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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Evaluating Mechanical Properties of Earth Material During Intelligent Compaction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25777.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Evaluating Mechanical Properties of Earth Material During Intelligent Compaction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25777.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Evaluating Mechanical Properties of Earth Material During Intelligent Compaction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25777.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Evaluating Mechanical Properties of Earth Material During Intelligent Compaction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25777.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Evaluating Mechanical Properties of Earth Material During Intelligent Compaction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25777.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Evaluating Mechanical Properties of Earth Material During Intelligent Compaction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25777.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Evaluating Mechanical Properties of Earth Material During Intelligent Compaction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25777.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Evaluating Mechanical Properties of Earth Material During Intelligent Compaction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25777.
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2020 N A T I O N A L C O O P E R A T I V E H I G H W A Y R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M NCHRP RESEARCH REPORT 933 Evaluating Mechanical Properties of Earth Material During Intelligent Compaction Soheil Nazarian Aria Fathi Cesar Tirado Vladik Kreinovich Sergio Rocha Center for transportation infrastruCture systems the university of texas at el paso El Paso, TX Mehran Mazari Department of Civil engineering California state university Los Angeles, CA Subscriber Categories Construction • Geotechnology • Materials Research sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration

NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Systematic, well-designed, and implementable research is the most effective way to solve many problems facing state departments of transportation (DOTs) administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local or regional interest and can best be studied by state DOTs individually or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the accelerating growth of highway transporta- tion results in increasingly complex problems of wide interest to high- way authorities. These problems are best studied through a coordinated program of cooperative research. Recognizing this need, the leadership of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) in 1962 ini- tiated an objective national highway research program using modern scientific techniques—the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP). NCHRP is supported on a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of AASHTO and receives the full cooperation and support of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), United States Department of Transportation, under Agree- ment No. 693JJ31950003. The Transportation Research Board (TRB) of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine was requested by AASHTO to administer the research program because of TRB’s recognized objectivity and understanding of modern research practices. TRB is uniquely suited for this purpose for many reasons: TRB maintains an extensive com- mittee structure from which authorities on any highway transportation subject may be drawn; TRB possesses avenues of communications and cooperation with federal, state, and local governmental agencies, univer- sities, and industry; TRB’s relationship to the National Academies is an insurance of objectivity; and TRB maintains a full-time staff of special- ists in highway transportation matters to bring the findings of research directly to those in a position to use them. The program is developed on the basis of research needs iden- tified by chief administrators and other staff of the highway and transportation departments, by committees of AASHTO, and by the FHWA. Topics of the highest merit are selected by the AASHTO Special Committee on Research and Innovation (R&I), and each year R&I’s recommendations are proposed to the AASHTO Board of Direc- tors and the National Academies. Research projects to address these topics are defined by NCHRP, and qualified research agencies are selected from submitted proposals. Administration and surveillance of research contracts are the responsibilities of the National Academies and TRB. The needs for highway research are many, and NCHRP can make significant contributions to solving highway transportation problems of mutual concern to many responsible groups. The program, however, is intended to complement, rather than to substitute for or duplicate, other highway research programs. Published research reports of the NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet by going to https://www.nationalacademies.org and then searching for TRB Printed in the United States of America NCHRP RESEARCH REPORT 933 Project 24-45 ISSN 2572-3766 (Print) ISSN 2572-3774 (Online) ISBN 978-0-309-67339-6 Library of Congress Control Number 2020944292 © 2020 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FTA, GHSA, NHTSA, or TDC endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The research report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; the FHWA; or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; and the sponsors of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report.

The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, non- governmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. John L. Anderson is president. The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The National Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.nationalacademies.org. The Transportation Research Board is one of seven major programs of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The mission of the Transportation Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation improvements and innovation through trusted, timely, impartial, and evidence-based information exchange, research, and advice regarding all modes of transportation. The Board’s varied activities annually engage about 8,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. Learn more about the Transportation Research Board at www.TRB.org.

C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors wish to thank a number of individuals who provided invaluable assistance throughout the project, including Nick Oetken and Bryan Downing of Caterpillar for providing rollers used for the testing activities and for sharing documentation about the specifications of the rollers used in this research project which helped improve the quality of the obtained results. The authors are grateful for the assistance and cooperation of the state departments of transportation/ highway authorities and project contractors at the five field sites where testing was conducted: • John Siekmeier of the Minnesota Department of Transportation (Mn/DOT); • Jim Lathrop, Ames Construction, Inc.; • Stephen Slomski, Michelle Porr, Philip Painter, Andrew M. Jalbrzikowski, and Jordan Binkley of the Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT); • Josh Nichols of John R. Jurgensen Company; and • Adrian Gonzalez, Tim Leafe, Chris Phelps, and Francisco Ruiz of Jordan Foster Construction. The authors also acknowledge the consultants on the project including Dr. George Chang of Transtec Group, Antonio Gomes Correia of the University of Minho Portugal, and Dr. Michael Mooney of the Colorado School of Mines. CRP STAFF FOR NCHRP RESEARCH REPORT 933 Christopher J. Hedges, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Lori L. Sundstrom, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs Camille Crichton-Sumners, Senior Program Officer Tyler Smith, Senior Program Assistant Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Natalie Barnes, Associate Director of Publications Sharon Lamberton, Editor NCHRP PROJECT 24-45 PANEL Field of Soils and Geology—Area of Testing and Evaluation of Soils Bryan K. Dias, Washington State DOT, Olympia, WA (Chair) Murad Y. Abu-Farsakh, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA John McCartney, University of California - San Diego, La Jolla, CA Ve’Niecy Pearman-Green, Illinois DOT, Collinsville, IL Robert Leonard Schmitt, University of Wisconsin - Platteville, Platteville, WI Xiaochao Tang, Widener University, Chester, PA Michael Adams, FHWA Liaison

NCHRP Report 933, Evaluating Mechanical Properties of Earth Material During Intelligent Compaction provides finite element models used to simulate geomaterial compaction response, laboratory and field tests to validate the models, and development of two proposed generic specifications for the application of intelligent compaction in quality management. The report should be of immediate use to state department of transportation staff who are responsible for the quality management of geomaterial compaction for roadway construc- tion projects. Geomaterial compaction is necessary for the preparation of embankment, subgrade, subbase, and base for highway construction. If these earth materials are not compacted properly, it could lead to destabilization and structural failure. Although state transporta- tion agencies require contractors to build uniform earth material layers, there is a need for a dependable means to continuously quantify and verify the degree of compaction. Current intelligent compaction (IC) technology uses vibratory rollers to help improve compaction. It has the potential to provide continuous, real-time measurements for quality control and quality acceptance of compaction. Prior studies revealed the following gaps: (1) the need to relate design parameters to construction quality control parameters and the on-site moisture content, and (2) the absence of rational means of relating different proprietary IC measurement values reported by different roller vendors. Under NCHRP Project 24-45, the University of Texas at El Paso was asked to investigate methods to evaluate mechanical properties of geomaterials using IC technology and to develop generic specifications for the application of IC in quality management of geo- materials. The research entailed a literature review, development of finite element models to be used for geomaterial compaction response simulation, laboratory and field tests for model validation, and development of two proposed specifications. The first method entails a stiffness-based acceptance entitled “Proposed Standard Specification for Quality Man- agement of Earthwork and Unbound Aggregates Using Intelligent Compaction (IC),” and the second is for extraction of modulus of compacted layers and is entitled “Proposed Standard Specification for Extracting Modulus of Compacted Geomaterials Using Intelligent Compaction (IC).” To manage site variability and variation in geomaterials and pro- cedures, protocols for site-specific calibration are provided in the proposed specifications, included in Appendix A of NCHRP Report 933. This report should be useful to transporta- tion agency staff who are responsible for roadway construction geomaterial compaction and related quality management. F O R E W O R D By Camille Crichton-Sumners Staff Officer Transportation Research Board

1 Summary 8 Chapter 1 Introduction 8 Problem Statement 8 Objective 9 Organization of Report 12 Chapter 2 Construction Quality Management Using Intelligent Compaction 12 Introduction 12 Estimation of Modulus of Compacted Geomaterials 15 Numerical Modeling Techniques of Roller Compaction 16 Intelligent Compaction Measurement Value (ICMV) 20 Approaches to Include IC in Specifications 27 Chapter 3 Findings from Numerical Model 27 Introduction 27 Development and Limitations of Numerical Simulation of IC 32 Establishing Depth of Influence of IC 33 Impact of Geomaterial Properties on ICMVs 34 Impact of Roller Operating Features on Geomaterials Responses 37 Evaluation of Approaches for Developing Forward Models 41 Chapter 4 Field Evaluation 41 Introduction 46 Laboratory Test Results 47 Field Testing Results 60 Chapter 5 Calibration of Numerical Models 60 Introduction 60 Structural Models 60 Evaluation and Calibration of Forward Models 70 Chapter 6 Extraction of Mechanical Properties 70 Introduction 70 Selecting the Backcalculation Process 74 Evaluation and Calibration of Inverse Models 75 Extracting Modulus Using ANN Inverse Solvers (Approach 1) 78 Retrieving Modulus Using Dynamic Drum Force (Approach 2) C O N T E N T S

81 Chapter 7 Observations from Implementation of Specification 81 Introduction 81 Field Testing Program and Test Layout 87 Laboratory Testing 87 Validation of Approaches to Extract Modulus 96 Determining Target Field Values for Quality Acceptance 100 Chapter 8 Framework of IC Specification 105 Chapter 9 Conclusions and Recommendations 105 Summary of Activities 106 General Conclusions 107 Recommendations Related to the Proposed Specifications 107 Future Activities 108 References A-1 Appendix A Proposed Standard Specifications and Test Methods to Estimate Mechanical Properties of Geomaterials Using Intelligent Compaction B-1 Appendices B–H

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Satisfactory pavement performance can only be assured with appropriate process controls to ensure compacted materials meet proper density and stiffness requirements.

The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Research Report 933: Evaluating Mechanical Properties of Earth Material During Intelligent Compaction details the development of procedures to estimate the mechanical properties of geomaterials using intelligent compaction (IC) technology in a robust manner so that departments of transportation can incorporate it in their specifications.

Appendix A, containing the proposed specifications and test methods, is included in the report. Appendices B through H appear in a supplementary file.

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