray Current in MRT Systems. IEE Proceedings–Electric Power Applications, Vol.152, pp. 612–618, 2005. 31. Meany, J. J., Jr. A History of Stray Traction Current Corrosion in the United States, Paper No. 152, NACE Corrosion Conference Paper No. 74, Chicago, IL, NACE, 1974. 32. Niasati, M., and A. Gholami. Overview of Stray Current Control in DC Railway Systems, International Conference on Railway Engineering 2008, pp. 1–6, 2008. 33. Bahra, K. S., and R. B. Catlow. Control of Stray Currents for DC Traction Systems. International Confer- ence on Electric Railways in a United Europe, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 136–142, 1995. 34. Fotouhi, R., and S. Farshad, A New Novel Power Electronic Circuit to Reduce Stray Current and Rail Potential in DC Railway. Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference 2008, pp. 1575–1580, 2008. 35. McCaffrey, K. L. Stray Current Control for Steel Reinforced Concrete Light Rail Bridges, NACE Corrosion Conference Paper No. 05244, 2005. 36. Sandidzadeh, M. A., A. Shafipour, and X. Perpinya. Controlling and Simulation of Stray Currents in DC Railway by Considering the Effects of Collection Mats. Infrastructure Design, Signaling, and Security in Railway, published online, 2012. 37. Yoo, Y. H., T. H. Nam, Y. S. Choi, J. G. Kim, and L. Chung., A Galvanic Sensor System for Detecting the Corrosion Damage of the Steel Embedded in Concrete Structures: Laboratory Tests to Determine the Cathodic Protection and Stray-Current. Metals and Materials International Journal, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 623–629, 2011. 38. Elsener, B. Corrosion Rate of Steel in Concrete—Measurements Beyond the Tafel Law. Corrosion Science, Vol. 47, No. 12, pp. 3019–3033, 2005. 39. Tinnea, J., R. Tinnea, D. Burke, L. Nelson, S. Cochran, E. Anderson, and L. Pham. Evaluating Concrete Resistivity: Reducing Stray Current from DC Streetcars, NACE Corrosion Conference, Paper No. 07276, 2007. 40. Solgaard, A. O. S., M. Carsana, M. R. Geiker, A. Küter, and L. Bertolini. Experimental Observations of Stray Current Effects on Steel Fibres Embedded in Mortar. Corrosion Science, Vol. 74, pp. 1–12, 2013. 41. Kai, W., W. Q. Shui, C. M. Cheng, and X. Li. Corrosion Fatigue of Reinforced Concrete in the Presence of Stray Current. 2011 International Conference on Electric Technology and Civil Engineering (ICETCE), pp. 1133–1136, 2011. 42. Daudistel, R., K. Tomosada, J. Tinnea, C. Stoll, R. Tinnea, B. Hassane, and K. Koder. Testing of High-Resistivity Concrete, NACE Corrosion Conference Paper No. 09216, 2009. 43. Yang, S., and X. Yang. Evaluation of Stray Current Corrosion Resistance of Concrete in Metro Construction. Frontiers of Architecture and Civil Engineering Journal, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 246–252, 2008. 44. Memon, S., and P. Fromme, Use of Rail Boot and Collection Mat to Control the Electrolysis of Rail and Utilities in DC-Powered Transit Agencies. Proceedings of the 2014 Joint Rail Conference, Colorado Springs, Colorado, 2014. 45. Houston METRO Design Criteria Manual, Texas, 2007. 46. Phoenix METRO Design Criteria Manual, Arizona, 2007. 47. Denver RTD Design Guidelines & Criteria, Colorado, 2005. 48. New York City Transit Authority Corrosion Control Manual, New York, 1984. 49. Seattle Sound Transit Link Design Criteria Manual, Washington State, 2005. 50. Utah Transit Authority Design Criteria Manual, Salt Lake City, 2010. 51. Portland TriMet Design Criteria Manual, Oregon, 2010.

72 Stray Current Control of Direct Current-Powered Rail Transit Systems: A Guidebook 52. Washington DC Streetcar Design Criteria Manual, Washington D.C., 2012. 53. Peabody, A. W. Control of Pipeline Corrosion, Soil Resistivity Measurements and Barnes Layer Technique. NACE International, Nov. 1970, pp. 88–92. 54. Raghavan, R. S., and R. Hankey, Traction Power Modelling for Power Supply and Network Enhancements of DC METRO Systems. IEEE. 55. Memon, S. A., S. Clark, and A. Combs. Installation of Rail Lubrication on Embedded Track. AREMA Annual Proceedings, 2010.

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Stray current and stray current–induced corrosion remain concerns among transit agencies, electrolysis committees, utility owners, providers, and electric railway carriers across the globe. It is easier to implement stray current isolation, mitigation, and collection options on a newer transit system with proper foresight and planning by following the logical sequence of the design process than to maintain a stringent maintenance and testing regime on an older system.

The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program's TCRP Research Report 212: Stray Current Control of Direct Current-Powered Rail Transit Systems: A Guidebook allows transit agencies, design, and maintenance practitioners to influence new system construction, extensions, and maintenance and operation of existing systems.

Improving the Safety and Sustainability of Stray Current Control of DC-Powered Rail Transit Systems (PowerPoint slide deck) highlights the research review and guidebook development.

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