Health-Focused
Public–Private Partnerships
in the Urban Context

PROCEEDINGS OF A WORKSHOP

Joe Alper, Liza Hamilton, and Claire Moerder, Rapporteurs

Forum on Public–Private Partnerships for Global Health and Safety

Board on Global Health

Health and Medicine Division

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, DC
www.nap.edu

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001

This activity was supported by AB InBev Foundation; Becton, Dickinson and Company; Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; Catholic Health Association of the United States; ExxonMobil; Global Health Innovative Technology Fund; Intel Corporation; Johnson & Johnson; Medtronic; Merck & Co., Inc.; Novartis Foundation; PATH; PepsiCo, Inc.; Procter & Gamble Company; Safaricom; United Nations Foundation; University of Notre Dame; UPS Foundation; U.S. Agency for International Development; U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; and U.S. Department of State. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the project.

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-67707-3
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-67707-6
Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.17226/25790

Additional copies of this publication are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313; http://www.nap.edu.

Copyright 2020 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Health-focused public–private partnerships in the urban context: Proceedings of a workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25790.

PLANNING COMMITTEE ON HEALTH-FOCUSED PUBLIC–PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS IN THE URBAN CONTEXT¹

ANN AERTS (Co-Chair), Head, Novartis Foundation

JO IVEY BOUFFORD (Co-Chair), Immediate Past President, The New York Academy of Medicine; Clinical Professor of Global Health, School of Global Public Health, New York University

CHRISTIAN ACEMAH, Executive Director, Uganda National Academy of Sciences

SIMON BLAND, Director, New York Liaison Office, UNAIDS

ALLISON GOLDBERG, Executive Director, AB InBev Foundation

CLARION JOHNSON, Independent Consultant, ExxonMobil

REBECCA MARTIN, Director, Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

WILLIAM B. ROUSE, Professor, School of Systems and Enterprises, Stevens Institute of Technology

SHAWN STANDRIDGE, Corporate Medical Director, Procter & Gamble Company

DAVID VLAHOV, Associate Dean for Research and Professor, School of Nursing, Yale University

Forum on Public–Private Partnerships for Global Health and Safety Staff

LIZA HAMILTON, Program Officer

KATHERINE PEREZ, Research Associate

CLAIRE MOERDER, Research Assistant

JULIE PAVLIN, Senior Director, Board on Global Health

Consultant

JOE ALPER, Writer

___________________

¹ The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s planning committees are solely responsible for organizing the workshop, identifying topics, and choosing speakers. The responsibility for the published Proceedings of a Workshop rests with the workshop rapporteurs and the institution.

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FORUM ON PUBLIC–PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS FOR GLOBAL HEALTH AND SAFETY¹

JO IVEY BOUFFORD (Co-Chair), Immediate Past President, The New York Academy of Medicine; Clinical Professor of Global Health, School of Global Public Health, New York University

CLARION JOHNSON (Co-Chair), Private Consultant, ExxonMobil

ANN AERTS, Head, Novartis Foundation

SIR GEORGE ALLEYNE, Director Emeritus, Pan American Health Organization; Chancellor Emeritus, The University of the West Indies

NATASHA BILIMORIA, Director, U.S. Strategy, Gavi, The Vaccine Alliance

SIMON BLAND, Chief Executive Officer, Global Institute for Disease Elimination

CARA BRADLEY, Chief Corporate-Engagement Officer, PATH

STEPHEN CHEGE, Director, Corporate Affairs, Safaricom

ROBERT CLAY, Vice President, Save the Children

BRENDA D. COLATRELLA, Associate Vice President, Corporate Responsibility, Merck & Co., Inc.; President, Merck Foundation

BRUCE COMPTON, Senior Director of International Outreach, Catholic Health Association of the United States

KATE DODSON, Vice President for Global Health Strategy, United Nations Foundation

RENUKA GADDE, Vice President, Global Health, Becton, Dickinson and Company

ROGER GLASS, Director, Fogarty International Center

ALLISON GOLDBERG, Executive Director, AB InBev Foundation

JESSICA HERZSTEIN, Preventive Medicine Specialist

JAMES JONES, Executive Director, ExxonMobil Foundation

SEEMA KUMAR, Vice President, Innovation, Global Health, and Science Policy Communication, Johnson & Johnson

REBECCA MARTIN, Director, Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

EDUARDO MARTINEZ, President, UPS Foundation; Chief Diversity and Inclusion Officer, UPS

JOHN MONAHAN, Senior Fellow, McCourt School of Public Policy, and Senior Advisor to the President, Georgetown University

___________________

¹ The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s forums and roundtables do not issue, review, or approve individual documents. The responsibility for the published Proceedings of a Workshop rests with the workshop rapporteurs and the institution.

GABRIELLA MORRIS, Senior Vice President of Strategic Partnerships, U.S. Fund for UNICEF

ANDRIN OSWALD, Director, Life Sciences Partnerships, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation REGINA RABINOVICH, ExxonMobil Malaria Scholar in Residence, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University

SCOTT C. RATZAN, Senior Scholar, Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, City University of New York

SHAWN STANDRIDGE, Corporate Medical Director, Procter & Gamble Company

KATHERINE TAYLOR, Associate Director and Director, Global Health Training, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame

TADATAKA “TACHI” YAMADA, Venture Partner, Frazier Healthcare Partners

Health and Medicine Division Project Staff

LIZA HAMILTON, Program Officer

KATHERINE PEREZ, Research Associate

CLAIRE MOERDER, Research Assistant

JULIE PAVLIN, Senior Director, Board on Global Health

Reviewers

This Proceedings of a Workshop was reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in making each published proceedings as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets the institutional standards for quality, objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process.

We thank the following individuals for their review of this proceedings:

Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the content of the proceedings nor did they see the final draft before its release. The review of this proceedings was overseen by HUGH TILSON, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health. He was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this proceedings was carried out in accordance with standards of the National Academies and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content rests entirely with the rapporteurs and the National Academies.

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Contents

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

1 INTRODUCTION

Organization of the Proceedings

2 CITIES AND PLANETARY HEALTH: WHY URBAN ISSUES MATTER

The Role of Cities in Planetary Health

Determinants of Urban Health and Health Inequities

Opportunities and Challenges for Promoting Urban Health

Discussion

3 EVIDENCE AND CHALLENGES FOR URBAN HEALTH INITIATIVES IN INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

The Contemporary Urban Moment and Its Implications for Global Health

Effects of Urbanization and Urban Planning on Health

Designing Public Spaces for Healthier Lives

Health-Focused Urban and Terrestrial Planning

Discussion

4 IDENTIFYING AND ADDRESSING HEALTH INEQUITIES IN URBAN SETTINGS

Identifying and Addressing Health Inequities in the Cities Changing Diabetes Initiative

Community Health: Improving Health for All

Better Hearts Better Cities

Discussion

5 EFFECT OF FOOD, AGRICULTURE, AND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS ON URBAN POPULATION HEALTH

The Global Syndemic of Obesity, Undernutrition, and Climate Change

Potential Transportation Solutions

The Effect of Transportation Systems on the Health of Urban Populations: Evidence from Latin America

Discussion

6 HOW DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE CAN HELP IMPROVE URBAN HEALTH

Can Smart Cities Deliver Meaningful Health Benefits?

Intelligent Technologies for Urban Disabled and Older Adults

Artificial Intelligence in Global, Urban Health

Discussion

Key Points from the Day’s Discussions

7 POLITICAL LEADERSHIP AND GOVERNANCE OF PUBLIC–PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS FOR URBAN HEALTH

Corporate Governance and Partnerships: The Cities Changing Diabetes Initiative

Discussion

Leadership to Transform Global Goals into Local Action and Partnerships

Is Health a Political Choice?

Discussion

Final Thoughts

REFERENCES

APPENDIXES

A Workshop Agenda

B Biographical Sketches of Workshop Speakers

Figures and Table

FIGURES

1-1 Broad determinants of health that could be addressed to make cities healthier

2-1 A conceptual framework for the urban determinants of health

2-2 Free rehabilitated housing and $3–$5 million luxury apartments in the same redevelopment area in Mumbai, India

2-3 Historical and projected trajectories for the urbanization of humanity

2-4 Avoidable mortalities in small areas of 15 European cities

2-5 The factors that contribute to health inequalities across urban neighborhoods

3-1 The link between policies on urban planning and human health

3-2 The superblock construct routes through traffic around a multi-block area and reduces pollution and noise

3-3 Bicycle usage versus distance of available cycling lanes for European cities

3-4 Population centers and green spaces in metropolitan New York

3-5 Map of the Community Parks Initiative, New York City Department of Parks & Recreation

4-1 The World Health Organization’s Health in All Policies framework

4-2 The Rule of Halves and its role in preventing, managing, and treating diabetes

5-1 The systems and drivers of the global syndemic of obesity, undernutrition, and climate change

6-1 Performance versus trust of artificial intelligence

6-2 Projected annual revenues from selling self-driving cars and selling services that use self-driving cars

6-3 Projected annual savings from deploying self-driving cars to assist disabled and older adults

6-4 Artificial intelligence building blocks, with those of greatest relevance to global health outlined in gold

7-1 Bending the curve on diabetes

7-2 Health outcomes versus health spending per head

7-3 The proportion of people who have a family physician and of those who do not

7-4 The number of prescriptions written and dispensed for antidepressants and antianxiety drugs

TABLE

2-1 Possible Health Consequences of City Living

Acronyms and Abbreviations

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