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Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios (2020)

Chapter: Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database

« Previous: Part B, Appendix 1. Long List of Emerging Highway PMR Practices
Page 174
Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25795.
×
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Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

2-1 Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database This appendix presents the Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database. This tabular database describes 16 significant emerging PMR practices, organized by seven key discipline areas associated with highway PMR. This study identified this set of 16 PMR practices through a process of evaluation and prioritization, starting from a long list of over 60 emerging PMR practices. These 16 PMR practices are not offered as a definitive set on which transportation agencies should solely focus; they should be viewed as illustrative of virtually limitless possibilities looking toward a 50-year horizon. While the emerging PMR practice in the long list are likely to be encountered over the decades to come, other innovative practices almost certainly will emerge over time. Practitioners need first to gain awareness of those practices identified as the most promising for PMR within their discipline. This exercise involves reviewing information on each practice as applied to a practitioner’s discipline to build familiarity and awareness. The information contained in the database permits the user to identify the anticipated impact of a specific practice on a specific discipline or to identify those practices that will impact a specific discipline. Each database table contains the following fields: • Discipline: The discipline area in one of the following categories: o Structures o Pavements o Drainage and Roadside (D&R)Assets o Transportation Systems Management and Operations (TSMO) o Connected and Automated Vehicles (C/AVs) o Maintenance and Construction Equipment o Information Technology/Data • Emerging PMR Practice: PMR practice as one of the 16 identified practices. • Emerging PMR Practice Type: The type of emerging PMR practice as a material, technology, tool, or approach. • Description: Brief description of the emerging PMR practice and its importance to the respective discipline area. • The Responsiveness of the Emerging PMR Practice to Future PMR related Implications: Implications brought by drivers of change to which the emerging PMR practice is responsive (or how the PMR practice is responsive to drivers of change through their implications). • Applications: Potential applications of the emerging PMR practice in the context of maintenance, preservation, and renewal of highway infrastructure. • Benefits: External and internal benefits that can be realized by adopting the emerging PMR practice. External benefits are those directly realized by customers, including road users, the local community, and the public at large. External benefits include improved safety, improved customer satisfaction, improved resiliency, reduced congestion,

2-2 improved system reliability, and greater environmental sustainability. Internal benefits are those that contribute to agency program and activity efficiency and effectiveness, and in turn provide indirect benefits to customers. • Potential Challenges: Challenges associated with the emerging PMR practice; broadly associated with the seven Critical Success Factors. These challenges are listed to initiate practitioner awareness; not intended to replace a comprehensive capability assessment.

2-3 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS (TSMO) TSMO covers all aspects of managing and operating the use of roadways. It encompasses both operational management strategies themselves and the technologies applied, including the complete range of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), incorporating detection and communication technologies, static and dynamic signs, signals, pavement markings, roadside lighting, supporting ancillary structures such as gantries, advanced maintenance fleet technologies, emergency response resources, and other advanced operations equipment. Also included are certain supporting physical infrastructure located offsite (e.g., traffic management centers) or along the roadside (e.g., commercial vehicle inspection facilities and weigh stations). Not only do TSMO devices require their own set of preservation, maintenance, and renewal activities, but they are instrumental in the management of traffic during PMR of other assets. TSMO preservation, maintenance, and renewal activities represent nontraditional aspects of PMR. The following definitions are used: • TSMO maintenance includes the periodic repair, replacement, or upgrade of select system or device components; incorporates any necessary inspection, testing, and cleaning, as well as software updates as applicable. There is no distinction between TSMO maintenance and TSM&O preservation activities. • TSMO renewal is the wholesale replacement of hardware/infrastructure in-kind or with substantially new or revised technology, often due to obsolescence, which strictly defined is the transition from original equipment manufacturer (OEM) availability to unavailability. Obsolescence is more likely to drive the need for TSMO renewal (hardware and software) before a need arises to replace a component or system due to an inability to maintain it any longer. Two primary drivers of obsolescence are market changes, where a reduction in demand renders continued production or support economically infeasible, and technological changes, where advancements in science and technology introduce products that supersede a previous generation’s capabilities with faster, better, and cheaper results. TSMO strategies are also directly applied to the PMR of other assets such as pavements, structures, and D&R infrastructure. Therefore, the effects of innovation consider not only advancements to traditional maintenance activities required of TSMO devices and systems themselves, but also how performing PMR activities on other highway assets can be further improved through innovations in the use of TSMO in work zone activities.

2-4 Four primary areas of TSMO PMR can expect to experience significant impacts from select emerging PMR practices. Individually and collectively, the emerging PMR practices will improve the ability to: • Employ an optimized life-cycle asset management approach to planned maintenance activities, advancing from conventional reactive and preventive methods to predictive and proactive. • Respond to irregular, consequential events that require unplanned (emergencies, hazards) or on-demand (weather) maintenance activities. • Conduct appropriate and efficient renewal activities responding to systems and technology end-of-life scenarios, including unplanned obsolescence. • Address organizational issues related to TSMO.

2-5 Discipline Transportation Systems Management and Operations Emerging PMR Practice Advanced TSMO Device and Communications Systems Maintenance Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description Advanced TSMO device and communications systems maintenance presents an opportunity to significantly improve an asset management approach to planned maintenance and obsolescence. TSMO or ITS device maintenance approaches traditionally have been reactive (failure-based) or preventative (performed on a fixed cycle). Conventional tools include ITS inspection and maintenance manual procedures for testing and field inspections and computer-based programs with databases that support efficient and careful inspection and maintenance of ITS facilities. These procedures have been embodied in maintenance decision support systems for certain types of conditions and facilities. Some ITS asset management systems have been developed with GIS capabilities, data management, visualization and user interface abilities and remote access features. The application of advanced TSMO device and communications systems maintenance brings together several innovations to permit TSMO devices to become “advanced” with respect to how planned maintenance is conducted. This innovation will drive a move away from conventional reactive and preventive maintenance routines to predictive and proactive methods that can lead to more systematic and optimized maintenance strategies. Predictive maintenance methods benefit from real-time status monitoring to gauge the appropriate timing of maintenance interventions. Proactive methods take this a step further and apply asset management analytics and machine learning algorithms (Artificial Intelligence) to better discern optimized maintenance regimes. Both methods rely on using real-time data of sufficient coverage and robustness, gleaned from device- embedded and external sensors that communicate wirelessly. Devices and systems can communicate among one another and with central data aggregators and computational engines. The Internet of Things enables this concept by providing a seamless, interconnected network of TSMO devices and systems across a unified platform. Monitoring solutions alert a maintenance system at the onset of a developing condition and prescribe an appropriate response. Device-specific experience and record databases can be mined and combined with algorithms that consider component conditions and failure modes to support advanced asset management strategies. The data and notifications can be assessed on a time and frequency basis, features compared using various types of pattern recognition analytics, performance visualized and predicted, and appropriate corrective routines identified. The platform used to manage and analyze data can also direct the deployment of remote sensing equipment (drones) to capture additional data not acquired through embedded sensors. In all, these innovations provide an “intelligent maintenance system” for TSMO devices and systems that manages status monitoring, condition assessment, fault detection, prediction or prognostication, and response identification. This innovation also can supply real-time inputs to refine predictive methodologies and algorithms to adjust predicted life-cycle curves/trends and computation of obsolescence windows. Obsolescence analysis can be incorporated into enterprise information and asset management systems.

2-6 Emerging PMR practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Places more emphasis on long-term preventive maintenance strategies through improved condition/vulnerability assessments of system-critical assets  Enables increased, consistent “readability” of infrastructure C/AV vehicles performing PMR activities  Addresses the need to prioritize: expansion vs. PMR, preventive vs. reactive, urgent vs. deferrable  Encourages robust, life-cycle PMR practices  Responds to changes in requirements for traffic signs, signals, markings and delineation from widespread deployment of C/AV vehicles  Addresses adverse effects of traffic disruption, including public intolerance, resulting from unexpected failure of TSMO devices due to improved condition/vulnerability assessments of system-critical assets Applications Maintenance Applications to TSMO PMR  Predictive or proactive maintenance for all types of TSMO equipment and systems  Near-zero or zero device or system downtime  Optimized use of resources and supply chain and inventory management (no need to apply maintenance on a reactive basis except for emergencies)  Reduction or elimination in the need for redundant devices or operational procedures (no critical failures)  Support deployment and scheduling of drone-based evaluation and maintenance of field equipment TSMO Applications to PMR of Other Assets  Guaranteed availability and operation of all devices and systems used in smart work zones Preservation Renewal Applications to TSMO PMR  Predictive and proactive approach to identifying and managing life-cycle replacement of TSMO devices and systems Benefits  Improved safety  Improved asset performance  Improved customer satisfaction  Reduced congestion  Lower capital and life-cycle costs  Improved organizational processes and efficiencies  Improved PMR delivery outcomes Potential Challenges  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Lack of clear policy on capacities to maintain in-house vs. outsourcing  Inadequate contracting practices for addressing risks, intellectual property, alternative procurement approaches  Need for new, or conflict with existing regulations or standards  Absence of necessary vendor technical support base  Legal issues: product liability, insurance

2-7 Discipline Transportation Systems Management and Operations Emerging PMR Practice The “Internet of Things” (IoT) - PMR Applications Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description The IoT is a creative network of facilities, devices or components containing embedded technologies, that may range from simple smartphones and digital boards to intertwining webs of sensors and actuating devices. The IoT will enable an interconnected network of TSMO devices with seamless connectivity across platforms through a unified information technology framework, to create, communicate, aggregate, and analyze information. Planned Maintenance: Supports seamless capture of performance and condition information through wireless interconnectivity of different types of TSMO devices, in conjunction with central data aggregators and computational engines, to enable application of life-cycle management of TSMO assets. Unplanned and On-Demand maintenance: Supports unplanned and on-demand maintenance, such as winter maintenance, by connecting TSMO devices, roadway weather information systems, and operations (e.g. fleet vehicles) to optimally navigate, clear, and treat roadways for efficient deployment and operations. Smart Work Zones: Supports coordination of work zone operations among several projects within a corridor, network or region, and facilitates rapid optimization of the performance of smart work zone ITS equipment and systems. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Facilitates smart infrastructure with embedded, self-diagnosing, non- destructive sensing for continuous measurement of system performance, and corrective intervention  Facilitates breakthroughs in capacity to retrieve, integrate, manage, analyze, interpret, communicate and react to “mega-data” driven information related to highway system conditions  Results in improved analytical and predictive models to forecast the need for PMR activities to support real-time, short and long-term management of TSMO assets  Results in improved predictive, detection and sensing capability of highway system conditions  Mitigates issues associated with increased congestion, in terms of greater magnitude, increased frequency and new locations  Addresses public intolerance for traffic disruption due to PMR activities  Encourages collaborative planning for resiliency investments and emergency response among multi-jurisdictional network owners  Supports rapid response capabilities to restore operations  Results in improved systems for rapid turnaround and reliability of damage assessment of TSMO assets Applications Maintenance Applications to TSMO PMR  Seamless, interconnected network of TSMO devices and systems to provide real-time monitoring as an input into asset management systems  Improved accuracy and dissemination of traveler information services  Interconnected, optimized (and automated) maintenance fleets (e.g., snow plows)  Ability to respond to and manage emergency events from virtually anywhere TSMO Applications to PMR of Other Assets  Seamless, interconnected network of TSMO devices and systems to provide smart work zone real-time traffic management, including AV applications Preservation

2-8 Renewal  Seamless, interconnected network of TSMO devices and systems to provide real-time monitoring as an input into managing life-cycle replacement Benefits  Improved performance measurement and asset data management  Reduced congestion  Improved system reliability  Improved customer satisfaction  Improved asset performance  Improved safety  Improved resiliency Potential Challenges  Absence of top management support  Short term perspective (unwillingness to make up-front investments, wait for long-term results)  Need for new, or conflict with existing regulations or standards  Human resource limitations in skill sets required for successful innovation deployment  Lack of measurable outcomes (e.g. return on investment, benefit/cost ratio)  Industry indifference or resistance to innovation (lack of partnership)  Absence of necessary vendor technical support base

2-9 Discipline Transportation Systems Management and Operations Emerging PMR Practice Integrated Building Information Modeling (iBIM) for Highways Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description iBIM provides an integrated electronic system with rich vendor independent, interoperable data governed by common data standards, supported by a secured cyber infrastructure of full automated connectivity and web or cloud based applications. iBIM provides a platform to collect, manage and analyze asset related data from an IoT of TSMO devices and systems and additional sources such as remote sensing equipment (drones) and C/AV probes. Either in conjunction with other systems, such as IoT and machine learning applications, or as a standalone system, iBIM provides the backbone for an “intelligent maintenance system” to manage status monitoring, condition assessment, fault detection, prediction or prognostication, and response identification for TSMO devices and systems. Obsolescence analysis also can be incorporated into an iBIM platform. Emerging PMR practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Facilitates breakthroughs in capacity to retrieve, integrate, manage, analyze, interpret, communicate and react to “mega-data” driven information relating to TSMO devices as well as highway system conditions  Supports the essential role for life-cycle asset management practices and holistic maintenance and repair strategies to guide resource allocation and measure effectiveness  Encourages robust, life-cycle PMR practices of TSMO devices  Encourages collaborative planning for resiliency investments and emergency response among multi-jurisdictional network owners with real- time operations management  Encourages more strategic thinking and systems approach in PMR prioritization Applications Maintenance Applications to TSMO PMR  An integrated electronic platform with full automated connectivity to manage and exchange information to achieve better outcomes from a life- cycle management perspective  Instant access to historical information related to installation, planned and unplanned maintenance, and renewal of life-cycle management purposes  Provides direction for data capture through deployment of remote sensing equipment (drones) to capture additional data not acquired through device- embedded sensors Preservation Renewal Benefits  Improved performance measurement & asset data utilization  Improved organizational processes and efficiencies  Improved asset performance  Lower capital and life-cycle costs Potential Challenges  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Issues concerning information security  Inertia of legacy processes and methods  Risk averse agency culture / absence of champions for innovation  Short term perspective (unwillingness to make up-front investments, wait for long-term results)  Lack of measurable outcomes (e.g. benefit-cost ratio)

2-10 Discipline Transportation Systems Management and Operations Emerging PMR Practice Enterprise Information Systems – PMR Applications Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description An enterprise information system provides a single uniform platform to ensure business process integration and information sharing across all functional levels and management hierarchies. The enterprise information system provides a unified platform to streamline the delivery of planned and unplanned maintenance and renewal activities of TSMO devices and system, automates information flow, coordinates with other activities and facilitates life-cycle management of TSMO assets. Emerging PMR Practice Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Contributes to alternative business models for agency structures, including transformative support and service-oriented roles for human resources, information technology and legal services, through business process streamlining  Facilitates mainstreaming of performance management, transparency, accountability and stakeholder engagement into transportation agency cultures through better information handling  Improves efficiency and alleviates the pressure to “do more with less” that never goes away  Encourages collaborative planning for resiliency investments and emergency response among multi-jurisdictional network owners with real- time response coordination through business process streamlining  Contributes to rapid response capabilities to restore operations Applications Maintenance Applications to TSMO PMR  Streamlining of business processes and information handling to facilitate the delivery of PMR activities of TSMO infrastructure Preservation Renewal Benefits  Improved performance measurement & asset data utilization  Improved organizational processes and efficiencies  Improved PMR project delivery outcomes Potential Challenges  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Issues concerning information security  Inertia of legacy processes and methods  Risk averse agency culture / absence of champions for innovation  Challenges associated with labor-saving (staff-reducing) innovations

2-11 Discipline Transportation Systems Management and Operations Emerging PMR Practice Machine Learning - Artificial Intelligence for Asset Management Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description “Machine learning” is a type of artificial intelligence-based algorithms used in data analysis that allows computers to automatically learn from data. In the transportation realm, machine learning can be used to recognize patterns and trends from TSMO device performance data that may otherwise have been lost in statistical variability, without the explicit need to program where and how to look for such patterns and trends, and gather insights on type and timing of PMR activities. In the TSMO context, device-specific experience and record databases can be mined and combined with algorithms that consider component conditions and failure modes to support advanced asset management strategies. The data and notifications can be assessed on a time and frequency basis, features compared using various types of pattern recognition analytics, performance visualized and predicted, and appropriate corrective routines identified. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Facilitates breakthroughs in capacity to retrieve, integrate, manage, analyze, interpret, communicate and react to “mega-data” driven information relating to performance of TSMO assets  Results in improved analytical and predictive models to forecast the need for PMR activities of TSMO assets to support real-time, short and long- term asset management  Reinforces the essential role for life-cycle asset management practices and holistic maintenance and repair strategies to guide resource allocation and measure effectiveness  Places more emphasis on long-term preventive maintenance strategies  Encourages the mainstreaming of performance management, transparency, accountability and stakeholder engagement into transportation agency cultures Applications Maintenance Applications to TSMO PMR  Forecasting of timing, frequency and extent of PMR needs based on analysis of huge volumes of condition and performance data, and utilization of the same in making decisions, such as project prioritization, resource allocation and financial planning  Forecasting of future conditions of TSMO assets and their applications in undertaking emergency preparedness measures to improve system resiliency  Mining of historical data to understand and forecast the extent of emergency response and recovery activities for better preparedness  Prediction of end-of-life conditions to optimize the timing of replacement of TSMO assets prior to failure Preservation Renewal Benefits  Improved performance of TSMO assets  Lower capital and life-cycle costs  Improved performance measurement & asset data utilization  Improved resiliency  Improved safety  Reduced congestion  Improved system reliability  Improved customer satisfaction

2-12 Potential Challenges  Organizational silos separating researchers from practitioners  Human resource limitations in skill sets required for successful innovation deployment  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Inertia of legacy processes and methods  Uncertainty concerning actual performance (benefits not clearly demonstrated, inconsistent performance)

2-13 Discipline Transportation Systems Management and Operations Emerging PMR Practice Remote Sensing Systems – PMR Applications Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description Remote sensing systems will provide high resolution imagery gathered using a variety of payload sensors with the benefits of less expensive, faster and large area coverage. New systems will include extensive use of smaller unmanned aircraft systems (drones) with miniature payloads of high resolution navigation and remote sensing devices with better real-time data transmission, ground control and battery fuel technologies using renewable energy. These remote sensing devices may include infrared, thermal, multispectral, hyperspectral, and heat capacity mapping for optical imaging, and ultra-wideband synthetic aperture radar for non-optical imaging. Specifically, for TSMO, remote sensing equipment (drones) can capture additional data on the condition and performance of devices and systems that are not acquired through embedded sensors. Remote sensing also finds applications in data collection, such as travel condition, speed, queuing and incident detection, for real-time traffic management in work zones when PMR activities for other assets are undertaken. Innovation’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Facilitates improved systems for rapid turnaround and reliability of damage assessment  Indicates improved predictive, detection and sensing capability of TSMO devices and traffic conditions Applications Maintenance Applications to TSMO PMR:  Real-time condition inventory, monitoring, and inspection of TSMO devices (what can’t be discerned with embedded sensors) to enhance predictive/proactive asset management strategies  Remote and automated maintenance  Reduction/elimination of field inspection/repair crews TSMO Applications to PMR of Other Assets  Real-time traffic monitoring, surveillance, and data acquisition to optimize smart work zone operation Preservation Renewal Applications to TSMO PMR:  Real-time condition inventory, monitoring, and inspection of TSMO devices (what can’t be discerned with embedded sensors) to enhance predictive/proactive asset management strategies Benefits  Improved organizational processes and efficiencies  Improved PMR project delivery outcomes  Improved asset performance  Improved resilience  Improved safety  Reduced congestion  Improved system reliability Potential Challenges  Staff unfamiliarity with advanced technology (maturity, readiness, and technical validity/limitations)  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Need for new, or conflict with existing regulations or standards  Extended or problematic approval processes  Absence of necessary vendor technical support base  Legal issues: product liability, insurance

2-14 Discipline Transportation Systems Management and Operations Emerging PMR Practice Artificial Intelligence - PMR Traffic Management Applications Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description Artificial Intelligence (AI) entails the use of computer algorithms to solve real- world problems with an ability to analyze, reason, and learn from different situations, to acquire and retain knowledge, and to respond quickly and successfully to a new situation. AI finds applications in real-time intelligent transportation systems (ITS) operations, where providing rapid optimized solutions in response to complex dataset and dynamic conditions is required. In the context of TSMO, AI can digest large volumes of data, analyze and provide solutions relating to work zone-related traffic control, congestion management, motorist information and incident/emergency management, such as detecting queuing conditions, dynamic adjustment of signal timing in response to congestion, recommendations on best route and transportation mode to take from a given origin to destination, and auto- enforced traffic control. AI capabilities will facilitate faster, adaptive and dynamic responses to traffic conditions during PMR activities as well as during normal operations. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Mitigates public’s intolerance to traffic disruption due to PMR activities  Accommodates a focus on off-peak hours that permit more nighttime activity for PMR  Places greater emphasis on work zone safety with pressure for fewer lanes and shorter segments taken out of service for PMR activity  Favors investments for PMR over system expansion through increased traffic efficiencies, such as fewer crashes, lower waiting time at signals, and increased travel reliability  Facilitates breakthroughs in capacity to retrieve, integrate, manage, analyze, interpret, communicate and react to “mega-data” driven information  Reduces the need for new capability and potentially reclaims efficiencies in existing capacity Applications Maintenance TSMO Applications to PMR of Other Assets  Real-time, rapid optimization of smart work zone ITS equipment  Real-time alternative route and mode information and management  Analytics to support automated traffic control (AVs) through work zones Preservation Renewal Benefits  Improved safety  Improved customer satisfaction  Reduced congestion  Improved system reliability  Improved PMR project delivery outcomes Potential Challenges  Organizational silos separating researchers from practitioners  Human resource limitations in skill sets required for successful innovation deployment  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Inertia of legacy processes and methods  Uncertainty concerning actual performance (benefits not clearly demonstrated, inconsistent performance)

2-15 Discipline Transportation Systems Management and Operations Emerging PMR Practice Customer Experience Management (CXM) Analytics Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description Customer Experience Management (CXM) Analytics entails a wide range of techniques to understand, influence and measure road user preferences and experience, and use this information in guiding PMR decision making and processes. Highway agencies typically use a combination of traditional sources, such as individual customer complaints, stakeholder meetings, focus group responses, and statistical surveys, as well as social media, to monitor and comprehend the range of preferences, experiences and responses of road users. With advancements in predictive analytics, highway agencies can synthesize data obtained through multiple mobile-based sources, including smart phones and connected vehicles, to understand travel behavior, incorporate customer expectations and measure satisfaction with work zone performance and TSMO strategies that relate to maintenance performance, such as clearing snow and ice. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Responds to the demands to minimize community impacts during PMR  Increases community engagement/customer interaction in PMR activity  Addresses public concerns toward less tolerance for traffic disruption due to PMR activities Applications Maintenance Applications to TSMO PMR  Customer-oriented approach to maintenance needs identification, prioritization, and budgeting of TSMO assets  Ability to substantiate a programmatic or geographic maintenance strategy focus, such as by revealing a strong reliance or desire for weather-related information along a corridor, or identifying a region, corridor, or point location where incidents or the potential for incidents is a concern  Direct customer input into on-demand and unplanned maintenance, such in maintenance decision support systems for winter maintenance, and emergency response activities, for operations management and performance measurement  Real-time identification and corroboration of faults TSMO Applications to PMR of Other Assets  Customer input on smart work zone planning and near real-time adjustments  Mitigates public intolerance for traffic disruption due to PMR activities Preservation Renewal  Understanding of device/technology adoption gained from customer use perspective, to make decisions its selection and implementation  Understanding of device/technology obsolescence gained from customer use perspective, to prioritize and customize its replacement  Understanding of customer use perspective on device/technology adoption for selection and implementation timing  Improved ability to manage technology replacement cycles through predictive analytics Benefits  Improved customer satisfaction  Improved safety  Reduced congestion  Improved system reliability  Improved resiliency  Improved PMR project delivery outcomes

2-16 Potential Challenges  Organizational silos separating researchers from practitioners  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Inertia of legacy processes and methods  Uncertainty concerning actual performance (benefits not clearly demonstrated, inconsistent performance)

2-17 Discipline Transportation Systems Management and Operations Emerging PMR Practice Predictive-Proactive Maintenance Regime for Roadway Assets Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description Predictive-Proactive Maintenance is a proactive, dual source assessment and intervention process that optimizes maintenance regimes for assets considering their criticality and potential consequences of asset failure. This approach optimizes timing of planned maintenance by tracking actual versus predicted condition and performance. This approach will result in customized, “just-in-time” planned maintenance work programs that minimize life-cycle costs. Predictive maintenance benefits from real-time status monitoring to gauge the appropriate timing of maintenance interventions, while proactive methods take this a step further and apply asset management analytics and machine learning algorithms (Artificial Intelligence) to better discern optimized maintenance regimes. This regime relies on using real-time data of sufficient coverage and robustness, gleaned from device- embedded and external sensors that communicate wirelessly. This innovation’s capabilities are incorporated in the Advanced TSMO Device and Communications Systems Maintenance innovation. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Addresses the need for prioritization among competing highway needs and various PMR types: capacity expansion versus PMR, preventive maintenance versus reactive maintenance, urgent/immediate needs versus deferrable needs  Reinforces the essential role for life-cycle asset management practices and holistic maintenance and repair strategies to guide resource allocation and measure effectiveness  Places more emphasis on long-term preventive maintenance strategies  Encourages robust, life-cycle PMR practices  Results in improved inventories and condition/vulnerability assessments of system-critical assets  Results in improved analytical and predictive models to forecast need for PMR activities to support real-time, short and long-term asset management Applications Maintenance  Predictive or proactive maintenance for all types of TSMO equipment and systems  Near-zero or zero device or system downtime  Optimized use of resources and supply chain management Preservation Renewal Benefits  Improved performance measurement & asset data utilization  Improved asset performance  Improved resiliency  Improved safety  Reduced congestion  Improved system reliability  Improved customer satisfaction  Improved PMR project delivery outcomes  Lower capital and life-cycle costs Potential Challenges  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Absence of top management support  Short term perspective (unwillingness to make up-front investments, wait for long-term results)  Need for new, or conflict with existing regulations or standards  Inertia of legacy processes and methods  Uncertainty concerning actual performance (benefits not clearly demonstrated, inconsistent performance)

2-18 Discipline Transportation Systems Management and Operations Emerging PMR Practice Self-Diagnosing/Reporting and Work Ordering Emerging PMR Practice Type Technologies Description Self-diagnosing, self-reporting and work ordering infrastructure consists of assets with the capacity to continuously tracks usage, monitor to evaluate their structural and functional conditions, diagnose intervention needs, and place a work order, either as a standalone technology or in conjunction with complementary technologies, including IoT and remote sensing for data collection, iBIM as a knowledge platform, artificial intelligence and machine learning for data analytics, enterprise information system for business process streamlining, and robotics for implementation. When integrated with advanced TSMO device and communications maintenance, the self-diagnosing/reporting provides an automatic system for planned maintenance of TSMO devices. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Integrates with a smart infrastructure with embedded, self-diagnosing, non-destructive sensing for continuous measurement and corrective intervention  Facilitates breakthroughs in capacity to retrieve, integrate, manage, analyze, interpret, communicate and react to “mega-data” driven information  Utilizes improved analytical and predictive models to forecast need for PMR activities to support real-time, short and long-term asset management  Addresses the need for prioritization: expansion vs. PMR, preventive vs. reactive, urgent vs. deferrable Applications Maintenance  Predictive or proactive maintenance for all types of TSMO equipment and systems  Near-zero or zero device or system downtime  Optimized use of resources and supply chain management Preservation Renewal Benefits  Improved performance measurement & asset data utilization  Improved asset performance  Improved resiliency  Improved safety  Reduced congestion  Improved system reliability  Improved customer satisfaction  Improved PMR project delivery outcomes Potential Challenges  Staff unfamiliarity with advanced technology (maturity, readiness, and technical validity/limitations)  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Inertia of legacy processes and methods  Challenges associated with labor-saving (staff-reducing) innovations  Financial constraints (limited funding and higher capital costs)  Uncertainty concerning actual performance (benefits not clearly demonstrated, inconsistent performance)

2-19 Discipline Transportation Systems Management and Operations Emerging PMR Practice Connected Vehicle Applications to Supply Real-time Conditions Information Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description Connected vehicles are equipped with probes and sensors (e.g. accelerometers, inertial sensors, suspension motion detectors) to capture and communicate both infrastructure condition (e.g. signal operation condition) and individual vehicle response to operating conditions. These vehicles provide measurements that augment conventional passive infrastructure measurements. This functionality is enabled by either dedicated high-speed, broadband communications for safety- related functions or by other wireless technologies that enable a range of other mobility and asset management services. There is a range of CV applications that utilize V2I probe-based information. V2I can connect traffic management centers and centralized network databases with onboard vehicle sensing systems (gyroscopes, accelerometers, suspension travel detectors, temperature, windshield wiper speed, etc.) via the vehicle bus to provide a wide variety of asset management information. Converting or recalibrating onboard sensing to better suit the needs of asset management remains a major challenge. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Integrates the use of satellite, vehicle probe, personal devices and other remote and close proximity sensing for system inventory and real-time operating conditions  Results in improved predictive, detection and sensing capability  Provides rapid response capabilities to restore operations  Results in improved inventories and condition/vulnerability assessments of system-critical assets  Reduces the need for new capability and potentially reclaims efficiencies in existing capacity Applications Maintenance TSMO Applications to PMR of Other Assets  Real-time, rapid optimization of smart work zone ITS equipment  Real-time alternate route and mode information and management  Analytics to support automated traffic control (AVs) through work zones Preservation Renewal Applications to TSMO PMR  Eliminated need for certain TSMO devices with CVs as substitutes for data capture (e.g. RWIS sensors, vehicle detection) Benefits  Improved asset performance  Improved safety  Improved resiliency  Reduced congestion  Improved system reliability  Improved connectivity and access  Environmental sustainability  Improved performance measurement and asset data management  Improved organizational processes and efficiencies  Improved customer satisfaction  Lower capital and life-cycle costs  Improved PMR project delivery outcomes

2-20 Potential Challenges  Staff unfamiliarity with advanced technology (maturity, readiness, and technical validity/limitations)  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Uncertainty concerning actual performance (benefits not clearly demonstrated, inconsistent performance)  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Issues concerning information security  Lack of adequate and stable funding for research and deployment  Short term perspective (unwillingness to make up-front investments, wait for long-term results)  Inadequate contracting practices for addressing risks, intellectual property, alternative procurement approaches  Organizational silos separating researchers from practitioners  Need for new, or conflict with existing regulations or standards  Lack of measurable outcomes (e.g. ROI, BCR)  Industry indifference or resistance to innovation. (lack of partnership)  Absence of necessary vendor technical support base  Lack of interaction with innovation-driving advocates  Legal issues: product liability, insurance

2-21 Discipline Transportation Systems Management and Operations Emerging PMR Practice V2I Technology Providing Communications between Passing Vehicles and Roadside Units Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description The connected vehicle concept provides connectivity both among vehicles (V2V) to enable crash prevention and between vehicles and the infrastructure (V2I) to enable safety, mobility and environmental applications. V2I connections provides a parallel and complementary path to the objectives of automated vehicle capabilities. Information can be collected by roadside infrastructure from individual vehicles or vehicles in a location (at an intersection, on a road segment), which then can be analyzed and communicated back to all vehicles and to system managers through the roadside infrastructure in the form of upstream conditions, traffic control, flow control and roadway physical conditions. The “I” component of V2I consists of a network or roadside radios, related communications, data analysis, and management on the part of infrastructure owner-operators. The V2I functionalities of the connected vehicle concept are designed to supplement onboard and V2V systems to: • Capitalize on the opportunity to further reduce crashes using upstream and downstream data, and device-to-vehicle communication for collision avoidance • Assess network performance for real-time traffic management purposes (such as connected cruise control) • Provide travel information to drivers about highway system conditions and choices • Collect data regarding roadway physical conditions (discussed under the innovation, connected vehicle applications to supply real-time conditions information). Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Meets the need for connected vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) roadside infrastructure  Encourages reclamation of existing capacity and minimizes the need for new capacity  Enables increased, consistent “readability” of infrastructure by automated and connected vehicles performing PMR activities  Integrates the use of satellite, vehicle probe, personal devices and other remote and close proximity sensing for system inventory and real-time operating conditions  Places greater emphasis on work zone safety with pressure for fewer lanes and shorter segments taken out of service for PMR activity Applications Maintenance TSMO Applications to PMR of Other Assets  Numerous applications supplement real-time work zone management, including congestion, crash avoidance, incident detection, queuing conditions etc.  Significant impacts on traffic flow, VMT, and trip length – all of which may impact asset deterioration cycles or suggest design modifications (e.g. restriping for narrower lanes) Applications to TSMO PMR  Incorporated into CV Applications to Supply Real-time Conditions Information Preservation Renewal

2-22 Benefits  Improved safety  Improved system reliability  Improved asset performance  Improved customer satisfaction  Reduced congestion  Lower capital and life-cycle costs  Improved performance measurement & asset data utilization Potential Challenges  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Issues concerning information security  Financial constraints (limited funding and higher capital costs)  Lack of clear policy on capacities to maintain in-house vs. outsourcing  Inadequate contracting practices for addressing risks, intellectual property, alternative procurement approaches  Need for new, or conflict with existing regulations or standards  Human resource limitations in skill sets required for successful innovation deployment  Absence of necessary vendor technical support base  Legal issues: product liability, insurance

2-23 Discipline Transportation Systems Management and Operations Emerging PMR Practice Automated Enforcement for Work Zones Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description Automated enforcement primarily involves technology applications that typically focus on speed enforcement, queue detection, speed management, reduction in workforce exposure, traffic data analysis, incident detection, and traveler information on a network basis to manage work zones. In conjunction with integrated corridor management strategies, automated enforcement strategies aim to reduce work zone related congestion, increase vehicle throughput, minimize travel delay and improve the safety of road users and workers. Automated Enforcement for Work Zones applies TSMO to the PMR of other highway assets and will include the following aspects of smart work zones: • Speed enforcement – use of fixed or portable cameras that capture vehicle license plates and potentially driver images and issue citations through automated look-up of vehicle registration databases. • Speed management – application of variable speed limits adjusted appropriate to traffic or construction conditions. • Queue detection and management – queue length measurement and queue/speed advisory systems (visual, tactile) to warn of conditions ahead and merge tapers; also, to provide an input into alternative routing advisories. • Merge management – techniques to dynamically optimize merge movements that reduce the speed difference between merging lanes, and thus vehicle conflicts and aggressive maneuvers. • Incident detection and response – methods employing TSMO devices and multiagency collaboration to detect and respond to work zone incidents more quickly. • Traveler information – real-time information on work zone related travel conditions and routing alternatives. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Addresses public concerns toward low tolerance for traffic disruption due to PMR activities  Emphasizes a focus on off-peak hours / nighttime activity for PMR  Places greater emphasis on work zone safety with pressure for fewer lanes and shorter segments taken out of service for PMR activity  Supports rapid response capabilities to restore operations  Alleviates demands to minimize community impact during PMR activity  Responds to changes in requirements for traffic signs, signals, markings and delineation from widespread deployment of connected and automated vehicles Applications Maintenance Applications to TSMO PMR  Only applicable in the case of when substantial future TSMO device deployment requires establishment of a “TSMO work zone” – then the below applies TSMO Applications to PMR of Other Assets  Integrated and cost-effective application of smart work zone concepts and systems optimizing traffic throughput and work zone safety  Network-based, advanced traveler information systems information for alternate routes and modes  Remotely operated or automated barrier and marking systems, improving work zone flexibility and safety Preservation Renewal Benefits  Improved safety  Reduced congestion  Improved system reliability  Improved customer satisfaction  Improved PMR project delivery outcomes

2-24 Potential Challenges  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Lack of adequate and stable funding for research and deployment  Absence of top management support  Issues concerning information security  Need for new, or conflict with existing regulations or standards  Legal issues: product liability, insurance  Uncertainty concerning actual performance (benefits not clearly demonstrated, inconsistent performance)

2-25 HIGHWAY STRUCTURES Transportation structures include, but are not necessarily limited to: • Bridges, viaducts, and culverts. • Tunnels and their ancillary equipment. • Earth-retaining structures. • Structural supports for highway signs, luminaires, and traffic signals. Since bridges represent such a large focus area under structures, it is not uncommon in narratives such as this to refer to “bridges” when referring to the broader family of structures. This occurs in the following pages, except when referring specifically to one or more of the “non-bridge” structure types. Highway structures preservation, maintenance, and renewal activity definitions were largely adapted from the 2011 FHWA Bridge Preservation Guide. Preservation of highway structures includes work activities that are planned and performed to improve or sustain the condition of structures in a state of good repair. Preservation activities are undertaken to prevent, delay or reduce deterioration of structural elements, restore the functional adequacy of existing structures, maintain them in good condition and extend their useful life. Preservation primarily includes condition-based or cyclical (non-condition) based preventive maintenance activities, such as painting, drainage repair, scour protection, deck sealing, deck overlays, repair of joints, bearings and hinge joints. Maintenance of highway structures includes work activities performed to maintain the general condition of existing structures or in response to specific conditions or events to restore its functional state. Maintenance includes some aspects of routine maintenance performed to restore functional condition of existing structures such as crack filling, minor concrete repairs, paint patching, and washing. Maintenance also includes corrective and emergency work activities, which are “reactive” in nature, performed in response to potential or existing deficiencies that adversely impact the smooth and safe operations and future integrity of the existing asset. Examples include bridge deck joint repairs, patching and grouting, and bridge bearings replacement. Renewal of highway structures includes work activities performed to fully or partially restore the structural integrity, correct safety defects and improve functional capability of the asset. Renewal includes both rehabilitation and replacement of structures. Rehabilitation involves major work activities required to restore the integrity of the structure and those necessary to correct major safety deficiencies. Total replacement includes major work activities, such as a complete removal and replacement of a structurally deficient or functionally obsolete structures with an equivalent or enhanced capacity. For highway structures, there is a need to improve the performance in three functional areas: • Extend asset longevity through improved life-cycle management. This area involves extending the useful life of highway structures to reduce the frequency of PMR activities.

2-26 This can be done using long-life designs, and considerations for service life design and materials with improved strength and durability. Promoting robust, proactive and timely application of PMR activities with more emphasis on long-term preventive maintenance strategies will also play a role. Data-driven processes will promote better decisions relating to PMR policies and investments through improved predictive, detection and sensing capabilities. • Enhance environmental sustainability. This area involves adopting more environmentally sensitive and holistic approaches to sustainable designs, materials and methods related to PMR practices. It also includes expanding attention to recycling and reuse, minimizing waste, adopting prudent materials substitutions, using localized materials, and promoting more efficient and cleaner energy consumption in PMR activities. • Improve delivery outcomes of procurement and methods. This area focuses on ways of minimizing traffic disruptions and enhancing work zone safety when undertaking PMR activities. Accelerated schedules (Accelerated Bridge Construction – ABC methods) minimizes the need or frequency of road closures and reduces work zone bottlenecks. Business processes and data and information sharing will be streamlined.

2-27 Discipline Structures Emerging PMR Practice Hyper-Performance Materials Emerging PMR Practice Type Materials Description Hyper-performance materials are designed to have better strength, less corrosive, durability and/or workability properties than corresponding traditional materials. Examples of hyper-performance materials include many variants of alternative cement clinkers with improved characteristics (e.g. calcium sulfoaluminate cement), ultra-high performance concrete, use of carbon nanotubes and nanofibers in cement, high performance stress-relaxing cementitious composites, specialty steel with higher strength, less corrosive steel (e.g. A1010), coatings with corrosion resistance, fiber reinforced plastics and ceramics. Desirable properties for hyper-performance materials include: • Constructability – materials with resistance to high construction stresses (e.g. hydration in concrete), lower weight, higher strength, longer flow time for concrete, and ability to be used in accelerated construction situations. • Sustainability – materials with enhance engineering properties for better resistance to fatigue, chemical attacks, impacts, and abrasion, materials with reduced risk for secondary forms of deterioration (e.g. freeze-thaw, corrosion and scaling) • Other properties that may contribute to high performance, such as materials that are environmentally inert, high early strength with less cure time, resistant to damage and able to maintain load bearing during catastrophic events, and materials with properties that include self-sensing of condition and automatic notification, and self-healing. With the emergence of connected and automated vehicles, there is a strong possibility of special managed lanes for freight platooning, causing more wear and tear to structures. Freight platooning might require an additional examination of impacts on limit state design for bridges and the role of bridge material strength and durability. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Meets the need for bridge strengthening to accommodate new axle weight and axle configurations – particularly for longer combination vehicles/platoons  Improves strength of materials and durability of designs of structural components  Facilitates expanded use of prefabrication of structural elements  Meets the demand for very long-life assets to reduce frequency of maintenance, repair and renewal  Facilitates upgrading of cross sections and geometry in renewal projects in response to changes in freight characteristics and resilience needs  Reduces environmental footprint of materials production, transport, and installation  Ability to produce designs that accommodate longer combination vehicles, platooning opportunities, platoon assembly-disassembly locations  Compatible with the need for producing resilient, threat management related-designs tied to levels of risk  Addresses changes in bridge design criteria and standards for automated/connected vehicles Applications Maintenance  Self-healing materials requiring less maintenance or replacement. New repair and patching materials with exceptional resistance against weathering, freeze and thaw, and oxidation that provide enhanced durability and effectiveness of maintenance treatments

2-28 Preservation  Reduction in life-cycle costs due to more durability and resiliency to greater traffic demands and heavier freight loads  Longer lasting materials resulting in less cyclical preservation needed  More information on deterioration leading to proactive preservation decision making Renewal  High performance concrete materials resulting in better resistance against cracking, freeze-thaw damage, corrosion, abrasion and impacts  Material substitution of cement or clinker in concrete that reduce damage potential (e.g. drying shrinkage) to provide superior durability and longer life Benefits  Improved asset performance  Lower capital and life-cycle costs  Improved resiliency  Environmental sustainability Potential Challenges  Uncertainty concerning actual performance (benefits not clearly demonstrated, inconsistent performance)  Inertia of legacy processes and methods  Short term perspective (unwillingness to make up-front investments, wait for long-term results)  Inadequate contracting practices for addressing risks, intellectual property, and alternative procurement approaches  Need for new, or conflict with existing regulations or standards

2-29 Discipline Structures Emerging PMR Practice Perpetual/ Long-Life Highway infrastructure Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description Future planning for new bridges will include developing an “owner’s manual” type of maintenance plan that outlines cyclic preservation activities to promote long life. This type of planning reduces the need for reactive maintenance and should reduce the frequency and magnitude of preservation costs to rehabilitate. Longer inspection (risk-based) cycles will also result in cost savings. New structures built with high performance materials and service life design methods, with consideration of environmental and material corrosion issues during design, result in only minor periodic preservation activities to address routine wear and tear. This “service life” design of bridges for long life requires higher initial investment, but results in lower life-cycle costs. To have longer service lives, initial designs will need to use improved predictive models to account for increases in traffic loading and the effects of possible lanes exclusive to freight and transit (e.g., designing for future heavier and longer freight loads or platoons). With more data, it will be easier to design structures with overall longer life. In some cases, doubling the design life to 150 years or more will be the norm. Decisions will need to be made on service life design in the areas of durable high- strength materials by taking into consideration climate and traffic loading. Long- life structural design will be required particularly with the emergence of connected and automated vehicles. There is a strong possibility of special managed lanes for freight platooning which could cause more wear and tear to structures. Freight platooning might require an additional examination of impacts on limit state design for bridges, standard truck load assumptions, and the role of bridge material strength and durability. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Results in advancements in concrete technologies  Meets the need for bridge strengthening to accommodate new axle weight and axle configurations – particularly for longer combination vehicles/platoons  Improves strength of materials and durability of designs  Meets the demand for very long-life assets to reduce frequency of maintenance, repair and renewal  Facilitates upgrading of cross sections and geometry in renewal projects in response to changes in freight characteristics and resilience needs  Produces resilient, threat management related-designs tied to levels of risk  Produces designs to accommodate longer combination vehicles, platooning opportunities, platoon assembly- disassembly locations  Reduces environmental footprint of materials production, transport, and installation  Mitigates depletion of natural resources used for construction materials, and associated damage from extraction and transport  Provides highway network redundancy for critical corridors and access routes  Addresses changes in bridge design criteria and standards for automated/connected vehicles Applications Maintenance  Eliminates “worst first” decision making and less reactive type of activities Preservation  New bridges will come with an “owner’s manual” type maintenance plan outlining cyclic preservation activities to promote long life  Eliminates reactive maintenance costs and costs to rehabilitate  Longer inspection (risk-based) cycles result in cost savings

2-30 Renewal  New structures built with high performance materials and service life design methods (consideration of environmental and material corrosion issues during design, etc.) resulting in only minor periodic preservation activities to address routine wear and tear  Requires higher initial investment, but lower life-cycle costs  Results in lower energy consumption, more conservation of natural resources and lower emissions due to less major rehab or new construction  Will require predictive models to determine the increases in traffic loading as well as effects of possible lanes exclusive to freight and transit Benefits  Improved asset performance  Lower capital and life-cycle costs  Improved resiliency  Environmental sustainability Potential Challenges  Financial constraints (limited funding and higher capital costs)  Short term perspective (unwillingness to make up-front investments, wait for long-term results)

2-31 Discipline Structures Emerging PMR Practice Machine Learning - Artificial Intelligence for Asset Management Emerging PMR Practice Type Tool Description “Machine learning” is a type of artificial intelligence-based algorithms used in data analysis that allows computers to automatically learn from data. In the transportation realm, machine learning can be used to recognize patterns and trends from bridge performance data that may otherwise have been lost in statistical variability, without the explicit need to program where and how to look for such patterns and trends, and gather insights on type and timing of PMR activities. Machine learning can leverage the long-term benefits of self-reporting infrastructure by not only leading to quicker response to needed PMR interventions, but in “learning” from those experiences to improve future predictive capabilities and performance. Automatic and inductive learning capabilities applied to the analysis of complex datasets can lead to further innovations for designing new structures that can anticipate and thereby reduce downstream PMR requirements. These capabilities can also provide models for the more efficient design of specific bridges through an improved ability to analyze complex datasets that, just as an example, could make calibrating load resistance factors more accurate. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Facilitates breakthroughs in capacity to retrieve, integrate, manage, analyze, interpret, communicate and react to “mega-data” driven information  Results in improved analytical and predictive models to forecast need for PMR activities to support real-time, short and long-term asset management  Reinforces the essential role for life-cycle asset management practices and holistic maintenance and repair strategies to guide resource allocation and measure effectiveness  Places more emphasis on long-term preventive maintenance strategies  Encourages mainstreaming of performance management, transparency, accountability and stakeholder engagement into transportation agency cultures Applications Maintenance  Machine learning can result in self-reporting infrastructure which can lead to quicker response to needed maintenance or safety/natural disaster issues Preservation  Improved analytical and predictive models for decision making in preservation activities result in better asset management practices and optimization of funds for longer service life of structures Renewal  Automatic and inductive learning capabilities from analysis of complex datasets can lead to newer models for more efficient design for specific bridge and tunnel layouts and long service life materials Benefits  Improved asset performance  Lower capital and life-cycle costs  Improved performance measurement & asset data utilization  Improved resiliency  Environmental sustainability

2-32 Potential Challenges  Organizational silos separating researchers from practitioners  Human resource limitations in skill sets required for successful innovation deployment  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Inertia of legacy processes and methods  Uncertainty concerning actual performance (benefits not clearly demonstrated, inconsistent performance)

2-33 Discipline Structures Emerging PMR Practice Integrated Building Information Modeling (iBIM) for Highways Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description iBIM provides an integrated shared knowledge platform to collect, organize, and access all information about a roadway facility, including bridges. The platform facilitates rich, vendor independent, interoperable data governed by common data standards, supported by a secured cyber infrastructure of full automated connectivity and web or cloud based applications. For bridges, bridge information modeling (BrIM or BIM for bridges) will facilitate the use of 3D modeling that can span the life cycle of structures from initial concept and visualization through 3D design with the digitized data being transferred to fabricators (possibly using 3D printers) and then to construction (including construction robotics and GIS systems) and ultimately to asset management systems that capture the “as-built” as well as the “as-preserved” and “as-maintained” changes to the structure over its serviceable life. BrIM provides for better organization and tracking of the structure’s historical data and facilitates streamlined workflows. Designers, construction managers and asset managers may one day put on a headset and “see” a new or renewed bridge virtually imposed onto the existing site, and can virtually explore construction phasing before any dirt is moved. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Facilitates breakthroughs in capacity to retrieve, integrate, manage, analyze, interpret, communicate and react to “mega-data” driven information  Supports the essential role for life-cycle asset management practices and holistic maintenance and repair strategies to guide resource allocation and measure effectiveness  Encourages robust, life-cycle preservation, maintenance and renewal practices  Encourages collaborative planning for resiliency investments and emergency response among multi-jurisdictional network owners  Encourages more strategic thinking and systems approach in PMR prioritization Applications Maintenance  Complete asset information from “birth to death” assessable in one place (design models, as-built plans, preservation activity logs, inspection reports) and instant access to such information for making decisions relating to PMR activities  Improved asset management decision making (possible machine learning) for longer service life, risk-based inspection intervals and long term maintenance plans  Integration of information from performance monitoring systems to support holistic decision making Preservation Renewal  Moving to BIM (or BrIM) can mean switching to an all-electronic design – eliminating the need for paper-based documents  Electronic data management using 3D modeling for visualization, 3D design, fabrication (3D printers) and construction (including construction robotics and GIS systems)  Better organization and tracking of the structures data and streamlined workflows Benefits  Improved performance measurement & asset data utilization  Improved organizational processes and efficiencies  Improved asset performance  Lower capital and life-cycle costs

2-34 Potential Challenges  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Issues concerning information security  Inertia of legacy processes and methods  Absence of top management support  Short term perspective (unwillingness to make up-front investments, wait for long-term results)  Lack of measurable outcomes (e.g. benefit-cost ratio)

2-35 Discipline Structures Emerging PMR Practice Enterprise Information Systems – PMR Applications Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description An enterprise information system is a unified system of computer applications specifically designed for an organization that provides a platform to integrate and streamline their business processes. The system facilitates to organize their business requirements and processes toward a delivery-oriented structure to help achieve their organizational objectives efficiently. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Contributes to alternative business models for agency structures, including transformative support and service-oriented roles for human resources, information technology and legal services  Facilitates mainstreaming performance management, transparency, accountability and stakeholder engagement into transportation agency cultures  Improves efficiency and alleviates the pressure to “do more with less” that never goes away  Encourages collaborative planning for resiliency investments and emergency response among multi-jurisdictional network owners with real- time response coordination through business process streamlining  Contributes to rapid response capabilities to restore operations Applications Maintenance  Integration of all standalone systems into a single unified system streamlining business process functions and information handling with seamless integration and avoidance of fragmentation and workflow bottlenecks. Examples of streamlining relating to PMR activities include the scheduling of condition data collection, needs identification, estimation of resource needs, planning, procurement, control and closure of PMR activities, updating of information systems, and supporting data analytics Preservation Renewal Benefits  Improved performance measurement & asset data utilization  Improved organizational processes and efficiencies Potential Challenges  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Issues concerning information security  Inertia of legacy processes and methods  Risk averse agency culture / absence of champions for innovation  Lack of measurable outcomes (e.g. benefit-cost ratio)  Challenges associated with labor-saving (staff-reducing) innovations

2-36 Discipline Structures Emerging PMR Practice Predictive-Proactive Maintenance Regime for Roadway Assets Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description Predictive-Proactive Maintenance is a proactive, dual source assessment and intervention process that optimizes maintenance regimes for assets considering their criticality and potential consequences of asset failure. This approach optimizes timing of preventative maintenance by tracking actual versus predicted condition and performance. This approach will result in customized, “just-in- time” preventive maintenance work programs that minimize post-construction life-cycle costs. For structures, mega-data available through all sources (structural health monitoring, connected vehicles, remote sensing, etc.) will make deterioration models more accurate and incorporate AI learning for improved decision making tools. Predictive models address anticipated life-cycle and end- of-life conditions for structures and will help agencies better plan financially the resources required for PMR over the long term. PMR asset management plans can be developed as part of the design of the structure (a bridge owner’s PMR “manual”) that recommends a proactive preservation plan for the entire life cycle to maximize service life. More data sources and more quality data will result in improved deterioration modeling. More variables can be included in models with more complex data analysis capabilities. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Addresses the need for prioritization among various PMR types: capacity expansion versus PMR, preventive maintenance versus reactive maintenance, urgent/immediate needs versus deferrable needs  Introduces more strategic thinking and systems approach in PMR prioritization  Reinforces the essential role for life-cycle asset management practices and holistic maintenance and repair strategies to guide resource allocation and measure effectiveness  Places more emphasis on long-term preventive maintenance strategies  Encourages robust, life-cycle PMR practices  Results in improved inventories and condition/vulnerability assessments of system-critical assets  Results in improved analytical and predictive models to forecast need for PMR activities to support real-time, short and long-term asset management Applications Maintenance  Incorporates predicted or quantified condition of the structure into preservation activity decision making, resulting in improved asset management over the life of the structure  Mega-data available through all sources (structural health monitoring, connected vehicles, NDT, remote sensing, etc.) will make deterioration models more accurate and incorporate AI learning for improved decision making tools Preservation Renewal  Predicted models include information on end-of-life for structures and will help agencies better plan financially and with resources for renewal of the structures in the long term  Maintenance plans can be developed as part of the design of the structure (a bridge owner’s manual) that recommend a proactive preservation plan for the entire life cycle to ensure long service life Benefits  Improved performance measurement & asset data utilization  Improved asset performance  Improved resiliency  Improved PMR delivery outcomes  Lower capital and life-cycle costs

2-37 Potential Challenges  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Absence of top management support  Short term perspective (unwillingness to make up-front investments, wait for long-term results)  Need for new, or conflict with existing regulations or standards  Inertia of legacy processes and methods  Uncertainty concerning actual performance (benefits not clearly demonstrated, inconsistent performance)

2-38 Discipline Structures Emerging PMR Practice The “Internet of Things” (IoT) - PMR Applications Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description The IoT represents a network of bridges and structures containing embedded technology sensors as well as C/AV mobile sensors connected seamlessly across platforms through a unified information technology framework, to create, communicate, aggregate, and analyze information. This information can feed into a virtually endless array of useful applications for individual structures and on a network and corridor basis, including real-time inspection and condition reporting, real-time work zone information from a total asset-network perspective, facilitated routings and tracking of special permit loads (for size and weight), and PMR activity decision making, among others. Real-time condition data that might affect traffic can be communicated to traveling customers who can get both a system overview as well as customized route guidance influenced by an up-to-the minute assessment of conditions among the “things” that are reporting in. The systems may even allow for real-time self-correction, such as automated treatment for ice and snow and automated calls for emergency response. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Facilitates smart infrastructure with embedded, self-diagnosing, non- destructive sensing for continuous measurement and corrective intervention  Facilitates breakthroughs in capacity to retrieve, integrate, manage, analyze, interpret, communicate and react to “mega-data” driven information  Results in improved analytical and predictive models to forecast need for PMR activities to support real-time, short and long-term asset management  Mitigates the issues associated with increased congestion, in terms of greater magnitude, increased frequency and new locations  Addresses the public concerns toward less tolerance for traffic disruption due to PMR activities  Encourages collaborative planning for resiliency investments and emergency response among multi-jurisdictional network owners  Results in Improved predictive, detection and sensing capability  Supports rapid response capabilities to restore operations  Results in improved systems for rapid turnaround and reliability of damage assessment  Creates the need to access skills for effective upkeep of advanced information and communications technologies Applications Maintenance  Real-time information can allow for self-corrections (e.g. automated treatment of bridge decks for ice) and improve emergency response Preservation  Provides a unified source of roadway network condition evaluation, a network of structures able to communicate with each other as well as with smartphones and tablets, etc.  Information can feed into inspection reports and preservation activity decision making Renewal  New structures will include seamless, interconnected network of embedded devices and systems to provide real-time monitoring as an input into managing life-cycle replacement Benefits  Improved performance measurement and asset data management  Improved asset performance  Improved safety  Improved resiliency

2-39 Potential Challenges  Absence of top management support  Short term perspective (unwillingness to make up-front investments, wait for long-term results)  Organizational silos separating researchers from practitioners  Need for new, or conflict with existing regulations or standards  Human resource limitations in skill sets required for successful innovation deployment  Lack of measurable outcomes (e.g. ROI, BCR)  Industry indifference or resistance to innovation  Absence of necessary vendor technical support base

2-40 Discipline Structures Emerging PMR Practice Construction Robotics Emerging PMR Practice Type Technology Description Construction robotics is an advanced form of automation that can perform mechanized construction processes with no or little human intervention, and with potentially greater precision, including in adverse conditions. Robotics will evolve to perform non-destructive evaluation, in isolation or in conjunction with structural health monitoring systems, to gather information on functional and structural conditions of structures. NDE robotics and robotic devices that incorporate several different types of NDE into a moveable device (such as the RABIT robot) will continue to be deployed. These innovations will allow for inspections of bridge decks to be performed at traffic speeds, eliminating traffic control requirements. Robotics will also be used for hard-to-inspect structures or components, including high-tower suspension cables, interiors of box girders and areas that require dangerous rope climbs to reach. Technologies including infrared scanning, ground penetrating radar, and ultrasonic scanning will continue to evolve and eventually be more effective than visual inspection. BrIM models can feed into robotics directly for certain construction functions. These systems will be able to record data on construction activity and as-built structures for BrIM models, to be used for asset management purposes in the future. Overall, there will be improved precision and quality and improved work zone safety by removing workers from hazardous or uncomfortable work zones. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Promotes the expanded use of prefabrication of structural elements including bridges  Encourages greater use of fast-track techniques for demolition, removal, replacement  Results in improved quality of structural components with automatic detection and fixing and lower materials and workmanship defects, and improved outcomes of construction methods with higher productivity and lower labor costs  Reduces environmental footprint of materials production, transport, and installation  Places greater emphasis on work zone safety with pressure for fewer lanes and shorter segments taken out of service for PMR activity Applications Maintenance  Automated work orders from bridge sensors directly to robotics when immediate repairs are needed eliminating delay Preservation  Promotes safety by eliminating people in work zones where robotics can perform the preservation activities (e.g. deck overlays, deck joint replacement)  Inspection of structures with NDE testing, data collection, and automatically make appropriate PMR related decisions and execute them in the field Renewal  Ability to take BIM/BrIM design models and input them directly into the robotics for construction  Recording of construction activity and as-built structures for BIM/BrIM models to be used for asset management decision making  Improved precision and quality  Improved work zone safety by removing workings from danger zones Benefits  Improved PMR project delivery outcomes  Improved asset performance  Improved safety  Environmental sustainability  Lower capital and life-cycle costs

2-41 Potential Challenges  Short term perspective (unwillingness to make up-front investments, wait for long-term results)  Organizational silos separating researchers from practitioners  Challenges associated with labor-saving (staff-reducing) innovations  Industry indifference or resistance to innovation  Absence of necessary vendor technical support base  Legal issues: product liability, insurance  Need for new, or conflict with existing regulations or standards

2-42 Discipline Structures Emerging PMR Practice Self-Diagnosing/Reporting and Work Ordering Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description It is a system that automates the asset management process: data collection, asset usage tracking, condition monitoring, performance assessment, intervention diagnosis, treatment selection and timing, work order placement, and potential self-performance. Incorporated into new structures, sensors and technology that can self-diagnose problems, report them, and order the work that needs to be done will help to keep small problems small, keep good structures good, and keep big problems from becoming catastrophic. Recorded information and data can be incorporated into AI learning for more efficient designs, trigger the need for inspection of ongoing and completed work, and feed new “as-preserved” data into BrIM systems for asset management. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Integrates with a smart infrastructure with embedded, self-diagnosing, non-destructive sensing for continuous measurement and corrective intervention  Facilitates breakthroughs in capacity to retrieve, integrate, manage, analyze, interpret, communicate and react to “mega-data” driven information  Utilizes improved analytical and predictive models to forecast need for PMR activities to support real-time, short and long-term asset management  Addresses the need for prioritization: expansion vs. PMR, preventive vs. reactive, urgent vs. deferrable Applications Maintenance  Self-diagnosing and work ordering automates the process of identifying and addressing issues Preservation  Promotes “preservation” rather than reactive maintenance as issues are reported early and often before they become large defects  Results in lower life-cycle costs and more streamlined processes Renewal  Incorporated into new structures, sensors and technology that can self- diagnose issues, report them and order the work to maintain a state of good repair and eliminate the need to repair costly large defects  Eliminate the need for frequent cyclic inspections allowing for risk-based interval inspections according to reported data resulting in cost saving  Recorded information and data can be incorporated into AI learning for more efficient designs and into BIM/BrIM systems for asset management Benefits  Improved performance measurement and asset data management  Improved organizational processes and efficiencies  Improved asset performance  Improved customer satisfaction Potential Challenges  Staff unfamiliarity with advanced technology (maturity, readiness, and technical validity/limitations)  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Inertia of legacy processes and methods  Challenges associated with labor-saving (staff-reducing) innovations  Financial constraints (limited funding and higher capital costs)  Uncertainty concerning actual performance (benefits not clearly demonstrated, inconsistent performance)

2-43 Discipline Structures Emerging PMR Practice Connected Vehicle Applications to supply Real-time Conditions Information Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description Connected vehicles are equipped with probes and sensors (e.g. accelerometers, inertial sensors, suspension motion detectors) to capture and communicate both bridge condition (e.g. such as deck cracking, approach slab settlement, deck deflection, slippery conditions due to weather or skid resistance problems) and individual vehicle response to operating conditions (e.g. behavior of truck suspension and vehicle-mounted accelerometers to evaluate the deflection response of the bridge under its load). These vehicles provide measurements that augment conventional passive infrastructure measurements. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Integrates the use of satellite, vehicle probe, personal devices and other remote and close proximity sensing for system inventory and real-time operating conditions  Results in improved predictive, detection and sensing capability  Provides rapid response capabilities to restore operations  Results in Improved inventories and condition/vulnerability assessments of system-critical assets Applications Maintenance  N.A. Preservation  Eliminates need for certain embedded health monitoring devices using CVs as substitutes for data capture (e.g. deflection in bridge deck, cracking of bridge deck) Renewal Benefits  Improved asset performance  Improved safety  Improved resiliency  Reduced congestion  Improved system reliability  Improved connectivity and access  Environmental sustainability  Improved performance measurement and asset data management  Improved organizational processes and efficiencies  Improved customer satisfaction  Lower capital and life-cycle costs  Improved PMR project delivery outcomes Potential Challenges  Staff unfamiliarity with advanced technology (maturity, readiness, and technical validity/limitations)  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Uncertainty concerning actual performance (benefits not clearly demonstrated, inconsistent performance)  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Issues concerning information security  Lack of adequate and stable funding for research and deployment  Short term perspective (unwillingness to make up-front investments, wait for long-term results)  Inadequate contracting practices for addressing risks, intellectual property, alternative procurement approaches  Organizational silos separating researchers from practitioners  Need for new, or conflict with existing regulations or standards  Lack of measurable outcomes (e.g. ROI, BCR)  Industry indifference or resistance to innovation. (lack of partnership)  Absence of necessary vendor technical support base  Lack of interaction with innovation-driving advocates  Legal issues: product liability, insurance

2-44 Discipline Structures Emerging PMR Practice Remote Sensing Systems - PMR Applications Emerging PMR Practice Type Technologies Description Remote sensing systems will provide high resolution imagery gathered using a variety of payload sensors with benefits of less expensive, faster and large area coverage. New systems will include large use of smaller unmanned aircraft systems (drones) with miniature payloads of high resolution navigation and remote sensing devices with better real-time data transmission, ground control and battery fuel technologies using renewable energy. These remote sensing devices may include infrared, thermal, multispectral, hyperspectral, and heat capacity mapping for optical imaging, and ultra-wideband synthetic aperture radar for non- optical imaging. These systems will facilitate condition inventories and assessments, and monitoring and inspection of structures (that which can’t be discerned with embedded sensors) to enhance predictive-proactive asset management strategies. This can result in a reduction or redeployment of field inspection. Real-time traffic surveillance will assist in establishing and managing work zones, resulting in improved safety and movement of traffic, and computer- aided dispatch systems that support emergency response. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Requires access to skills for effective upkeep of advanced information and communications technologies  Utilizes satellite, vehicle probe, personal devices and other remote and proximity sensing for system inventory and real-time operating conditions  Facilitates improved systems for rapid turnaround and reliability of damage assessment  Indicates improved predictive, detection and sensing capability Applications Maintenance  Real-time condition inventory, monitoring, and inspection of assets to provide quicker, remote and/or automated response (detection, reporting, work ordering) Preservation  Real-time condition inventory, monitoring, and inspection of structures (what cannot be discerned with embedded sensors) to enhance predictive-proactive asset management strategies  Reduction or elimination of field inspection and repair crews and elimination of work zones resulting in improved safety Renewal  Real-time condition inventory, monitoring, and inspection of structures (what can’t be discerned with embedded sensors) provides data that results in more efficient design of new structures Benefits  Improved organizational processes and efficiencies  Improved PMR project delivery outcomes  Improved asset performance  Improved resilience Potential Challenges  Staff unfamiliarity with advanced technology (maturity, readiness, and technical validity/limitations)  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Need for new, or conflict with existing regulations or standards  Extended or problematic approval processes  Absence of necessary vendor technical support base  Legal issues: product liability, insurance

2-45 Discipline Structures Emerging PMR Practice Structural Health Monitoring Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description Structural health monitoring (SHM) captures extensive data on structure utilization and deterioration, including loading, engineering responses, and environmental responses (e.g. corrosion rates), for reliable assessment of remaining service life and PMR needs. Sensors will, in the future, provide even better and more real-time data for short-term and long-term asset management and planning of PMR activities. New structures can be “smart” with embedded, self-diagnosing, non-destructive sensing for continuous measurement and data collection. Sensors can form an Internet of Things and can communicate with connected and automated vehicles, iBIM and emergency response systems (examples include tunnel emergency fire response, and response to critical bridge structure damage from collision or earthquake.) Sensor operations require not only power sources, but reliable ways to transmit the data. Innovations in wireless sensors will allow for low maintenance, highly durable electronics to allow for low power requirements, energy-harvesting opportunities, and wireless data transmission. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Helps to meet the demand for very long-lived assets to reduce frequency of maintenance, repair and renewal  Smart infrastructure with embedded, self-diagnosing, non-destructive sensing for continuous measurement and corrective intervention  Contributes to the development of improved analytical and predictive models to forecast need for PMR activities to support real-time, short and long-term asset management  Robust, life-cycle preservation, maintenance and renewal practices  Lends itself to improved predictive, detection and sensing capabilities  Creates the need to access skills for effective upkeep of advanced information and communications technologies Applications Maintenance  Provides extensive data on structure deterioration for improved analytical and predictive models leading to better preventative measures decision making  Real-time, short-term and long-term asset management data  Reduction in inspection cycle frequency (risk-based) based on data  Reduction in the frequency of repair and maintenance based on data  Self-reporting of defects for automated repair scheduling Preservation Renewal  New structures can be “smart” with embedded, self-diagnosing, non- destructive sensing for continuous measurement and data collection for better decision making and asset management planning  Sensors can provide information across systems (see Internet of Things) including information for automated vehicles and emergency response systems Benefits  Improved asset performance  Improved resiliency  Improved performance measurement & asset data utilization  Lower capital and life-cycle costs

2-46 Potential Challenges  Staff unfamiliarity with advanced technology (maturity, readiness, and technical validity/limitations)  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Issues concerning information security  Risk averse agency culture - absence of champions for innovation  Financial constraints (limited funding and higher capital costs)  Lack of adequate and stable funding for research and deployment  Inadequate contracting practices for addressing risks, intellectual property, alternative procurement approaches  Absence of necessary vendor technical support base

2-47 Discipline Structures Emerging PMR Practice V2I Technology Providing Communications between Passing Vehicles and Roadside Units Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description Connections to infrastructure based systems and to other vehicles and devices provides a parallel and complementary path to the objectives of automated vehicle (AV) capabilities thru both enhancing those supported by V2V and unique V2I- based applications. The V2I form of connectivity provides functionalities where information can be collected by the infrastructure from individual vehicles or vehicles in a location (an intersection, road segment) and then analyzed and communicated to both all vehicles and to systems managers through the infrastructure regarding upstream conditions, traffic control, flow control and roadway physical conditions. The “I” component of the V2I consists of a network or roadside radios, related communications, data analysis and management on the part of infrastructure owner-operators. V2I applications for long-term structures’ PMR provide an opportunity for two- way communication between bridges and vehicles. Connected vehicle sensors, for example, could detect certain structure deficiencies, such as deck roughness, slippery conditions, or bone-jarring joints. Reciprocally, structures themselves could communicate deficiencies to the vehicle, such as the need to reduce speed because of the very same conditions. In the case of heavy vehicles, bridges can collect weigh-in-motion data on gross and axle weights, speed, axle impact loads, and deflection that are associated with specific vehicles, and possibly use the very same vehicle to transmit that data to a centralized point of collection. Such data on usage characteristics and associated impacts on structures can then be used to model deterioration from those loads. On-bridge speed limits might be varied in real-time with upstream warnings when infrastructure sensors detect heavily loaded vehicles approaching a structure or work zone. The possibilities enabled by vehicle-to-infrastructure communications are indeed varied and of value to users and agencies alike. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Meets need for connected vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) roadside infrastructure  Encourages reclamation of existing capacity and minimizes the need for new capacity  Emphasize an increased need for consistency infrastructure “readability” by automated and connected vehicles – a special challenge during PMR activities  Integrates the use of satellite, vehicle probe, personal devices and other remote and close proximity sensing for system inventory and real-time operating conditions  Increased congestion – greater magnitude, increased frequency and new locations  Places greater emphasis on work zone safety with pressure for fewer lanes and shorter segments taken out of service for PMR activity Applications Maintenance  Communication from the infrastructure to the vehicles can relay information on unsafe travel conditions (ice on bridge decks, flooding, major failures due to impact, etc.) Preservation  Passing traffic and freight communicates with structures providing usage data that can be used to model deterioration due to those loads  Provide speed management, commercial vehicle weight control, and work zone safety management during PMR activities Renewal  Data collected from passing vehicles can be collected and used for adaptive design of new structures

2-48 Benefits  Improved safety  Improved system reliability  Improved asset performance  Improved customer satisfaction  Reduced congestion  Lower capital and life-cycle costs  Improved performance measurement & asset data utilization Potential Challenges  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Issues concerning information security  Financial constraints (limited funding and higher capital costs)  Lack of clear policy on capacities to maintain in-house vs. outsourcing  Inadequate contracting practices for addressing risks, intellectual property, alternative procurement approaches  Need for new, or conflict with existing regulations or standards  Absence of necessary vendor technical support base  Legal issues: product liability, insurance

2-49 PAVEMENTS Pavements represent a highly valued asset class, obviously essential to the performance of highway infrastructure. They are the visible essence of streets and highways. The primary objectives of pavement assets are to provide a smooth, safe and durable riding surface for users at minimum practicable life-cycle costs and with the least adverse environmental effects. Pavement preservation, maintenance, and renewal activities are defined as follows in accordance with the FHWA’s Guidance on Highway Preservation and Maintenance (dated February 25, 2016) and Pavement Preservation Definitions (September 12, 2005): • Preservation includes work activities that are planned and performed to improve or sustain the pavement condition in a state of good repair (FHWA, 2016). Pavement preservation includes minor rehabilitation, preventive maintenance and some aspects of routine maintenance. o Minor rehabilitation includes non-structural enhancements, such as thin overlays, applied to an existing pavement to either reduce aging, restore serviceability, or eliminate surface-initiated, environmentally induced cracking. o Preventive maintenance includes a series of cost-effective treatments applied to preserve the existing pavement, retard future deterioration, and maintain or improve the functional conditions of the existing pavement. Examples of preventive maintenance includes microsurfacing, chip seals, load transfer restoration and diamond-grinding. o All planned and reoccurring activities of routine maintenance performed to reduce the deterioration of existing pavements, such as the routine application of crack sealing to arrest working cracks, are considered as preservation. • Maintenance describes work activities performed to maintain the general condition of existing pavement or in response to specific conditions or events to restore its functional state. Maintenance includes some aspects of routine maintenance, corrective and emergency maintenance. o Some aspects of routine maintenance that are performed to restore functional condition of existing pavements, such as crack filling of non-working cracks, dust control, controlling vegetation-induced pavement damage, and drainage cleaning. o Corrective and emergency maintenance include "reactive" type of work activities performed in response to potential or existing deficiencies that adversely impact the smooth and safe operations and future integrity of the existing pavement. Examples include pothole repairs, patching, full-or partial depth repair, and pavement-shoulder drop-offs. • Renewal includes work activities performed to fully or partially restore the structural integrity of the pavement. o Major rehabilitation, such as structural overlays and concrete pavement restorations, includes structural enhancements that improves the strength or load- carrying capacity of the existing pavement. o Reconstruction involves a complete removal and replacement of the existing pavement with an equivalent or increased structural capacity.

2-50 Three primary areas of pavement PMR can expect to see significant impacts from select emerging practices. Individually and collectively, the emerging practices will improve the ability to: • Improve asset longevity and life-cycle management. Extend the useful life of pavement assets to reduce frequency of PMR activities through the use of long-life designs, and materials with improved strength and durability; promote robust, proactive and timely application of PMR regimes with more emphasis on long-term preventive maintenance strategies; promote better decisions relating to PMR policies and investments through data-driven processes; and enhance information capture capabilities using improved predictive, detection and sensing capabilities. • Improve delivery outcomes of procurement and methods. Minimize traffic disruptions and enhance work zone safety when undertaking PMR activities; accelerate schedule and minimize the need or frequency of road closures; improve productivity, cost and quality outcomes of PMR activities; eliminate bottlenecks and streamline business processes associated with PMR activities; and enhance information sharing across the entire life cycle of pavement assets. • Enhance pavement-related environmental sustainability. Adopt more environmentally sensitive and holistic approaches to sustainable designs, materials and methods related to PMR practices; expand attention to recycling and reuse, minimal waste, material substitutions, and localized materials; reduce the depletion of natural resources used for construction materials, and associated damage from extraction and transport; and promote more efficient and cleaner energy consumption in PMR activities, and reduce noise impacts on adjacent private properties.

2-51 Discipline Pavements Emerging PMR Practice Hyper-Performance Materials Emerging PMR Practice Type Materials Description Hyper-performance materials are designed to have better strength, durability and/or workability properties than corresponding traditional materials. Examples of hyper- performance materials include many variants of alternative cement clinkers with improved characteristics (e.g. calcium sulfoaluminate cement), ultra-high performance concrete, polymerized bituminous binders, and self-healing asphalt. The use of hyper-performance materials, when used in original construction and/or in PMR activities, would greatly improve the strength and durability of pavements. These materials would extend the service life of pavements to reduce the frequency and extent of corrective maintenance and repair, and thus, would result in lower life- cycle costs. Fewer PMR actions would result in lower material consumption as well as fewer lane closure requirements and associated work zone disruptions. Collectively, these innovations increase the resiliency of pavements system-wide, thereby mitigating looming threats related to extreme weather and climate change, as well as anticipated growth in truck traffic and allowable axle weights. Furthermore, with the emergence of connected and automated vehicles, there is a strong possibility of special managed lanes for freight platooning, causing more rutting and fatigue cracking in flexible pavements and pumping/joint faulting and fatigue cracking in concrete pavements. This might require an additional examination of layer materials and structural designs to withstand channelized (low wander) traffic applied in rapid succession (small rest periods) from truck platooning. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Results in advancements in concrete and asphalt pavement technologies  Improves strength of materials and durability of designs  Fulfills the need for stronger, more durable pavements in truck-only and mixed traffic lanes  Meets the demand for very long-life assets to reduce frequency of maintenance, repair and renewal  Facilitates upgrading of cross sections and geometry in renewal projects in response to changes in freight characteristics and resilience needs  Reduces environmental footprint of materials production, transport, and installation  Ability to produce designs that accommodate longer combination vehicles, platooning opportunities, platoon assembly-disassembly locations  Addresses changes in pavement design criteria and standards for automated/connected vehicles Applications Maintenance  New asphalt repair and patching materials with exceptional resistance against weathering, freeze and thaw, and oxidation that provide enhanced durability and effectiveness of preservation and maintenance treatments  New variants of polymerized asphalt binders with high resistance to cracking and deformation that provide superior durability and longer life  Bituminous mixtures with self-healing properties applicable to crack repair  High performance concrete materials resulting in better resistance against cracking, freeze-thaw damage, corrosion, abrasion and impacts  Material substitution of cement or clinker in concrete that reduce damage potential (e.g. drying shrinkage) to provide superior durability and longer life  High performance materials that permit early opening to traffic and shorter duration of work zones Preservation Renewal Benefits  Improved asset performance  Lower capital and life-cycle costs  Improved resiliency  Environmental sustainability

2-52 Potential Challenges  Uncertainty concerning actual performance (benefits not clearly demonstrated, inconsistent performance)  Inertia of legacy processes and methods  Short term perspective (unwillingness to make up-front investments, wait for long-term results)  Inadequate contracting practices for addressing risks, intellectual property, and alternative procurement approaches  Need for new, or conflict with existing regulations or standards

2-53 Discipline Pavements Emerging PMR Practice Perpetual/ Long-Life Highway infrastructure Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description The “perpetual,” “long-life” and “zero-maintenance” pavement design concept is aimed at constructing pavements whose underlying physical elements last for extremely long periods of time with proper, periodic PMR treatments. This can mean pavements whose wearing surface occasionally needs surface milling and resurfacing, and filling and sealing of cracks, but whose underlying structure (subgrade and base courses) virtually never require reconstruction. Furthermore, with the emergence of connected and automated vehicles, there is a strong possibility of special managed lanes for freight platooning, causing more rutting and fatigue cracking in flexible pavements and pumping/joint faulting and fatigue cracking in concrete pavements. This might require an additional examination of long-life structural designs to withstand channelized (low wander) traffic applied in rapid succession (small rest periods) from truck platooning. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Results in advancements in concrete and asphalt pavement technologies  Improves strength of materials and durability of designs  Fulfills the need for stronger, more durable pavements in truck-only and mixed traffic lanes  Meets the demand for very long-life assets to reduce frequency of maintenance, repair and renewal  Facilitates upgrading of cross sections and geometry in renewal projects in response to changes in freight characteristics and resilience needs  Produces resilient, threat management related-designs tied to levels of risk  Produces designs to accommodate longer combination vehicles, platooning opportunities, platoon assembly- disassembly locations  Reduces environmental footprint of materials production, transport, and installation  Mitigates depletion of natural resources used for construction materials, and associated damage from extraction and transport  Addresses changes in pavement design criteria and standards for automated/connected vehicles Applications Maintenance  N.A. Preservation  Increased emphasis from major renewal and reconstruction to preservation activities Renewal  Enhanced structural integrity to ensure no occurrence of failures in pavement base layers and foundation, which otherwise, require major renewal or reconstruction  Stronger and more durable pavements with greater resiliency to withstand against systematic threats  Lower environmental footprint for materials production, transport, and construction, since no major structural repairs are required  No or reduced need for major structural repairs to result in fewer lane closures, shorter work zone durations, and lesser disruptions to traffic Benefits  Improved asset performance  Lower capital and life-cycle costs  Improved resiliency  Environmental sustainability Potential Challenges  Financial constraints (limited funding and higher capital costs)  Short term perspective (unwillingness to make up-front investments, wait for long-term results)

2-54 Discipline Pavements Emerging PMR Practice Machine Learning - Artificial Intelligence for Asset Management Emerging PMR Practice Type Tool Description “Machine learning” is a type of artificial intelligence-based algorithms used in data analysis that allows computers to automatically learn from data. In the transportation realm, machine learning can be used to recognize patterns and trends from pavement performance data that may otherwise have been lost in statistical variability, without the explicit need to program where and how to look for such patterns and trends, and gather insights on type and timing of PMR activities. Using this knowledge, better decisions can be made at both project level (i.e. selecting the right type and timing of PMR action) and network level (i.e. prioritization and resource allocation). For instance, machine learning can help identify when to schedule crack filling on non-working cracks to optimize the life-cycle sequence of PMR activities, whose effects on pavement performance cannot be analyzed otherwise using current mechanistic or empirical models. In a nutshell, machine learning applications will greatly contribute to better management of pavement assets at both project and network levels, while greatly reducing the statistical variability associated with empirical evidence-based forecasting models. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Facilitates breakthroughs in capacity to retrieve, integrate, manage, analyze, interpret, communicate and react to “mega-data” driven information  Results in improved analytical and predictive models to forecast need for PMR activities to support real-time, short and long-term asset management  Reinforces the essential role for life-cycle asset management practices and holistic maintenance and repair strategies to guide resource allocation and measure effectiveness  Places more emphasis on long-term preventive maintenance strategies  Encourages mainstreaming of performance management, transparency, accountability and stakeholder engagement into transportation agency cultures Applications Maintenance  N.A. Preservation  Applications in analysis of huge volumes of pavement performance data to recognize patterns, predict future conditions, and utilize the same in making decisions relating to PMR actions, project prioritization, resource allocation and financial planning Renewal Benefits  Improved asset performance  Lower capital and life-cycle costs  Improved performance measurement & asset data utilization  Improved resiliency  Environmental sustainability Potential Challenges  Organizational silos separating researchers from practitioners  Human resource limitations in skill sets required for successful innovation deployment  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Inertia of legacy processes and methods  Uncertainty concerning actual performance (benefits not clearly demonstrated, inconsistent performance)

2-55 Discipline Pavements Emerging PMR Practice Integrated Building Information Modeling (iBIM) for Highways Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description An integrated BIM is a shared knowledge platform for collecting, organizing and accessing all information about a roadway facility during its life cycle from earliest conception to demolition. iBIM provides an integrated electronic system with rich vendor independent, interoperable data governed by common data standards, supported by a secured cyber infrastructure of full automated connectivity and web or cloud based applications. iBIM allow decision-makers to readily access historical information related to design and construction, such as pavement design features and construction quality outcomes, and use-phase” information, such as asset conditions, maintenance and preservation histories, and renewal events, for pavement design and life-cycle modeling purposes. iBIM can also allow integration of information from performance monitoring systems to support holistic decision making, such as undertaking safety improvements during pavement preservation or undertaking capacity improvements during pavement renewal. iBIM signifies a breakthrough in the way the agencies manage and utilize information in the big data environment and further serves as a critical milestone to a long-term scenario of large-scale automation. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Facilitates breakthroughs in capacity to retrieve, integrate, manage, analyze, interpret, communicate and react to “mega-data” driven information  Supports the essential role for life-cycle asset management practices and holistic maintenance and repair strategies to guide resource allocation and measure effectiveness  Encourages robust, life-cycle preservation, maintenance and renewal practices  Encourages collaborative planning for resiliency investments and emergency response among multi-jurisdictional network owners  Encourages more strategic thinking and systems approach in PMR prioritization Applications Maintenance  N.A. Preservation  An integrated electronic platform with full automated connectivity to manage and exchange information across pavement life-cycle phases to achieve better outcomes  Integration of information from performance monitoring systems to support holistic decision making  Instant access to historical information related to design and construction for making decisions relating to PMR activities, and utilization of such information for pavement design and life-cycle modeling purposes Renewal Benefits  Improved performance measurement & asset data utilization  Improved organizational processes and efficiencies  Improved asset performance  Lower capital and life-cycle costs Potential Challenges  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Issues concerning information security  Inertia of legacy processes and methods  Short term perspective (unwillingness to make up-front investments, wait for long-term results)  Lack of measurable outcomes (e.g. benefit-cost ratio)

2-56 Discipline Pavements Emerging PMR Practice Enterprise Information Systems – PMR Applications Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description Enterprise information systems will streamline business processes relating to life- cycle management of pavement assets, such as the scheduling of pavement condition data collection, identification of PMR needs that align with strategic goals, estimation of resource needs, planning, procurement, control and closure of PMR activities, updating of information systems, and supporting data analytics. Such systems streamline the business process functions of various information systems, relating to procurement and project management, maintenance, pavement management, safety and mobility, to mitigate efficiency bottlenecks in workflows. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Contributes to alternative business models for agency structures, including transformative support and service-oriented roles for human resources, information technology and legal services  Facilitates mainstreaming performance management, transparency, accountability and stakeholder engagement into transportation agency cultures  Improves efficiency and alleviates the pressure to “do more with less” that never goes away  Encourages collaborative planning for resiliency investments and emergency response among multi-jurisdictional network owners with real- time response coordination through business process streamlining  Contributes to rapid response capabilities to restore operations Applications Maintenance  Integration of all standalone systems into a single unified system streamlining business process functions and information handling with seamless integration and avoidance of fragmentation and workflow bottlenecks. Examples of streamlining relating to PMR activities include the scheduling of condition data collection, needs identification, estimation of resource needs, planning, procurement, control and closure of PMR activities, updating of information systems, and supporting data analytics Preservation Renewal Benefits  Improved performance measurement & asset data utilization  Improved organizational processes and efficiencies Potential Challenges  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Issues concerning information security  Inertia of legacy processes and methods  Risk averse agency culture / absence of champions for innovation  Lack of measurable outcomes (e.g. benefit-cost ratio)  Challenges associated with labor-saving (staff-reducing) innovations

2-57 Discipline Pavements Emerging PMR Practice Predictive-Proactive Maintenance Regime for Roadway Assets Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description Predictive-Proactive Maintenance is a proactive, dual source assessment and intervention process that optimizes maintenance regimes for assets considering their criticality and potential consequences of asset failure. The availability of robust performance prediction models, such as the ones produced with machine learning, can facilitate a more proactive preservation regime for pavement assets. This approach optimizes timing of preventative maintenance by corroborating actual time series field data with predicted condition using pavement condition models. This approach will result in optimized “just-in-time” preventive maintenance work programs that minimize post-construction life-cycle costs. This regime will take the current practice of pavement PMR, which is predominantly reactive, to the next level of condition-based maintenance. This will help with prioritizing pavement preservation over corrective maintenance. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Addresses the need for prioritization among various PMR types: capacity expansion versus PMR, preventive maintenance versus reactive maintenance, urgent/immediate needs versus deferrable needs  Introduces more strategic thinking and systems approach in PMR prioritization  Reinforces the essential role for life-cycle asset management practices and holistic maintenance and repair strategies to guide resource allocation and measure effectiveness  Places more emphasis on long-term preventive maintenance strategies  Encourages robust, life-cycle PMR practices  Results in improved inventories and condition/vulnerability assessments of system-critical assets  Results in improved analytical and predictive models to forecast need for PMR activities to support real-time, short and long-term asset management Applications Maintenance  N.A. Preservation  Proactively identification of preservation and renewal decisions (e.g. optimal timing and appropriate type of actions) using a data-driven approach Renewal Benefits  Improved performance measurement & asset data utilization  Improved asset performance  Improved resiliency  Improved PMR delivery outcomes  Lower capital and life-cycle costs Potential Challenges  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Absence of top management support  Short term perspective (unwillingness to make up-front investments, wait for long-term results)  Need for new, or conflict with existing regulations or standards  Inertia of legacy processes and methods  Uncertainty concerning actual performance (benefits not clearly demonstrated, inconsistent performance)

2-58 Discipline Pavements Emerging PMR Practice The “Internet of Things” (IoT) - PMR Applications Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description The IoT represents a network of physical objects containing embedded technology connected seamlessly across platforms through a unified information technology framework, to create, communicate, aggregate, and analyze information. IoT devices may range from simple smartphones and digital boards to intertwining webs of sensors and actuating devices. The IoT will permit real-time monitoring and management of asset condition and performance as well as real-time management of traffic in PMR work zones. The motivation for instrumented pavement sections is to measure real-time, structural responses, such stresses and strains, to capture seasonal variations and explain long-term pavement performance. In the future, these instrumented sections will evolve into an IoT that seamlessly collects a wide spectrum of data, including pavement structural responses, pavement condition, traffic and weather, and from a wide range of sources, including sensors embedded in the pavement structure, remote sensing and V2I applications. The IoT is likely to further evolve into real-time mechanistic analysis of these responses to provide automated notifications of PMR triggers. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Facilitates smart infrastructure with embedded, self-diagnosing, non- destructive sensing for continuous measurement and corrective intervention  Facilitates breakthroughs in capacity to retrieve, integrate, manage, analyze, interpret, communicate and react to “mega-data” driven information  Results in improved analytical and predictive models to forecast need for PMR activities to support real-time, short and long-term asset management  Mitigates the issues associated with increased congestion, in terms of greater magnitude, increased frequency and new locations  Addresses the public concerns toward less tolerance for traffic disruption due to PMR activities  Encourages collaborative planning for resiliency investments and emergency response among multi-jurisdictional network owners  Results in Improved predictive, detection and sensing capability  Supports rapid response capabilities to restore operations  Results in improved systems for rapid turnaround and reliability of damage assessment Applications Maintenance  A seamless collection of pavement structural responses, pavement condition, traffic and climate, which may evolve to trigger automated notifications of preservation and renewal needs  Ability to collect massive volumes of data, share them instantaneously and seamlessly across groups, and put them into immediate effective use, while eliminating redundant data collection, use of multiple data formats, organizational siloing, and compartmentalization  Ability to provide rapid response to failures Preservation Renewal Benefits  Improved performance measurement and asset data management  Improved asset performance  Improved safety  Improved resiliency

2-59 Potential Challenges  Absence of top management support  Short term perspective (unwillingness to make up-front investments, wait for long-term results)  Organizational silos separating researchers from practitioners  Need for new, or conflict with existing regulations or standards  Lack of measurable outcomes (e.g. ROI, BCR)  Industry indifference or resistance to innovation. (lack of partnership)  Absence of necessary vendor technical support base

2-60 Discipline Pavements Emerging PMR Practice Construction Robotics Emerging PMR Practice Type Technology Description Construction robotics has evolved to deploy programmable robots with geolocational intelligence for semi-autonomous operations, such as pothole patching, joint repairs, crack detection and sealing, and asset inspections. In the future, with rapid advances in machine learning and artificial intelligence, robotics will evolve in their mobility as well as analytical and decision making capabilities, and in legged locomotion in humanoid robots that can traverse the uneven, unpredictable and continuously changing surfaces of construction work sites. The applications of robotics evolve to automatically detect functional and structural conditions of assets, analyze collected information, make appropriate PMR related decisions and execute them in the field. Robotic applications with spatial intelligence and decision making capabilities may reduce the need for traffic control to fast track PMR operations, such as for condition assessment, crack sealing or joint retrofits, with greater safety. Robotics can also be possibly integrated with geophysical technologies, remote sensing systems, and micro-electromechanical based condition/health monitoring systems. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Promotes the expanded use of prefabrication of structural elements including bridges and pavements  Encourages greater use of fast-track techniques for demolition, removal, replacement  Results in improved quality of structural components with automatic detection and fixing and lower materials and workmanship defects, and improved outcomes of construction methods with higher productivity and lower labor costs  Reduces environmental footprint of materials production, transport, and installation  Places greater emphasis on work zone safety with pressure for fewer lanes and shorter segments taken out of service for PMR activity Applications Maintenance  Provides applications with spatial intelligence and decision making capabilities, which may eliminate the need for traffic control to fast track PMR operations with greater safety.  Provides potential for large-scale automation of PMR activities when integrated with connected V2I technology communications, 3D printing, and self-diagnosing/reporting and work ordering infrastructure. Preservation Renewal Benefits  Improved PMR project delivery outcomes  Improved asset performance  Improved safety  Environmental sustainability  Lower capital and life-cycle costs Potential Challenges  Short term perspective (unwillingness to make up-front investments, wait for long-term results)  Organizational silos separating researchers from practitioners  Challenges associated with labor-saving (staff-reducing) innovations  Industry indifference or resistance to innovation (lack of partnership)  Absence of necessary vendor technical support base  Legal issues: product liability, insurance  Need for new, or conflict with existing regulations or standards

2-61 Discipline Pavements Emerging PMR Practice Self-Diagnosing/Reporting and Work Ordering Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description It is a system that automates the asset management process: data collection, asset usage tracking, condition monitoring, performance assessment, intervention diagnosis, treatment selection and timing, work order placement, and potential self- performance. The culmination of proactive preservation strategy, robust machine- learning based performance prediction models, and seamless collection of pavement asset attributes through IoT is a self-diagnosing, self-reporting and self- work ordering system. Such self-actuated systems can automatically analyze pavement conditions, recognize if performance indicators move beyond their thresholds of acceptability, diagnose the root causes of deficiencies, and select an appropriate treatment type and optimal timing of application. This system, in conjunction with the IoT, can also be futuristically extended to full automation of maintenance and preservation activities using 3D printing and construction robotics. This innovation, by automatically executing a proactive “preservation first” approach and streamlining associated work order processes, should results in lower life-cycle costs and improved PMR delivery outcomes. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Integrates with a smart infrastructure with embedded, self-diagnosing, non-destructive sensing for continuous measurement and corrective intervention  Facilitates breakthroughs in capacity to retrieve, integrate, manage, analyze, interpret, communicate and react to “mega-data” driven information  Utilizes improved analytical and predictive models to forecast need for PMR activities to support real-time, short and long-term asset management  Addresses the need for prioritization: expansion vs. PMR, preventive vs. reactive, urgent vs. deferrable Applications Maintenance  Automatic analysis of measured pavement conditions, comparison against their thresholds of acceptability, diagnosis and selection of appropriate type and timing of a PMR activity  Timely assessment of PMR activities  Ability to provide rapid response to failures Preservation Renewal Benefits  Improved performance measurement and asset data management  Improved organizational processes and efficiencies  Improved asset performance  Improved customer satisfaction Potential Challenges  Staff unfamiliarity with advanced technology (maturity, readiness, and technical validity/limitations)  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Inertia of legacy processes and methods  Challenges associated with labor-saving (staff-reducing) innovations  Financial constraints (limited funding and higher capital costs)  Uncertainty concerning actual performance (benefits not clearly demonstrated, inconsistent performance)

2-62 Discipline Pavements Emerging PMR Practice Connected Vehicle Applications to supply Real-time Conditions Information Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description Connected vehicles are equipped with probes and sensors (e.g. accelerometers, inertial sensors, suspension motion detectors) to capture and communicate both infrastructure condition (e.g. pavement condition) and individual vehicle response to operating conditions in real-time. These vehicles provide measurements that augment conventional passive infrastructure measurements. With onboard sensors on connected vehicles, such as accelerometers, inertial sensors and suspension motions detectors, probe-based V2I communications can serve as “crowd sources” of data relating to pavement surface condition, such as roughness, potholes, friction, rutting, cracking, deflection, and flooding. The dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) frequency bands associated with connected vehicles also enable transmission of collected data. When installed on public fleets and/or through private commercial data providers, probe-based V2I technologies, requiring less resources to collect large-scale, real-time information, will provide a significant breakthrough in pavement condition detection capabilities. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Integrates the use of satellite, vehicle probe, personal devices and other remote and close proximity sensing for system inventory and real-time operating conditions  Results in improved predictive, detection and sensing capability  Provides rapid response capabilities to restore operations  Results in improved inventories and condition/vulnerability assessments of system-critical assets Applications Maintenance  N.A. Preservation  Serve as “crowd sources” of data relating to pavement surface condition, such as roughness, potholes, friction, rutting, cracking, deflection, and flooding Renewal  N.A. Benefits  Improved asset performance  Improved safety  Improved resiliency  Reduced congestion  Improved performance measurement and asset data management  Improved organizational processes and efficiencies  Improved customer satisfaction  Lower capital and life-cycle costs  Improved PMR project delivery outcomes Potential Challenges  Staff unfamiliarity with advanced technology (maturity, readiness, and technical validity/limitations)  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Uncertainty concerning actual performance (benefits not clearly demonstrated, inconsistent performance)  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Issues concerning information security  Lack of adequate and stable funding for research and deployment  Need for new, or conflict with existing regulations or standards  Absence of necessary vendor technical support base  Lack of interaction with innovation-driving advocates  Legal issues: product liability, insurance

2-63 ROADSIDE AND DRAINAGE The D&R discipline covers all aspects of management and operation of D&R assets located within the areas between the edge of the pavement and the right-of-way (ROW) boundary, including the median area of divided roadways. Not included are other assets which occupy roadside areas, such as signs, lighting, gantries, retaining walls, and various devices associated with intelligent transportation systems and TSMO (such as sensors, cameras, weather stations, and the like). Likewise, noise barriers, rest areas, and facilities for winter operations are not accounted for. D&R assets provide the functions of: • Storm water conveyance, treatment and storage. • Self-sustaining and complex biological/ecological systems (e.g. constructed outfall channels, stream channels (natural and restored) crossing under roadways, constructed wetlands, landscaping including tree plantings, and habitat creation areas). • Erosion control for infrastructure stability. • Environmental alternatives to salt and sand for winter maintenance. • Pedestrian, bicycle, and streetscape. • Vegetation control for safety and traffic operations (e.g. tree trimming). • Vegetative management and weed control. • Streetscape development for aesthetic enhancement. D&R PMR activities generally include the following: • Periodic repair, replacement, or upgrade of storm water conveyance/storage/treatment components or entire systems. • Periodic/routine vegetative maintenance, grass mowing, weed/invasive species control; any necessary inspection, testing, and cleaning, as well as system updates as applicable. • Preserving and allowing appropriate clearance in both landscaped and natural spaces within the ROW for aesthetic values as well as functional purposes (e.g. safety). • Periodic monitoring and enhancement of both constructed and natural ecological systems (e.g. constructed wetlands, stream restoration as result of a roadway project). • Managing impervious surfaces to reduce ponding or storm water runoff, and repurposing for environmental enhancement. • Preserving the hydraulic capacity and drainability of pervious surfaces. D&R strategies are also directly applied to the PMR of other assets such as pavements, structures, and TSM&O systems. The innovations for D&R, especially for maintenance and renewal purposes, would most likely affect other disciplines and may require concurrent implementation. Three functional areas of D&R PMR can expect to see significant impacts from select emerging PMR practices. Individually and collectively, the practices will improve the ability to: Improve the resilience of D&R assets considering anticipated changes in climate and the magnitude and frequency of extreme weather events. No other family of highway-related assets

2-64 is more significantly involved in the potential consequences of climate change and extreme weather events than D&R. Not only do these extreme, long-duration, high-intensity events have a significant impact on how these assets function, but also will ultimately lead to newer design standards. In fact, they affect the entirety of highway infrastructure, including all pavements and bridges, embankments and retaining walls. Improve service outcomes and asset longevity. Extend the useful life of drainage and roadside assets through the use of materials with improved strength and durability; minimize traffic disruptions when undertaking D&R PMR activities; minimize the need or frequency of road closures; improve roadway and roadside safety through debris control, vegetation management, winter maintenance, and flood mitigation; improve customer satisfaction and aesthetics; promote better decisions relating to PMR policies and investments through data-driven processes; promote robust, proactive and timely application of PMR regimes with more emphasis on long- term preventive maintenance strategies; and enhance information capture capabilities using improved predictive, detection and sensing capabilities. Enhance D&R-related environmental sustainability. Adopt more environmentally sensitive and holistic approaches to sustainable designs, materials and methods related to storm water drainage; manage downstream drainage in accordance with state and local storm water management requirements ; protect roadside terrain and clear zones; enhance visual character of roads through planting trees and landscaping; reduce the depletion or contamination of natural resources associated with storm water drainage, weed control and use of salts and deicers; reduce fuel usage and air quality impacts and enhance habitat by reducing mowing; expand attention to recycling and reuse, minimal waste, material substitutions, and localized materials; and reduce noise impacts on adjacent private properties.

2-65 Discipline Roadside and Drainage Emerging PMR Practice Hyper-Performance Materials Emerging PMR Practice Type Materials Description Hyper-performance materials are designed to have better strength, durability and/or workability properties than corresponding traditional materials. Examples of such innovations include the use of specialized aggregates in porous friction course (PFC) overlays to develop chemical bonds with targeted pollutants for removal from storm water; porous pavements that are capable of capturing runoff and associated pollutants, and storing and treating the runoff under roadway and roadside surfaces; and the use of polymer composites in maintenance hardware and drainage pipes that are non-corrosive, strong and resilient. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Results in advancements in high permeable concrete and asphalt pavement technologies  Improves strength of materials and durability of D&R assets  Meets the demand for very long-life assets to reduce frequency of maintenance, repair and renewal  Reduces environmental footprint of materials production, transport, and installation Applications Maintenance  New permeable pavement technologies to reduce the quantity of storm water runoff and increase its capture through storm water drains  New permeable pavement technologies to improve the quality of storm water by trapping some pollutants through physical, chemical or biological phenomenon  Use of polymerized materials with high-strength, low corrosive susceptibility, low abrasive and superior durability to provide longer life of drainage pipes, maintenance and roadside hardware  New permeable pavement technologies to reduce the quantity of salt applications for winter maintenance Preservation Renewal Benefits  Improved asset performance  Lower capital and life-cycle costs  Improved resiliency  Environmental sustainability Potential Challenges  Uncertainty concerning actual performance (benefits not clearly demonstrated, inconsistent performance)  Short term perspective (unwillingness to make up-front investments, wait for long-term results)  Maintenance concerns of porous pavements with the need to clean them periodically  Inadequate contracting practices for addressing risks, intellectual property, and alternative procurement approaches  Need for new, or conflict with existing regulations or standards

2-66 Discipline Roadside and Drainage Emerging PMR Practice Enterprise Information Systems – PMR Applications Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description An enterprise information system provides a single uniform platform that ensures business process integration and information sharing across all functional levels and management hierarchies. Such an agency-wide system would facilitate D&R PMR activities, particularly in monitoring the condition and performance, managing the operation, and maintaining the physical integrity of storm water management systems. The integration of real-time data acquisition and an enhanced ability to quickly and seamlessly access historic information to better analyze, anticipate and respond to urgent storm water situations before they become full grown emergencies provides a good example of how enterprise information systems will benefit D&R-related PMR efforts. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Contributes to alternative business models for agency structures, including transformative support and service-oriented roles for human resources, information technology and legal services  Facilitates mainstreaming performance management, transparency, accountability and stakeholder engagement into transportation agency cultures  Improves efficiency and alleviates the pressure to “do more with less” that never goes away Applications Maintenance  Integration of all standalone systems to support more effective and efficient operation, monitoring and maintenance of storm water conveyance systems  Integration systems to support scheduling, inventory updates, real-time data reporting, such as weather forecasting, data analytics, and centralized data management of D&R assets  Integration systems to support planning, and delivery of PMR activities Preservation Renewal Benefits  Improved performance measurement & asset data utilization  Improved organizational processes and efficiencies Potential Challenges  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Issues concerning information security  Inertia of legacy processes and methods  Risk averse agency culture / absence of champions for innovation  Lack of measurable outcomes (e.g. benefit-cost ratio)  Challenges associated with labor-saving (staff-reducing) innovations

2-67 Discipline Roadside and Drainage Emerging PMR Practice Predictive-Proactive Maintenance Regime for Roadway Assets Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description Predictive-Proactive Maintenance is a proactive, dual source assessment and intervention process that optimizes maintenance regimes for assets considering their criticality and potential consequences of asset failure. This approach emphasizes the need for condition-based maintenance in lieu of schedule-based maintenance. The availability of reliable condition information, in conjunction with supporting analytical models, can facilitate the ability of agencies to adopt a more proactive maintenance regime, such as proactive detection, cleaning and repairs of subsurface drainage assets. Predictive maintenance also helps to prevent unexpected failures and allow better planning for PMR, which allows for better utilization of resources at lower costs and improved customer satisfaction. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Addresses the need for prioritization among various PMR types: capacity expansion versus PMR, preventive maintenance versus reactive maintenance, urgent/immediate needs versus deferrable needs  Introduces more strategic thinking and systems approach in PMR prioritization  Reinforces the essential role for life-cycle asset management practices and holistic maintenance and repair strategies to guide resource allocation and measure effectiveness  Places more emphasis on long-term preventive maintenance strategies  Encourages robust, life-cycle PMR practices  Results in improved analytical and predictive models to forecast need for PMR activities to support real-time, short and long-term asset management Applications Maintenance  Support to D&R infrastructure management (e.g. optimal timing and appropriate type of actions) using a data-driven approach Preservation Renewal Benefits  Improved performance measurement & asset data utilization  Improved asset performance  Improved resiliency  Improved PMR delivery outcomes  Lower capital and life-cycle costs Potential Challenges  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Financial constraints (limited funding and higher capital costs)  Absence of top management support  Short term perspective (unwillingness to make up-front investments, wait for long-term results)

2-68 Discipline Roadside and Drainage Emerging PMR Practice The “Internet of Things” (IoT) - PMR Applications Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description The IoT represents a network of physical objects containing embedded technology connected seamlessly across platforms through a unified information technology framework, to create, communicate, aggregate, and analyze information. Future storm water treatment, storage, and reuse devices will be equipped with sensors, data communication capabilities, GPS, and automatic or remote- controllable/operable mechanic and electronic parts. The storm water and drainage network forms a physical system that is designed to be capable of real-time data communication with the enterprise system and is linked with external weather forecasting systems and public alerting systems. Future storm water systems will also be linked to regulatory enterprise data systems for real-time reporting and compliance tracking. Roadside developments such as bike lanes, bike share stations, pedestrian zones, streetscape and other features within ROW will form as a connected, creative network of facilities and components, via embedded technology that can communicate with one another via the IoT to provide for better and more efficient functions. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Facilitates smart infrastructure with embedded, self-diagnosing, non- destructive sensing for continuous measurement and corrective intervention  Facilitates breakthroughs in capacity to retrieve, integrate, manage, analyze, interpret, communicate and react to “mega-data” driven information  Results in improved analytical and predictive models to support real- time, short and long-term asset management  Encourages collaborative planning for resiliency investments and emergency response among multi-jurisdictional network owners  Results in Improved predictive, detection and sensing capability  Supports rapid response capabilities to restore operations  Results in improved systems for rapid turnaround and reliability of damage assessment Applications Maintenance  Continuous condition monitoring of drainage networks, roadside facilities, and weather to facilitate automated notifications of PMR needs  Ability to collect massive volumes of data, share them instantaneously and seamlessly across groups, and put them into immediate effective use, while eliminating redundant data collection, use of multiple data formats, organizational siloing, and compartmentalization  Ability to provide rapid response to failures  Ability to support operation, asset PMR, and performance management of storm water treatment, storage, and reuse systems Preservation Renewal Benefits  Improved performance measurement and asset data management  Improved asset performance  Improved safety  Improved resiliency Potential Challenges  Absence of top management support  Short term perspective (unwillingness to make up-front investments, wait for long-term results)  Organizational silos separating researchers from practitioners  Need for new, or conflict with existing regulations or standards  Industry indifference or resistance to innovation (lack of partnership)  Absence of necessary vendor technical support base  Transitional challenges, when IoT is only partially implemented and only portions of the systems are managed through IoT

2-69 Discipline Roadside and Drainage Emerging PMR Practice Construction Robotics Emerging PMR Practice Type Technology Description Construction robotics is an advanced form of automation that focuses on mechanizing construction processes with no or little human intervention. The advancement of robotic technology can enable much safer and cost efficient construction and maintenance of D&R activities. The use of remote-controlled video probes to inspect drainage pipes is a precursor. Both autonomous and semi- autonomous robotic devices can contribute to a variety of PMR activities relating to D&R, including storm water treatment, mowing, litter control, subsurface drainage repairs, cleaning and sediment removal in ditches, storm sewers, flumes, and along curbs and gutters. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Promotes the expanded use of prefabrication of structural elements including bridges and pavements  Encourages greater use of fast-track techniques for demolition, removal, replacement  Results in improved quality of structural components with automatic detection and fixing and lower materials and workmanship defects, and improved outcomes of construction methods with higher productivity and lower labor costs  Reduces environmental footprint of materials production, transport, and installation  Places greater emphasis on work zone safety with pressure for fewer lanes and shorter segments taken out of service for PMR activity Applications Maintenance  Autonomous and semi-autonomous robots with spatial intelligence and decision making capabilities to eliminate potentially unsafe PMR activities in adverse roadside site conditions, such as steep slopes, or near high-traffic lanes or waterways  Robots to scale up PMR activities, on an as-needed basis and within shorter periods of time Preservation Renewal Benefits  Improved PMR project delivery outcomes  Improved asset performance  Improved safety  Environmental sustainability  Lower capital and life-cycle costs Potential Challenges  Short term perspective (unwillingness to make up-front investments, wait for long-term results)  Organizational silos separating researchers from practitioners  Challenges associated with labor-saving (staff-reducing) innovations  Industry indifference or resistance to innovation  Absence of necessary vendor technical support base  Need for new, or conflict with existing regulations or standards  Legal issues: product liability, insurance

2-70 Discipline Roadside and Drainage Emerging PMR Practice Remote Sensing Systems - PMR Applications Emerging PMR Practice Type Technologies Description Remote sensing systems will provide high resolution imagery gathered using a variety of payload sensors with benefits of less expensive, faster and large area coverage. Aerial mapping and sensing techniques utilizing drones or satellites provide an enhanced ability to inventory roadside features, including aboveground drainage and storm water components as well as vegetation. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Requires access to skills for effective upkeep of advanced information and communications technologies  Utilizes satellite, vehicle probe, personal devices and other remote and proximity sensing for system inventory and real-time operating conditions  Facilitates improved systems for rapid turnaround and reliability of damage assessment  Indicates improved predictive, detection and sensing capability Applications Maintenance  Real-time condition inventory, monitoring, and inspection of D&R assets  Ability to provide high resolution imagery over large swaths of land at relatively less cost and time  Monitoring of environmentally functional or sensitive resources within the ROW, such as storm water ponds or protected wetlands, discharge locations and storm water facilities  Monitoring of illicit discharge from construction sites for better environmental compliance Preservation Renewal Benefits  Improved organizational processes and efficiencies  Improved PMR project delivery outcomes  Improved asset performance  Improved resilience Potential Challenges  Staff unfamiliarity with advanced technology (maturity, readiness, and technical validity/limitations)  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Need for new, or conflict with existing regulations or standards  Extended or problematic approval processes  Absence of necessary vendor technical support base  Legal issues: product liability, insurance

2-71 Discipline Roadside and Drainage Emerging PMR Practice Customer Experience Management CXM Analytics Emerging PMR Practice Type Customer Experience Management (CXM) analytics entails a wide range of techniques to understand, influence and measure road user preferences and experience, and use this information in guiding PMR decision making and processes. CXM analytics provides a process to strategically manage the experience of road users with the services provided by the agency Description Tools Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Demands to minimize community impact during PMR activity  Increased community engagement/customer interaction in PMR related activity  Less tolerance for traffic disruption due to PMR activities Applications Maintenance  Ability to provide information on user experience relating to debris control, of landscaping and litter control, safety and visibility considerations of roadside mowing and edging, maintenance of roadside rest areas picnic spots, detecting storm water flooding, and real-time user response to winter maintenance activities  Ability to gather and analyze feedback from road users and nearby property owners on the disruption associated with D&R activities Preservation Renewal Benefits  Improved customer satisfaction  Improved safety  Reduced congestion  Improved PMR project delivery outcomes Potential Challenges  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Issues concerning information security  Organizational silos separating researchers from practitioners  Indifference or lack of awareness among customers and stakeholders  Lack of inter-agency coordination and cooperation

2-72 Discipline Roadside and Drainage Emerging PMR Practice Structural Health Monitoring Emerging PMR Practice Type Structural Health Monitoring involves real-time continuous collection and monitoring of mechanistic responses, structural damage, asset usage and condition. New generations of structural health monitoring systems involve wireless enabled, self-calibrating compact-sized sensor packs with high‐fidelity hardware and low power requirements. Integrated with data capture technologies and facilitated through the IoT, these systems would be capable of collecting, processing and analyzing structural, weather and system conveyance performance condition data to monitor, test or self-diagnose, report, and, when pre-determined condition thresholds are met, generate work order(s) to undertake maintenance activities Description Tools Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Demand for very long-lived assets to reduce frequency of maintenance, repair and renewal  Smart infrastructure with embedded, self-diagnosing, non-destructive sensing for continuous measurement and corrective intervention  Improved analytical and predictive models to forecast need for PMR activities to support real-time, short and long-term asset management  Robust, life-cycle preservation, maintenance and renewal practices  Improved predictive, detection and sensing capability Applications Maintenance  Ability to provide continuous monitoring and reporting of structural and functional conditions of storm water infrastructure Preservation Renewal Benefits  Improved performance measurement & asset data utilization  Improved asset performance  Lower capital and life-cycle costs  Improved resilience Potential Challenges  Staff unfamiliarity with advanced technology (maturity, readiness, and technical validity/limitations)  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Uncertainty concerning actual performance (benefits not clearly demonstrated, inconsistent performance)  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Issues concerning information security  Risk averse agency culture - absence of champions for innovation  Financial constraints (limited funding and higher capital costs)  Lack of adequate and stable funding for research and deployment  Organizational silos separating researchers from practitioners  Lack of measurable outcomes (e.g. ROI, BCR)  Absence of necessary vendor technical support base

2-73 Discipline Roadside and Drainage Emerging PMR Practice Self-Diagnosing/Reporting and Work Ordering Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description It is a system that automates the asset management process: data collection, asset usage tracking, condition monitoring, performance assessment, intervention diagnosis, treatment selection and timing, work order placement, and potential self- performance Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Integrates with a smart infrastructure with embedded, self-diagnosing, non-destructive sensing for continuous measurement and corrective intervention  Facilitates breakthroughs in capacity to retrieve, integrate, manage, analyze, interpret, communicate and react to “mega-data” driven information  Utilizes improved analytical and predictive models to forecast need for PMR activities to support real-time, short and long-term asset management  Addresses the need for prioritization: expansion vs. PMR, preventive vs. reactive, urgent vs. deferrable Applications Maintenance  Automatic analysis of infrastructure conditions, comparison against their thresholds of acceptability, diagnosis and selection of appropriate type and timing of a PMR activity  Timely assessment of PMR activities  Ability to provide rapid response to failures Preservation Renewal Benefits  Improved performance measurement and asset data management  Improved organizational processes and efficiencies  Improved asset performance  Improved customer satisfaction Potential Challenges  Staff unfamiliarity with advanced technology (maturity, readiness, and technical validity/limitations)  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Inertia of legacy processes and methods  Challenges associated with labor-saving (staff-reducing) innovations  Financial constraints (limited funding and higher capital costs)  Uncertainty concerning actual performance (benefits not clearly demonstrated, inconsistent performance)

2-74 CONNECTED AND AUTOMATED VEHICLES The connected and automated vehicles (C/AV) discipline refers to a range of technologies within vehicles and highway-related infrastructure that includes automated vehicle (AV) functions, connected vehicle (CV) functions (vehicle-to-vehicle, commonly called V2V) and functions utilizing connections between vehicles and infrastructure system operations (vehicle-to- infrastructure, commonly called V2I). “Automated” vehicles use onboard systems such as GPS, cameras, radar, and lidar to control various aspects of safety-critical functions (e.g., steering, throttle, and braking) independent of driver input to provide both vehicle positioning and other vehicle sensing functions. These functions are also provided independent of other vehicles and infrastructure or off-board systems and place a primary focus on safety. “Connected” vehicles, in which vehicles are connected wirelessly to each other (V2V) to enhance safety or to roadside infrastructure wirelessly (V2I) can support a range of additional safety and mobility functions. The objectives of the C/AV “discipline” are breakthrough improvements in safety, mobility and reliability, with minimal dependence on the public sector and with technologies and systems that provide continuous improvement. To this end, the private sector has been driven to be maximally independent of the public sector and of public sector infrastructure development. As a result, to date there has been only modest consideration of changes in the specific relationships between elements of highway infrastructure and their preservation, maintenance, and renewal during the development and provision of automated and connected vehicle services. The one exception is the V2I function which is the only aspect of C/AV that involves off-vehicle infrastructure and systems, and which under the current emerging business model, may remain the responsibility of the public sector. Even so, this is open to question with the development of new forms of public- private partnerships to supply and operate V2I technology and services. This area is new and cross-cutting, involving a broad range of participants and stakeholders, including policy makers, researchers (representing both the motor vehicle as well as telecommunications industries, and research institutions in similar specialty areas), and state and local transportation agencies responsible for the development, preservation and operations of highway networks. In their safety and mobility dominated focus, regarding the development of AVs, there has been, as of yet, only a modest regard on the part of transportation agencies for the relationships between emerging practices in PMR and their potential synergies with the development of C/AVs. Levels of Automation The private sector is introducing AVs at various levels of automation in the form of onboard- only automation that relate to safety and mobility and are based on geolocation, sensing and wireless communication and automatic control features.

2-75 AVs are already on the road at various levels of automation: • No Automation (Level 0). As in traditional cars, the driver is in complete control of braking, steering, throttle, and motive power at all times. • Function-specific Automation (Level 1 and 2). One or two specific control functions are automated, such as sensor-based automated braking, adaptive cruise control, or lane centering. • Limited Self-Driving Automation (Level 3). At this level of automation, the driver can cede full control of all safety-critical functions under certain traffic or environmental conditions such as managed lanes or controlled enclaves. • Full Self-Driving Automation (Level 4). The vehicle is designed to perform all driving functions and monitor roadway conditions. This includes both occupied and unoccupied vehicles. For any given level of automation, the impact of C/AV levels is determined not only by the applications included, but also by use cases, i.e., the context in which the applications are fully functional. These include applications in conditions related to mixed traffic, weather, nighttime driving, facility type, roadside technology, and pavement delineation. In addition, some use cases are likely to be established by policy to encourage uptake in automation to capture the benefits. Table 2-1 presents a brief list of C/AV applications (Cronin and Dopart 2014). Table 2-1. High-level List of Automation Applications Automation Applications Anti-lock Brakes Electronic Stability Control (ESC) Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) Park Assist Collision Prevention Systems Connected Vehicle Applications Red Light Violation Warning Curve Speed Warning Stop Sign Gap Assist Reduced Speed Zone Warning Spot Weather Information Warning Stop Sign Violation Warning Railroad Crossing Violation Warning Spot road conditions (rutting) Service Applications Automated ride hailing and sharing Vehicle leasing Mobility services C/AV-related preservation, maintenance, and renewal activities are briefly characterized as follows: • C/AV maintenance includes (1) maintenance of specific roadside features delineation, signage necessary to AV sensing technologies, including any necessary inspection, testing, and cleaning, and (2) maintenance and upgrade of V2I-related roadside

2-76 communications devices, V2I signal controller features and transportation agency central systems communications, and hardware and software associated with V2I functionalities (data gathering/analysis and communications to vehicles). (There is no distinction between C/AV maintenance and C/AV preservation activities.) • C/AV renewal is the wholesale replacement of hardware/infrastructure and software with in-kind or substantially new or updated technology, often due to obsolescence. In addition to these C/AV-specific PMR activities, the application of C/AV to PMR within other disciplines is a unique characteristic. C/AV functions are directly applicable to the PMR of other assets such as pavements, structures, and D&R infrastructure. Onboard sensor systems including gyroscopes, accelerometers and suspension travel detectors provide data via V2I communications. This probe-like data can help assess pavement conditions in support of maintenance and asset management activities. Figure 2-1 below illustrates a systems concept for the relationship between roadway V2I probe data and asset management (PMR). Figure 2-1. C/AV-related Infrastructure Monitoring Architecture. Source: Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology n.d. In addition, C/AV supports the TSM&O discipline by supplementing TSM&O surveillance and detection with real-time probe-based traffic information and by supplementing DMS and other advisories with direct advisories to individual vehicles.

2-77 Discipline Connected and Automated Vehicles Emerging PMR Practice Hyper-Performance Materials Emerging PMR Practice Type Materials Description Hyper-performance materials are designed to have better strength, durability and/or workability properties than corresponding traditional materials. In the context of C/AV, applications of such materials are primarily related to the following areas: • Lane markings. Some versions of C/AV automation may require tracking lane markings for lateral control. Common standards of a consistent lane marking and “smart signs” regimes that are machine- readable under all weather conditions will be required nationwide to meet the performance requirements for a C/AV machine vision system. Newer lane marking materials with better durability, and high retroreflectivity/luminance contrast and lidar readable n may be available to meet those standards. • Better rapid and repeated load endurance. For pavement, a consideration for layer material and structural design is to withstand channelized (low wander) traffic applied in rapid succession (small rest periods) from truck platoons to counter rutting and fatigue cracking in flexible pavements and pumping/joint faulting and fatigue cracking in concrete pavements. Similarly, platooning might require an additional examination of impacts on limit state design for bridges and the role of bridge material strength and durability. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Improves retroreflection/luminance and durability of lane marking  Improves strength and durability of pavement and bridge material  Meets the demand for very long-life assets to reduce frequency of renewal of lane marking  Reduces environmental footprint of materials production, transport, and installation  Addresses changes in bridge and pavement design criteria and standards for automated/connected vehicles Applications Maintenance  Provides required quality of pavement materials for delineation or repair with effective machine-visible lane markings and signage for AV vision and to support truck platoon operations  Improved quality of pavement delineation materials and structural materials essential for AV operation and applications of C/AV to support freight movement applications such as platooning Preservation Renewal Benefits  Improved asset performance  Lower capital and life-cycle costs  Environmental sustainability  Improved safety (lane keeping) and durability Potential Challenges  Uncertainty concerning actual performance (benefits not clearly demonstrated, inconsistent performance)  Inertia of legacy processes and methods  Short term institutional perspective (unwillingness to make up-front investments, wait for long-term results)  Need for new, or conflict with existing regulations or standards

2-78 Discipline Connected and Automated Vehicles Innovation Customer Experience Management CXM Analytics Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description Customer Experience Management (CXM) Analytics entails a wide range of techniques to understand, influence and measure road user preferences and experience, and use this information in guiding PMR decision making and processes. Using predictive analysis, highway agencies can synthesize vehicle generated data obtained through a multitude of sources, infrastructure technologies (e.g. V2X communications), in-car technology enablers (e.g. sensors), and automotive back-end processes, to assess user preferences for the purposes of developing and marketing user-friendly systems. • Driver advisories – CXM can contribute to the development and customization of the types, content, and mode of messaging between traffic management centers (TMC) and vehicles regarding traffic advisories and directives or other service and communications. • Driver/Customer experience – CXM can be used to provide vehicle users with direct contact with local commercial and traveler assurance services. • Priorities identification – CXM can be used in the development of new functionalities and applications for automation through systematic sensing and analysis of customer priorities. • Identification/organization of system inputs – CXM may provide support in the key dialogues on social policy issues regarding automation such as privacy and security. • Corroboration of automatic inputs – CXM may support the development of approaches to use direct driver queries and inputs to corroborate probe-based information regarding conditions or performance. • Customer service feedback – CXM can help design applications for obtaining customer feedback regarding C/AV service quality. • Marketing – CXM may be used to improve communication regarding “realistic” benefits of various levels of automation, thus accelerating market penetration. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Mitigates the demands to minimize community impact during PMR  Increases community engagement/customer interaction in PMR activity  Addresses the public concerns toward less tolerance for traffic disruption due to PMR activities Applications Maintenance  Identification of customer-based priorities for V2V and V2I applications  Ability to customize/provide advisories and V2I communications content to drivers and other nonmotorized vehicles  Additional insights on policy issues from social and cybersecurity perspectives, such as privacy and security issues, faults, events  Ability to provide driver corroboration of probe-based (V2I) perceptions or conditions analysis  Supply of application-specific customer feedback from a C/AV service quality Preservation Renewal  Understanding of V2I-related applications from customer service use perspective to prioritize and customize improvements Benefits  Improved customer satisfaction  Improved public confidence in agency performance (and value for money)  Improved safety  Reduced congestion  Improved PMR project delivery outcomes

2-79 Potential Challenges  Creation of incentive within public agency to focus on customer satisfaction and marketing of services  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Issues concerning information security  Lack of management response to organizational silos separating researchers from practitioners  Indifference or lack of awareness among customers and stakeholders  Lack of inter-agency coordination and cooperation

2-80 Discipline Connected and Automated Vehicles Emerging PMR Practice The “Internet of Things” (IoT) - PMR Applications Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description The IoT is a creative network of facilities, devices or components containing embedded technologies, that may range from simple smartphones and digital boards to intertwining webs of sensors and actuating devices. The network facilitates seamless connectivity across platforms through a unified information technology framework, to create, communicate, aggregate, and analyze information. The C/AV infrastructure, which includes a multitude of sensors embedded in the vehicle itself, roadside infrastructure and everything connected, is rapidly evolving into an IoT, where information is exchanged among the network of vehicles, in addition to the sensor web (e.g. from C/AV infrastructure to cloud and later from cloud to infrastructure) that exists today. • V2Xapplications: Embedded sensors in a range of transportation systems and devices can communicate, aggregate and analyze information and interactions through V2I with V2X (vehicle-to-everything connected) to augment, extend and improve traffic management to include other modes, nonmotorized vehicles, pedestrians, and driver services such as parking – and including personal and commercial infrastructure elements. • Maintenance support: An automated system connecting embedded vehicle sensors with vehicle service providers, such as OEMs and maintenance services, can automatically obtain vehicle systems status and provide information in relation to warranty, update and recall activities to a range of parties. It can also provide connections with roadside and commercial opportunities. • Over-the-air (OTS) software Wireless updates related both to vehicle operating systems and other convenience services (navigation, infotainment). • Fleet management: An IoT approach can support commercial freight shipper and fleet managers by connecting logistics, shippers, and customers. • Winter maintenance: An IoT approach can support improved winter maintenance connecting weather, traffic, and fleet management databases via V2I communication for efficient deployment and operation of maintenance vehicles. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Facilitates smart infrastructure with embedded, self-diagnosing, non- destructive sensing for continuous measurement and corrective intervention  Facilitates breakthroughs in capacity to retrieve, integrate, manage, analyze, interpret, communicate and react to “mega-data” driven information  Results in improved analytical and predictive models to forecast need for PMR activities to support real-time, short and long-term asset management  Mitigates the issues associated with increased congestion, in terms of greater magnitude, increased frequency and new locations  Addresses the public concerns toward less tolerance for traffic disruption due to PMR activities  Encourages collaborative planning for resiliency investments and emergency response among multi-jurisdictional network owners  Results in Improved predictive, detection and sensing capability  Supports rapid response capabilities to restore operations  Results in improved systems for rapid turnaround and reliability of damage assessment  Supplies ability for vehicle and occupant to communicate with a wide range of external devices, entities

2-81 Applications Maintenance  Seamless, interconnected network of CV devices and systems (coupled with TSM&O-related systems) to provide real-time monitoring of asset condition, as an input into asset management systems, and traffic information, as an input to incident management, traffic signal coordination, and traveler information services  Sharing of information among V2I connected (optimized and automated) maintenance fleets (e.g., snow plows) to provide coordinated response and increase efficiency of delivery  Probe data and “V2I2V” ability to provide coordinated emergency response and manage emergency events from virtually anywhere Preservation Renewal Benefits  Consistent network-wide and time line based conditions sensing Improved performance measurement and asset data management  Improved asset performance  Improved safety  Improved resiliency Potential Challenges  Absence of top management support  Limitations on staffing technical expertise  Short term perspective (unwillingness to make up-front investments, wait for long-term results)  Lack of management response to Organizational silos separating researchers from practitioners  Need for new, or conflict with existing regulations or standards  Human resource limitations in skill sets required for successful innovation deployment – and absence of appropriate training  Lack of measurable outcomes (e.g. ROI, BCR)  Industry indifference or resistance to innovation. (lack of partnership)  Absence of necessary vendor technical support base  Lack of suitable public-private partnership mechanisms  Lack of interaction with innovation-driving advocates  Lack of inter-agency coordination and cooperation  Dealing with multiple organizations

2-82 Discipline Connected and Automated Vehicles Emerging PMR Practice Integrated Building Information Modeling (iBIM) for Highways Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description iBIM provides an integrated electronic system with rich vendor independent, interoperable data governed by common data standards, supported by a secured cyber infrastructure of full automated connectivity and web or cloud based applications. In the context of C/AV, iBIM provides a shared knowledge platform to collect, organize and access all data generated from C/AV infrastructure. Not only does iBIM support C/AV probe-based condition data on physical assets, but also supports service delivery metrics, including mobility and safety data. iBIM can also facilitate fusion of data captured from different sources, including C/AV probes, to create a unitary set of data for asset management and operational purposes. iBIM can be used to support the development and maintenance of key C/AV infrastructure, including roadside units, power supply, backhaul communications, traffic signal and controller features, and related data, by providing a common data platform for system designers and maintenance personnel. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Facilitates breakthroughs in capacity to retrieve, integrate, manage, analyze, interpret, communicate and react to “mega-data” driven information  Supports ability to integrate infrastructure-related use data (weights, volumes) with weather and other factors which combine to impacts pavement and structure life cycles  Supports the essential role for life-cycle asset management practices and holistic maintenance and repair strategies to guide resource allocation and measure effectiveness  Encourages robust, life-cycle preservation, maintenance and renewal practices Applications Maintenance  More effective deployment and archiving of C/AV infrastructure-related data for asset management  More effective cross-correlation-based analytics to determine pavement and structure behavior  Effective management of development and maintenance of C/AV infrastructure Preservation Renewal Benefits  Improved performance measurement & asset data utilization  Improved organizational processes and efficiencies  Improved asset performance  Lower capital and life-cycle costs Potential Challenges  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Issues concerning information security  Top management Inertia of legacy processes and methods  Risk averse agency culture - absence of champions for innovation  Lack of adequate and stable funding for research and deployment  Absence of top management support  Staff data management expertise  Short term perspective (unwillingness to make up-front investments, wait for long-term results)  Lack of clear policy on capacities to maintain in-house vs. outsourcing  Challenges associated with labor-saving (staff-reducing) innovations  Human resource limitations in skill sets required for successful innovation deployment  Lack of measurable outcomes (e.g. benefit-cost ratio)

2-83 Discipline Connected and Automated Vehicles Emerging PMR Practice Enterprise Information Systems - PMR Applications Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description An enterprise information system provides a single uniform platform to ensure business process integration and information sharing across all functional levels and management hierarchies. For C/AV, the enterprise information system provides a unified platform to facilitate delivery of PMR activities for C/AV roadside infrastructure assets, such as field devices, communications, power, TMC systems, as well as streamlining of business process to effectively utilize V2I data for asset management and operational purposes. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Contributes to alternative business models for agency structures, including transformative support and service-oriented roles for human resources, information technology and legal services  Facilitates mainstreaming performance management, transparency, accountability and stakeholder engagement into transportation agency cultures  Supports cost-effective treatment strategy development  Improves efficiency and alleviates the pressure to “do more with less” that never goes away Applications Maintenance  Streamlining of business processes and information handling to utilize V2I-related data for asset management and operational purposes, and relating to delivery of PMR activities of C/AV roadside infrastructure Preservation Renewal Benefits  Improved performance measurement & asset data utilization  Improved organizational processes and efficiencies  Improved PMR project delivery outcomes Potential Challenges  Inability of staff to keep pace with technological changes  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Issues concerning information security  Inertia of legacy processes and methods regarding top-down strategic changes  Risk averse agency culture - absence of champions for innovation  Lack of adequate and stable funding for research and deployment  Absence of top management support  Short term perspective (unwillingness to make up-front investments, wait for long-term results)  Lack of clear policy on capacities to maintain in-house vs. outsourcing  Challenges associated with labor-saving (staff-reducing) innovations  Human resource limitations in skill sets required for successful innovation deployment and absence of appropriate training  Lack of measurable outcomes (e.g. benefit-cost ratio)

2-84 Discipline Connected and Automated Vehicles Emerging PMR Practice Machine Learning - Artificial Intelligence for Asset Management Emerging PMR Practice Type Tool Description “Machine learning” is a type of artificial intelligence-based algorithms used in data analysis that allows computers to automatically learn from data. In the context of C/AV, as vehicle generates huge volume of data from a multitude of sensors, location positioning, camera-based machine vision systems and radar- based detection units, driver condition evaluation, and sensor fusion engine control units, machine learning applications will play a significant role in data analytics. Machine learning can be used to recognize patterns and trends from asset performance data, collected from both C/AV probes and other means, that may otherwise have been lost in statistical variability, without the explicit need to program where and how to look for such patterns and trends, and gather insights on type and timing of PMR activities. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Facilitates breakthroughs in capacity to retrieve, integrate, manage, analyze, interpret, communicate and react to “mega-data” driven information  Results in improved analytical and predictive models to forecast need for PMR activities to support real-time, short and long-term asset management  Reinforces the essential role for life-cycle asset management practices and holistic maintenance and repair strategies to guide resource allocation and measure effectiveness  Places more emphasis on long-term preventive maintenance strategies  Encourages mainstreaming of performance management, transparency, accountability and stakeholder engagement into transportation agency cultures Applications Maintenance  Applications in analysis of huge volumes of vehicle generated data to recognize patterns relating to safety, asset condition, weather, signals etc., predict future conditions, and utilize the same in making decisions relating to PMR actions, project prioritization, resource allocation and financial planning. Preservation Renewal Benefits  Improved asset performance  Lower capital and life-cycle costs  Improved performance measurement & asset data utilization  Improved resiliency  Environmental sustainability Potential Challenges  Staff unfamiliarity with advanced technology (maturity, readiness, and technical validity/limitations)  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Uncertainty concerning actual performance (benefits not clearly demonstrated, inconsistent performance)  Support of additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Inertia of legacy processes and methods  Lack of adequate and stable funding for research and deployment  Short term perspective (unwillingness to make up-front investments, wait for long-term results)  Organizational silos separating researchers from practitioners  Human resource limitations in skill sets required for successful innovation deployment

2-85 Discipline Connected and Automated Vehicles Emerging PMR Practice Artificial Intelligence - PMR Traffic Management Applications Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description AI entails the use of computer algorithms to solve real-world problems with an ability to analyze, reason, and learn from different situations, to acquire and retain knowledge, and to respond quickly and successfully to a new situation. AI finds applications in real-time intelligent transportation systems (ITS) operations, where providing rapid optimized solutions in response to complex dataset and dynamic conditions is the essence of what is required. In the context of C/AV, as vehicle generates huge volume of data from a multitude of sensors, location positioning, camera-based machine vision systems and radar-based detection units, driver condition evaluation, and sensor fusion engine control units, artificial intelligence will play a significant role in data analytics. Agency-based decision support systems utilize AI-based algorithms and C/AV data for real-time traffic management to suggest or initiate select operational actions based on a potentially complex sets of data parameters and dependencies. Outputs can support specific mobility, safety, or eco applications, such as driver advisories designed to minimize impacts from congestion incidents, weather, construction work zones, etc. Outputs also can support corridor or region-level traffic management strategies such as active traffic management and integrated corridor management, or specific vehicle operating directives (I2V) that enable applications dependent on vehicle cooperation. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Mitigates users’ intolerance to traffic disruption due to PMR activities  Encourages focus on minimal traffic impact hours – more nighttime activity - for PMR  Places greater emphasis on work zone safety with pressure for fewer lanes and shorter segments taken out of service for PMR activity  Facilitates breakthroughs in capacity to retrieve, integrate, manage, analyze, interpret, communicate and react to “mega-data” driven information  Results in reductions in new capacity and potential reclamation of existing capacity  Provides basis for refinement of V2I and V2V advanced work zone warnings Applications Maintenance  Supports analysis of probe-based data related to wide range of traffic management applications, as in work zones, incident management, emergency events, fleet management and control, and use of such analysis in development of decision support systems Preservation Renewal Benefits  Improved driver and worker safety  Improved customer satisfaction  Reduced congestion  Reduced work zone traffic disruption and Improved system reliability  Improved PMR project delivery outcomes Potential Challenges  Organizational silos separating researchers from practitioners  Human resource limitations in skill sets required for successful innovation deployment  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Inertia of legacy processes and methods  Uncertainty concerning actual performance (benefits not clearly demonstrated, inconsistent performance)

2-86 Discipline Connected and Automated Vehicles Emerging PMR Practice Predictive-Proactive Maintenance Regime for Roadway Assets Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description Predictive-Proactive Maintenance is a proactive, dual source assessment and intervention process that optimizes maintenance regimes for assets considering their criticality and potential consequences of asset failure. This approach optimizes timing of preventative maintenance by tracking actual versus predicted condition and performance. This approach will result in customized, “just-in- time” preventive maintenance work programs that minimize post-construction life-cycle costs. This regime incorporates both asset criticality and failure consequences to develop optimal asset management strategies for both C/AV infrastructure and other physical assets using C/AV probe data. Certain automated vehicle positioning functionalities depend on high quality, nationwide consistent and dependable features, such as pavement delineation and signage, that may be used by automated vehicle detection systems to provide for both lateral and longitudinal positioning and guidance. Automated vehicle sensing may introduce the need for new materials and standards Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Addresses the need for prioritization among various PMR types: capacity expansion versus PMR, preventive maintenance versus reactive maintenance, urgent/immediate needs versus deferrable needs  Introduces more strategic thinking and systems approach in PMR prioritization  Reinforces the essential role for life-cycle asset management practices and holistic maintenance and repair strategies to guide resource allocation and measure effectiveness  Places more emphasis on long-term preventive maintenance strategies  Encourages robust, life-cycle PMR practices  Results in improved inventories and condition/vulnerability assessments of system-critical assets  Results in improved analytical and predictive models to forecast need for PMR activities to support real-time, short and long-term asset management Applications Maintenance  Supports analysis of probe-based data related to wide range of asset management applications, such as pavement maintenance, enhanced decision support for winter maintenance, and signal maintenance Preservation Renewal Benefits  Improved performance measurement & asset data utilization  Improved asset performance  Improved resiliency  Improved PMR project delivery outcomes  Lower capital and life-cycle costs Potential Challenges  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Financial constraints (limited funding and higher capital costs)  Absence of top management support  Short term perspective (unwillingness to make up-front investments, wait for long-term results)  Need for new, or conflict with existing regulations or standards

2-87 Discipline Connected and Automated Vehicles Emerging PMR Practice Connected Vehicle Applications to Supply Real-time Conditions Information Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description Connected vehicles are equipped with probes and sensors (e.g. accelerometers, inertial sensors, suspension motion detectors) to capture and communicate both infrastructure condition (e.g. pavement condition) and individual vehicle response to operating conditions. These vehicles provide measurements that augment conventional passive infrastructure measurements. This functionality is enabled by either dedicated high-speed, broadband communications for safety-related functions or by other wireless technologies that enable a range of other mobility and asset management services. This innovation incorporates the approach of Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Technology providing communications between passing vehicles and roadside units. There is a range of real-time connected vehicle applications that utilize V2I probe-based information on road conditions. V2I can connect TMCs and centralized network databases with onboard vehicle sensing systems (gyroscopes, accelerometers, suspension travel detectors, temperature, windshield wiper speed, etc.) via the vehicle bus to provide a wide variety of asset management information. Converting or recalibrating onboard sensing to better suit the needs of asset management remains a major challenge. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Integrates the use of satellite, vehicle probe, embedded cellular and personal devices and other remote and close proximity sensing for system inventory and real-time operating conditions  Results in improved predictive, detection and sensing capability  Provides rapid response capabilities to restore operations  Results in Improved inventories and condition/vulnerability assessments of system-critical assets Applications Maintenance  Serve as “crowd sources” of data relating to asset condition, such as potholes, slippage, distresses, roughness, skidding, to facilitate asset management functionalities.  Supports focus on V2I probe-based traffic information to serve as basis for: o agency-based real-time network traffic management strategies o agency-based real-time driver advisories to minimize impacts of congestion incidents, weather, construction work zones, etc., or information and directives to vehicles to implement applications dependent on vehicle cooperation (e.g., cooperative adaptive cruise control) o agency-based real-time affirmation supporting safety applications  Construction work zone planning using improved real-time traffic pattern and condition data to modify PMR schedules and routines including sequencing and configuration, scheduling, coordination and alternative route designation.  Real-time incident management through connecting TMC-based incident information with incident/emergency responder fleet. Preservation Renewal Benefits  Improved asset performance  Improved safety  Improved resiliency  Reduced congestion  Improved system reliability  Improved connectivity and access  Environmental sustainability  Improved performance measurement and asset data management

2-88  Improved organizational processes and efficiencies  Improved customer satisfaction  Lower capital and life-cycle costs  Improved PMR project delivery outcomes Potential Challenges  Staff unfamiliarity with advanced technology (maturity, readiness, and technical validity/limitations)  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Uncertainty concerning actual performance (benefits not clearly demonstrated, inconsistent performance)  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Issues concerning information security  Lack of adequate and stable funding for research and deployment  Short term perspective (unwillingness to make up-front investments, wait for long-term results)  Inadequate contracting practices for addressing risks, intellectual property, alternative procurement approaches  Organizational silos separating researchers from practitioners  Need for new, or conflict with existing regulations or standards  Lack of measurable outcomes (e.g. ROI, BCR)  Industry indifference or resistance to innovation. (lack of partnership)  Absence of necessary vendor technical support base  Lack of interaction with innovation-driving advocates  Legal issues: product liability, insurance

2-89 Discipline Connected and Automated Vehicles Emerging PMR Practice Self-Diagnosing/Reporting and Work Ordering Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description Self-diagnosing, self-reporting and work ordering infrastructure consists of assets with the capacity to continuously tracks usage, monitor to evaluate their structural and functional conditions, diagnoses intervention needs, and place a work order. This may be embodied either as a standalone technology or in conjunction with complementary technologies, including: iBIM as knowledge platform; artificial intelligence and machine learning for data analytics; enterprise information system for business process streamlining; and, robotics for implementation. For C/AV infrastructure support, self-diagnostics and work ordering provide an automatic system that continuously collects data on-- and from -- V2I assets (CV roadside devices, communications and TMC), conducts analysis, and automatically prescribes corrective actions where needed, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of asset management. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Integrates probe data with a smart infrastructure with embedded, self- diagnosing, non-destructive sensing for continuous measurement and corrective intervention  Facilitates breakthroughs in capacity to retrieve, integrate, manage, analyze, interpret, communicate and react to “mega-data” driven information  Utilizes improved analytical and predictive models to forecast need for PMR activities to support real-time, short and long-term asset management  Addresses the need for prioritization: expansion vs. PMR, preventive vs. reactive, urgent vs. deferrable Applications Maintenance  Supports analysis of probe-based data related to wide range of asset management applications  Timely assessment of PMR activities  Ability to provide rapid response to failures Preservation Renewal Benefits  Improved performance measurement and asset data management  Improved organizational processes and efficiencies  Improved asset performance  Improved customer satisfaction Potential Challenges  Staff unfamiliarity with advanced technology (maturity, readiness, and technical validity/limitations)  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Inertia of legacy processes and methods  Challenges associated with labor-saving (staff-reducing) innovations  Financial constraints (limited funding and higher capital costs)  Uncertainty concerning actual performance (benefits not clearly demonstrated, inconsistent performance)

2-90 Discipline Connected and Automated Vehicles Emerging PMR Practice V2I Technology Providing Communications between Passing Vehicles and Roadside Units Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description The connected vehicle concept provides connectivity both among vehicles (V2V) to enable crash prevention and between vehicles and the infrastructure (V2I) to enable safety, mobility and environmental applications. V2I connections provides a parallel and complementary path to the objectives of automated vehicle capabilities. Information can be collected by roadside infrastructure from individual vehicles or vehicles in a location (at an intersection, on a road segment), which then can be analyzed and communicated back to all vehicles and to system managers through the roadside infrastructure in the form of upstream conditions, traffic control, flow control and roadway physical conditions. The “I” component of V2I consists of a network or roadside radios, related communications, data analysis, and management on the part of infrastructure owner-operators. The V2I functionalities of the connected vehicle concept are designed to supplement onboard and V2V systems to: • Capitalize on the opportunity to further reduce crashes using upstream and downstream data, and device-to-vehicle communication for collision avoidance • Assess network performance for real-time traffic management purposes (such as connected cruise control) • Provide travel information to drivers about highway system conditions and choices • Collect data regarding roadway physical conditions (discussed under the innovation, connected vehicle applications to supply real-time conditions information). Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Meets the need for connected vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) roadside infrastructure  Encourages reclamation of existing capacity and minimizes the need for new capacity  Enables increased, consistent “readability” of infrastructure by automated and connected vehicles performing PMR activities  Integrates the use of satellite, vehicle probe, personal devices and other remote and close proximity sensing for system inventory and real-time operating conditions  Places greater emphasis on work zone safety with pressure for fewer lanes and shorter segments taken out of service for PMR activity Applications Maintenance  Supports analysis of probe-based data related to wide range of asset management applications  Communication from the infrastructure to the vehicles can relay information on unsafe travel conditions (e.g. ice on bridge decks, flooding, major failures due to impact, etc.)  Numerous applications supplement real-time work zone management, including congestion, crash avoidance, incident detection, queuing conditions etc.  Significant impacts on traffic flow, VMT, and trip length – all of which may impact asset deterioration cycles or suggest design modifications (e.g. restriping for narrower lanes)  Incorporated into CV Applications to Supply Real-time Conditions Information Preservation Renewal

2-91 Benefits  Improved safety  Improved system reliability  Improved asset performance  Improved customer satisfaction  Reduced congestion  Lower capital and life-cycle costs  Improved performance measurement & asset data utilization Potential Challenges  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Issues concerning information security  Financial constraints (limited funding and higher capital costs)  Lack of clear policy on capacities to maintain in-house vs. outsourcing  Inadequate contracting practices for addressing risks, intellectual property, alternative procurement approaches  Need for new, or conflict with existing regulations or standards  Human resource limitations in skill sets required for successful innovation deployment  Absence of necessary vendor technical support base  Legal issues: product liability, insurance

2-92 MAINTENANCE AND CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT Maintenance and construction equipment is the set of tools, machines, and vehicles used to perform PMR activities. It ranges from light, medium, and heavy-duty vehicles to specialized equipment, small-engine equipment, and seasonal vehicle attachments. Light and medium-duty equipment is normally used in maintenance operations and includes chainsaws, grass trimmers, lawnmowers, plows, salt and sand spreaders, light pickup trucks, light trucks, heavy pickups, medium dump trucks, non-destructive testing methods, small robots, pavement marking equipment, quadrotors/drones, and automated equipment (TTI 2014). Heavy-duty and specialized equipment is normally used in renewal or removal operations and includes heavy trucks, tractors, loaders, graders, backhoes, oil spreaders, paving equipment, cranes, deconstruction equipment, integrated quality control capabilities, and automated equipment. Transportation agencies generally do not own and operate this type of equipment, which are typically the domain of contractors (TTI 2014). PMR activities performed with these equipment include (TTI 2014): • Seasonal and routine maintenance such as lawn-mowing, vegetation and weed control, snow and ice control, litter collection, sweeping, and cleaning. • Flexible pavement preservation and maintenance including tack coat, prime coat, chip seal, microsurfacing, crack sealing, surface recycling, and fabric reinforcement. • Rigid pavement preservation and maintenance including jacking, subsealing and stabilizing, joint resealings, crack sealing, patching, grooving, grinding, milling, recycling, cracking, and seating. • Renewal of pavement base courses including aggregate base course, subgrade modification, and reconditioned existing base and surface. • Renewal requiring earthwork including clearing and grubbing, removal of structures and obstructions, excavation and embankment, subgrade preparation, erosion and sediment control, salvaging, and placing of topsoil/soil amendments. • Bridge maintenance including sealing or replacing deck joints, sealing concrete, cathodic protection and other structural treatments, painting steel, facilitating drainage, removing debris, protecting against scour, washing, cleaning, and lubricating. • Bridge renewal including deck replacement, superstructure replacement, and strengthening. • Tunnel maintenance including pavement/roadway, drainage and seepage control, coating, grouting, sealing, rebonding, ancillary (e.g. ventilation) equipment, cable and conduit replacement, washing, removing debris, snow, and ice. • Miscellaneous construction including concrete barriers, culverts and storm drains, underdrains, guardrails, fences, sidewalks, curbs and gutters, paved ditches and paved flumes, turf establishment, and provision of trees, shrubs, vines, and ground covers. • Installation of lighting, signs, traffic control devices, and other TSMO/ITS equipment.

2-93 The following set of tables reviews emerging PMR practices for their potential to impact future PMR activities of highway infrastructure assets enabled by the maintenance and construction equipment discipline. These disciplines are discussed in separate sets of tables in this database: pavements, structures, D&R, TSMO (including ITS devices), C/AV related highway infrastructure, and information technology. It is therefore necessary to examine the implications of emerging practices on maintenance and construction equipment’s use in the PMR of these assets. This is done in two ways: • By exploring the innovation as equipment itself – innovations in technology. • From the perspective of the innovation’s implications for the design (characteristics, configuration, and features), selection (type), and application (use) of equipment generally – innovations in materials, tools, and approaches.

2-94 Discipline Maintenance and Construction Equipment Emerging PMR Practice Hyper-Performance Materials Emerging PMR Practice Type Materials Description Hyper-performance materials are designed to have better strength, durability and/or workability properties than corresponding traditional materials. These materials have two set of applications: (i) in equipment manufacturing using materials, such as Ferrite-bainites that are dual-phase micro-alloyed steels with lighter weights, higher yield strengths, better fatigue resistance and improved stretchability with shearing than traditional steels, which may have an impact on equipment servicing and repair and (ii) in highway construction and PMR, which may have indirect impacts on the usage of maintenance and construction (M&C) equipment. Examples of such hyper-performance materials include many variants of alternative cement clinkers, ultra-high performance concrete, polymerized bituminous binders, and self-healing asphalt. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications Applications in equipment PMR:  Improves strength of materials and durability of equipment  Meets the demand for very long-life equipment assets to reduce frequency of equipment servicing, repair and replacement  Reduces environmental footprint of materials production, transport, and installation  Caters to the demand for very long-lived assets to reduce frequency of equipment servicing and repair Applications in highway PMR:  Meets the demand for very long-life assets to reduce frequency of maintenance, repair and renewal Applications Maintenance Applications in equipment PMR:  Use of lighter, stronger, durable materials in equipment manufacturing results in better equipment quality, improved resistance to damage and lower likelihood of equipment breakdown, repair, or replacement Applications in highway PMR:  Improved asset performance to reduce demand for traditional paving and infrastructure maintenance equipment Preservation Renewal Benefits Applications in equipment PMR:  Improved asset performance – improved equipment retention and reduced downtime  Lower total cost of equipment ownership  Environmental sustainability Applications in highway PMR:  Lower capital and life-cycle costs due to lower utilization Potential Challenges  Uncertainty concerning actual performance (benefits not clearly demonstrated, inconsistent performance)  Inertia of legacy processes and methods  Short term perspective (unwillingness to make up-front investments, wait for long-term results)  Inadequate contracting practices for addressing risks, intellectual property, and alternative procurement approaches  Need for new, or conflict with existing regulations or standards

2-95 Discipline Maintenance and Construction Equipment Emerging PMR Practice Construction Robotics Emerging PMR Practice Type Technology Description Construction robotics is an advanced form of automation that focuses on mechanizing construction processes with no or little human intervention. Robotics has applications in both equipment servicing and repair as well as highway PMR. With robotics, M&C equipment can acquire semi or full autonomous operational capabilities programmable with artificial intelligence. M&C equipment will benefit from positional and situational awareness, mixed reality visualization, precision control for semi-autonomous operations, and an Internet of Things, supported by telematics. Robotics can host a suite of sensors, geospatial technologies, and augmented/mixed reality gear. Advances in machine learning and artificial intelligence, robotics will evolve in their mobility as well as analytical and decision making capabilities, and in legged locomotion in humanoid robots that can traverse the uneven, unpredictable, and continuously changing terrains of construction worksites. These systems will also possess a range of sophisticated safety and control systems, such as all-view camera-radar integrated systems and automatic triggers, to handle emergency scenarios and potentially unsafe operating conditions during lifting, demolition, excavation, navigation of unsafe terrains, or similar tasks. As standalone equipment, robotics finds applications in highway PMR, such as autonomous paving, lane-striping, seasonal maintenance, and routine maintenance activities. Robotics has the potential to evolve to automatically detect functional and structural conditions of assets, analyze collected information, make appropriate PMR related decisions and execute them both offsite (e.g. prefabrication) and onsite (repair installation). Robotics also has many applications in equipment servicing and repair. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications Applications in equipment PMR:  Encourages greater use of fast-track techniques for servicing and repair of M&C equipment  Results in improved equipment performance with automatic detection and repair capabilities in terms of quality of servicing and repair, higher productivity and lower total cost of equipment ownership  Reduces environmental footprint of equipment production, transport, and installation  Places greater emphasis on long-term preventive maintenance strategies Applications in highway PMR:  Promotes the expanded use of prefabrication of structural elements including bridges and pavements  Encourages greater use of fast-track techniques for demolition, removal, and replacement  Results in improved quality of structural components with automatic detection and fixing, fewer material and workmanship defects, and improved construction method outcomes with higher productivity and lower labor costs  Reduces the environmental footprint of materials production, transport, and installation  Places greater emphasis on work zone safety under public desire for fewer lanes and shorter segments taken out of service for PMR activity

2-96 Applications Maintenance Applications in equipment PMR:  Applications in equipment servicing and repair to realize quality gains, cost savings, improved vehicle retention and availability, and worker safety. Applications in highway PMR:  Wearable technologies to enhance situational awareness, reduce fatigue, and avoid injury  Semi-autonomous or autonomous PMR equipment operations that reduce or eliminate jobsite workforce, enhancing safety, efficiency, and quality  Shift in equipment operator roles from active control to oversight and emergency intervention  Enables significantly greater application of automated prefabrication, modular assembly, condition inspection and assessment, and real-time decision making and execution of PMR actions in the field Preservation Renewal Benefits Applications in equipment PMR:  Improved asset performance from improved equipment retention and reduced downtime  Reduced materials and workmanship defects  Lower total cost of equipment ownership from reduced costs for labor, motor fuel, and vehicle maintenance  Environmental sustainability from reduced consumption of natural resources and energy  Improved safety Applications in highway PMR:  Improved asset performance  Improved safety and lower risk exposure  Environmental sustainability from reduced consumption of natural resources and energy  Lower capital and life-cycle costs due to lower utilization Potential Challenges  Short term perspective (unwillingness to make up-front investments, wait for long-term results)  Challenges associated with labor-saving (staff-reducing) innovations  Human resource limitations in skill sets required for successful innovation deployment  Industry indifference or resistance to innovation resulting in lack of partnership  Absence of necessary vendor technical support base  Legal issues: product liability, insurance

2-97 Discipline Maintenance and Construction Equipment Emerging PMR Practice Machine Learning - Artificial Intelligence for Asset Management Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description “Machine learning” is a type of artificial intelligence-based algorithms used in data analysis that allows computers to automatically learn from data. In the transportation realm, machine learning can be used to recognize patterns and trends from performance data that may otherwise have been lost in statistical variability, without the explicit need to program where and how to look for such patterns and trends, and gather insights on type and timing of PMR activities. Machine learning finds applications in robotic components of M&C equipment. Machine learning and artificial intelligence will enable robotics to evolve in their mobility and analytical and decision making capabilities. Examples of machine learning applications include: automatic inspection, analysis and interpretation of roadway data to execute PMR actions using both supervised and unsupervised learning techniques, operational independence through autonomous learning, and multi-agent learning to promote coordination and cooperation among multiple robotic applications during PMR activities. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications Applications in highway PMR:  Encourages greater use of fast-track techniques for demolition, removal, and replacement  Results in improved quality of structural components with automatic detection and fixing and fewer material and workmanship defects, and improved construction method outcomes with higher productivity and lower labor costs  Reduces environmental footprint of materials production, transport, and installation  Places greater emphasis on work zone safety under public desire for fewer lanes and shorter segments taken out of service for PMR activity  Places greater emphasis on long-term preventive maintenance strategies Applications Maintenance Applications in highway PMR:  Improvement in autonomy of robotics undertaking PMR activities Preservation Renewal Benefits Applications in highway PMR:  Improved safety and lower risk exposure  Improved asset performance  Lower capital and life-cycle costs due to lower utilization Potential Challenges  Organizational silos separating researchers from practitioners  Human resource limitations in skill sets required for successful innovation deployment  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Inertia of legacy processes and methods  Uncertainty concerning actual performance (benefits not clearly demonstrated, inconsistent performance)

2-98 Discipline Maintenance and Construction Equipment Emerging PMR Practice Integrated Building Information Modeling (iBIM) for Highways Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description An integrated BIM is a shared knowledge platform for collecting, organizing and accessing all information about a roadway facility during its life cycle from earliest conception to demolition. iBIM provides an integrated electronic system with rich vendor independent, interoperable data governed by common data standards, supported by a secured cyber infrastructure of full automated connectivity and web or cloud based applications. Construction plans, asset information, and other worksite data will be incorporated into the iBIM system and shared with equipment in a manner sufficient to automate the use of vehicles and machines during PMR. The common data environment of iBIM will help organize information relating to logistics planning, utilization and performance of M&C equipment in both an operational context and as an asset class. iBIM also provides a platform for aggregating real-time data, such as weather and road condition from a M&C equipment Internet of Things, and facilitate better management of PMR operations. iBIM will be the overarching management tool for intelligent machine control, which governs the use of heavy construction equipment through software and 3D construction drawing data. Manual, labor-intensive, and error-prone steps would be eliminated. Worksite safety, efficiency, and quality would improve. The iBIM platform would manage the complexity of a highway construction worksite and enable advances in automation and robotics to take hold. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications Applications in equipment PMR:  Supports the essential role for life-cycle asset management practices and holistic maintenance and repair strategies to guide resource allocation and measure effectiveness Applications in highway PMR:  Facilitates breakthroughs in capacity to retrieve, integrate, manage, analyze, interpret, communicate and react to “mega-data” driven information  Supports the essential role for life-cycle asset management practices and holistic maintenance and repair strategies to guide resource allocation and measure effectiveness  Encourages robust, life-cycle preservation, maintenance and renewal practices Applications Maintenance Applications in equipment PMR:  An integrated electronic platform with full automated connectivity to manage and exchange information for asset management from an IoT of diagnostic devices to achieve better equipment management outcomes. Applications in highway PMR:  An integrated electronic platform with full automated connectivity to manage and exchange information for asset management from an IoT of both highway and equipment assets to achieve better outcomes  Integration of information from performance monitoring systems to support holistic decision making  Instant access to historical information for resource planning, utilization and performance analysis of equipment use in PMR analysis  Asset information, plans, and other data integrated, interoperable, and communicated/connected in a manner sufficient to automate use of equipment during PMR to improve worksite safety, efficiency, and quality  Elimination of manual construction site preparation steps (e.g. flagging and staking) due to automation Preservation Renewal

2-99 Benefits Applications in equipment PMR:  Improved organizational processes and efficiencies  Improved equipment performance  Lower total cost of equipment ownership Applications in equipment PMR:  Improved performance measurement and asset data utilization  Improved organizational processes and efficiencies  Improved asset performance  Lower capital and life-cycle costs Potential Challenges  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Issues concerning information security  Inertia of legacy processes and methods  Risk averse agency culture / absence of champions for innovation  Lack of measurable outcomes (e.g. benefit-cost ratio)

2-100 Discipline Maintenance and Construction Equipment Emerging PMR Practice Enterprise Information Systems – PMR Applications Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description An enterprise information system is a unified system of computer applications that integrates and streamlines their business processes. The system organizes an agency’s business requirements and processes in a delivery-oriented structure to help achieve their organizational objectives, relating to both highway PMR and equipment servicing and repair. Improvements will occur in PMR scheduling, tracking and usage monitoring, work orders, materials and parts inventory, and equipment service, repair, and utilization. An enterprise information system can also manage financial and procurement information to make better asset management decisions. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications Applications in equipment and highway PMR:  Contributes to alternative business models for agency structures, including transformative support and service-oriented roles for human resources, information technology and legal services  Facilitates mainstreaming performance management, transparency, accountability and stakeholder engagement into transportation agency cultures  Improves efficiency and alleviates the pressure to “do more with less” that never goes away Applications Maintenance Applications in equipment and highway PMR:  Streamlining of business processes to deploy, track, and manage equipment, including inventory, location, usage, of equipment and condition of assets Preservation Renewal Benefits Applications in equipment and highway PMR:  Improved performance measurement and asset data utilization  Improved organizational processes and efficiencies Potential Challenges  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Issues concerning information security  Inertia of legacy processes and methods  Risk averse agency culture / absence of champions for innovation  Lack of measurable outcomes (e.g. benefit-cost ratio)  Challenges associated with labor-saving (staff-reducing) innovations

2-101 Discipline Maintenance and Construction Equipment Emerging PMR Practice The “Internet of Things” (IoT) - PMR Applications Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description The IoT represents a network of physical objects containing embedded technology connected seamlessly across platforms through a unified information technology framework, to create, communicate, aggregate, and analyze information. Through a wide range of devices, which may range from simple smartphones and digital boards to intertwining webs of sensors and actuating devices, the IoT facilitates machine-to-machine communication among M&C equipment. The IoT will permit real-time monitoring and management of asset condition, fleet management (equipment location and utilization), performance analysis (such as machine hours, fuel consumption, etc.) as well as real-time management of traffic in PMR work zones. The IoT of diagnostic sensors embedded within equipment provide information about their operational status as well as the need for scheduling any future maintenance or repairs. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications Applications in equipment PMR:  Facilitates smart infrastructure with embedded self-diagnostic sensing for continuous measurement of equipment performance and corrective intervention  Results in improved analytical and predictive models to forecast need for equipment servicing and repair to support real-time, short and long-term operations and equipment management  Results in improved predictive, detection and sensing capability Applications in highway PMR:  Facilitates smart infrastructure with embedded, self-diagnosing, non- destructive sensing for continuous measurement of maintenance outcomes, such as ice detection systems on maintenance fleet, to communicate route clearance information in real-time  Facilitates breakthroughs in capacity to retrieve, integrate, manage, analyze, interpret, communicate and react to “mega-data” driven information  Results in improved analytical and predictive models to forecast need for PMR activities to support real-time, short and long-term operations and asset management  Mitigates the issues associated with increased congestion, in terms of greater magnitude, increased frequency and new locations  Addresses the public concerns toward less tolerance for traffic disruption due to PMR activities  Encourages collaborative planning for resiliency investments and emergency response among multi-jurisdictional network owners  Results in Improved predictive, detection and sensing capability  Supports rapid response capabilities to restore operations  Results in improved systems for rapid turnaround and reliability of damage assessment

2-102 Applications Maintenance Applications in equipment PMR:  An IoT of diagnostic devices enabling remote and self-diagnosis, predictive maintenance, safety triggers and energy/fuel savings Applications in highway PMR:  Ability to collect seamless and massive volumes of data from a network of equipment, share them instantaneously and seamlessly across groups, and put them into immediate effective use, while eliminating redundant data collection, use of multiple data formats, organizational siloing, and compartmentalization  An IoT of RFID sensors with prefabricated elements facilitating better delivery of PMR activities, including tracking and logistics, real-time rendering, and minimized delays  An IoT of wearable technologies integrated directly with equipment (e.g. windshields), enabling remote and augmented visualization of the PMR processes Preservation Renewal Benefits Applications in equipment PMR:  Improved equipment performance  Improved safety  Lower total cost of equipment ownership Applications in highway PMR:  Improved performance measurement and asset data management  Improved asset performance  Improved safety  Improved resiliency Potential Challenges  Absence of top management support  Short term perspective (unwillingness to make up-front investments, wait for long-term results)  Organizational silos separating researchers from practitioners  Need for new, or conflict with existing regulations or standards  Human resource limitations in skill sets required for successful innovation deployment  Lack of measurable outcomes (e.g. benefit-cost ratio)  Industry indifference or resistance to innovation resulting in lack of partnership  Absence of necessary vendor technical support base

2-103 Discipline Maintenance and Construction Equipment Emerging PMR Practice Perpetual/ Long-Life Highway infrastructure Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description The “perpetual,” “long-life” and “zero-maintenance” infrastructure design concept is aimed at constructing highway assets whose underlying physical elements last for extremely long periods of time with proper, periodic PMR treatments. Longer asset life means less demand for heavy construction equipment necessary to reconstruct underlying pavement structures or bridge foundations and superstructures, reducing associated environmental impacts and operational costs. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications Applications in highway PMR:  Meets the demand for very long-life assets to reduce frequency of maintenance, repair and renewal  Reduces the environmental footprint of materials production, transport, and installation  Mitigates depletion of natural resources used for construction materials, and associated damage from extraction and transport Applications Maintenance Applications in highway PMR:  Improved asset performance to reduce demand for traditional M&C equipment Preservation Renewal Benefits Applications in highway PMR:  Lower total cost of ownership from lower utilization and longer retention of M&C equipment  Environmental sustainability Potential Challenges  Financial constraints (limited funding and higher capital costs)  Short term perspective (unwillingness to make up-front investments, wait for long-term results)

2-104 Discipline Maintenance and Construction Equipment Emerging PMR Practice Connected Vehicle Applications to Supply Real-time Conditions Information Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description Connected vehicles are equipped with probes and sensors (e.g. accelerometers, inertial sensors, suspension motion detectors) to capture and communicate both infrastructure condition (e.g. roadway surface) and individual vehicle response to operating conditions. These vehicles provide measurements that augment conventional passive infrastructure measurements. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications Applications in highway PMR:  Integrates the use of satellite, vehicle probe, personal devices and other remote and close proximity sensing for system inventory and real-time operating conditions  Results in improved predictive, detection and sensing capability  Provides rapid response capabilities to restore operations  Results in Improved inventories and condition/vulnerability assessments of system-critical assets Applications Maintenance Applications in highway PMR:  Communication and connectivity among maintenance and construction vehicles and machines to share real-time construction activity and progress to optimize safety, efficiency, and quality  Tracking and adjustment of jobsite progress based on informatization of all equipment in use, along with workers and materials Preservation Renewal Benefits Applications in highway PMR:  Improved asset performance  Improved safety  Improved resiliency  Reduced congestion  Improved system reliability  Improved connectivity and access  Environmental sustainability  Improved performance measurement and asset data management  Improved organizational processes and efficiencies  Improved customer satisfaction  Lower capital and life-cycle costs  Improved PMR project delivery outcomes

2-105 Potential Challenges  Staff unfamiliarity with advanced technology (maturity, readiness, and technical validity/limitations)  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Uncertainty concerning actual performance (benefits not clearly demonstrated, inconsistent performance)  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Issues concerning information security  Lack of adequate and stable funding for research and deployment  Short term perspective (unwillingness to make up-front investments, wait for long-term results)  Inadequate contracting practices for addressing risks, intellectual property, alternative procurement approaches  Organizational silos separating researchers from practitioners  Need for new, or conflict with existing regulations or standards  Lack of measurable outcomes (e.g. ROI, BCR)  Industry indifference or resistance to innovation. (lack of partnership)  Absence of necessary vendor technical support base  Lack of interaction with innovation-driving advocates  Legal issues: product liability, insurance

2-106 Discipline Maintenance and Construction Equipment Emerging PMR Practice V2I Technology Providing Communications between Passing Vehicles and Roadside Units Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description The connected vehicle concept provides connectivity both among vehicles (V2V) to enable crash prevention and between vehicles and the infrastructure (V2I) to enable safety, mobility and environmental applications. V2I connections provides a parallel and complementary path to the objectives of automated vehicle capabilities. Information can be collected by roadside infrastructure from individual vehicles or vehicles in a location (at an intersection, on a road segment), which then can be analyzed and communicated back to all vehicles and to system managers through the roadside infrastructure in the form of upstream conditions, traffic control, flow control and roadway physical conditions. The “I” component of V2I consists of a network or roadside radios, related communications, data analysis, and management on the part of infrastructure owner-operators. V2I connectivity can be extend to M&C equipment. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Utilizes satellite, vehicle probe, personal devices and other remote and close proximity sensing for system inventory and real-time operating conditions  Facilitates smart infrastructure with coordination among M&C equipment, roadside units and connected vehicles for continuous measurement of maintenance outcomes in real-time, such as ice detection systems on maintenance fleet, to communicate route clearance information, and potentially reclaim some lost lane-capacity  Caters to increased need for consistency infrastructure “readability” by automated and connected vehicles for communication with roadside units and M&C equipment – a special challenge during PMR activities  Places greater emphasis on work zone safety with pressure for fewer lanes and shorter segments taken out of service for PMR activity Applications Maintenance Applications in highway PMR:  Communication and connectivity among maintenance and construction vehicles and machines to share real-time construction activity and progress to optimize safety, efficiency, and quality  Tracking and adjustment of jobsite progress based on informatization of all equipment in use, along with workers and materials Preservation Renewal Benefits  Improved safety  Improved customer satisfaction  Reduced congestion  Improved system reliability  Improved asset performance  Improved performance measurement and asset data utilization Potential Challenges  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Issues concerning information security  Financial constraints (limited funding and higher capital costs)  Lack of clear policy on capacities to maintain in-house vs. outsourcing  Inadequate contracting practices for addressing risks, intellectual property, alternative procurement approaches  Need for new, or conflict with existing regulations or standards  Human resource limitations in skill sets required for successful innovation deployment  Absence of necessary vendor technical support base  Legal issues: product liability, insurance

2-107 Discipline Maintenance and Construction Equipment Emerging PMR Practice Remote Sensing Systems - PMR Applications Emerging PMR Practice Type Technologies Description Remote sensing systems will provide high resolution imagery gathered using a variety of payload sensors with benefits of less expensive, faster and large area coverage. New systems will include large use of smaller unmanned aircraft systems (drones) with miniature payloads of high resolution navigation and remote sensing devices with better real-time data transmission, ground control and battery fuel technologies using renewable energy. These remote sensing devices may include infrared, thermal, multispectral, hyperspectral, and heat capacity mapping for optical imaging, and ultra-wideband synthetic aperture radar for non-optical imaging. With increasing computing resources, there will be advancements in geospatial data processing methods. Specifically, for M&C equipment, future systems will provide highway agencies with improved predictive, detection, and sensing capabilities of roadway conditions in real-time, and accordingly, better ability to plan and manage the logistics of equipment deployment in PMR activities. Remote sensing systems will help orchestrate optimal PMR activity execution and fleet management by augmenting other sources of activity data enabled through innovations like enhanced connectivity and the IoT with complete situational awareness. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications Applications in highway PMR:  Mitigates the need for accessing skills for effective upkeep of advanced information and communications technologies  Utilizes satellite, vehicle probe, personal devices and other remote and proximity sensing for system inventory and real-time operating conditions  Facilitates improved systems for rapid turnaround and reliability of damage assessment  Provides improved predictive, detection and sensing capability Applications Maintenance Applications in highway PMR:  Real-time condition inventory, monitoring, and inspection of assets to provide quicker, remote and/or automated response  High-precision site surveying before and during construction to plan, simulate, execute, adjust, and document renewal activities (e.g. calculating earthwork volumes) to support the PMR delivery process  Reduction/elimination of field inspection/repair crews to provide cost and schedule savings Preservation Renewal Benefits Applications in highway PMR:  Improved organizational processes and efficiencies  Improved PMR project delivery outcomes  Improved asset performance  Improved resilience Potential Challenges  Staff unfamiliarity with advanced technology (maturity, readiness, and technical validity/limitations)  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Need for new, or conflict with existing regulations or standards  Extended or problematic approval processes  Absence of necessary vendor technical support base  Legal issues: product liability, insurance

2-108 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY The discipline of IT traditionally encompasses the application of computers to collect, manage, transmit, analyze, and store data for business applications. The tools, algorithms, infrastructure, hardware and software technologies used and developed to accomplish these tasks also fall within the scope of IT. In today’s environment, the IT discipline provides information systems and operational support to achieve the immediate business needs of a transportation agency. However, in the changing environment, the IT is anticipated to drive the business through the lens of “data as an asset” in discovering and putting to use digital data to commission, build, manage, and operate highways. Specifically, in the context of highway infrastructure PMR, the IT discipline will play a significant role in data management associated with PMR assets and activities, be it design, administration and operation of communication systems, deployment of hardware infrastructure and software applications, or IT projects/initiatives with internal and external entities to deploy data-driven decision support business systems. The IT will evolve into a data management practice that relies on data governance rules and policies for direction and utilizes people, processes, systems and data to deliver intended value to the business. Keeping this focus on the ‘starting point’, a long-term perspective regarding IT challenges and opportunities can be articulated in the form of the following functional areas: • Data & Software Applications Management — The goals for this functional area include: o Administration of ‘Digital Assets’ (i.e. assets that take the form of a ‘digital file’), which includes: management of data, i.e., master/reference data management per the data definition standards (data entities, attributes & relationships), metadata management, seamless data exchange between systems (data interoperability, data integration), acquisition of data from new/emerging technologies, and accommodating changing nature of data sources, i.e., variety, velocity, veracity and volume of data coming in without compromising on data security and data quality. o Developing data analytics strategy and using it to drive data management practices. o Administration of software applications that utilize the data, including cost- effective deployment, maintenance, upgrade, support with the ultimate objective of minimizing duplication of data across disintegrated applications. • Data Infrastructure Management — The goals for this functional area include: o Architecting, deploying, maintaining and upgrading infrastructure, hardware and communication systems that communicate with the software applications to collect, process, store and analyze data. o Managing landscape of data infrastructure components – hardware, communication devices, networking systems that are not just limited to the building premises (e.g. computers, printers, servers), but also extend outwards (e.g. IoT devices and their attached peripherals, autonomous and robotic equipment) irrespective of whether they are owned by the transportation agency or are being operated on its behalf.

2-109 o Provisioning an infrastructure system that meets the data management goals, is scalable, secure, easy to maintain/upgrade and minimizes costs. • Data Strategy, Processes and Resources — The goals for this functional area include: o Development of a data analytics strategy that clearly maps business value to data, provides direction on the type of organizational processes that need to be in place to operationalize systems and identifies the human resources with analytical capabilities that need to be acquired. o Managing human resources, organizational roles/responsibilities, processes and projects (internal and external) that involve collaboration, communication internal business units, agency owned autonomous equipment, application and device vendors, contracted autonomous equipment (e.g. drones, robots). The IT discipline will adopt an enterprise data strategy, led by a Chief Data Officer (CDO), that takes a view across the entire organization to providing guidance on near-term data needs, offering a long-term plan in alignment with other strategic planning efforts and with the desired adoption of future technology applications. The strategy would reflect agency mission and goals, make the business case for data and a data strategy clear, and rationalize how data can be managed in a complex environment. Executing a data strategy relies upon having three supporting elements in place: • Data Management / Data Governance — This element provides a set of standards and policies governing a host of data attributes, incorporate an oversight mechanism to enforce them, and can include an interaction model for engagement between those charged with data management (e.g. an office of the CDO) and user groups throughout the agency. • Integrated Data Infrastructure — This element relates to the need for data storage and infrastructure platforms, such as data warehousing, that manage data access, sharing, and use, and computational capacity. • Analytic Capabilities: Acquisition and Management — This element is associated with planning, acquiring and managing necessary analytic and IT support capabilities within an agency.

2-110 Discipline Information Technology Emerging PMR Practice Integrated Building Information Modeling (iBIM) for Highways Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description iBIM provides an integrated electronic system with rich vendor independent, interoperable data governed by common data standards, supported by a secured cyber infrastructure of full automated connectivity and web or cloud based applications. iBIM provides a platform to collect, manage and analyze life-cycle data from a range of assets, such as pavements, bridges, and Transportation Systems Management and Operations (TSMO) devices, and additional sources such as remote sensing equipment (drones) and Connected and Automated Vehicle (C/AV probes). Either in conjunction with other systems, such as IoT and machine learning applications, or as a standalone system, iBIM provides the backbone for life-cycle management of highway assets Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Facilitates breakthroughs in capacity to retrieve, integrate, manage, analyze, interpret, communicate and react to “mega-data” driven information of highway assets  Supports the essential role for life-cycle asset management practices and holistic maintenance and repair strategies to guide resource allocation and measure effectiveness  Encourages robust, life-cycle PMR practices of highway assets  Encourages collaborative planning for resiliency investments and emergency response among multi-jurisdictional network owners with real-time operations management  Encourages more strategic thinking and systems approach in PMR prioritization IT Implications Data Management (Data Structure, Metadata, Storage, Integration, Security, Quality)  Multiple datasets (physical and functional attributes) integrated into a common data platform  Unified way of storing, retrieving, and archiving highway assets data  Interoperable data (across systems) governed by common data standards  Consistent metadata across systems, same entities, entity relationships, attributes, terminology  Standard data templates for information exchange between systems, processes  Enhanced business intelligence and reporting systems to enable a system of engagement across entire organization  Simplifies editing, maintaining & updating a digital representation of the highway road network (a.k.a. linear referencing system), alignments and all assets on the network Software Application  Deployment of BIM certified software applications  Interacting applications and/or enterprise systems that are deployed both inside the agency buildings, as well as outside on the highways (IoT devices), on vehicles (e.g. construction equipment) or in the vendor managed clouds  Applications that support a consistent set of file formats, bring CAD and GIS worlds together, and support a varied set of data models (3D, structured, unstructured data files, big data formats) to ensure data interoperability

2-111 IT Infrastructure  Computing systems (personal computers, servers, 3D printers) with capabilities to analyze, process, package and move 3D data  Network bandwidth to allow for data (large volume, variety, veracity and velocity) to be exchanged between systems that are deployed inside agency buildings as well as outside (in cloud or on highways)  Data storage systems that support both structured and unstructured data, especially if data needs to be stored in semi-structured or unstructured format for optimal performance  Scalable infrastructure – hardware and communication systems to accommodate with volume of transactions varying over a period of time (e.g. construction season, winter operations) Benefits  Improved performance measurement & asset data utilization  Improved organizational processes and efficiencies  Improved asset performance  Lower capital and life-cycle costs Challenges  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Issues concerning information security  Inertia of legacy processes and methods  Absence of top management support  Short term perspective (unwillingness to make up-front investments, wait for long-term results)  Lack of measurable outcomes (e.g. benefit-cost ratio)

2-112 Discipline Information Technology Emerging PMR Practice Enterprise Information Systems – PMR Applications Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description An enterprise information system is a unified system of computer applications specifically designed for an organization that provides a platform to integrate and streamline their business processes. The system facilitates to organize their business requirements and processes toward a delivery-oriented structure to help achieve their organizational objectives efficiently. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Contributes to alternative business models for agency structures, including transformative support and service-oriented roles for human resources, information technology and legal services  Facilitates mainstreaming performance management, transparency, accountability and stakeholder engagement into transportation agency cultures  Improves efficiency and alleviates the pressure to “do more with less” that never goes away  Encourages collaborative planning for resiliency investments and emergency response among multi-jurisdictional network owners with real-time response coordination through business process streamlining  Contributes to rapid response capabilities to restore operations IT Implications Data Management (Data Structure, Metadata, Storage, Integration, Security, Quality)  Single integrated and shared data schema across business units, minimizing duplication of data  Multiple different datasets (physical and functional attributes) integrated into a common data platform  Centralized data repository that simplifies reporting, and provides a single destination for business intelligence  Unified way of storing, retrieving, and archiving highway assets data Software Application  Integrated software applications within and outside agency premises. E.g. applications installed on IoT devices, highways communicating with agency applications in cloud or on premise  Applications with ability to process both structured and unstructured data, including 3D, geospatial (GIS) geometry attributes in addition to functional attributes  Applications capable of working across platforms, across devices ensuring seamless flow of data across business processes that are executed in the office, in the field (on the highways) or any other location IT Infrastructure  Computing systems (personal computers, servers, 3D printers) in the cloud, on premise interacting with distributed computing systems installed on the edge (e.g. IoT devices, vehicles in agency fleet)  Data storage systems that support both structured and unstructured data, especially if data needs to be stored in semi-structured or unstructured format for optimal performance  Scalable infrastructure – hardware and communication systems to accommodate high volume transactions during certain periods (e.g. construction season) Benefits  Improved performance measurement & asset data utilization  Improved organizational processes and efficiencies

2-113 Challenges  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Issues concerning information security  Inertia of legacy processes and methods  Risk averse agency culture / absence of champions for innovation  Lack of measurable outcomes (e.g. benefit-cost ratio)  Challenges associated with labor-saving (staff-reducing) innovations

2-114 Discipline Information Technology Emerging PMR Practice Machine Learning - Artificial Intelligence for Asset Management Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description “Machine learning” is a type of artificial intelligence-based algorithms used in data analysis that allows computers to automatically learn from data. In the transportation realm, machine learning can be used to recognize patterns and trends from asset performance data that may otherwise have been lost in statistical variability, without the explicit need to program where and how to look for such patterns and trends, and gather insights on type and timing of PMR activities. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Facilitates breakthroughs in capacity to retrieve, integrate, manage, analyze, interpret, communicate and react to “mega-data” driven information  Results in improved analytical and predictive models to forecast need for PMR activities to support real-time, short and long-term asset management  Reinforces the essential role for life-cycle asset management practices and holistic maintenance and repair strategies to guide resource allocation and measure effectiveness  Places more emphasis on long-term preventive maintenance strategies  Encourages mainstreaming of performance management, transparency, accountability and stakeholder engagement into transportation agency cultures IT Implications Data Management (Data Structure, Metadata, Storage, Integration, Security, Quality)  Advanced data analysis and application of algorithms  Data-driven decision support systems achieved through increased data collection and faster data processing  Complex dataset management Software Application  Software applications powered by machine learning algorithms, for example – Bridge, Pavement, Maintenance Management Systems  Applications to track and scale systems performance, status (activate/deactivate), manage data stored (e.g. archive, relocate to cloud, purge etc.) IT Infrastructure  Proliferation of devices with video, audio, network connectivity, satellite communication, light (laser) imaging, detection and ranging capabilities  Distributed computing systems, interconnected with each other and also connected to centralized computing systems (in cloud) – that are capable of processing Big Data  AI optimized hardware architecture and components specifically designed to support AI techniques such as deep learning  Scaling infrastructure (e.g. processing power, storage, network communication systems) periodically as more data becomes available for analytics Benefits  Improved asset performance  Lower capital and life-cycle costs  Improved performance measurement & asset data utilization  Improved resiliency

2-115 Challenges  Organizational silos separating researchers from practitioners  Human resource limitations in skill sets required for successful innovation deployment  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Inertia of legacy processes and methods  Uncertainty concerning actual performance (benefits not clearly demonstrated, inconsistent performance)

2-116 Discipline Information Technology Emerging PMR Practice Artificial Intelligence - PMR Traffic Management Applications Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description Artificial Intelligence (AI) entails the use of computer algorithms to solve real- world problems with an ability to analyze, reason, and learn from different situations, to acquire and retain knowledge, and to respond quickly and successfully to a new situation. AI finds applications in real-time intelligent transportation systems (ITS) operations, where providing rapid optimized solutions in response to complex dataset and dynamic conditions is required. AI can digest large volumes of traffic data, analyze and provide solutions relating to work zone- related traffic control, congestion management, motorist information and incident/emergency management. AI capabilities will facilitate faster, adaptive and dynamic responses to traffic conditions during PMR activities as well as during normal operations. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Mitigates public’s intolerance to traffic disruption due to PMR activities  Accommodates a focus on off-peak hours that permit more nighttime activity for PMR  Places greater emphasis on work zone safety with pressure for fewer lanes and shorter segments taken out of service for PMR activity  Favors investments for PMR over system expansion through increased traffic efficiencies, such as fewer crashes, lower waiting time at signals, and increased travel reliability  Facilitates breakthroughs in capacity to retrieve, integrate, manage, analyze, interpret, communicate and react to “mega-data” driven information  Reduces the need for new capability and potentially reclaims efficiencies in existing capacity IT Implications Data Management (Data Structure, Metadata, Storage, Integration, Security, Quality)  Distributed data centers (e.g. on the highways, within agency premises, in the cloud) with data storage, archival and processing capabilities, allowing AI algorithms to operate on data collected before uploading processed data on central repositories in the cloud  Rapid analysis of large volumes of data through cloud computing or distributed (edge) computing Software Application  AI enabled software applications, for example - security systems with image, voice and/or video-initiated activation – capable of providing traveler information in real-time to vehicles and/or drivers on highway  Applications to track and scale systems performance, status (activate/deactivate), manage data stored (e.g. archive, relocate to cloud, purge etc.) IT Infrastructure  Proliferation of devices with video, audio, network connectivity, satellite communication, light (laser) imaging, detection and ranging capabilities  Distributed computing systems, interconnected with each other and also connected to centralized computing systems (in cloud) – that are capable of processing Big Data  AI optimized hardware architecture and components specifically designed to support AI techniques such as deep learning  Scaling infrastructure (e.g. processing power, storage, network communication systems) periodically as more data becomes available for analytics

2-117 Benefits  Improved safety  Improved customer satisfaction  Reduced congestion  Improved system reliability  Improved PMR project delivery outcomes Challenges  Organizational silos separating researchers from practitioners  Human resource limitations in skill sets required for successful innovation deployment  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Inertia of legacy processes and methods  Uncertainty concerning actual performance (benefits not clearly demonstrated, inconsistent performance)

2-118 Discipline Information Technology Emerging PMR Practice The “Internet of Things” (IoT) - PMR Applications Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description • Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Facilitates smart infrastructure with embedded, self-diagnosing, non- destructive sensing for continuous measurement and corrective intervention  Facilitates breakthroughs in capacity to retrieve, integrate, manage, analyze, interpret, communicate and react to “mega-data” driven information  Results in improved analytical and predictive models to forecast need for PMR activities to support real-time, short and long-term asset management  Mitigates the issues associated with increased congestion, in terms of greater magnitude, increased frequency and new locations  Addresses the public concerns toward less tolerance for traffic disruption due to PMR activities  Encourages collaborative planning for resiliency investments and emergency response among multi-jurisdictional network owners  Results in Improved predictive, detection and sensing capability  Supports rapid response capabilities to restore operations  Results in improved systems for rapid turnaround and reliability of damage assessment  Supplies ability for vehicle and occupant to communicate with a wide range of external devices, entities IT Implications Data Management (Data Structure, Metadata, Storage, Integration, Security, Quality)  Real-time continuous data collection, processing and ‘intelligent’ data streaming to cloud based data management systems  Large volumes, variety of data streaming into the agency computer systems in the cloud or on premise, from  Need for standards, protocols, and specifications for device installation, data acquisition, management, communication, data interoperability, and interpretation  Resilience against cybersecurity threats  Strategy needed to harness benefits holistically and efficiently Software Application  Applications that can be used to manage and control the large network of interconnected devices (e.g. perform program reset), similar in concept but more advanced compared to present-day Mobile Device Management Devices  Applications installed on the IoT devices, capable of processing large volumes of data, controlling device response and interaction with it’s environment and synthesizing information before sending to agency IT administered cloud and/or on premise systems IT Infrastructure  Seamless, interconnected network of devices and data processing computers installed on highways & assets  Distributed computing systems, interconnected with each other and also connected to centralized computing systems  Wireless networking and communication devices / components to transfer data to systems  Robust data acquisition and management infrastructure (on premise or in cloud or a place that connects to devices installed on the highways), with capability to automatically backup data on backup infrastructure  Data storage systems (e.g. data lakes) that support both structured and unstructured data, especially if data needs to be stored in semi-structured

2-119 or unstructured format for optimal performance as it is received from the devices in the field  Management of Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IAAS) and/or Hardware-as- a-Service (HAAS) type partnerships, collaborations with public/private sector entities  Scalable infrastructure – hardware and communication systems to adjust to addition and/or retirement of assets or scenarios that require adjustments in data collection operations (e.g. special events) Benefits  Consistent network-wide and time line based conditions sensing Improved performance measurement and asset data management  Improved asset performance  Improved safety  Improved resiliency Potential Challenges  Limitations on staffing technical expertise  Short term perspective (unwillingness to make up-front investments, wait for long-term results)  Need for new, or conflict with existing regulations or standards  Human resource limitations in skill sets required for successful innovation deployment – and absence of appropriate training  Absence of necessary vendor technical support base  Lack of suitable public-private partnership mechanisms  Lack of measurable outcomes (e.g. return on investment, benefit/cost ratio)  Industry indifference or resistance to innovation (lack of partnership)

2-120 Discipline Information Technology Emerging PMR Practice Structural Health Monitoring Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description Structural health monitoring (SHM) captures extensive data on structure utilization and deterioration, including loading, engineering responses, and environmental responses (e.g. corrosion rates), for reliable assessment of remaining service life and PMR needs. Sensors will, in the future, provide even better and more real-time data for short-term and long-term asset management and planning of PMR activities. New structures can be “smart” with embedded, self-diagnosing, non-destructive sensing for continuous measurement and data collection. Sensors can form an IoT and can communicate with connected and automated vehicles, iBIM and emergency response systems (examples include tunnel emergency fire response, and response to critical bridge structure damage from collision or earthquake.) Sensor operations require not only power sources, but reliable ways to transmit the data. Innovations in wireless sensors will allow for low maintenance, highly durable electronics to allow for low power requirements, energy-harvesting opportunities, and wireless data transmission. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Helps to meet the demand for very long-lived assets to reduce frequency of maintenance, repair and renewal  Smart infrastructure with embedded, self-diagnosing, non-destructive sensing for continuous measurement and corrective intervention  Contributes to the development of improved analytical and predictive models to forecast need for PMR activities to support real-time, short and long-term asset management  Robust, life-cycle preservation, maintenance and renewal practices  Lends itself to improved predictive, detection and sensing capabilities  Creates the need to access skills for effective upkeep of advanced information and communications technologies IT Implications Data Management (Data Structure, Metadata, Storage, Integration, Security, Quality)  Real-time continuous data collection, processing and ‘intelligent’ data streaming to cloud based data management systems  Dependent on other innovations’ capabilities (e.g. structural health monitoring, IoT, iBIM, AI, predictive-proactive maintenance, self- diagnosing/reporting and work ordering) Software Application  Applications with ability to process streaming data or batch data received from instrumented highways  Applications that can develop time-series plots of data collected and streamed from sensors IT Infrastructure  Seamless, interconnected network of devices and data processing computers installed on highways & assets  Distributed computing systems, interconnected with each other and also connected to centralized computing systems  Wireless networking and communication devices / components to transfer data to systems  Robust data acquisition and management infrastructure (on premise or in cloud or a place that connects to devices installed on the highways), with capability to automatically backup data on backup infrastructure  Data storage systems (e.g. data lakes) that support both structured and unstructured data, especially if data needs to be stored in semi- structured or unstructured format for optimal performance as it is received from the devices in the field

2-121  Management of Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IAAS) and/or Hardware- as-a-Service (HAAS) type partnerships, collaborations with public/private sector entities  Scalable infrastructure – hardware and communication systems to adjust to addition and/or retirement of assets or scenarios that require adjustments in data collection operations (e.g. special events) Benefits  Improved asset performance  Improved resiliency  Improved performance measurement & asset data utilization  Lower capital and life-cycle costs Potential Challenges  Staff unfamiliarity with advanced technology (maturity, readiness, and technical validity/limitations)  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Issues concerning information security  Risk averse agency culture - absence of champions for innovation  Financial constraints (limited funding and higher capital costs)  Lack of adequate and stable funding for research and deployment  Inadequate contracting practices for addressing risks, intellectual property, alternative procurement approaches  Absence of necessary vendor technical support base

2-122 Discipline Information Technology Emerging PMR Practice Self-Diagnosing/Reporting and Work Ordering Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description Self-diagnosing, self-reporting and work ordering infrastructure consists of assets with the capacity to continuously tracks usage, monitor to evaluate their structural and functional conditions, diagnoses intervention needs, and place a work order. This may be embodied either as a standalone technology or in conjunction with complementary technologies, including: iBIM as knowledge platform; artificial intelligence and machine learning for data analytics; enterprise information system for business process streamlining; and, robotics for implementation. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Integrates with a smart infrastructure with embedded, self-diagnosing, non-destructive sensing for continuous measurement and corrective intervention  Facilitates breakthroughs in capacity to retrieve, integrate, manage, analyze, interpret, communicate and react to “mega-data” driven information  Utilizes improved analytical and predictive models to forecast need for PMR activities to support real-time, short and long-term asset management  Addresses the need for prioritization: expansion vs. PMR, preventive vs. reactive, urgent vs. deferrable IT Implications Data Management (Data Structure, Metadata, Storage, Integration, Security, Quality)  Continuous collection of data on condition and performance and diagnostic edge computing to render a decision outcome  Dependent on other innovations’ capabilities (e.g. structural health monitoring, IoT, iBIM, predictive-proactive maintenance, AI, etc.) and their data needs Software Application  Applications with ability to process streaming data or batch data received from instrumented highways  Applications that allow configuration of rule-based workflows, that react to streaming data and provide instructions IT Infrastructure  Seamless, interconnected network of devices and data processing computers installed on highways & assets  Distributed computing systems, interconnected with each other and also connected to centralized computing systems  Wireless networking and communication devices / components to transfer data to systems  Robust data acquisition and management infrastructure (on premise or in cloud or a place that connects to devices installed on the highways), with capability to automatically backup data on backup infrastructure  Data storage systems (e.g. data lakes) that support both structured and unstructured data, especially if data needs to be stored in semi-structured or unstructured format for optimal performance as it is received from the devices in the field  Management of Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IAAS) and/or Hardware-as- a-Service (HAAS) type partnerships, collaborations with public/private sector entities  Scalable infrastructure – hardware and communication systems to adjust to addition and/or retirement of assets or scenarios that require adjustments in data collection operations (e.g. special events)

2-123 Benefits  Improved performance measurement and asset data management  Improved organizational processes and efficiencies  Improved asset performance  Improved customer satisfaction Potential Challenges  Staff unfamiliarity with advanced technology (maturity, readiness, and technical validity/limitations)  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Inertia of legacy processes and methods  Challenges associated with labor-saving (staff-reducing) innovations  Financial constraints (limited funding and higher capital costs)  Uncertainty concerning actual performance (benefits not clearly demonstrated, inconsistent performance)

2-124 Discipline Information Technology Emerging PMR Practice Predictive-Proactive Maintenance Regime for Roadway Assets Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description Predictive-Proactive Maintenance is a proactive, dual source assessment and intervention process that optimizes maintenance regimes for assets considering their criticality and potential consequences of asset failure. This approach emphasizes the need for condition-based maintenance in lieu of schedule-based maintenance. The availability of reliable condition information, in conjunction with supporting analytical models, can facilitate the ability of agencies to adopt a more proactive maintenance regime, such as proactive detection, cleaning and repairs of subsurface drainage assets. Predictive maintenance also helps to prevent unexpected failures and allow better planning for PMR, which allows for better utilization of resources at lower costs and improved customer satisfaction. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Addresses the need for prioritization among competing highway needs and various PMR types: capacity expansion versus PMR, preventive maintenance versus reactive maintenance, urgent/immediate needs versus deferrable needs  Reinforces the essential role for life-cycle asset management practices and holistic maintenance and repair strategies to guide resource allocation and measure effectiveness  Places more emphasis on long-term preventive maintenance strategies  Encourages robust, life-cycle PMR practices  Results in improved inventories and condition/vulnerability assessments of system-critical assets  Results in improved analytical and predictive models to forecast need for PMR activities to support real-time, short and long-term asset management IT Implications Data Management (Data Structure, Metadata, Storage, Integration, Security, Quality)  Continuous collection of data on condition and performance and diagnostic edge computing to render a decision outcome  Dependent on other innovations’ capabilities (e.g. structural health monitoring, IoT, iBIM, predictive-proactive maintenance, AI, etc.) and their data needs Software Application  Applications with ability to process streaming data or batch data received from instrumented highways  Applications that can develop time-series plots of data collected and streamed from sensors  Applications enabled with capabilities to do predictive analytics based on data streamed in, to identify patterns, trends and forecast failures IT Infrastructure  Seamless, interconnected network of devices and data processing computers installed on highways & assets  Distributed computing systems, interconnected with each other and also connected to centralized computing systems  Wireless networking and communication devices / components to transfer data to systems  Robust data acquisition and management infrastructure (on premise or in cloud or a place that connects to devices installed on the highways), with capability to automatically backup data on backup infrastructure  Data storage systems (e.g. data lakes) that support both structured and unstructured data, especially if data needs to be stored in semi-structured

2-125 or unstructured format for optimal performance as it is received from the devices in the field  Management of Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IAAS) and/or Hardware-as- a-Service (HAAS) type partnerships, collaborations with public/private sector entities  Scalable infrastructure – hardware and communication systems to adjust to addition and/or retirement of assets or scenarios that require adjustments in data collection operations (e.g. special events) Benefits  Improved performance measurement & asset data utilization  Improved asset performance  Improved resiliency  Lower capital and life-cycle costs Potential Challenges  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Absence of top management support  Short term perspective (unwillingness to make up-front investments, wait for long-term results)  Need for new, or conflict with existing regulations or standards  Inertia of legacy processes and methods  Uncertainty concerning actual performance (benefits not clearly demonstrated, inconsistent performance)

2-126 Discipline Information Technology Emerging PMR Practice Advanced TSMO Device and Communications Systems Maintenance Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description Advanced TSMO device and communications systems maintenance presents an opportunity to significantly improve an asset management approach to planned maintenance and obsolescence. TSMO or ITS device maintenance approaches traditionally have been reactive (failure-based) or preventative (performed on a fixed cycle). Conventional tools include ITS inspection and maintenance manual procedures for testing and field inspections and computer-based programs with databases that support efficient and careful inspection and maintenance of ITS facilities. These procedures have been embodied in maintenance decision support systems for certain types of conditions and facilities. Some ITS asset management systems have been developed with GIS capabilities, data management, visualization and user interface abilities and remote access features. The application of advanced TSMO device and communications systems maintenance brings together several innovations to permit TSMO devices to become “advanced” with respect to how planned maintenance is conducted. This innovation will drive a move away from conventional reactive and preventive maintenance routines to predictive and proactive methods that can lead to more systematic and optimized maintenance strategies. Predictive maintenance methods benefit from real-time status monitoring to gauge the appropriate timing of maintenance interventions. Proactive methods take this a step further and apply asset management analytics and machine learning algorithms (Artificial Intelligence) to better discern optimized maintenance regimes. Both methods rely on using real-time data of sufficient coverage and robustness, gleaned from device- embedded and external sensors that communicate wirelessly. Devices and systems can communicate among one another and with central data aggregators and computational engines. The Internet of Things enables this concept by providing a seamless, interconnected network of TSMO devices and systems across a unified platform. Monitoring solutions alert a maintenance system at the onset of a developing condition and prescribe an appropriate response. Device-specific experience and record databases can be mined and combined with algorithms that consider component conditions and failure modes to support advanced asset management strategies. The data and notifications can be assessed on a time and frequency basis, features compared using various types of pattern recognition analytics, performance visualized and predicted, and appropriate corrective routines identified. The platform used to manage and analyze data can also direct the deployment of remote sensing equipment (drones) to capture additional data not acquired through embedded sensors. In all, these innovations provide an “intelligent maintenance system” for TSMO devices and systems that manages status monitoring, condition assessment, fault detection, prediction or prognostication, and response identification. This innovation also can supply real-time inputs to refine predictive methodologies and algorithms to adjust predicted life-cycle curves/trends and computation of obsolescence windows. Obsolescence analysis can be incorporated into enterprise information and asset management systems. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Places more emphasis on long-term preventive maintenance strategies through improved condition/vulnerability assessments of system-critical assets

2-127  Enables increased, consistent “readability” of infrastructure C/AV vehicles performing PMR activities  Addresses the need to prioritize: expansion vs. PMR, preventive vs. reactive, urgent vs. deferrable  Encourages robust, life-cycle PMR practices  Responds to changes in requirements for traffic signs, signals, markings and delineation from widespread deployment of C/AV vehicles  Addresses adverse effects of traffic disruption, including public intolerance, resulting from unexpected failure of TSMO devices due to improved condition/vulnerability assessments of system-critical assets IT Implications Data Management (Data Structure, Metadata, Storage, Integration, Security, Quality)  System status monitoring data collection and analytics  Integration of GIS, visualization, user interface, and remote access features  Embedded sensor data collection, analysis, pattern recognition, prediction, prognostication  Similar data management implications as IoT – PMR Applications Software Application  Applications with ability to process streaming data or batch data received from instrumented highways  Applications that allow configuration of rule-based workflows, that react to streaming data and provide instructions IT Infrastructure  Seamless, interconnected network of devices and data processing computers installed on highways & assets  Distributed computing systems, interconnected with each other and also connected to centralized computing systems  Wireless networking and communication devices / components to transfer data to systems  Robust data acquisition and management infrastructure (on premise or in cloud or a place that connects to devices installed on the highways), with capability to automatically backup data on backup infrastructure  Data storage systems (e.g. data lakes) that support both structured and unstructured data, especially if data needs to be stored in semi-structured or unstructured format for optimal performance as it is received from the devices in the field  Management of Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IAAS) and/or Hardware-as- a-Service (HAAS) type partnerships, collaborations with public/private sector entities  Scalable infrastructure – hardware and communication systems to adjust to addition and/or retirement of assets or scenarios that require adjustments in data collection operations (e.g. special events) Benefits  Improved asset performance  Improved customer satisfaction  Lower capital and life-cycle costs  Improved organizational processes and efficiencies  Improved PMR delivery outcomes Potential Challenges  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Lack of clear policy on capacities to maintain in-house vs. outsourcing  Inadequate contracting practices for addressing risks, intellectual property, alternative procurement approaches  Need for new, or conflict with existing regulations or standards  Absence of necessary vendor technical support base  Legal issues: product liability, insurance

2-128 Discipline Information Technology Emerging PMR Practice Construction Robotics Emerging PMR Practice Type Technology Description Construction robotics has evolved to deploy programmable robots with geolocational intelligence for fully or semi-autonomous operations, asset inspections and repairs. In the future, with rapid advances in machine learning and artificial intelligence, robotics will evolve in their mobility as well as analytical and decision making capabilities, and in legged locomotion in humanoid robots that can traverse the uneven, unpredictable and continuously changing surfaces of construction work sites. The applications of robotics evolve to automatically detect functional and structural conditions of assets, analyze collected information, make appropriate PMR related decisions and execute them in the field. Robotic applications with spatial intelligence and decision making capabilities may reduce the need for traffic control to fast track PMR operations with greater safety. Robotics can also be possibly integrated with geophysical technologies, remote sensing systems, and micro-electromechanical based condition/health monitoring systems. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Promotes the expanded use of prefabrication of structural elements including bridges and pavements  Encourages greater use of fast-track techniques for demolition, removal, replacement  Results in improved quality of structural components with automatic detection and fixing and lower materials and workmanship defects, and improved outcomes of construction methods with higher productivity and lower labor costs  Reduces environmental footprint of materials production, transport, and installation  Places greater emphasis on work zone safety with pressure for fewer lanes and shorter segments taken out of service for PMR activity IT Implications Data Management (Data Structure, Metadata, Storage, Integration, Security, Quality)  Worksite data sharing and communication to enable autonomous equipment  Cloud vs. edge computing to enable IoT applications Software Application  Integration with applications on construction equipment (agency or contractor owned) to exchange data (e.g. 3D design models, as-built construction details) about facility being constructed  Automated management of applications installed on agency owned construction equipment (e.g. maintenance, upgrades) IT Infrastructure  Autonomous computers, robots, devices Benefits  Improved PMR project delivery outcomes  Improved asset performance  Improved safety  Environmental sustainability  Lower capital and life-cycle costs

2-129 Potential Challenges  Short term perspective (unwillingness to make up-front investments, wait for long-term results)  Organizational silos separating researchers from practitioners  Challenges associated with labor-saving (staff-reducing) innovations  Industry indifference or resistance to innovation (lack of partnership)  Absence of necessary vendor technical support base  Legal issues: product liability, insurance  Need for new, or conflict with existing regulations or standards

2-130 Discipline Information Technology Emerging PMR Practice Remote Sensing Systems - PMR Applications Emerging PMR Practice Type Technologies Description Remote sensing systems will provide high resolution imagery gathered using a variety of payload sensors with benefits of less expensive, faster and large area coverage. New systems will include large use of smaller unmanned aircraft systems (drones) with miniature payloads of high resolution navigation and remote sensing devices with better real-time data transmission, ground control and battery fuel technologies using renewable energy. These remote sensing devices may include infrared, thermal, multispectral, hyperspectral, and heat capacity mapping for optical imaging, and ultra-wideband synthetic aperture radar for non-optical imaging. With increasing computing resources, there will be advancements in geospatial data processing methods. In the context of highway infrastructure PMR, remote sensing is capable of capturing and communicating both asset and traffic condition information in real-time for applications, including traffic management, asset inspection and condition assessment, situational awareness assessment during emergency response, and logistics planning. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Utilizes satellite, vehicle probe, personal devices and other remote and proximity sensing for system inventory and real-time operating conditions  Facilitates improved systems for rapid turnaround and reliability of damage assessment  Provides improved predictive, detection and sensing capability IT Implications Data Management (Data Structure, Metadata, Storage, Integration, Security, Quality)  Significant data collection, storage, and analytics implications  Cloud vs. edge computing to enable IoT applications Software Application IT Infrastructure Benefits  Improved organizational processes and efficiencies  Improved PMR project delivery outcomes  Improved asset performance  Improved resilience Potential Challenges  Staff unfamiliarity with advanced technology (maturity, readiness, and technical validity/limitations)  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Need for new, or conflict with existing regulations or standards  Extended or problematic approval processes  Absence of necessary vendor technical support base  Legal issues: product liability, insurance

2-131 Discipline Information Technology Emerging PMR Practice Automated Enforcement for Work Zones Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description Automated enforcement primarily involves technology applications that typically focus on speed enforcement, queue detection, speed management, reduction in workforce exposure, traffic data analysis, incident detection, and traveler information on a network basis to manage work zones. In conjunction with integrated corridor management strategies, automated enforcement strategies aim to reduce work zone related congestion, increase vehicle throughput, minimize travel delay and improve the safety of road users and workers. Automated Enforcement for Work Zones will include many aspects of smart work zone strategies, including incident detection and response, speed enforcement, queue detection and management, and traveler information. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Addresses public concerns toward low tolerance for traffic disruption due to PMR activities  Emphasizes a focus on off-peak hours / nighttime activity for PMR  Places greater emphasis on work zone safety with pressure for fewer lanes and shorter segments taken out of service for PMR activity  Supports rapid response capabilities to restore operations  Alleviates demands to minimize community impact during PMR activity  Responds to changes in requirements for traffic signs, signals, markings and delineation from widespread deployment of connected and automated vehicles IT Implications Data Management (Data Structure, Metadata, Storage, Integration, Security, Quality)  Requires networking of TSM&O devices on the corridor and regional level  Data acquisition and communication to users; many of the same data needs as Advanced TSM&O Device and Communications Systems  Certain applications’ need to interface with external operator standards and protocols for data acquisition and communication Software Application  N.A. IT Infrastructure  N.A. Benefits  Improved safety  Reduced congestion  Improved system reliability  Improved customer satisfaction  Improved PMR project delivery outcomes Potential Challenges  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Lack of adequate and stable funding for research and deployment  Absence of top management support  Issues concerning information security  Need for new, or conflict with existing regulations or standards  Legal issues: product liability, insurance  Uncertainty concerning actual performance (benefits not clearly demonstrated, inconsistent performance)

2-132 Discipline Information Technology Emerging PMR Practice Connected Vehicle Applications to Supply Real-time Conditions Information Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description Connected vehicles are equipped with probes and sensors (e.g. accelerometers, inertial sensors, suspension motion detectors) to capture and communicate both infrastructure condition and individual vehicle response to operating conditions. These vehicles provide measurements that augment conventional passive infrastructure measurements. This functionality is enabled by either dedicated high-speed, broadband communications for safety-related functions or by other wireless technologies that enable a range of other mobility and asset management services. This innovation incorporates the approach of Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Technology providing communications between passing vehicles and roadside units. There is a range of real-time connected vehicle applications that utilize V2I probe-based information on road conditions. V2I can connect TMCs and centralized network databases with onboard vehicle sensing systems (gyroscopes, accelerometers, suspension travel detectors, temperature, windshield wiper speed, etc.) via the vehicle bus to provide a wide variety of asset management information. Converting or recalibrating onboard sensing to better suit the needs of asset management remains a major challenge. Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Integrates the use of satellite, vehicle probe, embedded cellular and personal devices and other remote and close proximity sensing for system inventory and real-time operating conditions  Results in improved predictive, detection and sensing capability  Provides rapid response capabilities to restore operations  Results in Improved inventories and condition/vulnerability assessments of system-critical assets IT Implications Data Management (Data Structure, Metadata, Storage, Integration, Security, Quality)  Large volumes of data on infrastructure conditions collected from vehicles as probes  Requires centralized data aggregation and analysis  Potential sources from wide variety of vehicle manufacturers, dependent on application of industry standards  Need to interface with external operator standards and protocols for data acquisition and communication  Decision on investment level of this indirect condition data acquisition method vs. direct measurement innovations Software Application  Applications with ability to process/track streaming data or batch data received from vehicles, either onsite (to the roadside units) or directly into the cloud  Integration of cloud computing and edge computing distributed systems to exchange data collected by CV or by roadside units through V2I communications  Applications that allow configuration of reports, rule-based workflows, which operate on data collected from CV and V2I components IT Infrastructure  Robust data acquisition and management infrastructure (on premise or in cloud or a place that connects to devices installed on the highways), with capability to automatically backup data on backup infrastructure Benefits  Improved asset performance  Improved safety  Improved resiliency  Reduced congestion  Improved system reliability  Improved connectivity and access  Environmental sustainability  Improved performance measurement and asset data management

2-133  Improved organizational processes and efficiencies  Improved customer satisfaction  Lower capital and life-cycle costs  Improved PMR project delivery outcomes Potential Challenges  Staff unfamiliarity with advanced technology (maturity, readiness, and technical validity/limitations)  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Uncertainty concerning actual performance (benefits not clearly demonstrated, inconsistent performance)  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Issues concerning information security  Lack of adequate and stable funding for research and deployment  Short term perspective (unwillingness to make up-front investments, wait for long-term results)  Inadequate contracting practices for addressing risks, intellectual property, alternative procurement approaches  Organizational silos separating researchers from practitioners  Need for new, or conflict with existing regulations or standards  Lack of measurable outcomes (e.g. ROI, BCR)  Industry indifference or resistance to innovation. (lack of partnership)  Absence of necessary vendor technical support base  Lack of interaction with innovation-driving advocates.  Legal issues: product liability, insurance

2-134 Discipline Information Technology Emerging PMR Practice V2I Technology Providing Communications between Passing Vehicles and Roadside Units Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description The connected vehicle concept provides connectivity both among vehicles (V2V) to enable crash prevention and between vehicles and the infrastructure (V2I) to enable safety, mobility and environmental applications. V2I connections provides a parallel and complementary path to the objectives of automated vehicle capabilities. Information can be collected by roadside infrastructure from individual vehicles or vehicles in a location (at an intersection, on a road segment), which then can be analyzed and communicated back to all vehicles and to system managers through the roadside infrastructure in the form of upstream conditions, traffic control, flow control and roadway physical conditions. The “I” component of V2I consists of a network or roadside radios, related communications, data analysis, and management on the part of infrastructure owner-operators. The V2I functionalities of the connected vehicle concept are designed to supplement onboard and V2V systems to: • Capitalize on the opportunity to further reduce crashes using upstream and downstream data, and device-to-vehicle communication for collision avoidance • Assess network performance for real-time traffic management purposes (such as connected cruise control) • Provide travel information to drivers about highway system conditions and choices • Collect data regarding roadway physical conditions (discussed under the innovation, connected vehicle applications to supply real-time conditions information). Emerging PMR Practice’s Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications  Meets the need for connected vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) roadside infrastructure  Encourages reclamation of existing capacity and minimizes the need for new capacity  Enables increased, consistent “readability” of infrastructure by automated and connected vehicles performing PMR activities  Integrates the use of satellite, vehicle probe, personal devices and other remote and close proximity sensing for system inventory and real-time operating conditions  Places greater emphasis on work zone safety with pressure for fewer lanes and shorter segments taken out of service for PMR activity IT Implications Data Management (Data Structure, Metadata, Storage, Integration, Security, Quality)  Large volumes of data on infrastructure conditions collected from vehicles as probes  Requires centralized data aggregation and analysis  Potential sources from wide variety of vehicle manufacturers, dependent on application of industry standards  Need to interface with external operator standards and protocols for data acquisition and communication  Decision on investment level of this indirect condition data acquisition method vs. direct measurement innovations

2-135 Software Application  Applications with ability to process/track streaming data or batch data received from vehicles, either onsite (to the roadside units) or directly into the cloud  Integration of cloud computing and edge computing distributed systems to exchange data collected by CV or by roadside units through V2I communications  Applications that allow configuration of reports, rule-based workflows, which operate on data collected from CV and V2I components IT Infrastructure  Robust data acquisition and management infrastructure (on premise or in cloud or a place that connects to devices installed on the highways), with capability to automatically backup data on backup infrastructure Benefits  Improved safety  Improved system reliability  Improved asset performance  Improved customer satisfaction  Reduced congestion  Lower capital and life-cycle costs  Improved performance measurement & asset data utilization Potential Challenges  Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes  Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)  Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance  Issues concerning information security  Financial constraints (limited funding and higher capital costs)  Lack of clear policy on capacities to maintain in-house vs. outsourcing  Inadequate contracting practices for addressing risks, intellectual property, alternative procurement approaches  Need for new, or conflict with existing regulations or standards.  Human resource limitations in skill sets required for successful innovation deployment  Absence of necessary vendor technical support base  Legal issues: product liability, insurance

Next: Part B, Appendix 3. The Capability Maturity Model »
Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios Get This Book
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The National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Web-Only Document 272: Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios provides appendices to NCHRP Report 750, Volume 7: Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal of Highway Infrastructure.

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