Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version (2020)

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

105 ܈Fò£ò‹ 3 Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ Þ ‰î ܈Fò£ò‹ ÝŒ¾Š ðò¡ð£´ Ü™ô¶ Ý󣌄C, ðK«ê£î¬ù, èŸHˆî½‚è£è õ÷˜‚èŠð´‹ ÝŒõè Môƒ°èÀ‚è£ù Åö™, õCŠHì‹, «ñô£‡¬ñ ÝAòõŸPŸ°Kò õ¬óº¬øè¬÷ˆ î¼Aø¶. Þšõ¬ó º¬øèœ ÝŒõè MôƒAùñ£èŠ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð´‹ ܬùˆ¶ àJKùƒèÀ‚°‹ ªð£¼‰¶‹ õ¬èJ™ ªð£¶Š ð¬ìò£ù¬õ. ݬèò£™ ã«î‹ å¼ °PŠH†ì Þù‹, Þùõ¬è Ü™ô¶ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù âšMîˆ îQŠð†ì «î¬õè÷£ù£½‹ ÜõŸ¬øŠ ðŸPˆ ªîK‰¶ªè£œ÷¾‹, ÜõŸ¬øŠ ðò¡ð´ˆ¶‹ º¬øèÀ‚è£ù Ã´î™ îèõ™ è¬÷ˆ ªîK‰¶ ªè£œõ¶‹ ÜõCò‹ (H¡Þ¬íŠ¹ Ü- ¬õŠ 𣘂辋). Gô, c˜õ£› àJKùƒèÀ‚è£ù ²ŸÁŠ ¹ø„Åö™ ÜõCòƒèœ, MôƒAùŠ ðó£ñKŠ¹, õCŠHì‹, «ðí½‚è£ù «î¬õèœ Ü®Šð¬ìJ«ô«ò MˆFò£êŠ ð´õ, Þ‰î ܈Fò£ò‹ Gô, c˜õ£› àJKùƒèÀ‚ è£ù ðK‰¶¬óè÷£èŠ HKˆ¶ ÜO‚èŠð†´œ÷ù. Iè‚ °PŠð£è, º¶ªè½‹¹œ÷ Hó£EèÀ‚è£ù ñQî£H ñ£ù‹ ꣘‰î MôƒAùŠ «ðíL¡ ªð£¶ Gòñƒèœ Þ‚¬è«ò†®™ º¬øŠð´ˆîŠð†®¼‰î£½‹, Þ‰Gòñƒ èœ º¶ªè½‹ðŸø Môƒ°èÀ‚°‹ ªð£¼‰î‚ ô‹. ªð£¼ˆîñ£ù MôƒAù õCŠHì‹, Cø‰î «ñô£‡¬ñ»ì¡ îò MôƒAùÝŒ¾‚Ãì õ®õ¬ñŠ ð£ù¶, Môƒ°èO¡ ï™õ£›¾, îóñ£ù ÝŒ¾, MôƒAù à¼õ£‚è‹, MôƒAùƒè¬÷ à†ð´ˆFò è™M, ðK«ê£î¬ù õ¬ó¾èœ, ðEò£÷˜èO¡ àì™ïô¡, 𣶠裊HŸ° ܈Fò£õCòñ£Aø¶. Iè„ êKò£è õ®õ¬ñ‚èŠð†ì MôƒAùŠ ð£¶è£Š¹, ðò¡ð£†®Ÿ 

106 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® è£ù õ¬óõ£ù¶ (܈Fò£ò‹ 2äŠ ð£˜‚è¾‹), ÝŒ¾‚ÃìˆF™ ðó£ñK‚èŠð´‹ MôƒAù õ¬è‚°ˆ î°‰î Åö™, õCŠHì‹, «ñô£‡¬ñˆ îèõ™è¬÷ˆ î¼õ «î£´ ÜšMôƒ°èO¡ àì™, à÷, õ£›Mìˆ «î¬õ è¬÷‚ 輈FŸªè£‡´ ÜõŸP¡ Yó£ù õ÷˜„C, ºF˜„C, ï™õ£›MŸ° ã¶õ£è ܬñAø¶. e¡, c˜-Gôõ£› àJK, á˜õù «ð£¡ø àJKùƒèœ ªð£Œ‚Aªô£ªî˜‹ â¡Aø ñ£Áð´‹ à왪õŠð õ¬è¬ò„ ꣘‰î¬õ. Þšõ¬è àJKùƒèO¡ Ýî£ó àì™ ªõŠðG¬ô ܬõ õC‚°‹ Åö¬ôŠ ªð£Áˆ¶ ñ£Áð´‹. «ñ½‹ Þ¬õ (ðø¬õèœ, ð£Ö†®èÀì¡ åŠd†ì÷M™) îñ¶ àì™ õ÷˜C¬î ñ£Ÿø‹ Íô‹ îƒèO¡ Ýî£ó ªõŠðG¬ô¬ò„ â„ÅöL½‹ ñ£Áðì£ ñ™ å«ó Yó£è ¬õˆ¶‚ªè£œÀ‹ Fø¬ù‚ °¬øõ£è«õ ªðŸÁœ÷ù. ªð¼‹ð£ô£ù ÝŒõè ªð£Œ‚Aªô£ªî˜‹ àJKùƒèœ (àî£óíˆFŸ°: e¡ ñŸÁ‹ ðô c˜-Gôõ£› àJKèœ) c˜õ£Nè÷£è Þ¼ŠH‹, á˜õù ñŸÁ‹ Cô c˜-Gôõ£› àJKèœ ªð£Œ‚Aªô£ªî˜‹ õ¬è¬ò„ ꣘‰î Gôõ£› àJKùƒè÷£°‹. c˜õ£› àJKùƒè¬÷Š ðó£ñKŠðõ˜ ÜõŸP¡ ðó£ñKŠ¹, «ñô£‡¬ñˆ î£‚èƒ è¬÷ŠðŸP ï¡° ÜP‰F¼ˆî™ ÜõCò‹. àî£óíˆFŸ°, Ü®Šð¬ì àìLò‚èˆF¬ùŠ ð£¶è£‚è ²ŸÁ„Åö™ ªõŠðG¬ô¬ò‚ °PŠH†ì õó‹HŸ°œ ¬õŠð¶ ÜõCò‹. Gôõ£› àJKùƒèœ Gôõ£› Åö™ °Á…Åö™ ñŸÁ‹ ªð¼…Åö™ Gôõ£› àJKùƒèÀ‚è£ù °Á…Åö™ â¡ð¶ ÜšMôƒ°è¬÷„ Å›‰F¼‚°‹ ܇¬ñ„ Åö¬ô, Üî£õ¶ Ç´, ܬ승 «õL Ü™ô¶ ªè£†ì¬è «ð£¡ø ºî¡¬ñˆ ܬ승„ Åö¬ô‚ °P‚°‹. Þ‚ °Á…Åö™ ÜF™ õC‚°‹ Môƒ°èÀ‚°ˆ «î¬õò£ù ܬùˆ¶ õêFèÀ‹ «ïK¬ìò£è‚ A¬ì‚è õNõ°Šð «î£´ å¼ ð£¶è£Š¹ Üóí£è¾‹ ܬñAø¶. Þ‚°Á… 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 107 Åöô£ù¶ åO, åL, ÜF˜¾, ªõŠðG¬ô, ßóŠðî‹, 裟P™ èô‰F¼‚°‹ õ£», ɲèO¡ Ü÷¾ «ð£¡ø è£óEè¬÷Š ªð£Áˆ¶ ñ£Áð´Aø¶. Þ‚°Á…ÅöL™ ÜìƒAJ¼‚°‹ Þó‡ì£‹ è†ì è†ì¬ñŠ¹è÷£ù ܬø, ªè£†ì¬è Ü™ô¶ ªõOŠ¹ø õ£Nì‹ «ð£¡ø¬õ ªð¼…Åö™ Ý°‹. °Á…Åö™ Gôõ£› Môƒ°è¬÷„ Å›‰F¼‚°‹ ܇¬ñ„ ²ö¬ô (Üî£õ¶ Ç´, ܬ승 «õL Ü™ô¶ ªè£†ì¬è) ºî¡¬ñ ܬ승„ Åö™èœ °P‚°‹. ªð£¶õ£è ÞšM¼ Åö™èÀ‹ å¡Á‚ªè£¡Á ê‹ð‰îŠð†ì¬õò£èˆ «î£¡Pù£½‹, ºî¡¬ñˆ î´Š¹¬øJ¡ õ®õ¬ñŠ¹ (Design of Primary Enclosure) ñŸÁ‹ ªð¼…ÅöL¡ G¬ôè¬÷Š ªð£Áˆ¶ °Á…Åö™, ªð¼…Åö¬ô‚ 裆®½‹ ªõ°õ£è «õÁð´õ«î£´ ðô è£óEè÷£™ ð£F‚辋ð´Aø¶. ªð¼…Åö™ ªð÷bè Ü®Šð¬ìJ™ Å›‰F¼‚°‹ Þó‡ì£‹ è†ì è†ì¬ñŠ¹è¬÷ (ܬø, ªè£†ì¬è Ü™ô¶ ªõOŠ¹ø õ£Nì‹ «ð£¡ø¬õ) °P‚°‹. CPò ºî¡¬ñˆ î´Š¹¬ø‚°œ Þ¼‚°‹ °Á…Åö L¡ ñ¬ò ñFŠH´õ¶ è®ùñ£è Þ¼‚è‚ô‹. Þ¶õ¬ó A¬ì‚芪ðŸø îèõ™èœ, ªõŠðG¬ô, ßóŠðî‹, 裟P™ èô‰F¼‚°‹ õ£»‚èO¡ ªêP¾, ɲ èO¡ Ü÷¾ ªð¼…Åö¬ô‚ 裆®½‹ °Á…ÅöL™ ÜFèñ£è¾‹ (Besch 1980; Hasenau et al. 1993; Perkins and Lipman 1995; E. Smith et al. 2004) åOJ¡ Ü÷¾ °¬øõ£è¾‹ Þ¼Šðî£è‚ 裆´A¡øù. °Á…ÅöL¡ ñèœ, ÜF™ õC‚°‹ Môƒ°èO¡ àìLò‚è„ ªêò™èœ, ï숬îè¬÷ «ïK¬ìò£è ð£FŠð«î£´, ÜšMôƒ°èO™ «ï£Œ d®‚èŠð´‹ ñ¬ò»‹ ñ£Ÿøõ™ô¶ (Baer et al. 1997; Broderson et al. 1976; Memarzadeh et al. 2004; Schoeb et al. 1982; Vesell et al. 1976). ªõŠðG¬ô, ßóŠðî‹ àì™ ªõŠðG¬ô¬ò Þò™ð£ù ꘫè¯ò¡ â‹ è£ôG¬ô à혾 ñ£Áð£´èÀ‚«èŸð ðó£ñKŠð¶ Môƒ°èO¡ ï™õ£›MŸ° ÜõCòñ£°‹. Môƒ°è¬÷, ÜõŸP¡ õ¬è‚° àè‰î ªõŠðG¬ô, ßóŠðîˆ «î¬õ 

108 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® õó‹HŸ°œ ¬õˆ¶Š ðó£ñK‚è «õ‡´‹. Þšõ£Á ªêŒõ¶, Môƒ°èO¡ Cóñˆ¬î‚ °¬øŠð¶ì¡ àìLò™ ñ£ŸøƒèÀì¡ Ü¬õ îñ¶ õCŠHì„ Åö½‚° ãŸøõ£Á ñˆ îèõ¬ñˆ¶ ªè£œ÷ ã¶õ£è ܬñ»‹. ªð£¶õ£è å¼ MôƒAù‹ îù¶ àìL¡ ªõŠð G¬ô¬ò Þ¼ «õÁ ÃÁèœ Íô‹ ²ŸÁ„Åö½‚°ˆ î‚èõ£Á Yó¬ñˆ¶‚ ªè£œõ¶ ªî˜«ñ£ªó°«ôû¡ (ther- moregulation) Ý°‹. ²ŸÁ„Åö™ ªõŠð‹ ÜõŸP¡ ªõŠð G¬ô‚ W›õó‹¬ð Mì‚ °¬øõ£è Þ¼ŠH¡, õ÷˜„C¬î ñ£Ÿø‹ Íô‹ ÜõŸP¡ àì™ ªõŠðG¬ô¬ò ÜFèKˆ¶‚ ªè£œÀ‹. Ü«î «ð£™, ²ŸÁ„ÅöL¡ ªõŠðG¬ô Üî¡ àì™ ªõŠð õó‹¬ðMì ÜFèñ£è Þ¼ŠH¡, ÝMò£î™ Íô‹ îù¶ àì™ ªõŠðG¬ô¬ò °¬øˆ¶‚ªè£œÀ‹. â‰î ªõŠðG¬ô õó‹HŸ°œ «ñŸÃPò ñ£ŸøƒèO¡ «î¬õ å¼ MôƒAùˆFŸ° ãŸðìM™¬ô«ò£ ÜšªõŠð G¬ô õó‹¹, ÜšMôƒAùˆF¡ ªõŠð ï´G¬ô ñ‡ìô‹ (Thermoneutral Zone - TNZ) â¡ø¬ö‚èŠð´‹. «ñ½‹ Þ¶ W›, «ñ™ ªï¼‚è® ªõŠðG¬ô Ü÷¾èÀ‚ °œ (Lower and Upper Critical Temperatures; LCTs and UCTs) ܬñ‰ F¼‚°‹ (Gordon 2005). Môƒ°èœ îƒèO¡ àìLò™ (õ÷˜C¬î ñ£Ÿø‹ à†ðì) õ£›Mî‹ (ï숬î Ü™ô¶ àJ˜ Ýî£ó ÝŸø™ à†ðì) ÝAòõŸ¬ø ñ£ŸP ܬñˆ¶‚ªè£œõî¡ Íô‹ ÜõŸP¡ àì™ ªõŠð G¬ô¬ò„ ²ŸÁ„Åö½‚° ãŸð ðó£ñKˆ¶‚ ªè£œ A¡øù. àî£óíˆFŸ°, ²‡ªìLèO¡ ªõŠð ï´G¬ô ñ‡ìôñ£ù¶ °¬ø‰îð†êñ£ù 26 oC ºî™ ÜFèð†ê ñ£ù 34 0C â‹ õó‹HŸ°œ ÜìƒAò¶ (Gordon 1993). ªõŠðG¬ô °¬ø‰îð†êñ£è Þ¼‚°‹ «õ¬÷J™, ô 膴î™, å¡Áªè£¡Á 凮‚ ªè£œÀî™, Ƀ°î™ «ð£¡ø õ£›Mî ñ£Áð£´è÷£™ îƒèO¡ °Á…Åö™ î†ðªõŠðG¬ô¬ò ܬõ 膴Šð´ˆ¶A¡øù. ªð£¶õ£è ²‡ªìLèœ Ü¬õ ïìñ£´‹ «ïóƒ èO™ W› ªï¼‚è® ªõŠðG¬ôò£ù (LCT) 26 0C‚°‹ °¬ø õ£ù ªõŠðG¬ô¬ò M¼‹Hù£½‹ àì™ ðó£ñKŠ¹‚ °‹, æŒMŸ°‹ Þ‚W› ªõŠðG¬ô¬òMì ÜFèð†ê ªõŠðG¬ô¬ò«ò ªðK¶‹ M¼‹¹A¡øù (Gaskill et al. 2009; 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 109 Gordon 2004; Gordon et al. 1998). Þ«î«ð£™, ñŸø ªî£ŸÁ‡E Môƒ°èÀ‚è£ù W› ªï¼‚è® ªõŠðG¬ô (LCT) ðô ÝŒ¾ˆ îó¾èO™ è£í‚A¬ì‚A¡øù. ܬõ âLèÀ‚° 26 0C - 30 0C Ý辋 ñŸÁ‹ ªè˜H™èÀ‚° 28 0C - 32 0C (Gordon 1993) Ý辋 ñ£Áð´A¡øù. Þ‰î LCT õó‹¹, ºò™èÀ‚° 15 0C - 20 0C (Gonzalez et al. 1971) Ý辋, ̬ù ñŸÁ‹ èÀ‚° 20 0C - 25 0C Ý辋, êŸÁ‚°¬øõ£ù õó‹ð÷M™ àœ÷ù. Ü«î «õ¬÷J™ ñQî‚°óƒAùƒ èœ (Non-human Primates), ð‡¬í MôƒAùƒèÀ‚°, ÜšMù õ¬èè¬÷Š ªð£Áˆ¶ LCT õó‹¹èœ «õÁð´ A¡øù. ªð£¶õ£è, MôƒAùƒèÀ‚° «ï¼‹ ªõŠð„ Cóñ «ï£J¬ùˆ îM˜‚è ÜõŸP¡ ܬøèO¡ àô˜-°I› ªõŠðG¬ôJ¬ù (Dry-bulb Temperature) ÜšMôƒ°èO¡ W› ªï¼‚è® ªõŠðG¬ô‚°‹ (LCT) êŸÁ‚ °¬øõ£è«õ ܬñˆî™ «õ‡´‹. Üî£õ¶ Þ‚°¬ø ªõŠðG¬ôJ¬ù ÜO‚°‹«ð£¶ °O˜ Cóñ «ï£J¬ùˆ îM˜‚辋, ªõŠð„ Y˜Šð´ˆî½‚° àî¾õî£è¾‹ àœ÷ Cô «î¬õ ò£ù ªð£¼†èœ (ô 膴‹ ªð£¼†èœ, à¬øMì‹) Môƒ°èÀ‚° ÜO‚èŠð†®¼‚è «õ‡´‹ â¡ð¬î»‹ 輈F™ ªè£œ÷«õ‡´‹. å«ó õ¬èJô£ù ºF˜ Môƒ°èÀì¡ åŠH´¬èJ™, ÜšMôƒ°èO¡ ¹Fî£èŠ Hø‰î °†®èÀ‚° LCT Iè ÜFèªñ¡ð, «ð£Fò Ü÷Mô£ù ªõŠð„ Y˜ð´ˆî½‚° à ªð£¼†èœ ÞõŸPŸ° Iè ÜõCòñ£ù¶. MôƒAùŠ ðó£ñKŠ¹ º¬øèœ, MôƒAù õCŠHì õ®õ¬ñŠ¹ ÝAòõŸ¬øŠ ªð£Áˆ¶ Môƒ°èœ õ£¿‹ ²ŸÁ„Åö™ ªõŠðG¬ô (Environmental Temperature) åŠd†´ ßóŠðî‹ (Relative Humidity) ð£FŠð¬ìõ«î£´ Môƒ°èO¡ ºî¡¬ñ„ Åö½‚°œÀ‹, ºî¡¬ñ„ Åö½‚°‹ Þó‡ì£‹ è†ì„ Åö½‚°‹ Þ¬ìJ™ ªðK¶‹ «õÁð´Aø¶. Þšõ£ø£è, H¡õ¼‹ è£óEèœ ºî¡¬ñ, Þó‡ì£‹ è†ì„Åö½‚°œÀ‹, Þ¬ìJ½‹ ªõŠð G¬ô, ßóŠðîˆF¬ù ñ£ŸP ܬñ‚A¡øù, ܬõ: õCŠHì õ®õ¬ñŠ¹; ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð†ì è†ìì‚ è†´ñ£ùŠ ªð£¼†èœ; ªêP׆´„ ê£îùƒè÷£ù CÁÇ´, ô 膴‹ ªð£¼†èœ; «ñŸð® õ®è†®; 

110 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® 嚪õ£¼ Ç´°œÀ‹ õC‚°‹ Môƒ°èO¡ â‡E‚¬è, õò¶, õ¬è, ðKñ£í‹; Åö™èO¡ M¬ê‚ 裟«ø£†ì‹; ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð´‹ 𴂬è õ¬è; ܬî ñ£ŸPò¬ñŠðîŸè£ù è£ô Þ¬ìªõO (Besch 1980). ªð¼ñ÷Mô£ù ªõŠðG¬ô Ü™ô¶ ßóŠðî «õÁð£´èÀ‚° à†ð´î«ô£ Ü™ô¶ Übî î†ðªõŠð G¬ôè«÷£ Môƒ°èO¡ õ£›Mì‹, àìLò™¹, à¼õ¬ñŠH™ ñ£Áð£´è¬÷ ãŸð´ˆ¶õ¶ ñ†´ñ™ô£ ñ™ ÜõŸP¡ àì™ïô¡ ñŸÁ‹ ÝŒ¾‚° à†ð´‹ Fø¬ù»‹ âFK¬ìò£è ð£Fˆ¶, Üî¡Íô‹ Ý󣌄C º®¾è¬÷»‹ ð£F‚Aø¶ (Garrard et al. 1974; Gordon 1990, 1993; Pennycuik 1967). Þ¬õ ÜšMôƒ°èO¡ ðô î¬ôº¬ø è¬÷„ «ê˜ˆ¶ ð£F‚Aø¶ (Barnett 1965, 1973). õ£›Mî ªõŠð„ Y˜ð´ˆî½‚°ˆ «î¬õò£ù ܬùˆ¶ õêFèÀ‹ õöƒèŠð†ì õCŠHìñ£è Þ¼‚°‹ð†êˆF™, ºF˜„C »Ÿø, ªð£¶õ£èŠ ðò¡ð£†®™ Þ¼‚°‹ ÝŒõè MôƒAùƒè÷£™ A‚ªè£œ÷ˆî‚è àô˜ ªõŠðG¬ô à„êõó‹¹ ð†®ò™, ܆ìõ¬í ⇠3.1™ ªè£´‚èŠ ð†´œ÷¶. ݬèò£™, MôƒAùƒèÀ‚° ãŸø ªõŠð G¬ôè¬÷, Þšõó‹HŸ°œO¼‰¶ ñ†´«ñ «î˜¾ ªêŒõ¶ ÜõCò‹. ñ†´ñ™ô£¶, Iè‚ °¬ø‰î ãŸøˆ ¾èÀ‚°œ ðó£ñK‚èŠð쾋 «õ‡´‹. °PŠH†ì õ¬èJ™ ܬñ‚èŠð†ì õCŠHìˆFŸ° ãŸøõ£Á, êKò£ù ªð¼ - °Á…Åö™ ªõŠðG¬ôè¬÷ˆ «î˜‰ ªî´Šð¶, õ÷˜‚èŠð´‹ Þù‹ Ü™ô¶ Þùõ¬è, õò¶, Ç®Ÿ°œ ܬì‚èŠð´‹ Môƒ°èO¡ â‡E‚¬è, ð¼ñ¡, ºî¡¬ñˆ î´Š¹¬øJ¡ 膴ñ£ù‹, MôƒAùŠ ðó£ñKŠ¹ º¬øèœ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð´‹/ ÜO‚èŠð´‹ ð´‚¬èŠ ªð£¼œ, ô膴‹ ªð£¼†èœ Ü™ô¶ à¬øMì‹, HóˆF«òè 裟«ø£†ìº¬ìò Ç´) «ð£¡ø «ñ½‹ ðô è£óEè¬÷Š ªð£Áˆ¶ ñ£Áð´ Aø¶. ªð£Œ‚A«ô£ªî˜‹ àJKèœ ñŸÁ‹ Cô ðø¬õ JùƒèO¡ °…²èÀ‚° ÜõŸP¡ ºî¡¬ñ‚ Ç®¡ ܬùˆ¶Š ð°FJ½‹ å«ó Yó£ù ªõŠðG¬ô Þ™ô£ñ™ °¬ø ªõŠðŠ ð°F ºî™ ÜF ªõŠðŠ ð°F õ¬ó Þ¼‚°ñ£Á å¼ "ªõŠðˆ ¾" G¬ô «î¬õŠð´Aø¶. ÞšªõŠðˆî£›¾ G¬ô ÜõŸP¡ Yó£ù àìLòŸ ªêò™ð£†®¡ «î¬õèÀ‚° ã¶õ£è ܬñ»‹. 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 111 ܆ìõ¬í J™ ªè£´‚èŠð†ì ªõŠðG¬ô õó‹¹èœ, C¬øŠ H®‚èŠð†ì õù Môƒ°èœ, ÞòŸ¬è„ ÅöL™ õ÷˜‚èŠð´‹ Môƒ°èœ Ü™ô¶ ¹øªõOJ™ õ÷˜‚èŠ ð´‹ Môƒ°èÀ‚°Š ªð£¼‰î£¶ â¡ð¬î èõùˆF™ ªè£œ÷ «õ‡´‹. ãªùQ™, ÞšMôƒ°èÀ‚°, ð¼õ ñ£ŸøFŸ° ãŸð ñ£Áð´‹ ²ŸÁ„Åö™ G¬ôèÀ‚°ˆ î‚è õ£Á îƒè¬÷ˆ îèõ¬ñˆ¶‚ªè£œÀ‹ õ£ŒŠ¹ à‡´. Cô G¬ô¬ñèO™ õ£NìõêF‚° ÜFèKˆî ²ŸÁ„ Åö™ ªõŠðG¬ô «î¬õŠð´Aø¶ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê‚°Š H¡ e†¹, Hø‰î Môƒ°J˜èœ, º®òŸø à¼õ õ¬è ªè£‡ì ªè£Pˆ¶‡Eèœ, á˜õù ñŸÁ‹ c˜ Gô õ£NùƒèO™ Cô ÞùŠªð¼‚è‚ è†ìƒèO™). ªõŠðG¬ô ÜFèKŠH¡ Ü÷¾ õ£Nì Mõóƒè¬÷Š ªð£Áˆî¶. Cô «ïóƒèO™ ªð¼… Åö¬ô ñ£Ÿø£ñ™ °Á…ÅöL™ ñ†´‹ ªõŠðG¬ô¬ò àò˜ˆ¶ õ¶ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê‚°Š H¡ e†¹‚ è£ù ªõŠð͆´ ܆¬ìèœ Ü™ô¶ á˜õùõŸP™ åO‚èF˜ ªõŠð Íôƒèœ ñ£ŸPò¬ñŠðî¡ Íô‹), «ð£¶ñ£ù¶‹ M¼‹ðˆî‚趋 Ý°‹. åŠd†´ ßóŠð 膴Šð´ˆîŠðì «õ‡´‹. Ýù£™ ð£Ö†®è¬÷Š «ð£¡Á ܈î¬ù °Áèô£ù Ü÷M™ ܬñ‚èˆ «î¬õŠð죶; ªð¼‹ð£ô£ù ð£Ö†®èÀ‚° 30%L¼‰¶ 70% åŠd†´ ßóŠðî‹ ãŸÁ‚ªè£œ÷‚îò‹. ܆ìõ¬í 3.1: ªð£¶õ£ù ÝŒõè Môƒ° èÀ‚è£ù ðK‰¶¬ó‚èŠð†ì ªð¼…²ŸÁ„ÅöL¡ àô˜ ªõŠðG¬ô Môƒ° àô˜ °I› ªõŠð‹ 0 0 C F ²‡ªìL, âL, ý£‹vì˜, ªü˜H™, AQð¡P 20-26 68-79 ºò™ 16-22 61-72 ̬ù, , ñQî‚°óƒAùƒèœ 18-29 64-84 Mõê£ò Môƒ°èœ, ðø¬õèœ 16-27 61-81 

112 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® ªè£ Pˆ¶‡Eè À‚è £ù à ô ˜ ° I› Ü ¬ ø ªõŠðG¬ô ܬñŠ¹èœ ªð£¶õ£è ªõŠð ð£FŠ¬ðˆ îM˜ŠðîŸè£è Môƒ°èO¡ â™.C.®.‚° ( ªï¼‚è® ªõŠð‹) W«ö ܬñ‚èŠð†®¼‚A¡øù. «ñ½‹ ܬõ °PŠH†ì Þùƒèœ ꣘‰î â™.C.® ñFŠ¹è¬÷ HóF ðL‚è «õ‡´‹. °O˜ ð£FŠ¬ðˆ îM˜Šð Môƒ° èÀ‚° ªõŠð‚膴Šð£†®™ (ô 膴‹ ªð£¼œ,  Iì‹) «ð£¶ñ£ù õ÷ƒèœ õöƒèŠðì «õ‡´‹. °Á…²ŸÁ„ ÅöL¡ åŠd†´ ßóŠðî‹ å¼ ºî¡¬ñ ܬìŠH™ ¬õ‚èŠð†´œ÷ Môƒ°èÀ‚° ÜFè º‚Aòˆ¶õ‹ õ£Œ‰îî£è Þ¼‚èô£‹. Þî¡ ²ŸÁ„ Åö™ G¬ô¬ñèœ ªð¼…ÅöLL¼‰¶ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: G¬ôò£ù «ñŸ¹ø õ®è†® (îQ¬ñŠð´ˆ¶‹ Ç´èO™) «õÁð´A¡øù. Cô àJKùƒèÀ‚° ÜFè ßóŠðîˆ¶ì¡ Ã®ò G¬ô¬ñèœ «î¬õŠðìô£‹ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: ñQî °óƒAùƒèO™ «î˜‰ªî´‚èŠð†ì Þùƒèœ, ªõŠð ñ‡ìô á˜õù, Gô c˜ àJ˜èœ; (Olson and Palotay 1983). ²‡ªìLèO™ Üê£î£óíñ£è ÜFè, °¬ø‰î ßóŠðî‹ Þó‡´‹ ð£Ö†ì™ GÁˆîˆFŸ° º¡Ã†®ò °…² èO¡ ÞøŠ¬ð ÜFèK‚è‚ô‹ (Clough 1982). âLèO™, °¬ø‰î ßóŠðî‹, °PŠð£è ÜF°O˜, ÜFªõŠð ªõOŠð£´ õ£L™ õ¬÷òˆ¬î à¼õ£‚°‹, Þ¶ õ£L½‹ Cô «ïóƒèO™ 裙Mó™èO½‹ ªê™ ÞøŠ¹ ê‹ð‰îŠð†ì å¼ G¬ôò£°‹. (Crippa et al. 2000, Njaa et al. 1957; Totten 1958). Cô àJKùƒèÀ‚°, àò˜‰î ßóŠðî‹ å¼ MôƒA¡ ªõŠðG¬ô¬ò„ êñ£O‚°‹ Fø¬ù ð£F‚è ô£‹. ªè£Pˆ¶‡EèO¡ îQ¬ñŠð´ˆîŠð†ì Ç´èO™ àò˜‰î °Á…ÅöL™ åŠd†´ ßóŠðî‹ Ã‡®™ ÜFè Ü«ñ£Qò£ ªêP¾èÀ‚°‹ õNõ°‚°‹ (Corning and Lipman 1991; Hasenau and others 1993). Þ¶ MôƒA¡ ï£CJ™ âK„êÖ†ì„ ªêŒòô£‹, Cô àJKò™ M¬ù è¬÷ ñ£Ÿøô£‹ (Gordon et al. 1980; Manninen et al. 1998). «ð£¶ ñ£ù Ü÷¾ ²ŸÁ„Åö™ åŠd†´ ßóŠðî õöƒè º®ò£î G¬ô¬ñèO™, «î£™ àô˜î™, ªêFô¬ì¾, «î£½Kî™ («ñ£™®ƒ) Cóñƒèœ «ïóô£‹. á˜õù õŸP½‹ c˜ Gôõ£NèO½‹ ê¼ñ‹ àô˜õ¶ «ð£¡ø 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 113 âF˜ñ¬ø M¬÷¾èO¡«ð£¶ Môƒ°è¬÷ à¡QŠð£è è‡è£E‚è «õ‡´‹. 裟«ø£†ì‹, 裟P¡ îó‹ Åö½‚° àè‰î îóñ£ù 裟Á, G¬ôò£ù ²ŸÁ„ Åö¬ô ÜOŠð«î “裟«ø£†ìˆF¡” ºî¡¬ñ «ï£‚è ñ£°‹. °PŠð£è, 裟«ø£†ìñ£ù¶ «ð£Fò Hó£í õ£»¬õˆ î¼Aø¶; Môƒ°èœ, ðEò£÷˜èœ, M÷‚°èœ, àðèóíƒè÷£™ ܬø‚°œ à‡ì£ù ªõŠð„ ²¬ñ¬òŠ ¹ø‰îœÀA¡ø¶; 裟P™ àœ÷ õ£», åšõ£¬ñ‚ è£óEèœ, 裟P™ ðó¾‹ «ï£Œ‚A¼Ièœ àœO†ì Fì ñ£²èO¡ Ü÷¬õ‚ °¬ø‚Aø¶; ܬøJ™ àœ÷ 裟P¡ ßóŠðî‹, ªõŠðG¬ô¬ò„ Y˜ ªêŒAø¶; ÞõŸ«ø£ì™ô£ ñ™, «î¬õò£ù ÞìƒèO™ ܼ輫è ܬñ‰î Þ¬ìªõOèÀ‚A¬ì«ò 裟ø¿ˆî «õÁ𣆮¬ù à¼õ£‚A F¬ê꣘‰î 裟«ø£†ìˆFŸ° (Directional air flow) ÞìñO‚Aø¶. èõùˆFŸ°: Môƒ°èœ ¬õ‚èŠð†ì ܬø‚°œ (Üî£õ¶ ªð¼…ÅöL™) 裟«ø£†ìˆ¬î ãŸð´ˆ¶õ, Môƒ°èO¡ ºî¡¬ñ Åö½‚°œÀ‹ (Üî£õ¶ Ç®Ÿ°œ Ü™ô¶ °Á…ÅöL™) «ð£Fò Ü÷¾ 裟«ø£†ì‹ ãŸð´ˆîŠð†ìî£è ܘˆî‹ ªè£œ÷‚Ã죶. Môƒ°èœ ܬì‚èŠð†ì ºî¡¬ñ„ ÅöL¡ õ¬èJ¬ùŠ ªð£Áˆ¶, ªð¼…Åö™, °Á…Åö ½‚° Þ¬ì«òò£ù 裟«ø£†ì‹ MˆFò£êŠð´Aø¶. â´ˆ¶‚裆ì£è, Fø‰îªõO Ç®Ÿ°œ«÷£ Ü™ô¶ ܬ승 «õL‚°œ«÷£ Môƒ°èœ ܬì‚èŠð† ®¼‰î£™, ÜšMìˆF¡ ªð¼…Åö™ ñŸÁ‹ °Á…Åö ½‚° Þ¬ì«òò£ù 裟«ø£†ì MˆFò£ê‹ Iè‚ °¬øõ£è Þ¼‚°‹. ñ£ø£è, G¬ôò£ù îQ¬ñ‚ Ç®Ÿ °œ õ÷˜‚èŠð´‹ Môƒ°èO¡ °Á ñŸÁ‹ ªð¼…Åö ½‚° Þ¬ì«òò£ù 裟«ø£†ì‹ ªðK¶‹ MˆFò£êŠ ð´‹. æ˜ Ü¬ø‚°œ ªê½ˆîŠð´‹ 裟P¡ Ü÷¾, Üî¡ Þò™¹‚ÃÁèœ, Mó¾‹ ð£ƒ° «ð£¡ø¬õ MôƒAù ºî¡¬ñ„ ÅöL¡ 裟«ø£†ì¬îŠ ð£FŠð«î£´ ñ†´ ñ™ô£ñ™, Môƒ°èO¡ °Á…Åö¬ô G˜íJ‚°‹ º‚Aò‚ÃÁè÷£è¾‹ ܬñA¡øù. ܬø‚°œ 裟Á MóMèœ (Air diffusers) ñŸÁ‹ ªõO«òŸÁ MCPèO¡ 

114 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® õ¬è, ܬñMì‹, â‡E‚¬è, ܬñŠ¹, ºî¡¬ñ ñŸÁ‹ Þó‡ì£‹ è†ì Åö™èœ - Þ¬õ ܬùˆ¶‹ °Á…ÅöL¡ 裟«ø£†ìˆ¬î ð£F‚°ªñ¡ð Þ‚ÃÁèO¡ e¶ î‚è èõù‹ ªê½ˆ¶î™ ÜõCò‹. ܬø‚°œ ãŸð´‹ ªõŠð„ ²¬ñ, 裟Á Mó¾‹ ð£ƒ°, õ£»ˆ ɲèO¡ ï蘾 «ð£¡ø M¬÷¾è¬÷‚ ªè£‡´ Þ‚ÃÁè¬÷, èEQ õN ñFŠd´ ªêŒõ¶‹, 膴Š 𴈶õ¶‹ Môƒ°èO¡ ªð¼ ñŸÁ‹ °Á…ÅöL¡ 裟«ø£†ìˆ¬î„ Yó£ù õ¬èJ™ ܬñ‚è à (Hughes and Reynolds 1995). Môƒ°èO¡ àì‹HL¼‰¶ ê£î£óíñ£è ªõO «òŸøŠð´‹ ªõŠð‹, ßóŠðî ñ£ŸPò¬ñ‚èô‹ â¡ø è£óíˆFù£™, ÜF«õè‚ è£ŸÁ «ïK¬ìò£è Môƒ°èœ «ñ™ i²ñ£Á àœ÷ ܬñŠH¬ùˆ îM˜‚è «õ‡´‹. àî£óíˆFŸ°: 20 0C ªõŠðG¬ô ªè£‡ì 裟Á, GIìˆFŸ° 60 «ïKò™ Ü® (60 linear feet per minute Ü™ô¶ 18.3 m/min) «õèˆF™ 𣻋«ð£¶ «î£ó£òñ£è 7 0C Ü÷MŸè£ù °O˜ M¬÷¬õ ãŸð´ˆ¶‹ (Weihe 1971). Þ‚°O˜ M¬÷õ£ù¶, Môƒ°èO¡ ê£î£óí î†ð ªõŠð ªõO«òŸø MAîˆF¬ù ñ£ŸPò¬ñ‚Aø¶. °PŠð£è, Þšõ¬è ÜF«õè‚ è£ŸÁ i„ê£ù¶, «ý£I«ò£ªî˜‹ (Homeotherm , Y¼ì™ ªõŠðG¬ô ªè£‡ì¬õ) Môƒ°èO¡ ¹F Hø‰î °†®èœ (ÞŠð¼õˆF™ Þ‚°†®èO¡ «î£L™ «ó£ñ‹ Þ¼Šð F™¬ô â¡ð«î£´ à왪õŠð G¬ôJ¬ù„ Yó£è ¬õˆ¶‚ªè£œÀ‹ Fø‹ °¬øõ£è Þ¼‚°‹), ñóðµ ñ£ŸPò¬ñ‚èŠð†ì Cô õ¬è Môƒ°èœ («î£L™ «ó£ñ‹ Þ™ô£î ‘IÎ졆’ â‹ ñó𵊠Hø›¾ õ¬è Jùƒèœ), Cô c˜-Gô àJKèœ «ð£¡ø MôƒAùƒèÀ‚° ªð¼ƒ«è´ M¬÷M‚°‹. Môƒ° àœ÷ ܬøJL¼‰¶, å¼ ñE «ïóˆFŸ° 10L¼‰¶ 15 º¬ø °PŠH†ì Yó£ù Ü÷M™ ܲˆî‚ 裟P¬ù ªõO«òŸP, Ü«î «ïóˆF™ ªõO«òŸøŠð†ì Ü«î Ü÷MŸè£ù ²ˆîñ£ù 裟P¬ù ܬøJÂœ 𣌄²õ¶ (裟Á„ ²öŸC, Air Cycle) Môƒ° ܬøJ¡ ªð¼…Åö™, °Á…ÅöL™ 裟P¡ ²ˆîˆ îóˆF¬ù àÁF ªêŒò ã¶õ£è ܬñ»‹. Môƒ° ܬøJ™ 裟P¡ îóˆF¬ù„ ªê‹¬ñò£è ¬õˆ¶‚ªè£œ÷ «ñŸ°PŠH†ì 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 115 ނ裟Á ²öŸCŠ ðK‰¶¬ó ܬùõ󣽋 ãŸÁ‚ ªè£œ÷Šð†ì å¡ø£°‹. Þšõó‹ð£ù¶ ܬøJÂœ à‡ì£°‹ ªõŠð õó‹¹èœ; ܬøJ™ õC‚°‹ MôƒAù õ¬è, ÜõŸP¡ ð¼ñ¡, â‡E‚¬è «ð£¡ø MôƒAù‚ è£óEèœ; °Á…Åö™ î´Š¹¬øJ¡ õ¬è; ð´‚¬èŠ ªð£¼œ; Ç´è¬÷ ñ£ŸÁ‹ è£ô Þ¬ìªõO; ܬø J¡ ðKñ£í‹; ªð¼ ñŸÁ‹ °Á…Åö½‚° àœÀ‹ Þ¬ìJ½‹ 裟Á Mó¾‹ î¡¬ñ «ð£¡ø è£óEè¬÷‚ 輈F™ªè£‡´ G˜íJ‚èŠð†ìî™ô. Cô êñòƒèO™, àî£óíˆFŸ° Iè„ ªê£Ÿð Môƒ°è«÷ àœ÷ ܬø‚°, “10L¼‰¶ 15 ¹Fò 裟Á„ ²öŸC” â‹ Þšõó‹ð£ù¶ «î¬õ‚°‹ ÜFèŠð®ò£ù 裟«ø£†ìˆ¬î à¼õ£‚° õ«î£´ ñ†´ñ™ô£ñ™ I¡ê‚F «ð£¡ø ÝŸø™ ÞöŠHŸ°‹ MˆF´Aø¶. ñ£ø£è, ÜFè Môƒ°è¬÷‚ ªè£‡ì ܬø‚° Þšõó‹¹ °¬øõ£è ܬñõ«î£´, ªõŠð‹, ßóŠðî‹, Þ¡ùHø ñ£²èœ «îƒ°õ‚ è£óíñ£è ܬñ‰¶M´Aø¶. ïiù óè î†ðªõ†ð‹, 裟«ø£†ì‹ ñŸÁ‹ õO G¬ôŠð´ˆ¶‹ è¼Mèœ (Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning Systems Ü™ô¶ (HVAC) (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: 裟ø÷¾ ñ£ŸP Ü™ô¶ VAV è¼M (Variable Air Volume System or VAV system), ªõŠð„²¬ñ ñŸÁ‹ Hø è£óEèÀ‚°ˆ î‚èõ£Á 裟«ø£†ì MAîˆF¬ù‚ Æì Ü™ô¶ °¬ø‚è‚îò õ¬èJ™ õ®õ¬ñ‚èŠð†´œ÷ù. Þîù£™ «õ¬ô Þô° õ£è ܬñõ«î£´ ÝŸø™ «êIŠHŸ°‹ Þ‚è¼Mèœ ªðK¶‹ ðòÂœ÷î£è ܬñA¡øù. Þ¼ŠH‹, ÝŒõ¬ø„ ²ˆîˆFŸ°‹, ðò¡ð£†®Ÿ°‹ °¬ø‰î Ü÷M ô£õ¶ 裟Á„²öŸC ÜõCòñ£Aø¶ (Bell 2008; DiBerardinis et al. 2009). Ü«î «õ¬÷J™, Môƒ°Š ªð¼…Åö™ ܬøJ¡ 裟«ø£†ìˆF™ â‰î ñ£Ÿøº‹ ªêŒò£ñ™, MôƒA¡ 裟«ø£†ìˆ «î¬õ¬ò, îQŠð†ì 裟«ø£†ì‚ Ç´ èœ (Individually Ventilated Cages or IVC cages) Ü™ô¶ HóˆF «òèñ£è õ®õ¬ñ‚èŠð†ì ܬñŠ¹èœ (àî£óíˆFŸ°, ²ˆFèK‚èŠð†ì 裟«ø£†ì‹ «ïK¬ìò£è MôƒAù ºîŸÅö½‚°œ ªê½ˆ¶‹ ܬñŠ¹ Ü™ô¶ ܬøJ¡ õOñ‡ìôˆFŸ°‹ Ç®¡ õOñ‡ìôˆFŸ°‹ 

116 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® å¡«ø£ªì£¡Á ê‹ð‰îŠðì£î HóˆF«òè 裟«ø£†ì ܬñŠ¹) Íôñ£è¾‹ ̘ˆF ªêŒòô£‹. Þ¼ŠH‹, «ñ«ô °PŠH†ìõ£Á, àò˜ 裟«ø£†ì «õè‹ (High Velocity Air) ñŸÁ‹ Üîù£™ ãŸð´‹ ªè´î™è¬÷»‹ Þšõ¬èò£ù 裟«ø£†ì õêFJ¬ù ãŸð´ˆ¶‹ º¡ èí‚A™ ªè£œ÷«õ‡´‹ (Baumans et al. 2002; Krohn et al. 2003) . âšõ£ø£J‹, MôƒA¡ ºî¡¬ñ„ ÅöL™ Þ¼‰¶ ªõO«òÁ‹ ªõŠð„²¬ñ, ÉC, ¶èœèœ, ø‹, õ£»‚ èN¾èœ «ð£¡øõŸ¬ø ªõO«òŸP ܬøJ¡ ªð¼…Åö¬ôˆ ÉŒ¬ñò£è ¬õ‚èŠ «ð£Fò Ü÷Mô£ù 裟«ø£†ì‹ ⊫𣶋 ÜõCòñ£Aø¶ (Lipman 1993). 裟Á ñ£²ð£†®ù£™ ãŸð´‹ ÝðˆF¬ùˆ îM˜‚è, MôƒA¡ ºî¡¬ñ„ Åö½‚°œ ªê½ˆîŠð´‹ 裟Á ï¡° õ®è†ìŠð†®¼ŠH‹, °Á…ÅöL™ Þ¼‰¶ ªõO«òŸøŠð´‹ 裟ø£ù¶ e‡´‹ MôƒA¡ ܬø‚°œ ¸¬öò£ñ™ «ïK¬ìò£è ܬøJ¡ 裟Á ªõO«òŸø ܬñŠ¹ì¡ èô‰¶ ªõO«òÁñ£Á ªêŒõ¶‹, Üî¡Íô‹ ܬøJ¡ ªõŠð„²¬ñJ¬ù‚ °¬øŠð¶‹ õó«õŸèˆî‚è¶. ªè£PŠð£¡èO¡ Côõ¬è õ£Nì õêFèœ G¬ôˆ-îQ¬ñ‚ Ç´ (Static Isolation Cag- ing) õ®M™ ܬñ‚èŠð´A¡øù. Þšõ¬èò£ù õ£Nì ܬñŠ¬ð‚ªè£‡ì Ç®Ÿ°œ 裟«ø£†ì‹ ‘°PŠð£è’ ªê½ˆîŠðì£ñ™, ܬøJ¡ õOñ‡ìô‚ 裟«ø Ç®Ÿ°œÀ‹ A¬ì‚°ñ£Á ܬñ‚èŠ ð†®¼‚°‹. Þšõ¬è õCŠHì ܬñŠ¹ Môƒ°èO¡ ºî¡¬ñ„Åö½‚°œ 裟«ø£†ì‚ °¬øJ¬ù ãŸð´ˆ¶ Aø¶ (Keller et al. 1989) . Þ‚°¬øJ¬ù„ êñ¡ ªêŒò, ܬøJ¬ù„ ²ˆîñ£è ¬õˆî™, Ç´ ñ£Ÿø½‚è£ù Þ¬ìªõO «ïóˆ¬î‚ °¬øˆî™, î°‰î ð´‚¬èŠ ªð£¼œ «î˜‰ªî´Š¹, Ç®¬ù ñŸªø£¼ «ð¬öJ™ ¬õˆî™, Ç®Ÿ°œ õ÷˜‚èŠð´‹ Môƒ°èO¡ â‡E‚¬è¬ò ñ£ŸPò¬ñˆî™, ܬøJ¡ ßóŠðî‚ °¬øŠ¹ «ð£¡ø MôƒAùŠ ðó£ñKŠ¹ MûòƒèO™ î°‰î ñ£Ÿøƒèœ ªêŒòŠðì «õ‡´‹. Þ¶ °Á… ÅöL¡ îóˆ¬î «ñ‹ð´ˆ¶õ«î£´, Môƒ°èO¡ ªõŠð ÞöŠ¬ð»‹ êK ªêŒ»‹. MôƒA¡ ܬø‚ 裟P¬ù ñÁ²öŸC ªêŒõ¶ å¼õ¬èJ™ ÝŸø™ «êIŠHŸ° õNõ°‚°ªñQ‹, 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 117 ܶ«õ ÝðˆFŸ°‹ MˆF´‹. ãªùQ™, ðô Môƒ°èO¡ «ï£Œ‚A¼Ièœ è£ŸP«ô£ Ü™ô¶ 裟P¡ ᴪ𣼆 èœ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: ÉC) Íôñ£è«õ£ ðó¾Aø¬õò£î ô£™, æ˜ Ü¬øJL¼‰¶ ªõO«òŸøŠð†ì 裟Á «õÁ ðô ܬøèÀ‚°‹ ªê™½ñ£Á õ®õ‚èŠð†ì Þò‰Fó‹ Íô‹ ÜŠðŠð´‹«ð£¶, ñŸø ܬøèÀ‚°‹ ܉«ï£Œ ðóõ‚ è£óíñ£è ܬñ‰¶M´‹. Môƒ° Þ™ô£î ܬø èO™ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: ñQî˜èO¡ ðEJìƒèœ, Môƒ° èÀ‚è£ù àí¾, ð´‚¬èŠ ªð£¼œ, Hø «î¬õŠ ªð£¼†èœ «êIŠ¹ ܬø) 裟Á ñÁ²öŸC‚° °¬ø‰î ð†ê õ®è†´î™ Ü™ô¶ Yó¬ñˆî«ô «ð£¶ñ£ù¶. «ñ½‹ Þ‰î ܬøèO¡ 裟Á ñÁ²öŸCJù£™ ªðKî£è «ï£Œ ðó¾‹ Ýðˆ¶ Þ¼ŠðF™¬ô.Ýù£™ Cô êñòƒ èO™, ñQî‚ °óƒ°èœ õCŠHì‹, àJKò™ Ýðˆ¶ ªè£‡ì ܬøèœ (Biohazard Areas) «ð£¡øõŸP™ «ñŸªè£œ÷Šð´‹ 裟Á ñÁ²öŸC «ðó£ðˆ¬î M¬÷M‚è‚ô‹ â¡ð I°‰î â„êK‚¬è ÜõCò‹. Cô è£óíƒè÷£™ ªõO«òŸøŠð†ì 裟Á ñÁ ²öŸC‚° à†ð´ˆîŠðì«õ‡®ò è†ì£òªñQ™, ܂裟Á e‡´‹ ܬø‚°œ ªê½ˆîŠð´õ º¡ °¬ø‰îð†ê‹ 85 - 95% Ü÷MŸ° (ASHRAE, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.) àò˜Fø¡ õ®Šð£ù£™ ²ˆFèK‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹. Þšõ£Á õ®è†´õ ªð¼‹ð£ô£ù 裟P¡ Íô‹ ðó¾‹ «ï£Œ‚A¼Ièœ ªðK¶‹ îM˜‚èŠð†´, ÉŒ¬ñò£ù 裟Á à†ªê™½‹ (NAFA 1996). ñÁ²öŸC‚° à†Šð´ˆîŠ 𴋠裟Á Ü‹«ñ£Qò£, Þîó õ£»‚èN¾è«÷£´ èô‰¶ õ¼õ, 裟P¡ Íô£î£ó‹, 裟P¡ à† ªð£¼†èœ, ÉŒ¬ñò£ù 裟Á ñÁ²öŸC‚ 裟Á‚è£ù MAî‹ ÝAòõŸ¬ø‚ èí‚A™ ªè£‡´ Þšõ£»‚ èN¾è¬÷»‹ õ®è†ì «õ‡®ò ÜõCòˆF¬ù 輈F™ ªè£œ÷«õ‡´‹. «ñ½‹, ñQî˜èœ, MôƒAùƒèO¡ ïô¬ù àÁF ªêŒò, õ®è†ìŠð†ì 裟Á à†¹°‹ ÞìƒèO™, õ®Šð£Q¡ Fø¡ (Filtering Efficiency), õ®‚èŠ ð´‹ è£ŸP¡ ²¬ñ (Air Load), õ®è†ìL¡ ªê‹¬ñ (Fil- tering Integrity) ÝAòõŸ¬ø Ý󣌉îPî™ «õ‡´‹. °PŠH†ì è£ôˆFŸ° 强¬ø «ñŸªè£œ÷Šð´‹ °¬øˆî´Š¹ ðó£ñKŠ¹ ñŸÁ‹ Þó‡ì£‹è†ì„ ÅöL™ 

118 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® àœ÷ 裟P¡ îó ÝŒ¾ àœO†ì Þò‰Fó„ ªêò™Fø¡ ÝŒ¾ «ð£¡ø¬õ â„MãC Þò‰FóˆF¡ Iè„ Yó£ù ªêò™ð£†®Ÿ° ÜõCòñ£Aø¶. Þšõ¬èò£ù Þò‰Fó„ ªêò™Fø¡ ÝŒ¾, à†¹°‹, ªõO«òÁ‹ 裟P¡ Ü÷¾, ªõŠðG¬ô, ßóŠðîˆF™ ãŸð´‹ ãŸø - Þø‚èƒèœ, ªõš«õÁ ÞìƒèÀ‚° Þ¬ì«ò àœ÷ 裟ø¿ˆî ñ£Áð£´èœ ñŸÁ‹ Iè º‚Aò Þò‰Fó„ ªêò™ Ü÷¾ñ£QèO¡ (Mechanical Operating Parameters) Y˜ˆî¡¬ñ ÝAòõŸ¬ø»‹ èí‚A™ ªè£‡´ ªêò™ðì «õ‡´‹. åOÎ†ì™ åO ð™«õÁ Môƒ°èO¡ àìLò™, à¼õ¬ñŠ¹, Þò™¹ ÝAòõŸ¬ø ð£F‚°‹ (Azar et al. 2008; brainard et al. 1986; Erkert and Grober 1986; Newbold et el. 1991; Tucker et al. 1984). ªð£¼ˆîñŸø åOΆ´‚è£ô‹, åOJ¡ bMó‹. åOJ¡ Gøñ£¬ôˆ îó‹ ÝAò¬õ åO꣘‰î ð£îè‚ÃÁè÷£°‹ (Stockspot 1983). ðô è£óEèœ Môƒ°èO¡ åOˆ «î¬õ è¬÷ ð£F‚èô£‹. âù«õ Môƒ°è¬÷ ¬õˆF¼‚°‹ ܬø‚°Š ªð£¼ˆîñ£ù ªõO„ê„ Åö™ GÁõŠð´‹ «ð£¶ Þ¬î‚ è¼ˆF™ ªè£œ÷ «õ‡´‹. ÞõŸP™ åOJ¡ bMó‹, ܬô c÷‹, Môƒ°„ ÅöL¡ ÜŠ«ð£¬îò ñŸÁ‹ Ü º¡ð£ù åO˜¬ñ, Môƒ° èO¡ GøI, ꘂ裮ò¡ â‹ è£ôG¬ô à혾, àì™ ªõŠðG¬ô, ï£÷I™ô£„ ²óŠHèO¡ G¬ô, õò¶, Þùƒèœ, ð£Lù‹, °¿ Ü™ô¶ õ¬èJù‹ ÝAò¬õ Ü샰‹ (Brainard 1989; Duncan and O’Steen 1985; O’Steen 1980; Saltarelli and Coppola 1979; Semple-Rowland Dawson 1987; Wax 1977). ªè£Pˆ¶‡Eèœ, °óƒAùƒèO™ ïì‰î êeðˆFò ÝŒ¾èœ ïó‹¹ñ‡ìô„ ²óŠHèœ, è£ôG¬ô à혾èœ, ïó‹¹ ñ‡ìô‹ ꣘‰î ï숬îèO¡ 心° º¬ø ò£ù¶ (Berson et al. 2002; Hanifin and Brainard 2007) Môƒ° MNˆF¬óJ™ àœ÷ ï󋹈 ªî£°Š¹ ܵ‚èO¡ àœ÷£˜‰î åO»í˜M¡ (èœ, ˹èOL¼‰¶ «õÁð´A¡øù) º‚Aòˆ¶õˆ¬î‚ 裆´A¡øù. Þ‰î ܵ‚èœ åOªðŸÁ á†ì‹ ªðÁ‹ Hø «õÁð†ì åO ܬô c÷ƒè÷£™ ñ£Ÿø‹ ªðÁ‹. «ñ½‹ °PŠH†ì MôƒAùˆFŸ°ˆ «î˜‰ªî´‚èŠð†ì åOJ¡ õ¬è, åOJ¡ bMó‹ ñŸÁ‹ åOܬô c÷ˆ¬î ð£F‚èô£‹. 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 119 ªð£¶õ£è å¼ Môƒ° ¬õˆF¼‚°‹ ð°F º¿õ¶‹ åOΆìŠðì «õ‡´‹. Môƒ°èO¡ ï™õ£›¾‚°Š «ð£¶ñ£ù ªõO„ꈬ õöƒè «õ‡´‹. Ü«î«ïóˆF™, ï™ô ÝŒõèŠ ðó£ñKŠ¹ ï¬ìº¬øè¬÷»‹ H¡ðŸø«õ‡´‹. Ü´‚°èO™ I辋 W«ö ¬õ‚èŠð†´œ÷ Ç´èœ õ¬ó ªõO„ê‹ ðóõ«õ‡´‹. ðEò£÷˜èÀ‚°Š ð£¶è£Šð£ù ðE„ Åö¬ô»‹ î¼õî£è Þ¼‚è«õ‡´‹. Môƒ°è¬÷ ¬õˆF¼‚°‹ ܬøÞ¼O¡ ªõO„ê‹ àœ«÷ àœ÷ õŸ¬øŠ 𣘂°‹ð®ò£è¾‹, ðèLó¾ ñ£Ÿø‹ ñŸÁ‹ è£ôG¬ô à혾„ ²öŸCè÷£ô£ù ïó‹¹ñ‡ìô„ ²óŠ¹èœ YKò º¬øJ™ ªêò™ð쾋 àîõ«õ‡´‹. 心°º¬ø Þ󇮟°‹ õöƒè«õ‡´‹ (Brainard 1989). åO˜¾è£ô‹ â‹ ç«ð£†«ì£dKò† (Photoperiod) â¡ð¶ ðô àJKùƒèO™ (Brainard et al. 1986; Cherry 1987) ÞùŠªð¼‚è ï숬î‚è£ù å¼ º‚Aòñ£ù õ¬óò¬ø ò£°‹. âù«õ Þ¼œ ²öŸCJ¡ «ð£¶ îõÁîô£è åOΆìŠð´ˆ¶õ¶ G„êòñ£è‚ °¬ø‚èŠðì«õ‡´‹ Ü™ô¶ îM˜‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹. (Apeldoorn et al. 1999) «è£Nèœ «ð£¡ø Cô Þùƒèœ °¬ø‰î ªõO„êˆF«ô£ Ü™ô¶ Þ¼†®«ô£ F¡ù£¶ â¡ð, ܈î¬èò ªõO„ê ܆ìõ¬íèœ ÜõŸP¡ ï™õ£›M™ êñóê‹ ªêŒò£î è£ôˆFŸ° ñ†´«ñ Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. å¼ õö‚èñ£ù FùêK ðèLó¾ ²öŸC¬ò àÁFŠð´ˆî «ïó‚ 膴Šð£´ ªè£‡ì åOº¬øèœ (Lighting System) ðò¡ ð´ˆîŠðì «õ‡´‹. «ñ½‹ ܬõ Þòƒ°‹ ªêò™ Fø‹ êK𣘂èŠðì «õ‡´‹. ªð£¶õ£èŠ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð´‹ ÝŒõè‚ ªè£Pˆ ¶‡Eèœ Þó¾ àôMè÷£°‹. ªõœ¬÷‚ ªè£Pˆ ¶‡Eèœ ñŸø Môƒ°è¬÷ Mì åO ꣘‰î MNˆF¬ó ð£FŠ¹‚° («ð£†«ì£ì£‚R‚ ªó®«ù£ ðF, Phototoxic Retinopathy) I辋 âOF™ ݆ð´õ (Beau- mont 2002) ܬõ«ò æ˜ Ü¬øJ¡ ªõO„ê G¬ôè¬÷ GÁ¾õîŸè£ù Ü®Šð¬ìò£èŠ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð´A¡øù (Lanum 1979). M…ë£ù ÝŒ¾èO¡ Ü®Šð¬ìJ™ ñŸø Môƒ°èÀ‚è£ù ܬø åOJ¡ bMó‹ ꣘‰î îó¾èœ A¬ì‚èM™¬ô. î¬óJL¼‰¶ ²ñ£˜ 1 e (3.3 Ü®) 

120 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® àòóˆF™ ²ñ£˜ 325 ô‚v (30 ªñ¿°õ˜ˆFèÀ‚°„ êñ‹) åO Ü÷¾èœ Môƒ°èO¡ ðó£ñKŠHŸ°Š «ð£¶ñ£ù î£èˆ «î£¡ÁA¡øù. Þ¶ Ü™H«ù£ â‹ ªõœ¬÷ âLèO™ (Bellhorn 1980) åO ꣘‰î MNˆF¬ó ð£FŠ¹ â‹ ñ¼ˆ¶õ ÜP°Pè¬÷ ãŸð´ˆî£¶. Ü™H«ù£v â‹ ªõœ¬÷ ÞùƒèO¡ MNˆF¬ó «êîˆ¬îˆ î´‚è «ñô£‡¬ñ ï¬ìº¬øèœ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð†ì£™, ªè£Pˆ¶‡EèO™ 400 ô‚v (37 ªñ¿°õ˜ˆFèœ) Ü÷¾èœ F¼ŠFèóñ£è Þ¼‚°‹ (Clough 1982). Þ¼ŠH‹, å¼ îQŠð†ì MôƒA¡ åO ꣘‰î ÜÂðõ‹ Üî¡ åO꣘‰î ‚èO¡ àí˜Fø¬ùŠ ð£F‚°‹; F²‚èœ, àìô¬ñŠ¹, I¡Û†ì àìLò‚èMò™ (Uv«ì£ ô£T‚, «ñ£˜«ð£ªñ†K‚, âô‚†«ó£HCò£ôT‚; Histo- logic, Morphometric, Electrophysiologic) ꣘‰î ꣡ÁèO¡ð® (Semple-Rowl and Dawson 1987), 130-270 ô‚v ªõO„êñ£ù¶ Cô îQŠð†ì Ü™H«ù£ âLèO™ MNˆF¬ó «êîˆ F¬ùˆ ɇ´õî£è GÁõŠð†´œ÷¶. Cô õN裆´ˆ îó¾èœ, ñˆFò Ç´ ñ†ìˆF™, °¬ø‰îð†êñ£è 40 ô‚v ªõO„ꈬî ðK‰¶¬ó ªêŒA¡øù (I†«èx; Midcage) (NASA1988). °¬ø‰î åOΆ숬î âLèÀ‹ ²‡ªìLèÀ‹ ªð£¶õ£è M¼‹¹A¡øù (Blom et al. 1996). ªõœª÷Lèœ 25 ô‚v ªõO„êˆFŸ°‹ °¬øõ£ù åO¬ò«ò M¼‹¹A¡øù (Schlingmann et al. 1993a). Þ÷‹ ²‡ªìLèœ ªðKòõŸ¬ø Mì Iè‚ °¬ø‰î ªõO„ꈬî M¼‹¹A¡øù (Wax 1977). åO ꣘‰î MNˆF¬óŠ ð£FŠ¹èÀ‚° ²ôðñ£è ݆𴋠Môƒ° èÀ‚°‹, Ç´ Môƒ°èÀ‚°‹, Ç´ñ†ìˆF™ 130 ºî™ 325 ô‚v õ¬óò£ù ªõO„ê‹ Þ¼‚è«õ‡´‹. åO Ýî£óˆF¡ Éóˆ¬î ªð£Áˆ¶ åOJ¡ bMó‹ °¬øAø¶. Þšõ£Á å¼ Ü´‚A™ å¼ Ã‡®¡ ܬñŠ¹ åOJ¡ bMóˆ¬îŠ ð£F‚Aø¶. åOJ¡ bMó‹ 80 ñ샰 åO á´¼¾‹ Ç´èœ ¬õ‚èŠð†´œ÷ Ü´‚A¡ «ñ™ ð°FJL¼‰¶ Ü®Šð°F õ¬ó «õÁðìô£‹. «ñ½‹ 20 ñ샰 õ¬ó «õÁð£´èœ å¼ Ã‡®¡ à†ð°FèO™ ðF¾ ªêŒòŠð†´œ÷ù (Schlingmann et al.1993a,b) . åOÍôˆ¶ì¡ (Greenman et al .1982) åO Ýî£óˆF¡ Ü®Šð¬ìJ™ ²öŸC º¬øJ™ Ç´è¬÷ G˜õAˆî™ Ü™ô¶ ï숬î Íô‹ Môƒ°èœ îƒèœ åO 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 121 ªõOŠð£†¬ì‚ 膴Šð´ˆî õNè¬÷ õöƒ°î™ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: Ç´èœ Ü™ô¶ «î£‡®Š ¹¬îòŠ «ð£¶ñ£ù ð´‚¬èŠ ªð£¼†èœ) «ð£¡ø «ñô£‡¬ñ ï¬ìº¬øèœ, ªð£¼ˆîñŸø åOˆÉ‡ì¬ô‚ °¬ø‚è ô£‹. Ý󣌄C ªïPº¬øèO™, Cô Môƒ° Þùƒèœ ñŸÁ‹ ÜõŸP¡ àì™ ÝŸø¬ô„ «êI‚è «õ‡®ò «î¬õèÀ‚° ãŸð ñ£Áð´‹ åOˆFø¡ ªè£‡ì M÷‚°èœ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð´A¡øù. Þ¼ŠH‹, ܈î¬èò ܬñŠ¹èœ Môƒ°è¬÷‚ èõQŠð‹ ðó£ñKŠð‹ ãŸøî£è Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. ðó£ñKŠ¹ «ï£‚èƒèÀ‚è£è ðè™ «ïó ܬø ªõO„êˆF¡ ÜFèKŠ¹ àìLò™ ñ£Ÿøƒè¬÷»‹, è£ô «ïó à혾„ ²öŸC¬ò»‹ ñ£Ÿø‚îòî£è Þ¼Šð â„êK‚¬èò£è Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹ (NRC 1996; Reme et al. 1991; Terman et al.1991). åL»‹ ÜF˜¾‹ Môƒ°è÷£™, Môƒ°Š ðó£ñKŠ¹ ïìõ®‚¬è è÷£™ ãŸð´‹ êˆî‹ å¼ Môƒ° ÝŒõèˆF¡ (Pfaff and Stecker 1976) ª ê ò ™ ð £ † ® ™ Þò™ð£ù¶. åL‚ 膴Šð£†¬ì, ÝŒõè õ®õ¬ñŠ¹, Üî¡ ªêò™ 𣆮¡ ð£èñ£è‚ è¼î «õ‡´‹ (Pekrul 1991). å¼ MôƒA¡ e¶ åLJ¡ ꣈Fòñ£ù M¬÷¾è¬÷ ñFŠH´«õ£˜, åLJ¡ bMó‹, ܬôc÷‹, åOΆìˆF¡ «õè‹, è£ô‹, ÜF˜¾ˆ Fø¡, ªêMŠ¹ô¡ õó‹¹, êŠî ªõOŠð£†®¡ õóô£Á, Þùƒèœ, °¿, Þùõ¬è ÝAòõŸP¡ åL M¬÷¾ ð£FŠ¹ ÝAòõŸ¬ø‚ 輈F™ ªè£œ÷ «õ‡´‹. Ü«î«ð£™, êˆîˆ¬î à¼õ£‚°‹ Môƒ° Ü™ô¶ Môƒ° ðó£ñKŠ¹ ï¬ìº¬øèÀ‚°, ªî£N™gFò£è à†ð´õ¶ â¡ð¶ ðEò£÷˜èÀ‚° ð£îèñ£è Þ¼‚èô£‹. æLJ¡ bMóˆFŸ° ãŸð, ªêMŠ¹ô¡ ð£¶è£Š¬ð‚ «è£óô£‹. ñQî˜èœ, Môƒ°èO¡ ð°Fè¬÷Š HKŠð¶ å¼ ÝŒõèˆF½œ÷ ñQî˜èœ, Môƒ°èO¡ Cóñˆ¬î‚ °¬ø‚Aø¶. èœ, ð¡P, Ý´èœ, ñQî‚ °óƒ°èœ, Cô ðø¬õèœ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: õK‚°F¬ó, °¼Mèœ) «ð£¡ø êˆî‹ ãŸð´ˆ¶‹ Môƒ°èœ, ªè£Pˆ ¶‡E èœ, ºò™èœ, ̬ùèœ «ð£¡ø ܬñFò£ù Môƒ° èOìI¼‰¶ Mô‚A¬õ‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹. êˆîˆ¬î‚ 

122 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® °¬øŠð¬î Mì êˆî‹ â¿Š¹‹ Môƒ°èÀ‚° ÞìñO‚°‹ õ¬èJ™ Åö™èœ õ®õ¬ñ‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹. 85 ªìCð¬ô Mì êˆîñ£è åLŠð¶ ªêMõN ®ò M¬÷¾è¬÷ ãŸð´ˆ¶‹ (Fletcher 976; Peterson 1980). â´ˆ¶‚裆´, ßC«ù£dQò£ (Eosinopenia) â‹ ßC«ù£H™ ªê™ °¬ø¾, ܆Kù™ ²óŠH â¬ì ÜFèKŠ¹, ªè£Pˆ¶‡EèO™ è¼¾Áî™ °¬ø‰¶ «ð£õ¶ (Geber et al. 1966; Nayfield and; Besch 1981; Rasmussen et al. 2009), ñQî‚°óƒ°èO™ Þóˆî Ü¿ˆî‹ ÜFèKŠð¶ (Peterson et al. 1981) ÝAò¬õ. ðEò£÷˜èÀ‚°‹ ªêMŠ ¹ô¡ ð£¶è£Š¹ «î¬õŠðìô£‹ (OSHA 1998). ðô Môƒ Aùƒèœ ñQî ªêM‚°Š ¹ôŠðì£î åL ÜF˜ªõ‡ è¬÷‚ «è†è‚ô‹ (Brown and Pye 1975; Heffner and Heffner 2007). ªè£Pˆ¶‡Eèœ, â´ˆ¶‚裆ì£è, Iè„ CÁ åLò¬ôè¬÷ I辋 àí¼‹ Fø¡ ªè£‡ì¬õ (Olivier et al. 1994) . ÝŒõè„ ê£îùƒèO¡ ꣈Fòñ£ù åL M¬÷¾èœ (i®«ò£ 裆C º¬ùòƒèœ; Sales et al. 1999) ñŸÁ‹ Môƒ°èOù£™ «è†è‚îò õó‹H™ àœ÷ êˆîˆ¬î à¼õ£‚°‹ ܇¬ñŠ ªð£¼†èœ ÝAò¬õ Ý󣌄C «ê£î¬ùèÀ‚° 膴Šð´ˆîMòô£ ñ£Pò£è ñ£ø‚ô‹. âù«õ ܬõ èõùñ£èŠ ðKYL‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹ Turner et al. 2007) . º®‰îõ¬ó, êˆîˆ¬î à¼õ£‚°‹ ïìõ®‚¬èèœ °PŠH†ì Í®ò ܬøèO™ Ü™ô¶ Môƒ°èO¡ õ£NìƒèOL¼‰¶ î´‚èŠð†ì ð°FèO™ ïìˆîŠðì «õ‡´‹. åL ªõOŠð£†®¡ ñ£Ÿøƒèœ ªõš«õÁ Môƒ° èO™ ªõš«õÁ M¬÷¾è¬÷ ãŸð´ˆ¶õ (Armario et al. 1985; Clough 1982), «î¬õòŸø åL àŸðˆF¬ò‚ °¬ø‚èŠ ðEò£÷˜èœ ºòô «õ‡´‹. êˆîªñ¿Šð£î ï¬ìº¬ø è¬÷Š H¡ðŸø ðEò£÷˜èÀ‚°Š ðJŸC ÜOŠðî¡ Íô‹ ÜFèŠð®ò£ù, Þ¬ìŠð†ì êˆîˆ¬î °¬ø‚è º®»‹. ÝŒ¾ ªêŒº¬ø Ü™ô¶ Åö™ ªêP¾ ê‹ð‰îŠ ð†ì «î¬õè÷¡P, õ‡®èœ, ô£Kèœ, Ü´‚°èO™ åL °¬ø‚°‹ åLˆ î¬ìè¬÷Š ðò¡ð´ˆ¶î™, º¬øò£è àðèóíƒè¬÷Š ðó£ñKˆî™ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: Ýñí‚° ⇪íò£™ åL °¬øŠ¹) Þ à åL â¿Š¹‹ ê£îùƒèÀ‹ Hø åOò¬ô‚ è¼MèÀ‹ «õ¬ô ï£O¡ º®M™ ܬí‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹. Cô åL ÜF˜¾èœ 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 123 嚪õ£¼ ÝŒõè‹, Môƒ°èO¡ õ£Nì G¬ô‚°‹ àœ÷£˜‰îî£è Þ¼‰î£½‹, ÜFèŠð®ò£ù ÜF˜¾ àJ˜ «õFJò™, ÞùŠªð¼‚èŠ ð‡¹èO¡ ñ£ŸøƒèÀì¡ (Briese et al. 1984; Carman et al. 2007) ªî£ì˜¹¬ìò¶. «ñ½‹ Þ¶ Ý󣌄C «ê£î¬ùèÀ‚° 膴Šð´ˆî Þòô£ ªî£¼ è£óEò£è ñ£Á‹. åL ÜF˜¾èO¡ Íôî£ó ñ£ù¶ Môƒ° õ£NìˆFŸ°œ Ü™ô¶ ªõO«ò ܬñ‰F¼‚èô£‹. ªõOJL¼‰¶ ãŸð´‹ ÜF˜¾èœ Gôˆî® õN Môƒ° Ü´‚°èœ, Ç´èœ àœO†ì è†ì¬ñŠ¹è¬÷»‹ Üî¡ àœ÷ì‚èƒè¬÷»‹ ð£F‚è ô£‹. °PŠð£è 裟¬ø á«ìŸÁ‹ Çì¬ñŠ¹ «ð£¡ø ï輋 ÃÁè¬÷‚ ªè£‡ì õ£Nì ܬñŠ¹èœ, êKò£è„ ªêò™ðì£î G¬ôJ™ ÜõŸP¡ àœ«÷ õ£¿‹ Môƒ° è¬÷Š ð£F‚è‚îò ÜF˜¾è¬÷ à¼õ£‚èô£‹. åO¬òŠ «ð£ô«õ, ÜF˜õ£ù¶ Üî¡ bMó‹, ÜF˜ªõ‡, è£ô Ü÷«õ£´ ñ£Áð´‹. î¬óõN ÜF˜¾ è¬÷»‹, ÝŒõè ê£îùƒè÷£™ ãŸð´‹ ÜF˜¾è¬÷»‹ ð™«õÁ ¸†ðƒèO¡ Íô‹ °¬ø‚èô£‹ (܈Fò£ò‹ 5äŠ ð£˜‚è¾‹) (Carmen et al. 2007) â™ô£Mî àò˜ ÜF˜¾è¬÷»‹, ñQî åLè¬÷»‹ «ê˜ˆ¶ °¬ø‚è ºòŸCèœ «ñŸªè£œ÷Šðì «õ‡´‹. Gôõ£› àJKù õCŠHì‹ °Á…Åö™ (ºî¡¬ñ ܬ승) ܬùˆ¶ Môƒ°èO¡ õCŠHì‹ «ð£¶ñ£ù ÞìõêF»‹, àìô¬ñŠ¹, àìLò‚è‹, õ£›Mìˆ «î¬õ è¬÷Š ̘ˆF ªêŒòˆ «î¬õŠð´‹ õ÷ƒèÀ‹, àœè†ì¬ñŠ¹èÀ‹ ªè£‡´œ÷î£è Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. Môƒ°èO¡ «î¬õè¬÷Š ̘ˆF ªêŒòˆ îõÁ‹ ²ŸÁ„Åö™èœ, Üê£î£óí ͬ÷ õ÷˜„C, àì™ ªêòLöŠ¹, ïìˆ¬î‚ «è£÷£ÁèÀ‚° õNõ°‚°‹ (Gar- ner 2005; van Praag et al. 2000; Wurbel 2001). ܶ Môƒ°èO¡ ï™õ£›¬õ»‹, ÜPMò™ ꣘‰î ñFŠd†¬ì»‹ ð£F‚è ô£‹. Þˆî¬èò M¬÷¾è¬÷ˆ î´‚è ºî¡¬ñ ܬ승 Ü™ô¶ õCŠH숬î õ÷Šð´ˆî «õ‡®J¼‚èô£‹ (²ŸÁ„Åö™ ªêP×†ì™ ðŸPò ð°F¬ò»‹ 裇è). 

124 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® ªð£¼ˆîñ£ù õ£Nì‹ Ü™ô¶ ܬìŠHì‹ Môƒ°èO¡ êÍèˆ «î¬õè¬÷»‹ àœ÷ì‚Aòî£è Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. ܬõ ðK«ê£î¬ù‚ è£óíƒèÀ‚è£è Ü™ô¶ êÍè Þí‚èI¡¬ñ è£óíñ£è îQò£èˆ îƒè ¬õ‚èŠðì «õ‡´«ñ îMó ñŸøð® êÍè Môƒ°è¬÷ G¬ôò£ù «ü£®è÷£è«õ£, Þí‚èñ£ù °¿‚èO¡ àÁŠHù˜è÷£è«õ£ ¬õˆF¼‚è «õ‡´‹ (ï숬î, êÍè «ñô£‡¬ñ ðŸPò ð°F¬ò»‹ 𣘂辋). êÍè õ£NìˆF™ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: ðŸÁ‚«è£œèœ, 裆Cˆ î¬ìèœ, à¬øMìƒèœ) è†ì¬ñŠ¹ ꣘‰î ñ£Ÿøƒèœ Ü®‚è® «î¬õŠð´A¡øù. «ñ½‹ º‚Aòñ£ù õ÷ƒ è¬÷ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: àí¾, c˜, Iì‹) ÝF‚è Môƒ°èO¡ ãè«ð£è (²ŸÁ„Åö™ ªêP×†ì™ ð°F¬òŠ 𣘂辋) àK¬ñò£è Þ™ô£î õ¬èJ™ õöƒè «õ‡´‹. ºî¡¬ñ ܬ승 Môƒ°è¬÷ˆ îŠH‚è ÜÂñF‚è£îð® å¼ ð£¶è£Šð£ù Åö¬ô õöƒè «õ‡´‹. õ£Nìƒèœ C¬î¾ø£î, ï…êŸø ªð£¼†è÷£™ îò£K‚è «õ‡´‹. «ñ½‹ ²ˆî‹ ªêŒ¬èJ½‹, õö‚è ñ£ù è´‹ ¬èò£Àî¬ô»‹ ܬõ î£ƒè «õ‡´‹. Môƒ°èO¡ Ý«ó£‚Aò‹, Ý󣌄CŠ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿ° ܬõ âšMîˆ bƒ°‹ M¬÷M‚è‚ Ã죶. Môƒ°èœ Mðˆî£è àœ«÷ ñ£†®‚ ªè£œõ¬îˆ î´‚°‹ õ¬èJ™ Þ‰î ܬ승 õ®õ¬ñ‚èŠð쾋, îò£K‚èŠð쾋 «õ‡´‹. Ü«î«ð£™, Môƒ°èœ Ü™ô¶ ðEò£÷˜ èÀ‚°‚ è£ò‹ ãŸð´ˆî‚îò جñò£ù MO‹¹ èÀ‹, ¶¼ˆî™èÀ‹ Þ¼‚è‚Ã죶. «ñ½‹ ܬõ °¬ø‰îð†ê «è£íƒè¬÷»‹, ͬôè¬÷»‹, Ü´‚° è¬÷»‹, I¼¶õ£ù á´¼õ Þòô£î «ñŸðóŠ¹è¬÷»‹ ªè£‡®¼‚è «õ‡´‹, Þîù£™ Ü¿‚°, °Š¬ðèœ, ßóŠðî‹ Ü‡´õ¶ °¬ø‚èŠð†´, ²ˆî‹ ªêŒõ¶‹, A¼Iï£ê‹ ªêŒõ¶‹ âOèŠð´Aø¶. ܬùˆ¶ ܬ승èÀ‹ ï¡° 𿶠𣘂èŠðì «õ‡´‹. Môƒ° èœ îŠHŠð¬î»‹, è£òñ¬ìõ¬î»‹ î´‚è, ܬìŠHŸ °œ õêF¬ò «ñ‹ð´ˆîô£‹. ¶Š¹ó¬õ»‹, 𿶠𣘊ð¬î»‹ âOèô£‹. ¶¼ŠH®ˆ¶ àÀˆ¶Š «ð£°‹ àðèóíƒèœ, Môƒ°èO¡ Ý«ó£‚Aòˆ¬î»‹ Ü™ô¶ ð£¶è£Š¬ð»‹ Ü„²Áˆ¶õ, ܬõ 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 125 àìù®ò£è êKªêŒòŠðì Ü™ô¶ ñ£ŸøŠðì «õ‡´‹. ªõOŠ¹øˆ ªî£¿õ‹, ðŸÁ‚«è£™, ãÁ‹ è†ì¬ñŠ¹ èœ, 挪õ´‚°‹ ð°Fèœ, ºî¡¬ñ ܬ승èÀ‚è£ù ²ŸÁŠ¹ø «õLèœ «ð£¡ø °PŠH†ì «î˜‰ªî´‚èŠ ð†ì Å›G¬ôèO™ ñó‹ «ð£¡ø °¬ø‰îè£ô«ñ c®‚è‚îò ªð£¼†èœ ªð£¼ˆîñ£ùî£è Þ¼‚èô£‹. «êî‹ Ü™ô¶ ¶Š¹ó¾ C‚è™èœ è£óíñ£è ñóŠ ªð£¼†è¬÷ ÜšõŠ«ð£¶ ñ£Ÿø «õ‡®J¼‚èô£‹. ï…êŸø ªð£¼†è÷£™ ñó «ñŸðóŠ¹èO™ õ‡í‹ b†® C¬î¾è¬÷ˆ î´Šð¶ ðô «ïóƒèO™ ñóˆF¡ Ý»¬÷ «ñ‹ð´ˆîô£‹. î¬óˆî÷‹ Fìñ£è¾‹, õ¿‚è¬ôˆ î´Šðî£è¾‹ ꟫ø ªê£óªê£óŠ¹ì¡ Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. ªê£óªê£óŠ ð£ù Ü™ô¶ î¬óˆ îè´èœ àœ÷ î¬óèO™, ¶¬÷èÀ‹ îè´èÀ‹ I¼¶õ£ù MO‹¹è¬÷‚ ªè£‡®¼‚è «õ‡´‹. ÜõŸP¡ Ü÷¾‹ Þ¬ìªõO»‹ è£ò‹, 裙 ¹‡è¬÷ à‡ì£‚è£îð® MôƒA¡ àì™ ð¼ñ¬ùˆ AJ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. è‹HJù£ô£ù î¬ó¬òŠ ðò¡ð´ˆFù£™, å¼ F‡¬ñò£ù 挾Š ð°F ñ ðò‚°‹. ãªùQ™ Þ¶«ð£¡ø î¬ó, ªè£Pˆ¶‡Eèœ ºò™èO¡ 裙èO™ ¹‡è¬÷ ãŸð´ˆ¶‹ (Drescher 1993; Fullerton and Gilliatt 1967; Rommers and Meijerhof 1996). MôƒA¡ àì™ ð¼ñ¡, â¬ì ÞõŸÁì¡ è‹Hò£ô£ù î¬óJ™ ܶ õ£¿‹ è£ô‹ ÝAò¬õ ¹‡ à‡ì£°‹ Gô¬ñ¬ò G˜íJ‚A¡øù. è‹Hò£ô£ù î¬ó¬ò‚裆®½‹, ªè£Pˆ¶‡Eèœ F‡¬ñò£ù î÷ƒè¬÷«ò (ð´‚¬è »ì¡) M¼‹¹A¡øù (Blom et al. 1996; Maner et al. 1995, 1996). Môƒ°èœ 挪õ´‚辋, Ƀ辋 «ð£¶ñ£ù î¬óˆî÷Š 𴂬è / Ü™ô¶ è†ì¬ñŠ¹èœ Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. ðô Môƒ°èÀ‚° (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: ªè£Pˆ ¶‡Eèœ) àìL™ «ïó®ò£èˆ ªî£ì˜¹ð´‹ 𴂬è ò£ù¶ ÜõŸP¡ Þò™ð£ù ï숬î, «ñŒî™, «î£‡´ î™, ¹¬îî™, ô è†´î™ «ð£¡ø ªêò™èÀ‚è£ù õ£ŒŠ¹è¬÷ MK¾ð´ˆ¶Aø¶ (Armstrong et al. 1998; Ivy et al. 2008). «ñ½‹, ܊𴂬èò£ù¶, ¶Š¹ó¬õ»‹, ²è£î£óˆ ¬î»‹ âOA CÁc¬ó»‹, ñôˆ¬î»‹ àP…²Aø¶. ô è†ì«õ£ Ü™ô¶ «î£‡ì«õ£ ÜÂñF‚°‹ð® 

126 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® «ð£¶ñ£ù Ü÷¾ õöƒèŠð†ì£™, ÜŠð´‚¬èŠ ªð£¼œ ªî˜«ñ£˜°«ôû¡ â‹ àìŸÅ†¬ì‚ 膴‚°œ ¬õŠð¬î âO°Aø¶ (Gordon 2004). ÞùŠªð¼‚è‹ ªêŒ»‹ Môƒ°èÀ‚° °PŠH†ì Þù‹ ꣘‰î «î¬õèO¡ Ü®Šð¬ìJ™ «ð£¶ñ£ù ôèœ. ñ£ŸÁ õêFèœ Þ¼‚è«õ‡´‹. (²‡ªìLèœ: Sherwin 2002; âLèœ: Lawlor 2002; gerbils: Waiblinger 2002). ªè£Pˆ¶‡EèÀ‚°‹ «õÁ Cô àJKùƒèÀ‚°‹ CøŠ¹ õ£Nì ܬñŠ¹èœ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: îQ¬ñ- õ¬è‚ Ç´èœ, îQˆîQò£ù 裟«ø£†ì õêF ªè£‡ì ä.M.C Ç´èœ, A¼Ièœ è†´Šð´ˆîŠð†ì ‚«ù£†«ì£ðò£®‚ îQ¬ñŠð´ˆFèœ) õ®õ¬ñ‚èŠð´ A¡øù. Ç´èÀ‚° Þ¬ìJ™ 裟P™ àœ÷ É²èœ ðó¾õ¬î‚ °¬øŠðèù õ®õ¬ñ‚èŠð†ì Þ‰î Hóˆ«òè Ç´ ܬñŠ¹èœ, ð´‚¬èŠ ªð£¼œ ñ£ŸøˆF¡ è£ô Ü÷¾ ñ£Áî™, A¼IòŸø ²ˆîñ£ù ¸†ðƒè¬÷‚ ¬èò£Àî™, ðò¡ð´ˆ¶î™, ¸‡µJ˜ î´Š¹, CøŠ¹ ²ˆFèKŠ¹, A¼Iï£CQ Ü™ô¶ A¼Iï£ê MFº¬øè¬÷Š H¡ðŸÁî™ «ð£¡ø «õÁð†ì ï¬ìº¬øè÷£™, 裟Á Íôñ¡P «õÁ õNèO™ É²èœ ðó¾õ¬îˆ î´‚èˆ «î¬õŠðìô£‹. å¼ °PŠH†ì àJKùˆFŸè£ù ªð£¼ˆîñ£ù õ£Nì àˆFè¬÷ Môƒ°Š ðó£ñKŠ¹ G˜õ£è‹ à¼õ£‚A„ ªêò™ð´ˆî «õ‡´‹. Þ¬î Môƒ¬èŠ ðó£ñKŠðõ¼‹, 裙ï¬ì ñ¼ˆ¶õ¼‹ èô‰î£«ô£Cˆî H¡, ä.ã.C.».C.ò£™ ñFŠð£Œ¾‹ ªêŒòŠðì «õ‡´‹. ܬõ Môƒ°Š ðò¡ð£†®¡ «ï£‚èƒèÀì¡ åˆ¶Š «ð£°‹ Ü«î «õ¬÷J™ Môƒ°èO¡ Ý«ó£‚Aòˆ FŸ°‹ ï™õ£›MŸ°‹ õNõ°‚è «õ‡´‹. ¹Fò Þùƒè¬÷ˆ îƒè¬õ‚°‹«ð£¶ Môƒ°èœ ê‹ð‰îñ£ù CøŠ¹ˆ «î¬õèœ Ü™ô¶ ðò¡ð£†´ «ï£‚般î G¬ø «õŸÁõ G¹í˜èO¡ Ý«ô£ê¬ùòŠ ªðø«õ‡´‹ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: ñóðµ ñ£ŸøŠð†ì Môƒ°èœ, àìL™ á«ìÁ‹ ï¬ìº¬øèœ (Invasive Procedures) Ü™ô¶ Üð£òèóñ£ù ªð£¼†èœ (Hazardous agents). Môƒ°èO¡ Åö™, õ£Nì‹, «ñô£‡¬ñ ÝAò¬õ «ð£¶ñ£ùî£è àœ÷ùõ£ â¡ð¬î àÁFŠð´ˆî, Üî¡ °P‚«è£œèœ 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 127 ñFŠd´ ªêŒòŠðì «õ‡´‹. G¬ôò£ù, Ü‚è¬ø ªè£‡ì Môƒ° «ñô£‡¬ñ¬ò»‹ ðó£ñKŠ¬ð»‹ àÁFŠð´ˆî õö‚èñ£ù ðó£ñKŠ¹ ï¬ìº¬øè¬÷ ÝõíŠð´ˆî «õ‡´‹. ²ŸÁ„Åö™ ªêP×†ì™ ²ŸÁ„Åö™ ªêP׆ìL¡ ºî¡¬ñ «ï£‚è‹ Môƒ°èÀ‚° ¹ô¡, àìLò‚è‹ ê£˜‰î ɇ´î™è¬÷ õöƒA, Üî¡ Íô‹, î¡ ÞùˆFŸ«è àKò Þò™¹è¬÷ »‹, àJKò™ ªêò™ð£†¬ì»‹ âO°‹ è†ì¬ñŠ¹ èœ, õ÷ƒè¬÷ˆ , Môƒ°èO¡ ï™õ£›¬õ «ñ‹ð´ˆ¶õ‹. «ñ½‹ î‹ ÞùˆF¡ õö‚èñ£ù °í£‹êƒè¬÷»‹, àìŸðJŸC á‚°MŠ¬ð»‹ à÷Mò™ ꣘‰î ï™õ£›¬õ»‹ ܶ «ñ‹ð´ˆî «õ‡´‹ (NRC 1998a; Young 2003). ªêP׆콂è£ù â´ˆ¶‚裆´ èO™, ñQî‚ °óƒ°èÀ‚è£ù ðŸÁ‚«è£™èœ, ñŸÁ‹ 裆Cˆ î¬ìèœ «ð£¡ø è†ì¬ñŠ¹ ꣘‰î Ã´î™ Ü¬ñŠ¹èœ Ü샰‹ (Novak et al. 2007). ܬõ ̬ùèÀ‚ è£ù àòóñ£ù Üôñ£Kèœ (Overall and Dyer 2005; van den Bos and de Cock Buning 1994), ºò™èÀ‚°‹ (Stauffacher 1992); AQŠ ð¡PèÀ‚è£ù Iìƒèœ (Baumans 2005), ܈¶ì¡ ñQî‚°óƒ°èÀ‚è£ù ¹¶¬ñò£ù ªð£¼œèœ. MôƒA¡ àí¾ˆ «î콂è£ù ê£îùƒè¬÷‚ ¬èò£÷‚ îò è¼Mèœ; ñQî‚°óƒ°èœ, èœ, ̬ùèœ, ð¡Pè÷£™ ¬èò£÷Šð´‹ ªð£‹¬ñèœ; Cô ªè£P‚°‹ ÞùƒèÀ‚° ªñ™½‹ ñó‚°„Cèœ; ²‡ªìLèÀ‚è£ù ô 膴‹ ªð£¼œèœ ÝAò¬õò£°‹ (Gaskill et al. 2009; Hess et al. 2008; Hubrecht 1993; Lutz and Novak 2005; Olsson and Dahlborn 2002). ²öŸCº¬ø Ü™ô¶ Þìñ£Ÿø‹ Íô‹ ªêP׆ì L™ ¹¶¬ñ¬òŠ ¹°ˆî «õ‡´‹. âQ‹, Môƒ°èO¡ Åö¬ô Ü®‚è® ñ£ŸÁõ¶ ÜõŸÁ‚° ñùÜ¿ˆîˆ¬îˆ îóô£‹. ï¡° õ®õ¬ñ‚èŠð†ì ªêP׆ìô£ù¶, Môƒ°èœ î‹I¼ŠHìˆ¬îˆ «î˜¾ ªêŒò¾‹, îñ¶ ²ŸÁ„Åö¬ô‚ 膴Šð´ˆ¶õîŸè£ù õêF¬ò»‹ õöƒ°Aø¶. ²ŸÁ„Åö™ Ü¿ˆîƒè¬÷ ܶ (Newberry 1995) CøŠð£è„ êñ£O‚è ÜÂñF‚A¡ø¶. àî£óíˆFŸ°, 裆Cˆ î¬ìèœ ñQî°óƒ°èO¡ êÍè «ñ£î¬ôˆ 

128 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® îM˜‚è àî¾A¡øù; ºò™èÀ‚è£ù àòóñ£ù Üôñ£KèÀ‹ ªè£Pˆ¶‡EèÀ‚è£ù IìƒèÀ‹ ã«î‹ ªî£‰îó¾ ãŸð†ì£™ ܬõ H¡õ£ƒA åOò ÜÂñF‚A¡øù (Baumans 1997; Chmiel and Noonan 1996; Stauffacher 1992). ô 膴‹ ªð£¼À‹, 𴂬軋 âLèœ îñ¶ àì™ ªõŠðG¬ô¬ò‚ 膴Šð´ˆî¾‹, 挪õ´‚ 辋, Ƀ°‹«ð£¶ °O˜ Ü¿ˆîˆ¬îˆ îM˜‚辋 ÜÂñF‚A¡øù (Gaskill et al. 2009; Gordon 1993. 2004). Môƒ°èO¡ ÅöL™ «ê˜‚èŠð´‹ â™ô£Š ªð£¼†èÀ‹ ÜõŸP¡ ï™õ£›¾‚°Š ðòùO‚裶. â´ˆ¶‚裆ì£è, ²‡ªìLèO™ ïìˆîŠð´‹ ðîŸø‹ ðŸPò ÝŒ¾èO™ (De Boer and koolhaas 2003) ðOƒ°‚èŸèœ å¼ Ü¿ˆî‚è£óEò£è ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð´A¡øù. Þ¶, Cô ªð£¼†èœ Môƒ° ï™õ£›¾‚°ˆ bƒ° M¬÷M‚°‹ â¡ð¬î‚ °P‚Aø¶. ñQî‚°óƒ°èÀ‚è£ù MˆFò£ê ñ£ù ªð£¼†èœ «ï£Œ ðó¾‹ Üð£òˆ¬î ÜFèK‚è‚ Ã´‹ (Bayne et al. 1993); àíõO‚è à ê£îùƒèœ àì™ â¬ì ÜFèKŠð õNõ°‚°‹ (Brent 1995). ¶¼õ™èœ CôõŸÁ‚° åšõ£¬ñ ñŸÁ‹ «î£™ ªõ®Š¹‚° õNõ°‚°‹. Cô ܉GòŠ ªð£¼œèœ °ìL™ è£ò‹ ãŸð´ˆî‚ô‹ (Hahn et al. 2000). Cô ²‡ªìL Þùõ¬è èO™, Ç´Š HK¾èÀ‹, ܬì¾èÀ‹ °¿õ£è ¬õ‚èŠð†ì ݇ âLèO¡ ºó†´ˆîùˆ¬îˆ ɇ®, Üî¡ M¬÷õ£è êÍè gFò£ù ñù Ü¿ˆîº‹ è£òƒèÀ‹ ãŸð´A¡øù. (Bergmann et al. 1994; Haemisch et al. 1994). ÝF‚è Môƒ°èœ ãè«ð£èñ£è õ÷ƒè¬÷ â´ˆ¶‚ ªè£œÀ‹ ð†êˆF™ HøõŸÁ‚° êÍègFò£ù Ü¿ˆîƒ èœ ªð¼‹ð£½‹ ãŸðì‚ô‹ (Bergmann et al. 1994). ªêP×†ì™ F†ìƒèœ äãC»C, Ý󣌄Cò£÷˜ èœ è£™ï¬ì ñ¼ˆ¶õ˜è÷£™ îõø£ñ™ ñFŠð£Œ¾ ªêŒòŠðì «õ‡´‹. ܬõ Môƒ°èO¡ ï™õ£›¾‚° ñ ðò‚A¡øùõ£ â¡ð¬î»‹, Môƒ°Š ðò¡ 𣆮¡ °P‚«è£œèÀì¡ åˆ¶Š«ð£A¡øùõ£ â¡ð¬î»‹ àÁFŠð´ˆî «õ‡´‹. ܬõ ð£¬îò è÷ ÜP¬õ HóFðL‚°ñ£Á ¹¶ŠH‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹. Môƒ°Š ðó£ñKŠHŸ°‹ õ÷˜ŠHŸ°‹ ªð£ÁŠð£ù ïð˜èœ Åö™ªêP׆ìƒèO¡ M¬÷¾è¬÷ YKò 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 129 º¬øJ™ è‡è£E‚辋, õ÷˜‰¶õ¼‹ ð£îèñ£ù Üê£î£óíñ£ù Môƒ° ï숬îè¬÷ ܬìò£÷‹ è£í¾‹, Üõ˜èœ ðó£ñKˆ¶õ¼‹ àJKùƒèO¡ àJKò™ ꣘‰î Þò™¹è¬÷Š ðŸPò ðJŸC¬ò»‹ ªðø «õ‡´‹. Hø ²ŸÁ„Åö™ è£óEè¬÷Š «ð£ô«õ (Ç´Š ðóŠ¹, ªõO„ê‹, åL, î†ðªõŠð‹ ñŸÁ‹ Môƒ°Š ðó£ñKŠ¹ ï¬ìº¬øèœ «ð£¡ø¬õ), ªêP׆ìô£ù¶ MôƒA¡ ªð÷bè °í£‹êƒè¬÷»‹ ðK«ê£î¬ù M¬÷¾è¬÷»‹ ð£F‚èô£‹. âù«õ Þ¬î ²ò£bùñ£ù è£óEò£è‚ è¼F, êKò£ù º¬øJ™ 膴Šð´ˆî «õ‡´‹. Cô M…ë£Qèœ ²ŸÁ„Åö™ ªêP׆ìô£ù¶ ÝŒ¾ˆîó¾èO™ ñ£Á𣆬ì ÜPºèŠð´ˆ¶õî¡ Íô‹ ðK«ê£î¬ùˆ îóG¬ô¬ò êñóê‹ ªêŒò‚ô‹ â¡ø èõ¬ô¬ò â¿ŠH»œ÷ù˜. ܬõ Môƒ°èO¡ 冴ªñ£ˆî Þò™H™ ð¡ºèˆî¡¬ñ¬ò»‹, ðK«ê£î¬ù ꣘‰î CA„¬êèO¡ M¬÷¾èO™ ñ£Á 𣆬컋 «ê˜‚A¡øù â¡Á 輶A¡øù˜ (â´ˆ¶‚ 裆´: Bayne 2005; Eskola et al. 1999; Gartner 1999; Tsai et al. 2003). âQ‹ ²‡ªìLèO™ ªêŒòŠð†ì º¬øò£ù ÝŒªõ£¡P™, Þ‰î‚ è‡«í£†ìˆ¬î ÝîKŠðîŸè£ù Ýî£óƒèœ 㶋 A¬ì‚èM™¬ô (Wolfer et al. 2004) . «ê£î¬ù º®¾èO¡ ¶™Lòˆ¬î»‹, ÝŒ¬õ ñÁà¼õ£‚è‹ ªêŒõ¬î»‹ êñóê‹ ªêŒò£ñ™, õ£Nì G¬ô¬ñè¬÷ õ÷Šð´ˆî º®»‹ â¡ð¬î»‹ ܬõ â´ˆ¶‚裆®»œ÷ù. Þ‰î º®¬õ àÁFŠð´ˆî Hø àJKùƒèO™ «ñ½‹ Ý󣌄C «î¬õŠðìô£‹. Þ¼ŠH‹, ÜFè Ü¿ˆîˆFù£™ ãŸð´‹ M¬÷¾èœ ðK«ê£î¬ùˆ îó¾èO™ ñ£Á𣆬ì ÜFèK‚A¡øù (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: Macri et al. 2007; «ð£¶ñ£ù ²ŸÁ„Åö™ ªêP׆ìô£ù¶ èõ¬ô¬ò»‹ ñù Ü¿ˆî âF˜M¬ù ¬ò»‹ °¬ø‚°‹ â¡ð Chapillon et al. 1999), Þ¶ ÝŒ¾ê£˜‰î ðK«ê£î¬ùˆ FøQŸ°‹, Môƒ°Š ðò¡ð£†¬ì‚ °¬ø‚辋 ðƒèO‚è‚ô‹ (Baumans 1997). 

130 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® ܬì¾èœ Ü™ô¶ ªõOŠ¹ø õCŠHì‹ Ü¬ì¾èÀ‹ Ü™ô¶ ªõOŠ¹ø õ£NìƒèÀ‹ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: è÷…Còƒèœ, ªè£†®™èœ, «ñŒ„ê™ Gôƒèœ, F†´ˆ b¾èœ) Cô àJKùƒèÀ‚è£ù ºî¡¬ñ õ£Nì ܬñŠð£èŠ ðô Å›G¬ôèO™ ãŸÁ‚ªè£œ÷ˆ î‚è¶î£¡. ªõOŠ¹ø æ´î÷ƒèœ, ªè£†®™èœ, Hø ªðKò ܬ승èO™ ðó£ñK‚èŠð´‹ Môƒ°èœ, î†ð ªõŠðG¬ô Ü™ô¶ Hø è´¬ñò£ù õ£Q¬ô G¬ô¬ñ èOL¼‰¶ ð£¶è£Šð¬ìò¾‹, 𶃰õ‹ «ð£¶ ñ£ù õ£ŒŠ¹è¬÷‚ (ÝÀ¬ñŠð´ˆîŠð´‹ Môƒ° èÀ‚°) ªè£‡®¼‚è «õ‡´‹. ªð£¶õ£è‚ 裟Áˆ î¬ìèœ, ÞùŠªð£¼ˆîºœ÷ ܬì¾èœ, Gö™  ð°Fèœ, ªêòŸ¬èò£ù 裟«ø£†ì‹ àœ÷ ð°Fèœ, ªõŠð-èF˜i„²‚ è†ì¬ñŠ¹èœ, æ´õîŸè£ù àœ÷óƒèŠ ð°F «ð£¡ø 膴‚«è£Šð£ù ÞìƒèO™ «ð£Œ õîŸè£ù õNº¬øè¬÷ õöƒ°õî¡ Íô‹ ܉î Þô‚°è¬÷ ܬìò º®»‹. ܬì‚èôˆF™ ¬õ‚èŠð†´œ÷ ܬùˆ¶ Môƒ°èO¡ Iì‹, «ð£¶ñ£ùÜ÷¾‚°Š ªðKî£è¾‹, â™ô£ «ïóƒèO½‹ â™ô£ Môƒ°èÀ‹ ²ôðñ£è ܵè‚îòî£è¾‹ Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. «ð£¶ñ£ù 裟«ø£†ì‹ Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. Ü«î«ïó‹, èN¾èœ à¼õ£õ¬î»‹, ÜFè ßóŠðî‹ ªêPõ¬î»‹ î´‚°‹ õ¬èJ™ õ®õ¬ñ‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹. õ£Nìƒèœ, °¬èèœ, ªð†®èœ, Üôñ£Kèœ, ðŸÁ‚«è£™èœ, Hø ܬñŠ¹èœ º¬øŠð® è†ìŠðì «õ‡´‹. ªð£¶õ£è ãŸÁ‚ªè£œ÷Šð†ì õ÷˜Š¹ º¬øèÀ‚° ãŸð ²ˆî‹ ªêŒõ‹, Þìñ£Ÿø‹ ªêŒõ‹ ÜÂñFòO‚°‹ ªð£¼†è÷£™ ܬõ à¼õ£‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹. ªõOŠ¹ø õ£Nì õêFèO¡ î¬óˆî÷ƒèœ Ü™ô¶ î¬óñ†ì «ñŸðóŠ¹è÷£ù¶ Ã÷ƒèœ, àP…ê‚ Ã®ò 𴂬è, ñí™, êó¬÷, ¹™ Ü™ô¶ ܬîªò£ˆî ªð£¼†è÷£™ ÍìŠð†®¼‚èô£‹. «î¬õò£ù ¶Š¹ó¬õ àÁF ªêŒ»‹ õ¬èJ™, ܬõ «î¬õŠð´‹ «ð£¶ ÜèŸøŠðì«õ£ Ü™ô¶ ñ£Ÿø‚îò õ¬èJ«ô£ Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. Môƒ°èO¡ èN¾èœ, ܃° «îƒ°‹ c˜ ÝAò¬õ Ü÷¾‚èFèñ£è à¼õ£õ¬îˆ îM˜‚è 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 131 «õ‡´‹. â´ˆ¶‚裆ì£è, õ®è£™ õêF ªêŒòŠð†ì Ü™ô¶ êKõ£ù «ñŸðóŠ¹è¬÷Š ðò¡ð´ˆ¶î™. Hø «ñŸðóŠ¹èœ ܶ«ð£¡ø èƒè¬÷ˆ î£ƒè‚ Ã®ò¬õò£è¾‹ âOF™ ðó£ñK‚è‚ Ã®òî£è¾‹ Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. ªõOŠ¹ø õ£NìƒèO™ ªõŸPèóñ£ù «ñô£‡¬ñ â¡ð¶ Þí‚èñ£ù Môƒ°èO¡ êñ„ Yó£ù êÍè‚ °¿‚è¬÷ ï‹H»œ÷¶. «ð£¶ñ£ù Ü÷M™ ÞùƒèÀ‚° ãŸø Hóˆ«òè àí¾‹ 挾 ÞìƒèÀ‹ Þ¼ˆî™; ªõOŠ¹ø õ£NìˆFŸ° Môƒ°èœ ºî¡ ºîL™ ÜPºèŠð´ˆîŠð´‹«ð£¶, ð¼õè£ô ñ£Ÿøƒ èÀ‚° º¡Ã†®«ò «ð£¶ñ£ùõ£Á ðöA‚ªè£œ÷ è£ô Üõè£ê‹, 裙ï¬ì, Ý󣌄CŠ ðEò£÷˜èÀì¡ åˆ¶¬ö‚è Môƒ°èÀ‚°Š ðJŸC ÜOˆî™ (â´ˆ¶‚ 裆´: «ð£‚°õóˆFŸ°‹, Ç´‚°œ ܬìò¾‹, î´Š¹‚ Ç´èÀ‚°œ ¸¬öõ¶‹); ñŸÁ‹ ²Ÿø÷¾ «õL Ü™ô¶ Hø õNèO™ «ð£¶ñ£ù ð£¶è£Š¬ðˆ î¼î™. ÞòŸ¬è„ Åö™èœ «ñŒ„ê™ Gôƒèœ. F†´ˆ b¾èœ «ð£¡ø ð°Fèœ Môƒ°è¬÷Š ðó£ñK‚辋, Þù àŸðˆF ªêŒõ‹, Cô õ¬è Ý󣌄CèÀ‚°‹ ªð£¼ˆîñ£ù Åö¬ô õöƒè‚ô‹. Ýù£™ ÞòŸ¬è„ÅöL™ õ÷˜Šð á†ì„ꈶ, ²è£î£óŠ ð£¶è£Š¹, è‡è£EŠ¹. õ‹ê£ õO «ñô£‡¬ñ «ð£¡ø «î¬õò£ù Cô 膴Šð£´ è¬÷ Þö‚è «ïK´Aø¶. Þ¶«ð£¡ø õó‹¹èœ, Môƒ°è¬÷ ÜFè ÞòŸ¬è G¬ôJ™ õ£ö ¬õŠðî¡ ï¡¬ñè¬÷ˆ ® êñG¬ôŠð´ˆîŠðì «õ‡´‹. Þ‰î ÞòŸ¬è ܬñŠH™ îQŠð†ì Ü™ô¶ °¿ Môƒ°èO¡ «ñ™ àœ÷ èˆFŸ° ãŸð, ܬõ «ê˜‚èŠð쾋, ÜèŸøŠð쾋, îñ¶ êÍè‚ °¿‚ èÀ‚°ˆ F¼ŠH ÜŠðŠð쾋 «õ‡´‹. àí¾, ï¡m˜, ÞòŸ¬èò£ù Ü™ô¶ õ®õ¬ñ‚èŠð†ì ÞìõêF «ð£¶ñ£ù Ü÷¾ õöƒèŠðì «õ‡´‹. 

132 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® ðóŠð÷¾ â™ô£ Môƒ°èÀ‚°‹ ªð£¶õ£ù ðKYô¬ùèœ å¼ MôƒA¡ Þìˆ «î¬õèœ C‚èô£ù¬õ. Môƒ°èO¡ àì™ â¬ì Ü™ô¶ ªñ£ˆîŠ ðóŠð÷¬õ ñ†´«ñ 輈F™ ªè£œõ¶ «ð£¶ñ£ùî£è Þ¼‚裶. ðóŠð÷¾ˆ «î¬õè¬÷ˆ b˜ñ£QŠðîŸè£ù º‚Aò ðKYô¬ùèO™ Môƒ°èO¡ õò¶, ð£Lù‹, Môƒ° èO¡ â‡E‚¬è ñŸÁ‹ îƒAJ¼‚°‹ è£ô‹, Môƒ°Š ðò¡ð£†®¡ «ï£‚è‹ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: àŸðˆF‚è£è«õ£, «ê£î¬ù‚è£è«õ£), ñŸÁ‹ ã«î‹ CøŠ¹ˆ «î¬õèœ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: àòóˆF™ õC‚°‹ ÞùƒèÀ‚è£ù àòóñ£ù Þì‹ Ü™ô¶ «ð£ŒA«ô£ˆªî˜‹ Môƒ°èÀ‚ è£ù ªõŠð ñ£Áð´ Åö™). Þó‡´ ê‰î˜ŠðƒèO™, â´ˆ¶‚裆ì£è, õò¶ ºF˜‰îõŸ¬ø‚ 裆®½‹ ªð£¶õ£è Þ÷‹ Môƒ°èœ °¬øõ£ù â¬ì»œ÷¬õ. Ýù£™ ÜFè ²Á²ÁŠð£ù¬õ â¡ð, àì™ â¬ì »ì¡ åŠH´‹«ð£¶ ÜFè Þì‹ ÜõŸPŸ°ˆ «î¬õŠ ðìô£‹ (Ikemoto and Panksepp 1992). °¿õ£è ¬õ‚èŠð†ì êÍè Môƒ°èœ îñ¶ Þìˆ¬îŠ ðA˜‰¶ ªè£œõ, å¼ îQ Môƒ°‚°ˆ «î¬õò£ù ÞìˆF¡ Ü÷õ£ù¶ °¿ Ü÷¾ì¡ åŠH´¬èJ™, °¬øò‚ô‹; Þîù£™ ªðKò °¿‚èO¡ Ü예Fò£ù¶ CPò °¿‚èœ, îQŠð†ì Môƒ° õ£Nì Ü예F¬òMì‚ Ã´îô£è Þ¼‚èô£‹. ²ºèñ£è ¬õ‚èŠð†´œ÷ Môƒ°èœ Hø Môƒ°èO¡ õ¡º¬øJL¼‰¶ îŠH‚è, «ü£® Ü™ô¶ °¿M™ àœ÷ ñŸø Môƒ°èOìI¼‰¶ ù ñ¬øˆ¶‚ªè£œ÷Š «ð£¶ñ£ù Þ숬, C‚èô£ù è†ì¬ñŠ¹ˆ ñ¬ò»‹ ªè£‡®¼‚è «õ‡´‹. °PŠð£è Hø‰î °†®èœ Šð£¬ô GÁˆ¶‹ õò¶ õ¬ó îƒèœ  Ü™ô¶ Þù‚ °¿¾ì¡ «ê˜‰¶ õ£¿‹ ð†êˆF™, ðóŠð÷M¡ îó‹ Üî¡ ðò¡ð£†®¬ùŠ ð£F‚Aø¶. C‚èô£ù, ²ŸÁ„Åö™ ªêP׆ìŠð†ì ܬì¾èœ, Môƒ°èO¡ ªêò™ð£†¬ì ÜFèKŠð«î£´, °PŠH†ì Þù‹ ꣘‰î ï숬îèO¡ ªõOŠð£†¬ì »‹ âO°‹. Þîù£™ Þìˆ «î¬õèÀ‹ ÜFèK‚°‹. Ýè«õ àì™ Ü÷¾ Ü™ô¶ â¬ìJ¡ Ü®Šð¬ìJ™ ñ†´«ñ Môƒ°èO¡ Þìˆ «î¬õè¬÷‚ èí‚A´ 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 133 õîŸè£ù Cø‰î ňFó‹ â¡Á 㶋 Þ™¬ô. «ñ½‹ H¡õ¼‹ ð‚èƒèO™ õöƒèŠð†´œ÷ °PŠH†ì Þù‹ ꣘‰î õN裆´î™è¬÷Š ðò¡ð´ˆ¶‹«ð£¶, õ£êè˜èœ Þ‰îŠ HKM™ Mõ£F‚èŠð†ì Môƒ°èO¡ ªêò™Fø¡ ꣘‰î °Pf´è¬÷‚ èõùˆF™ ªè£œ÷ «õ‡´‹. «ð£¶ñ£ù Ç´ Ü÷¬õ G˜íJŠðF™ î¬óŠ ðóŠ¬ð‚ 輈F™ ªè£œõ¶ ñ†´‹ «ð£î£¶; Cô ÞùƒèÀ‚° Ç®¡ ªè£œ÷÷¾‹, Þì…꣘‰î àœ÷¬ñŠ¹èÀ‹ ÜFè º‚Aòˆ¶õ‹ õ£Œ‰îî£è Þ¼‚èô£‹. âù«õ, ܪñK‚è Môƒ° ïô MFº¬øèœ (AWR) Ü™ô¶ Hø õN裆´î™èOL¼‰¶ ÞšõN裆® «õÁðìô£‹. °PŠH†ì ÞùˆF¡ Þò™ð£ù àìô¬ñŠ¬ðŠ ªð£Áˆ¶ å¼ Ü¬ìŠH¡ àòó‹ ܬñò «õ‡´‹. Ç´ àòó‹ MôƒA¡ õö‚èñ£ù ªêò™ ð£†¬ì‚ èí‚A™ â´ˆ¶‚ªè£œ÷ «õ‡´‹. bõù‹, c˜ ÜO‚°‹ ê£îùƒèœ «ð£¡ø Ç®½œ÷ è†ì¬ñŠ¹èOL¼‰¶ Môƒ°‚°Š «ð£¶ñ£ù ÞìõêF õöƒèŠðì «õ‡´‹. Cô Þùƒèœ, ñQî‚°óƒ°èœ, ̬ùèœ, àò«ó õ£¿‹ Môƒ°èœ, î¬ó¬òMì‚ Ã‡®¡ ªêƒ°ˆ¶Š ðKñ£íƒè¬÷ ÜFè Ü÷M™ ðò¡ð´ˆ¶A¡øù. Þ‰î Môƒ°è¬÷Š ªð£Áˆîõ¬ó, Ç´ˆî÷ˆFŸ° «ñ«ô, ÜõŸP¡ õ£¬ô»‹ «ê˜ˆ¶, àì¬ô ¬õˆF¼‚èŠ «ð£¶ñ£ù ªêƒ°ˆî£ù ÞìˆF™ GŸðîŸè£ù Fø¬ù «ñ‹ð´ˆî º®»‹ (Clarence et al. 2006; MacLean et al. 2009). Môƒ°èO¡ ªêò™Fø¡ °Pf´èœ (â´ˆ¶‚ 裆´: ²è£î£ó‹, ÞùŠªð¼‚è‹, õ÷˜„C, ï숬î, ªêò™ð£´, ÞìŠ ðò¡ð£´) ñŸÁ‹ Þùõ¬è Ü™ô¶ àJKùƒèÀ¬ìò CøŠHò™¹èO¡ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: ð¼ñù£ù ÜF²Á²ÁŠð£ù Ü™ô¶ àò«ó õ£¿‹ Môƒ°èœ) ðK«ê£î¬ùŠ ðò¡ð£†®¡ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: c‡ì è£ô ÝŒ¾èO™ àœ÷ Môƒ°èÀ‚° ÜFè Þì‹ «î¬õŠðìô£‹) Ü®Šð¬ìJ™ ÜõŸÁ‚è£ù ÞìõêF b˜ñ£Q‚èŠð†´, Üî¡ Ü®Šð¬ìJ™ ñ£Ÿøƒèœ ªêŒòŠð†´, ܬõò¬ùˆ¶‹ äãC»Cò£™ ñFŠd´‹ ñÁðKYô¬ù»‹ ªêŒòŠðì «õ‡´‹. °¬ø‰îð†ê‹ 

134 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® Môƒ°èœ îƒèO¡ Þò™ð£ù àìô¬ñŠ¹, Þò‚è ñ£Ÿøƒè¬÷ ܬ승„ ²õ˜èœ, ìó¬òˆ ªî£ì£ñ™ ªõOŠð´ˆîŠ «ð£¶ñ£ù ÞìõêF¬ò‚ ªè£‡®¼‚è «õ‡´‹. «ñ½‹ õ‰î õN«ò F¼‹H„ ªê™ô¾‹ ÜõŸø£™ º®ò «õ‡´‹. «ïó®ò£è àí¾ î‡a¬ó ܵ辋, ôîô£è, CÁc˜ ñô‹ èNˆî ð°FèOL¼‰¶ õêFò£è 挪õ´‚è «ð£¶ñ£ù 嶃A캋 Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. àí¾‚ A‡íƒèœ, c˜ ªè£œèô¡èœ, °Š¬ðŠ ªð†®èœ, ªêP×†ì™ ê£îùƒèœ (â´ˆ¶‚ 裆´: ¹¶¬ñò£ù ªð£¼œèœ, ªð£‹¬ñèœ, àí¾ˆ «î콂è£ù ê£îùƒèœ) ÝAòõŸø£™ GóŠðŠð†ì ð°Fè¬÷ ªñ£ˆî ÞìŠðóŠH¡ å¼ ð°Fò£è‚ è¼î‚ Ã죶. Þƒ° õöƒèŠð†ì õ£NìŠ ðK‰¶¬óèœ ªî£N™ º¬ø ꣘‰î b˜ñ£ù‹, ÜÂðõˆF¡ Ü®Šð¬ìJ™ ܬñ‰î¬õ. Þ¬õ ÝŒõè Môƒ° õ£Nì õêFèO™ ªð£¶õ£è‚ è£íŠð´‹ Ü‹êƒèO¡ W› °¬ø‰îð†êˆ «î¬õè÷£è‚ è¼îŠðì «õ‡´‹. H¡õ¼‹ ܆ìõ¬í J™ ðK‰¶¬ó‚èŠð†ì ÞìˆF¡ ðóŠð÷¾‹ â‡E‚¬è õ󋹋, äãC»C-ò£™ ñFŠð£Œ¾ ªêŒòŠð†´ ܃WèK‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹. «ñ½‹ º‰¬îò ðˆFèO™ MõK‚èŠð†´œ÷ð® Môƒ°èO¡ ï™õ£›¾, Ý󣌄Cˆ îó‹ ªî£ì˜ð£ù Môƒ°èO¡ ªêò™Fø¡ ꣘‰î °Pf´èO¡ Ü®Šð¬ìJ™ ܬñò «õ‡´‹. AWR ñŸÁ‹ PHS ªè£œ¬èè¬÷»‹ 輈F™ ªè£‡´ Hø ªð£¼‰î‚îò MFº¬øèÀ‚°‹, îóG¬ôèÀ‚°‹ ãŸð ܬñòŠªðø «õ‡´‹. Ý󣌄CJ™ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð´‹ ܬùˆ¶ àJKùƒ èO¡ õ£Nìˆ «î¬õè¬÷»‹ Mõ£FŠð¶ ÞšõN 裆®J¡ °P‚«è£œ ♬ô‚°œ Üìƒè£¶. °PŠð£è, Þƒ° °PŠHìŠðì£î àJKùƒèÀ‚°, M…ë£ù Hó²óƒèO™ Þ¼‰¶‹, Þùƒèœ ªî£ì˜ð£ù G¹í˜ èOìI¼‰¶‹ Ý«ô£ê¬ù ªðø «õ‡´‹. ÝŒõè‚ ªè£Pˆ¶‡Eèœ Ü†ìõ¬í 3.2 °¿õ£è ¬õ‚èŠð†´œ÷, ªð£¶õ£èŠ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð´‹ ÝŒõè‚ ªè£Pˆ¶‡EèÀ‚°Š ðK‰¶¬ó‚èŠð†ì °¬ø‰îð†ê ðóŠð÷¬õŠ ð†®òL´Aø¶. ܬõ 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 135 îQˆîQò£è, CPò °¿‚è÷£è ¬õ‚èŠð†®¼‰î£™ Ü™ô¶ ܆ìõ¬íJ™ àœ÷ â¬ì¬ò Mì ÜFèñ£è Þ¼‰î£™, ÜõŸÁ‚° ÜFè Ü÷¾ ÞìŠðóŠ¹ «î¬õŠ ðìô£‹. Ü«î «ïóˆF™ ªðKò °¿‚èœ êŸÁ ÜFè Þì Ü예FJ™ ¬õ‚èŠðìô£‹. ܆ìõ¬í 3.2: °¿‚èO™ ªð£¶õ£èŠ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð´‹ ÝŒõè‚ ªè£Pˆ ¶‡EèÀ‚°Š ðK‰¶¬ó‚èŠð´‹ °¬ø‰îð†ê ÞìõêF Môƒ°èœ â¬ì, (A) î¬óŠðóŠð÷¾ àòó‹ - b Mðóƒèœ /Môƒ° - a ê¶ó (ªêe) ܃°ô‹ 2/ªêe2 °¿‚èO™ <10 õ¬ó 6 (38.7) 5 (12.7) àò˜ ªêò™ð£†¬ì ²‡ªìLèœ-c 15 õ¬ó 25 8 (51.6) 5 (12.7) àÁF ªêŒò ªðKò >25 12 (77.4) 5 (12.7) Môƒ°èÀ‚° ÜFè =15 (=96.7) 5 (12.7) Þì‹ ªð‡ + 51 (330) 5 (12.7) Hø ÞùM¼ˆF ªêò™ °†®èœ - °¿ õ£Nì õ®õƒèÀ‚° ÜFè ðóŠð÷¾ õêF‚è£ù ðK‰¶¬ó «î¬õŠðìô£‹, ܶ ªðKò Môƒ°èO¡, °†®èO¡ â‡E‚¬è¬ò»‹, °†®èO¡ àì™ Ü÷¾ ñŸÁ‹ õò¬î»‹ ꣘‰î¶-d °¿õ£è-c >100 17 (109.6) 7 (17.8) àò˜ ªêò™ð£†¬ì àÁF àœ÷ âLèœ õ¬ó 200 23 (148.35) 7 (17.8) ªêŒò ªðKò Môƒ°èÀ‚° õ¬ó 300 29 (187.05) 7 (17.8) ÜFè ÞìõêF «î¬õŠðìô£‹ õ¬ó 400 40 (258.0) 7 (17.8) õ¬ó 500 60 (387.0) 7 (17.8) >500 =70 (=451.5) 7 (17.8) ªð‡ 124 (800) 7 (17.8) Hø ÞùM¼ˆF„ ªêò™ + °†®èœ °¿ õ£Nì õ®õƒèÀ‚° ÜFèŠ õêF‚è£ù ðóŠð÷¾ «î¬õŠðìô£‹, ðK‰¶¬ó ܶ ªðKò Môƒ°èO¡, °†®èO¡ â‡E‚¬è¬ò»‹, °†®èO¡ àì™ Ü÷¾ ñŸÁ‹ õò¬î»‹ ꣘‰î¶.d ý£‹vì˜èœ-c >60 - 10 (64.5) 6 (15.2) àò˜ ªêò™ð£†¬ì àÁF õ¬ó 80 13 (83.8) 6 (15.2) ªêŒò ªðKò Môƒ°èÀ‚° õ¬ó 100 16 (103.2) 6 (15.2) ÜFè ÞìõêF «î¬õŠðìô£‹ >100 =19 (=122.5) 6 (15.2) AQ ð¡Pèœ-c õ¬ó 350 - 60 (387.0) 7 (17.8) àò˜ ªêò™ð£†¬ì àÁF >350 =101 (=651.5) 7 (17.8) ªêŒò ªðKò Môƒ°èÀ‚° ÜFè ÞìõêF «î¬õŠðìô£‹ *Þ‰î ܆ìõ¬íJ¡ M÷‚èˆFŸ° ð‚è‹ 132 à¬óJ™ MõK‚èŠð†´œ÷ ªêò™Fø¡ °Pf´è¬÷ èõùˆF™ ªè£œ÷ «õ‡´‹ a. ²†®‚裆ìŠð†ì î¬óŠ ðóŠð÷¾‚°‹ ÜFè ñ£èˆ îQò£è ¬õ‚èŠð†´œ÷ Môƒ°èœ, CPò °¿‚èÀ‚°ˆ «î¬õŠðìô£‹. b. Ç´ˆ î÷ˆFL¼‰¶ Ç´ «ñ™ Í® õ¬ó. 

136 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® c. ªñ£ˆî MôƒAùõ¬èJ¡ õ÷˜„C, Môƒ°èO¡ ð£LùŠ ð‡¹èœ °Pˆ¶ ðKYL‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹. â¬ì àò˜¾ «ð£¶ñ£ù Ü÷¾‚° «õèñ£è Þ¼‚°‹ ð†êˆF™ Môƒ°èO¡ âF˜è£ô Ü÷¬õ‚ èí‚A™ªè£‡´ ÜFè Þ숬î õöƒ°õ¶ M¼‹ðˆî‚è¶. ôîô£è Þ÷‹ ªè£Pˆ¶‡Eèœ I辋 ²ÁŠð£ù¬õ»‹ Ã´î™ M¬÷ò£†´Š «ð£‚¬è»‹ à¬ìò¬õ. d. ñŸø ðKYô¬ùè÷£ù, °†®è¬÷‚ °¬øˆî™ Ü™ô¶ ÞùŠ ªð¼‚è‚ °¿ML¼‰¶ °†®è¬÷Š HKˆî™, ܈¶ì¡ ÞùŠªð¼‚è‚ °¿M¡ ð£¶è£Š¹, ï™õ£›¬õ ÜÂñF‚è A¬ì‚è‚îò Þ숬î ޡ‹ bMóñ£è G˜õAŠðîŸè£ù Hø º¬øèœ ÝAò¬õ Ü샰‹. ‚°‹ °†®èÀ‚°‹ bƒ° M¬÷M‚è£ñ™ õ÷˜Šð, °†® ß¡ø  Môƒ°èÀ‚°Š «ð£¶ñ£ù Þì‹ å¶‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹. êeðˆFò ÝŒ¾èœ, ðóŠð÷¾ˆ «î¬õè¬÷»‹ êÍè õ£Nìƒèœ, °¿ Ü÷¾, Ü예FJ¡ M¬÷¾ è¬÷»‹ ñFŠd´ ªêŒ¶œ÷ù (Andrade and Guimaraes 2003; Bartolomucci et al. 2002, 2003; Georgsson et al. 2001; Gonder and Laber 2007; Perez et al. 1997; A.L. Smith et al. 2004). (Arakawa 2005; Davidson and others. 2007; Yildiz et al. 2007, ñŸÁ‹ õ£Nì G¬ô¬ñèœ (Gordon et al. 1998; Van Loo et al. 2004). ð™«õÁ Þùƒèœ ñŸÁ‹ ªè£Pˆ¶‡E Þù õ¬èèœ, ï숬î ðŸPò (õ¡º¬ø «ð£¡ø¬õ) «ê£î¬ù º®¾èœ (Karolewicz and Paul 2001; Laber et al. 2008; McGlone et al. 2001; rock et al. 1997; Smith et al. 2005; Van Loo et al. 2001) Þ¼ŠH‹, ÝŒ¾ õ®õ¬ñŠ¹ ñŸÁ‹ ÝŒ¾ ªêŒòŠð†ì ðK«ê£î¬ù «õÁð£´èœ è£óí ñ£è Þ‰î ÝŒ¾è¬÷ åŠH´õ¶ è®ù‹. â´ˆ¶‚ 裆ì£è, ªõš«õÁ Ç´ Ü÷¾èœ. õ£Nì Ü예F èO¡ Ü®Šð¬ìJ™ Môƒ°èO™ ãŸð´‹ èñ£ù¶ Þù‹, Þùõ¬è (êÍè„ ªêò™ð£´), ªð÷bè °í£‹ê‹, õò¶, ð£Lù‹, ÞìˆF¡ îó‹ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: ªêƒ°ˆ î£ù Þì ܵè™), Ç®™ ¬õ‚èŠð†´œ÷ è†ì¬ñŠ ¹èœ ÝAòõŸø£™ ñ£Áð´‹. Þ‚è£óEèœ C‚èô£ù¬õ â¡ð ܬõ ªè£Pˆ¶‡EèO™ èõùñ£è ïìˆîŠðì «õ‡´‹. Hø ªð£¶õ£ù ÝŒõè Môƒ°èœ ܆ìõ¬íèœ 3.3 ñŸÁ‹ 3.4 ð†®ò™èœ, Hø ªð£¶õ£ù ÝŒõè Môƒ°èÀ‚°‹ ðø¬õ ÞùƒèÀ‚° ñ£ù °¬ø‰îð†ê Þìˆ¬îŠ ðK‰¶¬ó‚A¡øù. Þ‰î 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 137 嶂W´èœ ªð£¶õ£è, «ü£® Ü™ô¶ °¿õ£è ¬õˆF¼‚°‹ Môƒ°èO¡ «î¬õè¬÷ Ü®Šð¬ìò£è‚ ªè£‡ì¬õ. ÞìõêF ꣘‰î 嶂W´èœ, ªêP׆콂 è£è Ü™ô¶ ܆ìõ¬íJ™ â¬ì¬ò eÁ‹ Môƒ° èÀ‚° ÞìñO‚°ñ£Á ñFŠd´ ªêŒòŠðì «õ‡´‹. «ñ½‹ ܶ MôƒAùƒèO¡ ð‡¹èœ, ï숬î, Þí‚è‹, â‡E‚¬è, õ£Nì ܬñŠH¡ °P‚«è£œèœ ÝAòõŸP¡ Ü®Šð¬ìJ™ Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹ (Held et al. 1995; Lupo et al. 2000; Raje 1997; Turner et al. 1997). °¿õ£è ¬õˆF¼‚°‹ Môƒ°èÀ‚°Š ðK‰¶¬ó‚èŠð†ì¬î Mì, 埬ø Môƒ°èÀ‚° ÜFè Þì‹ «î¬õŠðìô£‹. Ü«î «ïóˆF™ ªðKò °¿‚èœ êŸÁ ÜFè Ü예FJ™ ¬õ‚èŠðìô£‹. ̬ùèœ, èœ, Cô ºò™èœ ÜFè„ ªêò™ Þò‚è ²î‰Fóˆ¬î»‹ Ü«îêñò‹ °¬øõ£ù ªêƒ°ˆ¶ Þ숬 ªè£‡ì õ£Nì ܬ승è¬÷ M¼‹¹A¡øù (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: Ç´èÀ‚°Š ðFô£è A¬ìèœ, æ´ð£¬îèœ, ð†®èœ). èœ, ̬ùèœ, °PŠð£è îQˆîQò£è Ü™ô¶ CPò ܬ승èO™ (Bayne 2002) îƒAJ¼‚°‹«ð£¶ àìŸðJŸC ªêŒò ÜÂñF‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹, Þí‚èñ£ù ñQîˆ ªî£ì˜¹ è¬÷ õöƒè «õ‡´‹. õ£NìõêF ñŸÁ‹ G˜õ£èˆFŸ è£ù, MôƒAù‹ ꣘‰î F†ìƒè¬÷ à¼õ£‚è «õ‡´‹. Þˆî¬èò F†ìƒèO™ ²ŸÁ„Åö™ ªêP׆콂è£ù àˆFèÀ‹ Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. ñQî‚°óƒ°èœ ܆ìõ¬í 3.5 Þ™ MõK‚èŠð†´œ÷ ñQî‚ °óƒ°èÀ‚è£ù ðK‰¶¬ó‚èŠð†ì °¬ø‰îð†ê Þì‹ «ü£® Ü™ô¶ °¿õ£è ¬õ‚èŠð†ì Môƒ°èO¡ «î¬õè¬÷ Ü®Šð¬ìò£è‚ ªè£‡ì¶. â™ô£ êÍè Môƒ°è¬÷»‹ «ð£ô«õ, ñQî‚°óƒ°èÀ‹ ªð£¶õ£è êÍè õ£Nì õêFè¬÷‚ ªè£‡®¼‚è «õ‡´‹ (Üî£õ¶, Þí‚èñ£ù «ü£®èO™ Ü™ô¶ Þí‚èñ£ù Môƒ°èO¡ ªðKò °¿‚èO™) (Hotchkiss and Paule 2003; NRC 1998a; Weed and Watson 1998; Wolfensohn 2004). 

138 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® ܆ìõ¬í 3.3: «ü£®ò£è Ü™ô¶ °¿‚è÷£è ºò™èœ, ̬ùèœ, èÀ‚° ðK‰¶¬ó‚èŠð†ì °¬ø‰îð†ê ÞìõêFJ¡ Ü®Šð¬ìJ™* Môƒ°èœ â¬ì- a î¬óŠðóŠð÷¾ àòó‹-c Mðóƒèœ (A.A) /Môƒ°- b (ªêe) ê¶ó Ü®-2 (ê¶ó e-2) ºò™èœ <2 1.5 (0.14) 16 (40.5) ªðKò ºò™èœ õ¬ó 4 3.0 (0.28) 16 (40.5) à†è£¼õèù Ã´î™ õ¬ó 5.4 4.0 (0.37) 16 (40.5) Ç´ àòó‹ >5.4-c - = 5.0 (= 0.46) 16 (40.5) «î¬õŠðìô£‹ ̬ùèœ =4 3.0 (0.28) 24 (60.8) ðŸÁ«è£™ ªè£‡ì =4-d =4.0 (=0.37) 24 (60.8) ªêƒ°ˆî£ù ðóŠ¹èœ, Ã´î™ Ã‡´ àòó‹ «î¬õŠðìô£‹ èœ-e - >15 8.0 (0.74) ---f Môƒ°èœ, î¬óJ™ 裙 õ¬ó 30 12.0 (1.2) ---f ðFˆ¶ GI˜‰¶ GŸ°‹ >30-d =24.0 ---f Ü÷MŸ° «ð£Fò àòó (=2.4) õêF ªè£‡ì Ç´ «î¬õ. * Þ‰î ܆ìõ¬íJ¡ M÷‚èˆFŸ° ð‚è‹132 à¬óJ™ MõK‚èŠð†´œ÷ ªêò™Fø¡ °Pf´è¬÷ èõùˆF™ ªè£œ÷ «õ‡´‹. a. A«ô£Aó£¬ñ 𾇴è÷£è ñ£Ÿø, 2.2 Ý™ ªð¼‚辋. b °¿õ£è ¬õˆF¼‚°‹«ð£¶ Môƒ°èÀ‚° å¶‚èŠ ð†ì¬î Mì 埬ø Môƒ°èÀ‚° ÜFè Þì‹ «î¬õŠðìô£‹. c. Ç´ˆ î÷ˆFL¼‰¶ Ç´ «ñ™ Í® õ¬ó. d. ªðKò Môƒ°èÀ‚°„ ªêò™Fø¡ îóˆ¬î ̘ˆF ªêŒò ÜFè Þì‹ «î¬õŠðìô£‹ (à¬ó¬ò‚ 裇è). e. Þ‰îŠ ðK‰¶¬óèO™ îQŠð†ì Môƒ°èœ, ÞùƒèO¡ àì™ ñ£ŸøˆFŸ° ãŸð ñ£Ÿø‹ «î¬õŠ ðìô£‹. Cô èœ, °PŠð£è 嚪õ£¼ â¬ì G¬ôJ¡ à„ê õó‹¬ðˆ ªî£´‹ Môƒ°èœ, Môƒ° ïô„ ê†ìˆF¡ MFº¬øèÀ‚° Þ탰 õ¬î àÁFŠð´ˆî Ã´î™ Þì‹ «î¬õŠðìô£‹. Þ‰î MFº¬øèœ (»âv®ã 1985) åªõ£¼ Ç®¡ àòóº‹ ÜF™ õ£¿‹ Môƒ° ‘õêFò£ù G¬ôJ™’ GŸè ÜÂñF‚èŠ «ð£¶ ñ£ùî£è Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹ â¡Á‹ °¬ø‰îð†ê ê¶ó Ü®ˆ î¬óŠ ðóŠð£ù¶ c÷ ܃°ô Ü÷M™ î£J¡ Æ´ˆªî£¬èJ¡ èEî ê¶óˆFŸ° êññ£è Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. (Üî¡ Í‚A¡ ¸QJL¼‰¶ Üî¡ õ£™ Ü®Š ð°F õ¬ó Ü÷MìŠð´Aø¶); ܈¶ì¡ 6 ܃°ôƒ èœ Ã†® H¡ù˜ ªñ£ˆîˆ¬î 144 Ý™ õ°‚辋. f. ÜFè ²î‰Fó‹, î¬ìòŸø àòóˆ¬î (Üî£õ¶ ð†®èœ, æ´ð£¬îèœ, A¬ìèœ) ÜÂñF‚°‹ Þ¬íŠ¹èœ M¼‹ðˆî‚è¬õ. 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 139 ÞF™ °¿ ܬñŠ¹ Iè º‚Aòñ£ù¶. °PŠH†ì Þù‹ ꣘‰î õò¶, ïìˆ¬îˆ Fø¡, ð£Lù‹, ÞòŸ¬è„ êÍè ܬñŠ¹, ÞùŠªð¼‚èˆ «î¬õèœ, ²è£î£ó G¬ô «ð£¡ø °PŠH†ì è£óEè¬÷ å¼ °¿¬õ à¼õ£‚°‹ «ð£¶ èõùˆF™ ªè£œ÷ «õ‡´‹. ôîô£è, °¿‚èO™ àœ÷ Môƒ°èO¡ Þí‚è «õÁð£´èœ è£óíñ£è, Môƒ°èO¡ àì™, ïìˆ¬îˆ «î¬õè¬÷Š ̘ˆF ªêŒò ÜFè Þì‹ Ü™ô¶ àòó‹ «î¬õŠðìô£‹. âù«õ, ªð£¼ˆîñ£ù Ç´ Ü÷¬õ G˜íJŠð¶ â¡ð¶ àì™ â¬ì¬ò ñ†´‹ Ü®Šð¬ìò£è‚ ªè£‡ìî™ô, «ñ½‹ Þ¶«ð£¡ø b˜ñ£ùƒè¬÷ â´ŠðF™ ªî£N™º¬ø ꣘‰î º®¾èœ Iè º‚Aòñ£ù¬õ (Kaufman et al. 2004; Williams et al. 2000). ܆ìõ¬í 3.4: ðø¬õJùˆFŸ° «ü£®è÷£è«õ£, °¿‚è÷£è«õ£ °¬ø‰îð†ê õ£Nì õêF‚è£ù ðK‰¶¬óèœ Môƒ°èœ â¬ì- a î¬óŠ ðóŠð÷¾/ àòó‹ (A.A) Môƒ°-b (ªêe) ê¶ó Ü®-2 (ê¶ó e-2) ¹ø£‚èœ - 0.8 (0.07) Môƒ°èœ, î¬óJ™ 裙 ðFˆ¶ 裬ì - 0.25 (0.023) GI˜‰¶ GŸ°‹ Ü÷MŸ° «ð£Fò àòó «è£Nèœ <0.25 õ¬ó 0.25 (0.023) õêF ªè£‡ì Ç´ «î¬õ 0.5 õ¬ó 0.50 (0.0.46) 1.5 õ¬ó 1.00 (0.093) 3.0 2.00 (0.186) >3.0-c =3.00 (=0.279) * Þ‰î ܆ìõ¬íJ¡ M÷‚èˆFŸ° ð‚è‹ 132 à¬óJ™ MõK‚èŠð†´œ÷ ªêò™Fø¡ °Pf´è¬÷ èõùˆF™ ªè£œ÷ «õ‡´‹. a. A«ô£Aó£¬ñ 𾇴è÷£è ñ£Ÿø, 2.2 Ý™ ªð¼‚辋 b. «ü£® Ü™ô¶°¿õ£è ¬õˆF¼‚°‹ «ð£¶ Môƒ° èÀ‚° 嶂èŠð†ì¬î Mì 埬ø Môƒ° èÀ‚° ÜFè Þì‹ «î¬õŠðìô£‹. c. ªðKò Môƒ°èÀ‚° ªêò™Fø¡, îóˆ¬îŠ ̘ˆF ªêŒò ÜFè Þì‹ «î¬õŠðìô£‹ (à¬ó¬ò‚ 裇è). Môƒ°è¬÷ˆ îQˆîQò£è õ÷˜Šð¶ ÜõCò ñ£ù£™ - àî£óíñ£è, ðK«ê£î¬ùˆ «î¬õèœ, 裙ï¬ì ñ¼ˆ¶õ «ê¬õ, ꇬìJ†´‚ ªè£œÀ‹ Môƒ°è¬÷Š HKŠð¬î Gò£òŠð´ˆ¶‹ «ð£¶ - Þ‰î ãŸð£´ º®‰î÷¾‚° °ÁAò è£ôˆFŸ° Þ¼‚è 

140 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® «õ‡´‹. 埬ø Môƒ°èœ CPò ܬ승èO™ ¬õ‚èŠ ð†®¼‰î£™, Ã´î™ ªêP×†ì™ ªð£¼†èÀì¡ ªðKò ܬ승èO™ ÜšõŠ«ð£¶ â´ˆ¶ M´õîŸè£ù õ£ŒŠ¬ð‚ 輈F™ ªè£œ÷ «õ‡´‹, °PŠð£è c‡ì è£ôˆFŸ°ˆ îQˆîQò£è ¬õ‚èŠð†®¼‚°‹ Môƒ° èÀ‚°, «ü£® Ü™ô¶ °¿õ£è ¬õ‚èŠð´‹ Môƒ° èÀ‚°Š ðK‰¶¬ó‚èŠð†ì¬î Mì 埬ø Môƒ° èÀ‚° ÜFè Þì‹ «î¬õŠðìô£‹. Ü«î «ïóˆF™ ªðKò °¿‚èœ êŸÁ ÜFè Ü예FJ™ ¬õ‚èŠðìô£‹. ñQî‚°óƒ°èO¡ àì™, ï숬î ꣘‰î ðô ð‡¹èœ, ÜõŸ¬ø å¼ àJKò™ ñ¼ˆ¶õ Ý󣌄C ܬñŠH™ ðò¡ð´ˆ¶‹«ð£¶ 輈F™ ªè£œ÷ «õ‡®ò ðô è£óEèO¡ Ü®Šð¬ìJ™ õ£NìõêF ñŸÁ‹ G˜õ£èˆFŸè£ù, °PŠH†ì Þùƒèœ ꣘‰î F†ìƒèœ à¼õ£‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹. Þˆî¬èò F†ìƒèO™ ²ŸÁ„Åö™, à÷Mò™ ªêP׆콂è£ù àˆFèœ Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. «õ÷£‡ Môƒ°èœ 3.6 ܆ìõ¬íò£ù¶, å¼ ÝŒõè ܬñŠH™ ªð£¶õ£èŠ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð´‹ Mõê£ò Môƒ°èÀ‚°Š ðK‰¶¬ó‚èŠð†ì °¬ø‰îð†ê Þìˆ¬îŠ ð†®òL´ Aø¶. êÍè Môƒ°è÷£è, ܬõ Þí‚èñ£ù «ü£® è÷£è Ü™ô¶ Þí‚èñ£ù Môƒ°èO¡ ªðKò °¿‚ èO™ ¬õ‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹. Môƒ°èœ ܆ìõ¬íJ™ °PŠHìŠð†ì â¬ì¬ò eÁ‹«ð£¶, ÜõŸÁ‚° ÜFè Þì‹ «î¬õŠð´Aø¶. ªðKò Môƒ°èÀ‚° (°PŠð£è ð¡PèO™), ÜõŸP¡ àì™ õ‰î õN«ò F¼‹H ²î‰Fóñ£è„ ªê™ô ÜÂñF‚è «õ‡®ò¶ ÜõCò‹ (Becker et al. 1989; Bracke et al. 2002). ܬùˆ¶ Môƒ°èÀ‚°‹ «î¬õŠð´¬èJ™ «ïó®ò£è Üµè º®õî£è àí¾ˆ ªî£†®èœ, c˜î¼‹ ê£îùƒèœ, «ð£¶ñ£ù â‡E‚¬è J™ õöƒèŠðì «õ‡´‹. 埬øò£è ¬õ‚èŠð†´œ÷ Môƒ°èÀ‚°Š ðK‰¶¬ó‚èŠð†ì¬î Mì ÜFè Þì‹ «î¬õŠðìô£‹. àí¾, c˜ˆ ªî£†®è¬÷ˆ ªî£ì£ñ™ F¼‹H„ ªê™ô¾‹, àí¾ î‡a¬ó ⊪𣿶‹ ܵ辋, CÁc˜, ñô‹ ÝAòõŸø£™ Ü¿‚è¬ì‰î ð°FèOL¼‰¶ õêFò£è 挪õ´‚èŠ «ð£¶ñ£ù 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 141 ÞìõêF»‹, ܆ìõ¬íJ™ ªè£´‚èŠð†´œ÷¶«ð£™ Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. ܆ìõ¬í 3.5 «ü£®ò£è«õ£, °¿‚è÷£è«õ£ ¬õ‚èŠð†ì ñQî‚°óƒ°èÀ‚è£èŠ ðK‰¶¬ó‚èŠð†ì °¬ø‰îð†ê ÞìõêF Môƒ°èœ â¬ì-a â¬ì- î¬óŠðóŠð÷¾/ àòó‹-c àòó‹- Mðóƒèœ (A.A) Môƒ°- Môƒ°-b (ªêe) ê¶ó Ü®-2 (ê¶ó e-2) °óƒ°èœ-d - Môƒ°èœ (ðÌ¡è¬÷»‹ GI˜‰¶ î¬óJ™ è£Ö¡P «ê˜ˆ¶) GŸ°‹ð®‚° Ç´èœ °¿ 1 õ¬ó 1.5 2.1 (0.20) 30 (76.2) õêFò£ù àòóˆ¶ì¡ °¿ 2 õ¬ó 3 3.0 (0.28) 30 (76.2) Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. °¿ 3 õ¬ó 10 4.3 (0.4) 30 (76.2) ðÌ¡èœ, ðìv °óƒ°èœ, °¿ 4 õ¬ó 15 6.0 (0.56) 32 (81.3) Hø c‡ì 裙è¬÷, c‡ì °¿ 5 õ¬ó 20 8.0 (0.74) 36 (91.4) õ£™è¬÷, ²¼‡ì °¿ 6 õ¬ó 25 10 (0.93) 46 (116.8) õ£™è¬÷ à¬ìò °¿ 7 õ¬ó 30 15 (1.40) 46 (116.8) ÞùƒèÀ‚° ê£î£óí °¿ 8 >30-e - 25 (=2.32) 60 (152.4) °óƒ¬èMì ÜFè àòóñ£ù Ç´èœ «î¬õ. ðô ¹Fò ªõŠð ñ‡ìô‚ 裴èO½‹, àòóˆF½‹ õCŠðõŸPŸ° Ç®¡ ªè£œ÷÷¾‹ î£Mˆ FKõîŸè£ù ÞìõêF»‹ ÜFèñ£èˆ «î¬õŠð´‹. áêô£®ˆ î£Mˆ FKðõŸP¡ Ç´èœ ÜõŸP¡ àì™ MKõ£‚èˆFŸ«èŸð àòóˆ¬î»‹ ªè£‡®¼‚è «õ‡´‹. ÜŠð® áêô£®„ ªê™¬èJ™, ÜõŸP¡ è£™èœ î¬óJ™ ðì£îð® àòó‹ ªè£‡ ®¼‚è «õ‡´‹. Üšõ£Á î£Mˆ FKõ õêFò£è Ç´èœ õ®õ¬ñ‚èŠ ð†®¼‚è «õ‡´‹. C‹ð¡C õ¬ó 10 15 (1.4) 60 (152.4) Hø °óƒ°èÀ‚°‹ ªðKò °†®èœ Ü÷Mô£ù ªî£ƒ°‹ ªð£¼¬÷Š H®ˆ¶ C‹ð¡C >10 =25 (=2.32) 84 (213.4) áêô£® î£M„ ªê™½‹ ªðKò¬õ-f - ÞùƒèO¡ Ç´èœ ÜèŸø àòóˆ¬î‚ ªè£‡®¼‚è «õ‡´‹. Ç®¡ î¬óJL¼‰¶ áêô£®„ ªê™¬èJ™ 

142 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® ÜõŸP¡ è£™èœ î¬óJ™ ðì£îõ£Á àòó‹ ªè£‡®¼‚è «õ‡´‹. Üšõ£Á î£Mˆ FK»‹ð® Ç´ õ®õ¬ñ‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹. * Þ‰î ܆ìõ¬íJ¡ M÷‚èˆFŸ° 132Ý‹ ð‚è à¬óJ™ MõK‚èŠð†´œ÷ ªêò™Fø¡ °Pf´è¬÷ èõùˆF™ ªè£œ÷ «õ‡´‹ a. A«ô£Aó£¬ñ 𾇴è÷£è ñ£Ÿø, 2.2 Ý™ ªð¼‚辋 b. °¿õ£è ¬õˆF¼‚°‹ «ð£¶ Môƒ°èÀ‚° 嶂èŠð†ì¬î Mì 埬ø Môƒ°èÀ‚° ÜFè Þì‹ «î¬õŠðìô£‹. c. Ç´ î÷ˆFL¼‰¶ Ç´ «ñ™ Í® õ¬ó. d. callitrichidae, Cebidae, Cercopithecidae (Papio) Þùƒèœ. e. ªðKò Môƒ°èÀ‚° ªêò™Fø¡ îóˆ¬îŠ ̘ˆF ªêŒò ÜFè Þì‹ «î¬õŠðìô£‹ (à¬ó¬ò‚ 裇è). f. õö‚èñ£ù Ǭì Mì 50 A«ô£ â¬ì»œ÷ ñQî‚ °óƒ°èœ ªêƒè™, Cªñ‡†, è‹H„²†® è†ì¬ñŠHù£ô£ù Gó‰îó õ£NìƒèO™ ¬õ‚èŠð´A¡øù. ܆ìõ¬í 3.6 Mõê£ò Môƒ°èÀ‚ªèùŠ ðK‰¶¬ó‚èŠð´‹ °¬ø‰îð†ê ÞìõêF Môƒ°èœ â¬ì-a â¬ì- (A.A) î¬óŠðóŠð÷¾/Môƒ°-b î¬óŠðóŠð÷¾/Môƒ°- ê¶ó Ü®-2 (ê¶ó e-2) ªõœ÷£´‹ ªê‹ñP»‹ <25 10.0 (0.9) õ¬ó 50 15.0 (1.35) >50-c =20.0 (=1.8) 2-5 <25 8.5 (0.76) õ¬ó 50 12.5 (1.12) >50-c =17.0 (=1.53) >5 <25 7.5 (0.67) õ¬ó 50 11.3 (1.02) >50-c =15.0 (=1.35) ð¡P 1 <15 8.0 (0.72) õ¬ó 25 12.0 (1.08) õ¬ó 50 15.0 (1.35) õ¬ó 100 24.0 (2.16) õ¬ó 200 48.0 (4.32) >200-c = 60.0 (=5.4) 2-5 <25 6.0 (0.54) õ¬ó 50 10.0 (0.9) õ¬ó 100 20.0 (1.8) õ¬ó 100 40.0 (3.6) 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 143 >200-c = 52.0 (=4.68) >5 <25 6.0 (0.54) õ¬ó 50 9.0 (0.81) õ¬ó 100 18.0 (1.62) õ¬ó 100 36.0 (3.24) >200-c =48.0 (=4.32) 1 ñ£´ <75 24.0 (2.16) õ¬ó 200 48.0 (4.32) õ¬ó 350 72.0 (6.48) õ¬ó 500 96.0 (8.64) õ¬ó 650 124.0 (11.6) >650-c =144.0 (=12.96) 2-5 <75 20.0 (1.8) õ¬ó 200 40.0 (3.6) õ¬ó 350 60.0 (5.4) õ¬ó 500 80.0 (7.2) õ¬ó 650 105.0 (9.45) >650-c =120.0 (=10.8) >5 <75 18.0 (1.62) õ¬ó 200 36.0 (3.24) õ¬ó 350 54.0 (4.86) õ¬ó 500 72.0 (6.48) õ¬ó 650 93.0 (8.37) >650-c =108.0 (=9.72) °F¬óèœ - 144.0 (12.96) °F¬ó‚°†®èœ 1-4 - 72.0 (6.48) >4/ªè£†®™ =200 60.0 (5.4) >200-c =72.0 (=6.48) * Þ‰î ܆ìõ¬íJ¡ M÷‚èˆFŸ°‹ 132Ý‹ ð‚è à¬óJ™ MõK‚èŠð†´œ÷ ªêò™Fø¡ °Pf´è¬÷ èõùˆF™ ªè£œ÷ «õ‡´‹ a. A«ô£Aó£¬ñ 𾇴è÷£è ñ£Ÿø, 2.2 Ý™ ªð¼‚辋 b. î¬óŠ ðóŠð÷õ£ù¶, àœ÷¬ñŠ¹, àí¾ Ü™ô¶ c˜ ªî£†® è¬÷ˆ ªî£ì£ñ™ õ‰î õN«ò F¼‹H„ªê™ô¾‹, àí¾ î‡a¬ó ⊫𣶋 ܵ辋, CÁc˜ ñô‹ ÝAòõŸø£™ Ü¿‚è¬ì‰î ð°FèO L¼‰¶ õêFò£è 挪õ´‚è «ð£¶ñ£ù 嶃° Þìˆ¬î‚ ªè£‡®¼‚è «õ‡´‹. c. ªðKò Môƒ°èÀ‚°„ ªêò™Fø¡ îóˆ¬îŠ ̘ˆF ªêŒò, ÜFè Þì‹ «î¬õŠðìô£‹, ÞF™ õ‰îõN«ò F¼‹H ²î‰Fóñ£è ªê™ô «ð£¶ñ£ù Þì‹ «î¬õ. 

144 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® Gôõ£› Môƒ° «ñô£‡¬ñ Môƒ° ïìõ®‚¬è»‹ êÍè «ñô£‡¬ñ»‹ Môƒ°„ ªêò™ð£´: å¼ MôƒA¡ ªêò™ð£´ â¡ð¶ Üî¡ àì™ Þò‚èˆ¶ì¡ C‰FŠ¹ˆFø¡, °¿Š ðKõ˜ˆî¬ù»‹ «ê˜‰î¶. å¼ MôƒAŸ° àè‰î õ£Nì‹ Ü™ô¶ Üî¡ ïìõ®‚¬è ê‹ð‰îŠð†ì ñFŠd†®Ÿ°, Üî¡ Þò™ð£ù õ£¿‹ M ªêò™ð´‹ M  èí‚A™ ªè£œ÷ «õ‡´‹. ²î‰Fóñ£è ²ŸPˆFK»‹ Môƒ°è¬÷Š«ð£™ Ü™ô£ñ™, ÝŒõèƒèO™ ðó£ñK‚èŠð´‹ Môƒ°èO¡ ªêò™ð£´èœ ªð£¶õ£èˆ î´ˆ¶¬õ‚èŠð´A¡øù. ÜÂñF ÜO‚èŠð†ì ðK«ê£î¬ù º¬ø‚è£ù °P‚«è£œèÀ‚裫õ£, CA„¬ê‚è£ù è£óíˆFŸ«è£ Ü¡P ÜõŸ¬ø «õªøîŸè£è¾‹ è†ì£òŠð´ˆî‚Ã죶. å«ó ñ£FKò£ù ªêò¬ô ñ£ŸøI¡Pˆ F¼‹ðˆ F¼‹ð ù‚ è†ì£òŠð´ˆF‚ ªè£‡´ (Stereotype, compulsive behaviour) å¼ Môƒ° ªêŒAøªîQ¡, Üî¡ õCŠHìˆ î¡¬ñ Ü™ô¶ «ñô£‡¬ñ º¬øèO™ ãŸð†ì ñ£Ÿøƒ è÷£™ îù¶ Þò™ð£ù ªêò™ð£´è¬÷‚ 膴Šð´ˆ¶‹ ð‡¬ð Þö‰F¼‚èô£‹ â¡ð¬î‚ °P‚Aø¶ (Garner 2005; NRC 1998a). èœ, ̬ùèœ, ºò™ ñŸÁ‹ Hø Môƒ°èO™ ñQî àøõ£ìô£™ ê£îèñ£ù M¬÷¾èœ ãŸð´A¡øù (Augustsson et al. 2002; Bayne et al. 1993; McCune 1997; Poole 1998; Rennie and Buchanan-Smith 2006; Rollin 1990). èÀ‚°, èJŸø£™ 膮ò ï¬ì, æ´õîŸè£ù õN, M¬÷ò£†´, ªî£ì˜¹ Ü™ô¶ «î´î™ «ð£¡ø êÍè„ ªêò™ð£´è¬÷ á‚°M‚è‚ Ã´î™ ê‰î˜Šðƒè¬÷ ÜO‚èô£‹ (Wolff and Rupert 1991). ²ŸPˆ FKõîŸè£ù Þì‹, G¬øò àìŸðJŸC, «ñŒ„ê™ «ð£¡ø¬õ ªðKò ð‡¬í Môƒ°è÷£ù Ý´, °F¬ó, ñ£´èÀ‚° àè‰î¬õ. êÍè„Åö™: å«ó õ¬è Môƒ°èÀ‚° ñˆFJ™, Þò™ð£ù õ÷˜„C»‹ ï™õ£›¾‹ Gèö, º¬øò£ù êÍèŠ ðKõ˜ˆî¬ùèœ Iè ÜõCò‹ (Bayne et al. 1995; Hall 1998; Novak et al. 2006). Üš¾è‰î êÍè„ Åö¬ô, °PŠH†ì MôƒAùƒèœ Þò™H«ô«ò îQò£è, Ü™ô¶ Æì£è 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 145 õ£›A¡øùõ£, îQò£è, Þó†¬ìò£è Ü™ô¶ °¿õ£è õC‚è¬õ‚è «õ‡´ñ£ â¡ðùõŸ¬øŠ ªð£Áˆ¶ º®ªõ´‚è «õ‡´‹. å¼ °PŠH†ì MôƒAùˆF¡ ÞòŸ¬èò£ù êÍè ïìõ®‚¬èèœ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: ÞòŸ¬èò£ù êÍèˆ ªî£°Š¹, Þùˆªî£¬èJ¡ Ü예F, è¬ô‰¶ ªê™õîŸè£ù Fø¡, ðK„êò‹, êÍè ܉îv¶) ðŸPò ¹Kî«ô, ªõŸPèóñ£ù êÍè õCŠH숬î ܬñŠðîŸè£ù ªõŸPò£Œ ܬñ»‹. å¼ êÍè MôƒAùˆF¡ â™ô£ ܃èˆFù¼«ñ êÍègFò£è Þí‚èñ£è Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹ â¡ø «î¬õ J™¬ô. Þí‚èI™ô£î Môƒ°è¬÷‚ Æ´ õCŠHìˆ F™ ¬õˆî£™ c®ˆî ñùÜ¿ˆîº‹, è£òº‹, ã¡, ñóíº‹ Ãì ãŸðìô£‹. Cô ÞùƒèO™, Æ´º¬ø 制õó£ñ™ ð£Lù„ ꣘¹ Ü®Šð¬ìJ™ Gèöô£‹; àî£óíñ£è, ݇ ²‡ªìLèœ ªð‡ªíLè¬÷ Mì‚ Ã´î™ õ¡ñˆ¬î‚ ªè£‡®¼‚°‹. Ü«î«ð£ô, ªð‡ «ý‹vì˜èœ ªð£¶õ£è ݇è¬÷Mì ÜFè õ¡ñˆ¬î‚ ªè£‡®¼‚°‹. âQ‹, ÜšMí‚èñŸø «ð£‚¬èˆ îM˜‚è„ Cô õNèÀ‡´; ܬõ °†®ò£è Þ¼‚°‹ «ð£FL¼‰«î å¡ø£è õ÷˜Šð¶, Ü‚°¿M¡ ܃èˆFù¬ó ñ£Ÿø£F¼Šð¶, «ñ½‹ ܂Æ´ õCŠHìˆF¡ Ç´èO¡ õ®õ¬ñŠ¹‹ ²ŸÁ„Åö™ ªêP׆´‚ è¼MèÀ‹ àœÀ‚°œ ãŸð´‹ ꇬì è¬÷ˆ îM˜‚è‚îò¬õò£è Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. âù«õ ÜšMôƒ°„ êÍè‹ ²ºèˆî¡¬ñ ªè£‡®¼‚Aøî£ â¡Á èõùñ£è‚ è‡è£E‚è «õ‡´‹. c®ˆî, bMó õ¡º¬ø «ï˜‰î£™, Þí‚èñŸø Môƒ°è¬÷Š HKˆ¶ ¬õ‚è «õ‡´‹. Cô ÞùƒèO™, G¬ôò£ù êÍèŠð® G¬ôè¬÷ (Social Hierarchy) à¼õ£‚AòH¡, Þ¬í Ü™ô¶ °¿ ܃èˆFù˜èÀ‚A¬ì«ò °PŠð£è õ÷˜‰î Môƒ°è¬÷ ÜPºèŠð´ˆ¶‹«ð£¶ ÞŠð®ò£ù âF˜ñ¬ø «ñ£î™ èœ ãŸðìô£‹. âù«õ, ¹Fò Môƒ°è¬÷ ÜPºèŠ 𴈶¬èJ™ ܬî c®ˆî õ¬èJ™ ªñ¶õ£è Gè›ˆî «õ‡´‹. ÜPºè‚ è£ôƒèO™ åˆF¬ê¾ì¡ Þ¼‚°‹ õ¬óJ™ ÜõŸ¬ø ªï¼‚èñ£è‚ è‡è£Eˆ¶ õó «õ‡´‹. 

146 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® êÍè Môƒ°è¬÷ˆ îQˆ¶ 埬ø õ£NìˆF™ ðó£ñKŠðŠ «ð£¶ñ£ù Gò£ò‹ âšõ¬èŠð†ì¶? ðK«ê£î¬ù ꣘‰î, ñ¼ˆ¶õgFò£ù MôƒA¡ ï™õ£›¾ ꣘‰î è£óíƒèÀ‚è£è ñ†´«ñ MFMô‚è£è ãŸÁ‚ ªè£œ÷Šð´‹. ܉G¬ôJ™, Môƒ° îQˆF¼‚°‹ ï£†èœ Þò¡øõ¬óJ™ °ÁAòî£è Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. º®»ñ£J¡ 裆C, ªï¼‚è‹, ºè˜î™, ªî£´¾í˜¾ ꣘‰î ÜšMùˆFŸ° àè‰î ªî£ì˜¹è¬÷ˆ îó«õ‡´‹. Hø Môƒ°èœ àì¡ Þ™ô£îð†êˆF™, Åö™ ªêP ׆ìƒè¬÷Š ðò¡ð´ˆîô£‹, °PŠð£è, ÜõŸ¬øŠ ðó£ñK‚°‹ ðEò£÷˜èœ ÜšMôƒ°èOì‹ Ü‚è¬ø »‹ Ü¡¹‹ 裆ìô£‹. ÜõŸÁ‚°  ð£ó£†´‹ «î£ö¬ñ Môƒ°è¬÷ ܬøJ«ô£ õ£NìˆF«ô£ «ê˜‚èô£‹. 裙ï¬ì ñ¼ˆ¶õ¼‹ äãCÎC ܃èˆFù ¼‹ Þšõ£Á îQˆ¶Š ðó£ñK‚°‹ Môƒ°è¬÷‚ °PŠ H†ì è£ôõ¬óò¬ø‚° ñFŠd´ ªêŒ¶õó «õ‡´‹. Môƒ°è¬÷ ÝŒ¾º¬ø‚°Š ðö‚èŠð´ˆ¶î½‹ ðJŸC»‹ Þò¡ø «ð£ªî™ô£‹, Ü¡ø£ìŠ ðó£ñKŠ¹‚°‹ ðK«ê£î¬ù º¬øèÀ‚°‹ Môƒ°è¬÷Š ðö‚èŠð´ˆ¶ õ¬î ÝîK‚è «õ‡´‹. ܶ Ç®ô¬ì‚èŠð†ì îù¶ Åö¬ô ÜšMôƒ° ï™ô º¬øJ™ ãŸÁ‚ªè£œ÷ à. MˆFò£êñ£ù ÝŒ¾ º¬øè÷£½‹ ñ‚è÷£½‹ ãŸð´‹ ñùÜ¿ˆîˆFŸ° ܬõ ß´ ªè£´‚°‹. ðK«ê£î¬ù º¬ø‚«èŸðŠ ðö‚èŠð´ˆ¶‹ M è£ôº‹ ñ£Áð´‹. ªð¼‹ð£ô£ùõŸPŸ°, ðJŸCò£ù¶ â¡ù ñ£FKò£ù ðö‚èƒèO™ ß´ð´ˆî «õ‡´‹ â¡ð¬îŠ ªð£ÁˆF¼‚°‹. ܶ «ñ‹ð†´ õ¼‹ ÜõŸP¡ ï숬îè¬÷ õ®õ¬ñŠðî£è«õ£, ÝŒ¾º¬ø èÀ‚°ˆ î¡Q„¬êò£ù 制¬öŠ¬ðˆ î¼õî£è«õ£ Þ¼‚èô£‹ (Bloomsmith et al. 1998; Laule et al. 2003; NRC 2006a; Reinhardt 1997). Môƒ°Š ðó£ñKŠ¹ àí¾ à‡íˆî°‰î, ñ£²è÷Ÿø, MôƒA¡ õ£›Mî‹ ñŸÁ‹ á†ìˆ «î¬õè¬÷Š ªð£Áˆ¶ àí¾ 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 147 Ü¡ø£ì‹ õöƒèŠðì «õ‡´‹. «ê£î¬ù º¬øèÀ‚ è£ù «î¬õJ™ ñ£Ÿø‹ Þ¼‰î£™ åNò ÜõŸP¡ °PŠH†ì «î¬õè¬÷‚ 輈F™ ªè£‡´ Môƒ°í¾ Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. Môƒ° á†ì‹ ðŸPò «îCò Ý󣌄C‚ Æì¬ñŠH¡ (National Research Council Commit- tee on Animal Nutrition) àð°¿‚èœ, ÝŒõè Môƒ°èÀ‚è£ù á†ìˆ «î¬õè¬÷ 冴ªñ£ˆîñ£è G˜íJˆ¶œ÷ù (NRC 1977, 1982, 1993, 1994, 1995a, 1998b, 2000, 2001, 2003a, 2006b, c, 200); ÞšªõOf´èœ îó àÁFŠð£´, «õFJò™, ¸‡ µJKò™ ñ£²èœ, àí¾Šªð£¼†èO™ àœ÷ ÞòŸ¬è ò£ù èœ, àí¾Šªð£¼O™ àœ÷ á†ì„ ꈶ‚ èO¡ àJKò™ A¬ìŠ¹, ²¬õŠ¹ˆFø¡ ê‹ð‰îŠð†ì Hó„C¬ùè¬÷‚ 輈F™ ªè£œA¡øù. ªõš«õÁ õ¬èò£ù Môƒ°í¾èœ ܬõ îñ‚°œ ÜìƒA Þ¼‚°‹ à†ªð£¼œèO¡ ÉŒ¬ñ‚«èŸð ñ£Áð´A¡øù. ÞòŸ¬èò£ù à†ªð£¼†èœ (Natural Ingredient Diet) ªè£‡ì àí¾ õ¬èèœ Mõê£òŠ ªð£¼†è÷£½‹ Üî¡ àðªð£¼†è÷£½‹ îò£K‚èŠð´A¡øù. ªð£¶ õ£è ÝŒõèƒèO™ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð´‹ â™ô£ MôƒAùƒ èÀ‚°‹ Mò£ð£ó gFJ™ Môƒ°í¾èœ A¬ì‚A¡øù. ªð¼‹ð£ô£ù êñòƒèO™ Hóî£ù è£óEò£è Þ™ô£ M†ì£½‹, Môƒ°í¾èO¡ á†ì„ꈶ Ü‹êƒèO™ «õÁð£´èœ Þ¼‚èˆî£¡ ªêŒA¡øù. ÞòŸ¬èò£ù Íôƒèœ Íô‹ ÞòŸ¬èò£è«õ£ ªêòŸ¬èò£è«õ£ Cô ñ£²èœ ÜõŸP™ è£íŠðìô£‹ (Ames et al. 1993; Knapka 1983; Newberne 1975; NRC 1996; Thigpen et al. 1999, 2004) . Ì„C‚ªè£™L ꂬè, èù à«ô£èƒèœ, èœ, ¹ŸÁ «ï£Œ à‡ì£‚°õù, î£õó‹ ꣘‰î ßv†«ó£ªü¡èœ èô‰¶, àì™ Ý«ó£‚AòˆFŸ° ꟫ø áÁM¬÷M‚辋 Iè ªê£Ÿðñ£è ܶ «ê£î¬ù º®¾è¬÷Š ð£F‚辋 ô‹ (Thigpen et al. 2004). ꣡øO‚èŠð†ì Môƒ°í¾èœ ñ£²Šªð£¼†è¬÷ «ê£Fˆî Hø«è, ï™ô£Œõè ï¬ìº¬øèœ â‹ (FDA Good Laboratory Practice) º¬ø ꣘‰î Môƒ°èO™ G蛈îŠð´‹ Jò™ «ð£¡ø °PŠH†ì ÝŒMŸªèù MŸð¬ù ªêŒòŠð´A¡øù (CFR 2009) . ²ˆFèK‚èŠð†ì Môƒ°í¾èO™ àœ÷ à†ªð£¼†èœ åšªõ£¡Á‹ îQˆîQ«ò á†ì„ ꈶ‚èO¡ Ü®Šð¬ìJ™ HKˆîPòŠð´A¡øù. 

148 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® ÜõŸP¡ á†ì„ꈶ„ ªêP¾ «õÁ𣴋, ñ£²èO¡ Ü÷¾‹ °¬ø‰î Ü÷«õ àœ÷ù. «õFJò™Ì˜õñ£è îò£K‚èŠð†ì (Chemically Defined diets) Môƒ°í¾èœ A¬ì‚è‚îò ªð¼‹ð£ô£ù ‚è¬÷, îQ„CøŠð£ù ÜI«ù£ ÜIôƒèœ ñŸÁ‹ °PŠH†ì ꘂè¬óè¬÷‚ (NRC 1996) ªè£‡´œ÷ù. «ñŸÃPò ÜšMó‡´ õ¬è »í¾èœ ª ð¼‹ð£½‹ âL è O ™ ï ìˆ î Š ð ´ ‹ °PŠH†ì ÝŒ¾èÀ‚°Š ðò¡ð´A¡øù. âQ‹ ÜFè M¬ô»‹, à‡íMòô£ˆ ñ»‹, «êIŠ¹‚ è£ô‚ °¬ø¾‹ ÜõŸ¬øŠ ªð£¶õ£èŠ ðò¡ð´ˆî º®ò£ñ™ ªêŒA¡øù. Môƒ°Š ðó£ñKŠð£÷˜èœ Þšõ£ø£ù àí¾ õ¬èè¬÷ˆ «î˜‰ªî´ˆ¶ õ£ƒ°‹«ð£¶‹, â´ˆ¶„ ªê™½‹«ð£¶‹, AìƒA™ «êèKˆ¶, MG«ò£A‚°‹ «ð£¶‹, ܬõ «ï£Œˆªî£ŸÁ, 冴‡Eèœ, «ï£Œ‚ èìˆFèœ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: Ì„CèÀ‹ Hø ªî£™¬ô àJKèÀ‹) «õFJò™ ñ£²è÷£™ Môƒ°J˜èO™ ãŸðì‚îò ð£FŠ¹è¬÷‚ °¬ø‚è «õ‡´‹. àí¾Š ªð£¼œ õ£ƒ°¬èJ™, Ü¬îˆ îò£Kˆîõ˜ Ü™ô¶ MG«ò£Aˆîõ˜ Cð£K² ªêŒ»‹ ðK‰¶¬óè¬÷»‹ Cø‰î º¬øè¬÷»‹ H¡ðŸP (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: A샰 «êèó‹, Ì„Cˆ î´Š¹, ¬èò£Àî™), àí¾Šªð£¼¬÷Š ð£¶è£ˆ¶ Üî¡ îóˆ¬î»‹ àÁF ªêŒò «õ‡´‹. ÝŒ¾ GÁõùƒèœ àí¾Šªð£¼œ MŸðõ˜ èOì‹, Üî¡ º‚Aò á†ì„ꈶ‚è¬÷ ÝŒõèŠ ð°Šð£Œ¾‚°ˆ ªî£ì˜‰¶ à†ð´ˆF º®¾è¬÷Š ªðŸÁˆîó õL»Áˆî «õ‡´‹. «êIŠ¹‚ è£ôˆF™ å¼ àí¾Šªð£¼¬÷Š ð£F‚°‹ è£óEè¬÷»‹, ܶ îò£K‚èŠð†ì ÷»‹ ðŸPò îèõ™è¬÷ Üš¾í¾Š ªð£¼¬÷Š ðò¡ð´ˆ¶ðõ˜ ÜP‰F¼‚è «õ‡´‹. ªè†´Š«ð£ù, º¬øò£è‚ ªè£‡´ªê™ôŠðì£î Ü™ô¶ «êI‚èŠðì£î àí¾Šªð£¼O¡ á†ì„ꈶ °¬ø¾ŸÁM´‹. àí¾Šªð£¼œ ªðøŠð†ì¾ì¡, ܶ Ì„Cè÷£½‹, Fóõƒèœ ñ£²è÷£½‹ è¬øðì£ñ™, ð£FŠH¡P àœ÷î£ â¡ð¬î àÁF ªêŒò «õ‡´‹. 嚪õ£¼ º¬ø àí¾Šªð£¼¬÷Š ªðŸÁ‚ªè£œ¬è J™, âšõ÷¾ ͆¬ìèœ õ‰¶œ÷ù â¡ð¬î‚ °Pˆ¶‹, 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 149 ð¬öò êó‚° ºîL™ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð´Aøî£ â¡Á‹ èõùˆF™ ªè£œ÷ «õ‡´‹. Ì„Cèœ ¸¬öõ¬îˆ î´‚è àí¾‹ Üî¡ à†ªð£¼†èÀ‹ ðîŠð´ˆîŠð´‹, «êI‚èŠð´‹ ð°Fèœ ²ˆîñ£è ¬õ‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹. ¶Š¹ó¾ õêF‚° à õ¬èJ™ àí¾Í†¬ìèœ î¬óJL¼‰¶ àòóˆF™ èœ, Üôñ£Kèœ Ü™ô¶ ªî£†®èO™ «êI‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹. ñ£²ð´õ¬î‚ °¬øŠð‹, «ï£Œ‚A¼Ièœ ðó¾õ¬îˆ îM˜Šð‹, 㟪èù«õ Fø‚èŠð†ì ͆¬ìèœ, Ì„Cèœ Þ™ô£î ªè£œèô¡ èO™ «êI‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹. àò˜‰î «êIŠ¹ ܬø ªõŠðG¬ô, à„êG¬ô ßóŠðî‹, ²è£î£óñŸø Åö™, Ì„C èœ, Hø ªî£™¬ô àJKèœ ÝAòù àí¾„ YóN¬õˆ ¶KîŠð´ˆ¶A¡øù. ÞòŸ¬è - ÍôŠªð£¼œ ªè£‡ì àí¾è¬÷ 21 0C (70 0 F )‚°‚ °¬øõ£è¾‹, 50%‚°‹ °¬øõ£ù ßóŠðîˆF½‹ «êI‚èŠ ðK‰¶¬ó‚èŠð´Aø¶. Ü¿AŠ«ð£è‚îò ªð£¼†è÷£ù Þ¬ø„Cèœ, ðöƒèœ, 裌èPèœ, Cô CøŠ¹ àí¾è¬÷ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: ñ¼‰É†ìŠð†ì Ü™ô¶ ÜFè ªè£¿Š¹œ÷ àí¾èœ) ÜO‚°‹«ð£¶ º¡ªù„êK‚¬è ïìõ®‚¬è â´‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹, ãªùQ™ «õÁð†ì «êIŠ¹ G¬ô¬ñèœ àí¾ˆ îóˆF¡ ñ£Á𣆮Ÿ° õNõ°‚°‹. 心è£è„ «êIˆ¶ ¬õ‚èŠð†ì, ªð¼‹ð£½‹ ÞòŸ¬è - ÍôŠªð£¼œ ªè£‡ì, àô˜‰î ÝŒõè Môƒ° àí¾è¬÷, àŸðˆF ªêŒî 6 ñ£îƒèœ õ¬ó ðò¡ð´ˆî ô£‹. àŸðˆF ªêŒòŠð†ì G¬ôñ£Á‹ ¬õ†ìI¡ C ªè£‡ì¬õ ªð£¶õ£è 3 ñ£îƒèœ ñ†´«ñ °Š H®‚°‹. Ýù£™ ªð£¶õ£èŠ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð´‹ G¬ôŠð´ˆîŠð†ì àí¾èO¡ «êIŠ¹ Ý»¬÷ c†®‚è º®»‹. °O˜ðîù„ «êIŠ¹ º¬ø á†ì„ êˆF¡ îóˆ¬îŠ ð£¶è£Šð¶ì¡, «êIŠ¹ Ý»¬÷»‹ c†®‚Aø¶. âQ‹, àí¾ «êIŠ¹‚ è£ô‹ ï¬ìº¬ø‚ «èŸð‚ °¬ø‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹. Ü«î«ð£™ àŸðˆFò£÷˜ èO¡ ðK‰¶¬óèœ èí‚A™ â´ˆ¶‚ªè£œ÷Šðì «õ‡´‹. ²ˆFèK‚èŠð†ì, «õFJò™ gFò£è õ¬óòÁ‚èŠð†ì àí¾èœ ªð¼‹ð£½‹ ÞòŸ¬è - ÍôŠªð£¼†èœ ªè£‡ì àí¾è¬÷Mì‚ °¬ø‰î 

150 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® G¬ôŠ¹ˆî¡¬ñ ªè£‡®¼Šð ÜõŸP¡ «êIŠ¹‚ è£ô‹ ªð£¶õ£è 6 ñ£îƒèÀ‚°‹ °¬øõ£è«õ Þ¼‚°‹ (Fullerton et al 1982); ܬõ 40C (390 F) Ü™ô¶ Ü‹ °¬øõ£ùÅöL™ «êI‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹. èFKò‚èˆî£™ Ã´î™ àòó¿ˆî có£Mò£™ A¼Iï£ê‹ ªêŒòŠð†ì (Autoclavable) àí¾èœ õEè gFò£è‚ A¬ì‚A¡øù. «ñ½‹ ܬõ ªð£¶õ£è A¼Iè÷Ÿø, ¸‡µJKò™ gFò£è õ¬óòÁ‚èŠð†ì ܬõ ªè£Pˆ¶‡Eèœ, «ï£ªòF˜Š¹‚ °¬ø𣴜÷ Môƒ°èÀ‚°ˆ (NRC 1996) îóŠð´A¡øù. õEè gFò£è á†ì‹ ÆìŠð†ì àò˜ ÝMò£™ ²ˆFèK‚èŠð†ì àí¾èO™, G¬ôñ£Á‹ ¬õ†ìI¡èœ àò˜ có£Mò£™ ªõŠðˆî£™ ð£FŠHŸ° àœ÷£õF™¬ô â¡ð¬î àÁF ªêŒAø¶ (Culfiels et al. 2008; NRC 1996). Ýù£™ àòó¿ˆî có£M Íôñ£ù A¼Iï£ê º¬øò£™ àí¾ à¼‡¬ì èO¡ «ñ«ôŸð´‹ î£‚è‹ °Pˆ¶ èõù‹ ªê½ˆî «õ‡´‹. ãªùQ™ ܬõ àíM¡ è®ùˆî¡¬ñ¬ò‚ Æ®M´õ¶ì¡ ²¬õ¬ò»‹ ð£F‚è‚ô‹. «ñ½‹ àí¾Š ªð£¼†èO¡ «õFJò™ ñ£ŸøˆFŸ°‹ õNõ°‚°‹ (Thigpen et al. 2004; Twaddle et al. 2004). A¼Iï£ê‹ ªêŒòŠð†ì «îFJ¬ùŠ ðF¾ ªêŒò «õ‡´‹. Üš¾í¾ M¬óõ£èŠ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠðì «õ‡´‹. àí¬õ âOF™ ܵ辋, CÁc˜ ñôˆî£™ ñ£²ð´õ¬î‚ °¬øˆ¶, ï™ô G¬ôJ™ ðó£ñK‚辋 ãŸø õ¬èJ™ bõù‚°´¬õè¬÷ (Feeders) õ®õ¬ñ‚è «õ‡´‹. Môƒ°è¬÷‚ °¿‚è÷£è ¬õˆF¼‚°‹«ð£¶, àí¾‚è£ù «ð£†®¬ò‚ °¬ø‚èŠ «ð£¶ñ£ù õ£Nì º‹ «ð£¶ñ£ù àíõOŠ¹ ÞìƒèÀ‹ Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. Þî¡Íô‹ «ð£†®è¬÷‚ °¬øˆ¶, ܬùˆ¶ Môƒ° èÀ‚°‹ àí¾ A¬ìŠð¬î àÁF ªêŒò«õ‡´‹. º¬øò£ù ²ˆFèKŠH¡P, ñ£²ð£†®¡ Íô‹ ð™«õÁ Üð£òƒè¬÷ ãŸð´ˆ¶‹ ð°FèÀ‚° Þ¬ìJ™ àí¾ «êIŠ¹‚ ªè£œèô¡è¬÷ Þìñ£Ÿø‹ ªêŒò‚Ã죶, «ñ½‹ ܬõ ªî£ì˜‰¶ ²ˆî‹ ªêŒòŠð†´, A¼Iï£ê‹ ªêŒòŠðì «õ‡´‹. «èôK â‹ àí¾ ÝŸø¬ô G˜õAŠð¶ c‡ì è£ôñ£è ܬì‚èŠð†®¼‚°‹ ªè£Pˆ¶‡Eèœ, 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 151 ºò™èœ, ñQî‚ °óƒ°èO™ ãŸèŠð†ì å¼ GòFò£°‹. «ñ½‹ Cô ñ¼ˆ¶õŠ ðK«ê£î¬ùèœ, ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê º¬øèœ ñŸÁ‹ ðK«ê£î¬ù ꣘‰î «î¬õèÀ‹ ÞF™ Ü샰‹. (àí¾ ñŸÁ‹ Fóõ 心°º¬ø ðŸPò Ã´î™ Mõ£îˆFŸ° ܈Fò£ò‹ 2 ñŸÁ‹ NRC 2003a äŠ ð£˜‚è¾‹). Cô àJKùƒèO™, Iîñ£ù «èôK 膴Š 𣆮ù£™ c®ˆî Ý»†è£ôˆFŸ°‹ ÞùŠªð¼‚èˆ FŸ°‹ ñèœ M¬÷»‹. «ñ½‹ ܶ àì™ ð¼ñ¡, ¹ŸÁ«ï£Œ MAîƒèœ, ïó‹Hò™ ꣘‰î «è£÷£Áè¬÷»‹ °¬ø‚°‹ (Ames et al. 1993; Colman et al.2009; Keenan et al. 1994, 1996; Lawler et al. 2008; Weindruch and Walford 1988). G¬ôò£ù õCŠHì„ Åö™èO¡ W›, õòî£ù Môƒ°èO¡ àJKò™ «î¬õèO™ ãŸð´‹ ñ£Ÿøƒèœ èõùˆF™ ªè£œ÷Šðì «õ‡´‹. â´ˆ¶‚裆ì£è, Þ¡²L¡ âF˜Š¹, àò˜ Þóˆî Ü¿ˆî‹ (Martin et. al 2010) «ð£¡ø õ÷˜C¬î ñ£Ÿøƒè÷£™, â™ô£ «ïóˆF½‹ ªî£ì˜‰¶ àí¬õ à†ªè£œÀ‹ âLèœ ²‡ªìLèœ ð¼ñù£AM´‹ â¡ð ï™ô ꣡Áèœ àœ÷ù. å«ó ÞìˆF™ ÜFèñ£è à†è£ó «ï¼‹ õ£›‚¬è º¬ø»‹, àìŸðJŸCJ¡¬ñ»‹ Üè£ô ñóí Üð£òˆ¬î ÜFèK‚A¡øù (ibid) . Þ¶«ð£¡ø àìLò‚èˆ¬îŠ ð£F‚°‹ õ÷˜C¬î ñ£Ÿø M¬÷¾è¬÷ å¼ °PŠH†ì ÞùˆFŸ° ãŸð ñ£Ÿø‚îò «èôK «ñô£‡¬ñ¬ò (Leveille and Hanson 1966) àí¾ à†ªè£œ÷¬ô‚ °¬øŠð¶ Ü™ô¶ àìŸðJŸC¬òˆ ɇ´õî¡ Íô‹ ñ£ŸP ò¬ñ‚èô£‹. Cô àJKùƒèO™ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: ñQî‚°óƒ° èœ) Cô ê‰î˜ŠðƒèO™ êñ„Yó£ù á†ì„ꈶ àí¾ è¬÷ õöƒ°õ¶‹, ¹Fò õö‚èñ£è ðöƒèœ 裌èPèœ àœO†ì ‘M¼‰¶è¬÷’ õöƒ°õ¶‹, ªð£¼ˆîñ£ù¶‹ ï™õ£›¬õ «ñ‹ð´ˆ¶õî£è¾‹ Þ¼‚°‹. õCŠHìˆ î¬óJ™ àí¬õŠ ðóŠH¬õŠð¶ Ü™ô¶ Môƒ°èœ àí¬õˆ «î®Š «ð£è„ ªêŒ»‹ õNè¬÷ܬñŠð¶ «ð£¡ø¬õ, (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: ñQî‚°óƒ°èÀ‚è£ù bõùŠ¹F˜èœ) bõùˆFŸè£è ܬõ à¬ö‚°‹ õ£ŒŠ¬ð ÜO‚Aø¶. Þ¶ ªð£¶õ£è ÞòŸ¬è„ÅöL™, ÜõŸP¡ Ü¡ø£ì„ ªêò™ð£†¬ìŠ ªðKò Ü÷M™ åˆF¼‚Aø¶. 

152 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® îóŠð´‹ àíM¡ á†ì„êˆî£ù¶ êñ„Yó£ùî£è Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. ðô Môƒ°èO™ êñ„YóŸø Ü™ô¶ êñ„Yó£ù àí¾èœ âù Þó‡¬ì»‹ «ð£¶, ܬõ êñ„Yó£ù àí¬õˆ «î˜‰ªî´ŠðF™¬ô. «ñ½‹ ÜFè àí¾ ÝŸø™ ªè£‡ì, °¬ø‰î ¹óî àí¾è¬÷ˆ «î˜‰ªî´Šðî¡ Íô‹ Môƒ°èO™ á†ì„ꈶ‚ °¬ø𣴠ܙô¶ àì™ð¼ñ¡ ãŸð´Aø¶ â¡ð¶ ï¡° Ý õ í Š ð ´ ˆ î Š ð † ´ œ ÷ ¶ (Moore 1987) . Môƒ° ð£Ö†´õ¬î GÁˆFò¾ì¡, àíM™ F¯˜ ñ£Ÿøƒ è¬÷ˆ îM˜Šð¶ è®ù‹. Ýù£½‹ Ü‹ñ£Ÿøƒèœ °¬ø‰îð†êñ£è Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. ãªùQ™ ܬõ ªêKñ£ù, õ÷˜C¬î ñ£Ÿø Þ¬ìÎÁèÀ‚° õNõ°‚°‹. Þ‰î ñ£Ÿøƒèœ ܬùˆ¶‡EèO½‹, ñ£Iê à‡E èO½‹ Gè›A¡øù. â¡ø£½‹ Þîù£™ î£õó à‡E èœ (Eadie and Mann 1970) ÜFèñ£èŠ ð£F‚èŠðì‚ô‹. c˜ Môƒ°èÀ‚° °®‚èˆî°‰î, èôŠðìI™ô£î °®c˜ õêF Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. cK¡ îó‹ °PŠH†ì MôƒA¡ «î¬õ‚°†ð†ìî£è ܬñò «õ‡´‹. °PŠH†ì ÞìˆFŸ«èŸð cK¡ °®‚èˆî°‰î ð‡¹‹, cK¡ îóº‹ ñ£Áð´‹ (Homberger et al). âù«õ cK¡ è£ó ÜIôˆî¡¬ñ 㟹¬ìò¶ â¡ð¬î àÁFŠð´ˆî, cK¡ è®ùˆî¡¬ñ¬ò»‹ ¸‡µJ˜ óê£òù ñ£²è¬÷»‹ °PŠH†ì è£ô õ¬óò¬ø‚°œ è‡è£EŠð¶ ÜõCò ñ£è Þ¼‚èô£‹. ãªùQ™, å¼ °PŠH†ì õ†ì£óˆF™ cK¡ ªð£¶õ£ù «õFJò™ ÃÁèO¡ ñ£Ÿø‹, Ý󣌄C º®¾è¬÷Š ð£F‚è‚ô‹. âù«õ ªïPº¬øèÀ‚° ãŸð ²ˆFèK‚èŠð†ì c˜ «î¬õŠð´‹ð†êˆF™ cK¡ ñ£²ð£†¬ì‚ °¬ø‚è Ü™ô¶ ÜèŸø, có£ù¶ ²ˆF èK‚èŠðìô£‹. c˜ ²ˆFèKŠHŸè£ù «î˜¾ èõùñ£èŠ ðKYL‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹. ãªùQ™ ðô õ¬èò£ù c˜ ²ˆFèKŠ¹ º¬øèœ, àìLò™ ñ£Ÿøƒèœ, c˜ ¸è˜¾‚ °¬øŠ¹, Yóíñ‡ìô ¸‡µJKèO™ ñ£Ÿøƒèœ «ð£¡øõŸ¬ø à‡ì£‚A, «ê£î¬ù º®¾èO™ M¬÷¾è¬÷ ãŸð´ˆ¶‹ Fø¡ ªè£‡ì¬õ (Fidler 1977; Hall et al. 1980; Hermann et al. 1982; Hoberger et al. 1993; NRC 1996). ªð£¼ˆîñ£ù ðó£ñKŠ¹, ¶Š¹ó¾„ ªêò™ð£†¬ì 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 153 àÁFªêŒò °®c˜‚ °ö£Œèœ, î£QòƒA c˜ MG«ò£è ܬñŠ¹èœ «ð£¡ø c˜Šð£êù ê£îùƒè¬÷ Ü®‚è® «ê£F‚è «õ‡´‹. Môƒ°èÀ‚°‹ î£QòƒA c˜Šð£êù ê£îùƒè¬÷Š ðò¡ð´ˆî Cô «ïóƒèO™ ðJŸC ÜO‚è «õ‡´‹. ðJŸCJ¡ Íô‹ ï™ô º¬øJ™ c¬ó‚ °®‚°‹ õ¬óJ™, àìL™ cKöŠ¬ðˆ î´‚è Môƒ°è¬÷ˆ ªî£ì˜‰¶ è‡è£E‚è «õ‡´‹. ¸‡µJKò™ ñ£²ð£†®Ÿè£ù ꣈Fò‚ÃÁèœ Þ¼Šð, e‡´‹ GóŠ¹õ¬î Mì c˜ 𣆮™è¬÷ ñ£ŸÁõ¶î£¡ ï™ô¶. 𣆮™èœ GóŠðŠð†ì£™, 嚪õ£¼ 𣆮¬ô»‹, ÜèŸøŠð†ì Ü«î Ç´‚°ˆ F¼ŠH ÜŠ¹õF™ èõùñ£è Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. î£QòƒA c˜ MG«ò£è º¬øè¬÷ˆ îõø£ñ™ ²ˆîŠð´ˆî «õ‡´‹; A¼I c‚è‹ ªêŒò «õ‡´‹. ªõOŠ¹ø õCŠHìˆF™ îƒA»œ÷ Môƒ°èÀ‚° c˜Šð£êù ê£îùƒèO¡ Íô‹ ªðÁ‹ c¬óˆ îMó, c«ó£¬ìèO«ô£, ÜFè ñ¬ö‚°Š Hø° °†¬ìèO«ô£ Ãì c˜ A¬ì‚èô£‹. Þ¶«ð£¡ø ¶¬í c˜ Ýî£óƒèœ Ýðˆ¬î ãŸð´ˆî£ñ™ 𣘈¶‚ªè£œ÷ «õ‡´‹. Ýù£™ ÞòŸ¬èò£è‚ °®c˜ A¬ìŠð¬îˆ î´‚è «õ‡®òF™¬ô. °O˜è£ôˆF™, ªõOŠ¹ø c˜ Ýî£óƒèœ à¬ø‰¶«ð£õ¬î, «è£¬ìJ™ õŸPŠ «ð£õ¬îˆ î´‚è ïìõ®‚¬è â´‚è «õ‡´‹. 𴂬è ñŸÁ‹ ô 膴‹ ªð£¼†èœ Môƒ°Š 𴂬è ñŸÁ‹ ô 膴‹ ªð£¼†èœ Åö¬ô‚ 膴Š ð´ˆî‚îò è£óEè÷£°‹. ܬõ ðK«ê£î¬ù º®¾ èO™ î£‚è‹ ãŸð´ˆ¶õ«î£´ Ü™ô£ñ™ Gôõ£› àJKùƒèO¡ ï™õ£›¬õ «ñ‹ð ´ˆ¶A¡øù. ð´ ‚¬è ò£ù ¶ ßóŠ ð î ˆ¬ î àP…²õ‹, ¸‡µJKèO¡ õ÷˜„C¬ò‚ °¬øŠð‹, Môƒ°èO¡ èN¾èœ c˜ˆ¶Š«ð£è¾‹, Môƒ°ìù£ù èNM¡ ªî£ì˜¬ð‚ °¬øŠð‹ ðò¡ð´Aø¶. «ñ½‹ °PŠH†ì ð´‚¬èŠ ªð£¼†èœ Ǯœ Ü‹«ñ£Qò£M¡ Fó†C¬ò‚ °¬øŠðî£è¾‹ GÏH‚èŠð†´œ÷ù (Perkins and Lipman 1995, E. Smith et al. 2004). Môƒ°èO¡ àìL™ ªî£ì˜¹ð´‹, ªî£ì˜¹ðì£î Þ¼«õÁ ð´‚¬èŠ ªð£¼†èœ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð´A¡øù; «ñ½‹ ÜõŸP¡ ê£îèŠ 

154 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® ð‡¹è¬÷ ñFŠH´õîŸè£ù õNº¬øèÀ‹ MõK‚èŠð†´œ÷ù (Gibson et al. 1987; Jones 1977; Kraft 1980; Thigpen et al. 1989; Weichbrod et al. 1986). 裙ï¬ì ñ¼ˆ¶õ˜, GÁõù «ñô£÷˜, ÝŒõ£÷˜èÀì¡ èô‰î£«ô£Cˆ¶ I辋 ªð£¼ˆîñ£ù 𴂬è, Ç®Ÿè£ù ªð£¼† è¬÷ˆ «î˜‰ªî´‚è «õ‡´‹. ðô Þùƒèœ, °PŠð£è ªè£Pˆ¶‡Eèœ °PŠH†ì ªð£¼†èœe¶ ªîOõ£ù M¼Šðˆ¬î‚ 裆´‹ (Blom et al. 1996; Manser et al. 1997, 1998; Ras et al. 2002). ªð£¼ˆîñ£ù ô 膴‹ ªð£¼†èœ õöƒèŠð†ì ²‡ªìLèœ Cø‰î ôè¬÷ à¼õ£‚° A¡øù (Hess et al. 2008). âLèœ, «ý‹vì˜ «ð£¡ø Cô àJKùƒèÀ‚° «î£‡®Š ¹°‹ð®ò£ù 𴂬è õêF á‚°M‚èŠð´Aø¶. ܬùˆ¶ «ñô£‡¬ñ, ðK«ê£î¬ù G¬ô¬ñèO¡ W› â‰î å¼ °PŠH†ì å«óõ¬èŠ 𴂬èõêF ñ†´«ñ ܬùˆ¶ àJKùƒèÀ‚°‹ ãŸøî£è Þ¼Šð F™¬ô. â´ˆ¶‚裆ì£è, è‡ Þ¬ñèœ Þ™ô£î G˜õ£í âLèO™, Cô õ¬è ¸‡Eò è£AîŠ ð´‚¬è è÷£™ (Üî£õ¶, Cô õ¬èò£ù 𴂬èèO™ è£íŠð´‹ Iè„ CPò ¶èœèœ) è‡¬í„ ²ŸP ¹‡èœ ãŸðì‚ Ã´‹ (White et al. 2008). ð¼ˆFJô£ù Ã´èœ è‡ªî£Ÿ¬øˆ îó‚ô‹ (Bazille et al. 2001). «ñ½‹ 𴂬èèœ, ²õ£ê «ï£Œ âF˜Š¹ ÝŸø¬ô»‹ (Sanford et al. 2002) ñŸÁ‹ â‡«ì£ ¬ê«ì£Cv â‹ ªê™èO¡ ªêò™è¬÷»‹ (Buddaraju and Van Dyke 2003) ð£F‚°‹. ªñ¡ñóˆî£ô£ù 𴂬èèœ ðò¡ð£†®™ Þ¼‰î£½‹, º¬øò£èŠ ðîŠð´ˆîŠðì£î ñó„ªêF™ C™½èO¡ ðò¡ð£´ Cô ÝŒ¾ ªïPº¬øèÀ‚° ºóí£è àœ÷ù. ãªùQ™ ܬõ õ÷˜C¬î ñ£Ÿøˆ¬îŠ ð£F‚èô£‹ (Vesell 1967; vesell et al. 1973, 1976) . ªê죘 ñó„ªêF™èœ ðK‰¶¬ó‚èŠðì£î‚ è£óí‹, ܬõ è™hó™ ¬ñ‚«ó£«ê£ñ™ ªï£Fè¬÷ˆ ® ªê™ èÀ‚° ï…²‡ì£‚°‹ Ü«ó£«ñ†®‚ ¬ý†«ó£ 裘ð¡èœ â‹ èKñƒè¬÷ ªõOJ´A¡øù (Torronen et al. 1989; Weichbrod et al. 1986, 1988). «ñ½‹ Þîù£™ ¹ŸÁ «ï£J¡ ð£FŠ¹‹ ÜFèKŠðî£è ÜPM‚èŠð†´œ÷¶ (Jacobs and Dieter 1978; Vlahakis 1977) (ÜF àò˜ ªõŠðˆF™ 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 155 Ŭ÷J™ àô˜ˆ¶î™ Ü™ô¶ àòó¿ˆî có£M º¬ø). º¡ ðîQì™ Íô‹, ªð£¼O¡î¡¬ñ ñŸÁ‹ Ü«ó£«ñ†®‚ ¬ý†«ó£è£˜ð¡ ÃÁèO¡ ªêP¾ ÝAòõŸ¬øŠ ªð£Áˆ¶, ÝM»Á‹ èKñ «ê˜ñƒèO¡ ªêP¬õ‚ °¬ø‚èô£‹. Ýù£™ e÷ Ü÷¾ °PŠH†ì ÝŒ¾ ªïPº¬øè¬÷Š ð£F‚èŠ «ð£¶ñ£ùî£è Þ¼‚èô£‹ Cunliffe-Beamer et al. 1981; Nevalainen and Vartiainen 1996). ð´‚¬èŠ ªð£¼†è¬÷ õ£ƒ°‹«ð£¶ MŸð¬ù ò£÷˜èO¡ àŸðˆF, è‡è£EŠ¹, «êIŠ¹ º¬øè¬÷‚ èõùˆF™ ªè£œ÷ «õ‡´‹. ܬõ èœ, Hø ªð£¼† è÷£½‹, 𣂯Kò£, Ì…¬ê, Ì„Cèœ ÝAòõŸø£½‹ ñ£²ðìô£‹. îóˆ¬îŠ ðó£ñKŠð‹, ñ£²ð´õ¬îˆ îM˜Šð‹, 𴂬芪𣼆èœ, èO½‹, Ü´‚°èO½‹ Ü™ô¶ à‰¶õ‡®èO½‹ ªè£‡´ ªê™ôŠð†´, î¬óJ™ ðì£ñ™ àòóˆF™ «êI‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹. «êIŠð¬ø¬ò„ ²ˆî‹ ªêŒò õêFò£è ͆¬ìèœ ²õ˜èO™ ðì£îõ£Á «ð£¶ñ£ù Þ¬ì ªõO M†´ Ü´‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹. ݆«ì£A«÷MƒA¡ «ð£¶, 𴂬è ßóŠðî àP…C, Üî¡ M¬÷õ£èˆ îù¶ àP…²‹ ñ¬ò Þö‰¶, ¸‡µJKèO¡ õ÷˜„C¬ò ÜFèK‚°‹. âù«õ, ªð£¼ˆîñ£ù àô˜ˆ¶‹ «ïóˆ¬î»‹, «êIŠ¹ º¬øè¬÷»‹ H¡ðŸø «õ‡´‹. ñ£Ÿø£è, A¼Iï£ê‹ ªêŒòŠð†ì è£ñ£ - èFKò‚è‹ ªêŒòŠð†ì ªð£¼†è¬÷Š ðò¡ð´ˆî «õ‡´‹. Ç´ ñ£ŸøƒèÀ‚° Þ¬ìJ™, Môƒ°è¬÷ à ô˜ õ£ è ¬õ ‚è Š «ð£¶ñ £ù Ü ÷¾ ð ´ ‚ ¬ èŠ ªð£¼†è¬÷Š ðò¡ð´ˆî «õ‡´‹, «ñ½‹ CPò ÝŒõè Môƒ°‚ Ç´èO™ 𴂬èò£ù¶, c˜ àP…² °ö£ŒèÀì¡ ªî£ì˜¹ ªè£œ÷£ñ™ Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹, ãªùQ™ Þ¶«ð£¡ø ªî£ì˜ð£™ Ç®™ c˜‚èC¾ ãŸðì‚ô‹. ¶Š¹ó¾ Môƒ°èO¡ àì™ïôˆFŸ°‹ ï™õ£›¾‚ °‹ àè‰î ²ŸÁ„Åö¬ôŠ ðó£ñKŠð«î ¶Š¹ó¾ âùŠð´‹. ÞF™ 𴂬è ñ£Ÿøº‹, º¬øŠð® ²ˆî‹ ªêŒõ¶‹ A¼I c‚°õ¶‹ Ü샰‹. ²ˆî‹ ªêŒõ¶ â¡ð¶ ÜFèŠð® ò£ù èN¾è¬÷ÜèŸÁõ¶‹, Ü¿‚° °Š¬ðè¬÷ c‚è‚ 

156 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® îò¶. «ñ½‹ A¼Iï£ê‹ ªêŒõ¶ ¸‡µJKèO¡ Ü÷¾‚° ePò ªêP¾è¬÷‚ °¬ø‚辋 c‚辋 ªêŒAø¶. â‰îªõ£¼ ¶Š¹ó¾ˆ F†ìˆF¡ °P‚«è£À‹ 𴂬è¬òŠ «ð£¶ñ£ù Ü÷¾‚°„ ²ˆîñ£è¾‹ àô˜õ£è¾‹ ðó£ñKŠð¶‹, 裟P¡ îóº‹ Ã‡®¡ «ñŸ ðóŠ¹èÀ‹ «ð£¶ñ£ù ²ˆîˆ¶ì¡ ðó£ñK‚èŠð´õ¶‹ Ý°‹. ²ˆîŠð´ˆ¶õ¶, A¼I c‚è‹ ªêŒõîŸè£ù è£ô Þ¬ìªõO, ÜõŸP¡ bMóˆî¡¬ñ å¼ Môƒ°‚° Ý«ó£‚Aòñ£ù Åö¬ô õöƒ°õîŸè£ù «î¬õ¬òŠ ªð£Áˆî¶. ²è£î£ó º¬øèÀ‹, è£ôÞ¬ìªõO»‹ å¼ MôƒA¡ Þò™ð£ù àìLò™, ïìˆ¬îŠ ð‡¹èœ à†ðì ðô è£óEè¬÷‚ªè£‡´ ñ£Áð´‹. ܬõ: õCŠHì õ¬è, ðóŠð÷¾, ªð÷bèŠ ð‡¹èœ, Môƒ° õ¬è, â‡E‚¬è, Ü÷¾, õò¶, ÞùŠªð¼‚è ð¼õG¬ô, ð´‚¬èŠ ªð£¼†èO¡ ðò¡ð£´ ñŸÁ‹ õ¬è, ªõŠðG¬ô - ßóŠðî‹, ªð£¼†èO¡ ñ, ¶Š¹óMŸ è£ù «î¬õ¬ò à¼õ£‚°‹ G¬ô, õCŠHì «ñŸðóŠ¹ èO™ ð®»‹ Ü´‚°èO¡ MAî‹, õ£Nì ܬñŠ¹ ÝAòõŸ¬øŠ ªð£Áˆî¶. Cô õ£Nì ܬñŠ¹èÀ‚°‹, «ê£î¬ù ªïPº¬øèÀ‚°‹, 𴂬è ñ£ŸøˆF¡ è£ô Ü÷¾èœ, ÉŒ¬ñò£ù º¬øJ™ ¬èò£Àî™ ñ£ŸP ò¬ñˆî™ «ð£¡ø °PŠH†ì Môƒ° õ÷˜Š¹ ꣘‰î ªî£N™¸†ðƒèœ «î¬õŠðìô£‹. Môƒ°èO¡ àì™ õ£¬ìè¬÷ ñ¬ø‚°‹ ªð£¼† è¬÷ Môƒ°èO¡ õCŠHìˆF™ ðò¡ð´ˆî‚Ã죶. ï™ô ¶Š¹ó¾ ï¬ìº¬øèÀ‚è£ù Ü™ô¶ «ð£¶ñ£ù 裟«ø£†ìˆ¬î õöƒ°õîŸè£ù ñ£Ÿø£è ܬõ Þ¼‚è º®ò£¶. «ñ½‹ ܬõ Ü®Šð¬ì àìLò™ ñŸÁ‹ õ÷˜C¬î ñ£Ÿø„ ªêò™º¬øè¬÷ ñ£Ÿø‚îò ÝM»Á èKñ„«ê˜ñƒèO¡ ð£FŠ¹‚° Môƒ°è¬÷ àœ÷£‚° A¡øù. Môƒ°Š 𴂬è / Ü®ˆî÷ ñ£Ÿø‹ Môƒ° è¬÷„ ²ˆîñ£è¾‹, àô˜õ£è¾‹ ¬õˆF¼‚è«õ‡´‹. ²õ£êˆ F²‚èÀ‚° âK„êÖ†´‹ Ü‹«ñ£Qò£ «ð£¡ø ñ£²ªð£¼†èO¡ ªêP¬õ‚ 膴Šð£†®™ ¬õˆF¼‚è «õ‡´‹. Ü¿‚°Š ð®‰î 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 157 õŸ¬ø ÜèŸP ¹Fò ð´‚¬èŠ ªð£¼†è¬÷ GóŠð «õ‡´‹. 𴂬è ñ£ŸøˆF¡ è£ôÜ÷¬õˆ b˜ñ£QŠ ð¬õ: ºî¡¬ñ„ ܬìŠH™ àœ÷ Môƒ°èO¡ Þùƒèœ, â‡E‚¬è, Ü÷¾ «ð£¡ø ðô è£óEè¬÷Š ªð£Áˆî¶. «ñ½‹ ܬìŠH¡ õ¬è, Ü÷¾, °Á…Åö™ ªð¼…Åö™ ªõŠð G¬ô, ßóŠðî êîiî‹, Ç®¡ «ïó®‚ è£Ÿ«ø£†ì‹, CÁc˜ ñô‚èN¾, 𴂬èJ¡ «î£Ÿø‹, ßKŠ¹ ÜŸø ²ˆîñ£ù 𴂬è‚è£ù «î¬õ, Môƒ°èO¡ Þò‚è‹, ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê, ðôiùŠð†ì Môƒ°èœ, ðK«ê£î¬ù‚ è†ì£òƒèœ ÞF™ Ü샰‹. 𴂬è ñ£ŸøˆFŸ° º¿¬ñò£ù °¬ø‰îð†ê è£ô Ü÷¾ â¡Á ⶾ‹ Þ™¬ô; ÜîŸè£ù «î˜¾ â¡ð¶ ÝŒõ£÷˜, Môƒ°Š ðó£ñKŠ¹Š ðEò£÷˜èO¬ì«ò ò£ù ªî£N™ º¬ø ꣘‰î b˜ñ£ùº‹ Ý«ô£ê¬ù º®¾‹ «ð£¶ñ£ù¶. Þ¶ ªð£¶õ£è, FùêK ºî™ õ£ó£õ£ó‹ â¡Aøð® ñ£Áð´‹. Cô ê‰î˜ŠðƒèO™, Ü®‚è® «î¬õŠð´‹ 𴂬è ñ£Ÿøƒèœ GÁˆîŠðì ô£‹; â´ˆ¶‚裆ì£è °†®«ð£´õ º‰¬îò Ü™ô¶ H‰¬îò ð¼õƒèœ, Ý󣌄C «ï£‚èƒèO™ ð£FŠ¹, º‚Aòñ£ù çªð«ó£«ñ£¡ â‹ Þù‚èõ˜„C «õF‚ ÃÁ ꣘‰î ªõŸPèóñ£ù ÞùŠªð¼‚èŠ ð£FŠ¹ ÝAò¬õ. °Á…Åö¬ô„ ²ˆî‹ ªêŒî™, A¼I c‚è‹ ªêŒî™ Ç´èœ, Ç´ Ü´‚°èœ, ÜîÂì¡ ªî£ì˜ ¹¬ìò àðèóíƒè¬÷ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: bõùƒèœ, c˜ MG«ò£è„ ê£îùƒèœ) ¶Š¹ó¾ ªêŒ»‹ è£ô Ü÷õ£ù¶ Ç´ õ¬è, ðó£ñKŠ¹ º¬øèœ, àì™ ªî£ì˜¹ ꣘‰î, ªî£ì˜¹ ê£ó£î 𴂬è, ªê¼èŠð†®¼‚°‹ èN¾ˆ î†¬ì ²ˆî‹ ªêŒî™, è‹HJ†ì Ü™ô¶ ¶¬÷JìŠ ð†ì Ç´èO¡ W›Šð£èˆ ÉŒ¬ñ¬ò„ ꣘‰î¶. ªð£¶õ£è, «ñŸÃ¬ó «ð£¡ø Í®èÀ‹, ð£èƒèÀ‹ °¬ø‰îð†ê‹ 2 õ£óƒèÀ‚° å¼ º¬øò£õ¶ ²ˆîŠ ð´ˆîŠðì «õ‡´‹. Fìñ£ù W›‚ Ç´, 𣆮™èœ, c˜ àP…² °ö£Œèœ «ð£¡øõŸPŸ° ªð£¶õ£è õ£óˆFŸ° å¼ º¬øò£õ¶ ¶Š¹ó¾ «î¬õŠð´Aø¶. Cô õ¬èò£ù Ç´èœ, õ£Nì ܬñŠ¹èœ, ê£î£óíñ£è ²ˆî‹ ªêŒòŠð†ì£½‹, A¼I c‚躋 °¬ø‰îð†êñ£è ñ†´«ñ «î¬õŠðìô£‹. Iè‚ °¬ø‰î Môƒ° Ü예F 

158 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® è£íŠð´‹ õ£Nìƒèœ, Ü®‚è® ð´‚¬è ñ£Ÿø‹ ªêŒòŠð´‹ Ç´èœ, Ü®‚è® ð´‚¬è ñ£ŸøƒèÀì¡ Ã®ò ‚«ù£«ì£ðò£®‚ â‹ ¸‡µJ˜ Þ¼Š¹ b˜ñ£Q‚èŠð†ì Môƒ°è¬÷‚ ªè£‡ì Ç´èœ, îQˆîQò£ù 裟«ø£†ì‹ ªè£‡ì Ç´èœ, CøŠ¹ Å›G¬ôèÀ‚°Š ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð´‹ Ç´èœ ÝAò¬õ ÞF™ Ü샰‹. õ®è†® Í® ªè£‡ì è†ì£ò‚ 裟«øŸø‹ ÜŸø Ç´èœ, ÜFèŠð®ò£ù CÁc˜ èN‚°‹ Môƒ°èœ (â.è£: cKN¾ Ü™ô¶ CÁcóè «ï£Œ ªè£‡ì¬õ), Ü™ô¶ Ü예Fò£ù Môƒ°ˆªî£¬è ªè£‡ì Ü¬ìŠ¹èœ «ð£¡ø °PŠH†ì Å›G¬ô èÀ‚° Ü®‚è® ¶Š¹ó¾ŠðE «î¬õŠðìô£‹. ªè£Pˆ¶‡EèÀ‚°ˆ îQˆîQò£ù 裟«ø£†ì‚ Ç´èO¡ (äMC) ðò¡ð£´ ÜFèKˆî G¬ôJ™, MKõ£ù ¶Š¹ó¾ Þ¬ìªõOèœ, ÜFèKˆî õ£Nì Ü예FèÀì¡ ªð£¼‰î‚îò °Á…Åö¬ôŠ ðó£ñKŠð¶ °Pˆî Mê£ó¬í‚° õNõ°ˆ¶œ÷¶ (Carissimi et al. 2000; Reeb-Whitaker et al. 2001; Schondelmeyer et al. 2006). õ®õ¬ñŠH¡ Ü®Šð¬ìJ™, îQˆîQò£ù 裟«ø£†ì‚ Ç´èœ ªð¼…ÅöL¡ 裟«ø£† ìˆ¬î„ ê£˜‰¶ Þ¼‚°‹ ð£ó‹ðKòñ£ù Ç´ ܬñŠ¹èÀì¡ åŠH´‹«ð£¶, 裟P¡ ðKñ£Ÿøˆ¬î ܬõ «ïó®ò£è õöƒ°A¡øù. «ñ«ô °PŠH†´œ÷ð®, Ç´èO™ àœ÷ °Á…ÅöL¡, ðò¡ð£†´ G¬ô¬ñ èO¡ W› (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: Ç´ õ¬è, 𴂬è, Þùƒèœ, Þùõ¬è, õò¶, ð£Lù‹, Ü예F, «ê£î¬ù‚ 輈¾) êñóê‹ ªêŒòòŠðì£M†ì£™ °¬øõ£ù ¶Š¹ó¾ ªêŒ»‹ è£ô Ü÷¬õ Gò£òŠð´ˆîô£‹ (Reef et. al 1998). °Á…Åö™ G¬ô¬ñè¬÷„ êK𣘊ð¶ â¡ð¶, Ü‹«ñ£Qò£ èKòIôõ£» «ð£¡ø ñ£²èO¡ ªêP¾, ¸‡µJKò™ ²¬ñ, Môƒ°èO¡ ï숬î - «î£Ÿøˆ¬î Üõî£Qˆî™, 𴂬è Ç´ «ñŸðóŠ¹èO¡ ¶Š¹ó¾ G¬ô ÝAò¬õ Ü샰‹. ºî¡¬ñ ܬ승è¬÷ óê£òùƒèœ, Åì£ù c˜ Ü™ô¶ Þ󇮡 èô¬õ»ì¡ A¼I c‚è‹ ªêŒòô£‹. 迾‹ «ïóƒèœ Ü¬î„ ê£˜‰î G¬ôèœ, è¿Mò Høè£ù ï¬ìº¬øèœ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: A¼Iï£ê‹) ÝAò¬õ 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 159 A¼I Ü÷¬õ‚ °¬ø‚辋, ê‰î˜Šðõ£î «ï£Œ‚A¼I ð £ ‚¯ Kò£ ‚è ¬÷»‹, ¬õ óvè ¬÷» ‹ , Ü õŸ P¡ «õÁð†ì õ÷˜G¬ôè¬÷»‹, ¶Š¹ó¾ˆ F†ìˆî£™ 膴Šð´ˆî‚ îòî£è‚ è¼îŠð´‹ Hø àJKè¬÷»‹, 膴Šð´ˆ¶õŠ «ð£¶ñ£ùî£è Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. ªõŠðñ£ù cK¡ Íô‹ ñ†´«ñ A¼I c‚è‹ ªêŒõ¶ â¡ð¶ ªõŠðG¬ô Ü÷¾ ñŸÁ‹ å¼ °PŠH†ì ªð£¼O¡ «ñŸðóŠH™ ªê½ˆîŠð´‹ ªõŠð «ïóˆF¡ è£ôº‹ 弃A¬í‰î M¬÷õ£°‹, 冴ªñ£ˆî °ÁAò è£ôˆF™ àò˜ ªõŠðG¬ô Ü™ô¶ c‡ì «ïóˆˆFŸ° °¬ø‰î ªõŠðG¬ô â‹ ñ£Áð†ì º¬ø¬ò àJKùƒèO¡«ñ™ ªê½ˆ¶õî¡ Íô‹ Ü«î 冴ªñ£ˆî ªõŠð‚ è£óE M¬÷¬õŠ ªðøô£‹ (Wardrip et al. 1994, 2000). 143 - 180 0 F Ü™ô¶ Ü «ñŸð†ì ªõŠðG¬ôJ™ è¿M Üô²õ¶ ï™ô M¬÷¬õ ãŸð´ˆ¶‹. î‡a¼‚è£ù ð£ó‹ðKò ªõŠðG¬ôò£ù 82.2 0 C (180 0 F) â¡ð¶ c˜ˆªî£†® Ü™ô¶ ªîOŠ¹ c˜‚°´¬õJ™ àœ÷ c¬ó‚ °P‚Aø¶. «ê£Š¹, Þóê£òù A¼Iï£CQèœ Åì£ù cK¡ ªêò™Fø¬ù «ñ‹ð´ˆ¶ A¡øù. Ýù£™ Môƒ° àðèóíƒè¬÷Š ðò¡ð´ˆ¶ õ º¡¹, ÜõŸP¡ «ñŸðóŠ¬ð e‡´‹ ï¡° ÜôC‚ è¿õ «õ‡´‹. ÜõŸP¡ ðò¡ð£´ Cô c˜õ£› àJKùƒèÀ‚° ºóí£è Þ¼‚èô£‹, ãªùQ™ ÜõŸP¡ â„êƒèœ I辋 bƒ° M¬÷M‚è‚ô‹. ¶¬õ‚°‹ Þò‰Fóƒè¬÷‚ ªè£‡´ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: Ç´, Ü´‚°èœ, ²óƒè‚è¼M, 𣆮™ 迾‹ è¼Mèœ) Ç´, ܬ껋 è¼Mè¬÷ ²ˆî‹ ªêŒòŠ ðK‰¶¬ó‚èŠ ð´Aø¶. Ç´èœ, àðèóíƒè¬÷ ²´c˜, «ê£Š¹ Ü™ô¶ A¼Iï£CQè¬÷‚ ªè£‡´ ¬èò£™ ¶Š¹ó¾ ªêŒõ¶‹ ðòÂœ÷î£è Þ¼‚°‹. Ýù£™ ܊𮄠ªêŒõŠ «ð£¶ñ£ù èõù‹ «î¬õ. ªð£¼†èO™ â…C»œ÷ Þóê£òùƒèœ «ñŸðóŠ¹èO™ ð®ò£ñ™ è¿õŠð´õ¬î àÁFªêŒõ¶ I辋 º‚Aò‹. ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð´‹ Åì£ù c˜ Ü™ô¶ Þóê£òù‚ èô¬õèœ ÝAòõŸPL¼‰¶ îƒè¬÷ˆ îŸè£ˆ¶‚ ªè£œ÷Š ðEò£÷˜èÀ‚°Š ªð£¼ˆîñ£ù ð£¶è£Š¹ àðèóíƒèœ ÜõCò‹. 

160 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® î‡a˜ 𣆮™èœ, c˜àP…² °ö£Œèœ, î´Šð£¡èœ, àí׆®èœ, Hø CPò àðèóíƒè¬÷ «ê£Š¹ àœ÷ Åì£ù cK™ è¿õ «õ‡´‹. «ñ½‹ ªð£¼ˆîñ£ù ÞìƒèO™, ¸‡µJKè¬÷ ÜN‚è óê£òù‚ èô¬õè¬÷Š ðò¡ð´ˆîô£‹. ¸‡ªí£L ò¬ô Íô‹ ²ˆî‹ ªêŒõ¶ CPò àðèóíƒèÀ‚° å¼ ðòÂœ÷ õNº¬øò£è Þ¼‚èô£‹. î£Qòƒ° MG«ò£è º¬øèœ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð†ì£™, Ü„ê£îùƒèO™ ¸‡µJKèÀ‹ °Š¬ðèÀ‹ ð®ò£ñ™ Þ¼Šð¬î àÁF ªêŒõîŸè£ù Cô õNº¬øèœ ðK‰¶¬ó‚èŠð´A¡øù (Meier et al. 2008). Þ‰î õNº¬ø è÷£ù¶ ÜšõŠ«ð£¶ c¬ó ªõO«òŸÁõ¶, ªð£¼ˆî ñ£ù Þóê£òù‚ èô¬õè¬÷‚ ªè£‡´ ²ˆî‹ ªêŒõ¶, Ü¬îˆ ªî£ì˜‰¶ ï¡ø£è‚ 迾õ¶ Ý°‹. 心è£èŠ ðó£ñK‚èŠð´‹ õ®Šð£¡èœ, ¹ø áî£ M÷‚°èœ, Hø ê£îùƒèO¡ Íô‹ c¬ó ñÁ²öŸC ªêŒõ¶, c¬ó‚ A¼I c‚è‹ ªêŒòõ¶, G¬ôò£ù ñÁ ²öŸC„ ²ŸÁè¬÷ ܬñŠð¶ «ð£¡ø¬õ»‹ ðòÂœ÷î£è Þ¼‚°‹. ºî¡¬ñ‚ Ç¬ì„ ²ˆî‹ ªêŒ¬èJ™, î£QòƒA c˜ MG«ò£è‹ ªêŒ»‹ L‚C† (lixit) â‹ õö‚èñ£ù ¶Š¹ó¾ º¬ø °Pˆ¶ èõù‹ ªê½ˆîŠðì «õ‡´‹. ªð¼‹ð£½‹ Môƒ°Š ðó£ñKŠ¹ ê£îùƒèÀ‚° ¶Š¹ó¾, A¼Ic‚è‹ ªêŒõîŸè£ù õö‚èñ£ù ¶Š¹ó¾ º¬øèœ «ð£¶ñ£ù¬õ. Þ¼ŠH‹, «ï£Œ‚A¼I Ü™ô¶ ê‰î˜Šðõ£î ¸‡µJKèœ °PŠH†ì «ï£Œ‚ A¼I ÜŸø Ü™ô¶ «ï£Œ âF˜Š¹ °¬ø‰î Môƒ°èÀ‚° ÜO‚èŠðìM™¬ô â¡ð¬î àÁFŠð´ˆî, Ç´ ñŸÁ‹ ÜîÂì¡ ªî£ì˜¹¬ìò àðèóíƒè¬÷ A¼I ï£ê‹ ªêŒõ¶ ÜõCò‹. Ü«î «ð£ô «ê£î¬ù ꣘‰î àJKò™ Üð£òƒèœ î´‚èŠð†´M†ìù â¡ð¬î àÁFªêŒò «õ‡´‹. A¼Iï£ê‚ è¼MèO¡ 𣶠裊¬ð»‹ ªêò™Fø¬ù»‹ àÁFªêŒò ÜõŸ¬øˆ îõø£ñ™ ¶Š¹ó¾‹ ñFŠd´‹ ªêŒ¶ è‡è£E‚è «õ‡´‹. ªð£¶õ£è ªðKò Môƒ°èO¡ Ç´è¬÷»‹ æ´ð£¬îè¬÷»‹ ÜšõŠ«ð£¶ ²ˆFèKŠð¶, «ê£Š¹, A¼Iï£CQè¬÷Š ðò¡ð´ˆ¶õ¶, «ñŸðóŠ¹è¬÷„ 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 161 ²ˆîñ£èŠ ðó£ñKŠð¶ «ð£¡ø¬õ ªð£¼ˆîñ£ù¬õ. Môƒ°èO¡ èN¾è¬÷‚ è¿M ÜèŸø «õ‡´ñ£ù£™, ܬî å¼ ï£¬÷‚° å¼ º¬øò£õ¶ ªêŒò «õ‡´‹. ܊𮂠迾¬èJ™, Môƒ°è¬÷ àô˜õ£ù ÞìˆF™ ßó‹ðì£ñ™ ¬õˆF¼‚è «õ‡´‹. Ç´èœ Ü™ô¶ æ´ð£¬î¬ò„ ²ˆî‹ ªêŒ»‹ «ïóˆ¬î b˜ñ£Q‚è Môƒ°èO¡ Þò™ð£ù ï숬î, àìLò™ ªêò™º¬ø è¬÷‚ èí‚A™ ªè£œ÷ «õ‡´‹. â´ˆ¶‚裆ì£è, àí¾ á†ìŠð´‹ Môƒ°èœ °ìLò‚è âF˜M¬ù ò£™ (Gastrocolic Reflux) àí¾ à†ªè£‡ì CP¶ «ïóˆF «ô«ò ñô‹ èN‚A¡øù. ªð¼…Åö¬ô„ ²ˆî‹ ªêŒî™ A¼I c‚è‹ ªêŒî™ º¬øò£èˆ ªî£ìó «õ‡´‹. Môƒ° ܬøèœ, Åö™ ÞìƒèÀ‚° (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: «êIŠ¹Š ð°Fèœ, Ç´ 迾 õêFèœ, õ£óƒèœ, ªêò™º¬ø ܬøèœ) à†ð†ì Môƒ° õ£NìˆF¡ ܬùˆ¶‚ ÃÁèÀ‹ ªî£ì˜‰¶ ²ˆî‹ ªêŒòŠð쾋, Å›G¬ôèÀ‚° ãŸøõ£Á A¼I c‚è‹ ªêŒòŠð쾋 «õ‡´‹. Üî¡ è£ôÜ÷¾‹ ÜŠ ð°FJ¡ ðò¡ð£´, ñ£²ð£´ˆ ñ ÝAòõŸP¡ Ü®Šð¬ìJ™ ܬñò «õ‡´‹. ÝMò£°‹ ¬ý†óü¡ ªð󣂬ê´, °«÷£K¡ ¬ì Ý‚¬ê´ ÝAò¬õ Môƒ° ܬø¬ò„ ²ˆFèK‚èŠ ðòÂœ÷ èô¬õèœ Ý°‹. °PŠð£è àò˜ ªî£ŸÁ àJKèO™ (Krause et al. 2001) ÝŒ¾èœ º®‰î¶‹ Ü™ô¶ Mðˆî£è ÜPºèñ£°‹ ¸‡µJKè÷£™ ñ£²ð´õ¶ «ð£¡ø G蛾èÀ‚°Š Hø° ÉŒ¬ñŠð´ˆ¶õ¶ Iè ÜõCò‹. õö‚èñ£è ²ˆFèKŠ¬ð»‹, ÜKŠ¬ð»‹ °‹ ªð£¼†è÷£™ ²ˆî‹ ªêŒ»‹ è¼Mèœ îò£K‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹. ܬõ °PŠH†ì ð°FèÀ‚° â¡Á îQˆîQ ò£è 嶂èŠðì «õ‡´‹. «ñ½‹ ÜõŸ¬ø «õÁð†ì ñ£²ð£´ Üð£ò‹ ªè£‡ì ð°FèÀ‚°‚ °Á‚è£è ªè£‡´ªê™ô‚Ã죶. º¡«ùŸð£ì£è A¼I c‚è‹ ªêŒòŠð†ì Hø° ñ†´«ñ ªè£‡´ªê™ôô£‹. ÜEòŠ ð†ì ݬìèœ îõø£ñ™ ñ£ŸøŠðì «õ‡´‹. è¼Mèœ ²ˆîñ£è¾‹, 心è¬ñ‚èŠð†ì õ¬èJ½‹ ¬õ‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹. Þ¶ è¼Mèœ àô˜ˆ¶õ‹ Ì„CèO¡ 

162 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® ܬì¬õ»‹, ñ£²ð£†¬ì»‹ °¬ø‚è àî¾Aø¶. ¶Š¹ó¾ º¬øèO¡ ªêò™Fø¬ù ñFŠH´õ¶ ¶Š¹ó¾„ ªêò™ð£†®¡ è‡è£EŠ¹ º¬øèœ, ²ˆî‹ ªêŒòŠð´‹ º¬ø ªð£¼†èÀ‚° ãŸð ܬñò «õ‡´‹. è‡õN ÝŒ¾, ¸‡µJKò™ ñŸÁ‹ c˜ ªõŠðG¬ô è‡è£EŠ¹ ÝAò¬õ ÞF™ Ü샰‹ (Compton et al. 2004a, b: Ednie et al. 1998; Parker et al. 2003). Môƒ°èœ ªõOŠð´ˆ¶‹ àì™ õ£¬ìèO¡ bMó‹, °PŠð£è ªõO«òÁ‹ Ü‹«ñ£Qò£ Ü÷¬õ ¬õˆ¶, ¶Š¹ó¾ˆ F†ìˆF¡ ªêò™Fø¬ù ñFŠHì‚Ã죶. Ç´Š 𴂬è ñ£Ÿøƒèœ Ü™ô¶ Ç´è¬÷‚ 迾‹ è£ôÜ÷¬õ ñ£ŸÁõîŸè£ù º®õ£ù¶ Ü‹«ñ£Qò£ ªêP¾, 𴂬èJ¡ G¬ô¬ñ, Ç´ ñŸÁ‹ Môƒ°èO¡ «î£Ÿø‹, Ç®™ ¬õ‚èŠð†´œ÷ Môƒ°èO¡ â‡E‚¬è «ð£¡ø è£óEèO¡ Ü®Šð¬ìJ™ Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. ¶¬õ‚°‹ Þò‰FóˆF¡ ªêò™ð£†¬ìˆ îõø£ñ™ ñFŠd´ ªêŒò «õ‡´‹. Üî¡ ªîOŠ¹Š ð£è‹, ï輋 î¬ôèœ ñŸÁ‹ ªîOŠ¹ˆ ¶¬÷èœ «ð£¡ø Þò‰Fó‚ ÃÁè¬÷ ÝŒ¾ ªêŒ¶ ܬõ êKò£ù º¬øJ™ Þòƒ° A¡øùõ£ â¡ð¬î àÁFŠð´ˆî «õ‡´‹. ¶Š¹ó¾ º¬ø ªõŠðG¬ô ꣘‰¶ Þ¼‰î£™, ªõŠðG¬ô àí˜Fø¡ ê£îùƒèO¡ ðò¡ð£´ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: ªõŠðñ£Qèœ, ªõŠð àí˜è‹Hèœ, ªõŠð àí˜ Ü†¬ìèœ) ²ˆFèK‚èŠð†ì àðèóíƒèœ âF˜ð£˜ˆî ð® Þòƒ°A¡øùõ£ â¡ð¬î àÁF ªêŒòŠ ðK‰¶¬ó‚èŠð´Aø¶. ¶Š¹ó¾„ ªêò™º¬ø, î£QòƒA Íôñ£è«õ£ ¬èõNò£è«õ£ G¬ø«õŸøŠð†ì£™ ܈¶Š¹ó¾„ ªêò™Fø¬ùˆ ªî£ì˜‰¶ ñFŠd´ ªêŒòŠ ðK‰ ¶¬ó‚èŠð´Aø¶. ¸‡µJKèœ Ü™ô¶ èKñŠ ªð£¼œ Íô‹ Ü¬î‚ è‡ìP»‹ ê£îùƒèœ ðò¡ðìô£‹ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: Ü®«ù£C¡ †¬óð£v«ð† (ã®H, ATP) Üð«ò£-½Iªù¡ªê¡v, (Bioluminescence) Ü«î«ð£™, 迾õ º¡ àðèóí «ñŸðóŠH™ ªêòŸ¬èò£è Ü¿‚¬èˆ îìM, ܶ ¶Š¹ó¾‚°Š H¡ ÜèŸøŠð†´ M†ìî£ âù àÁFŠð´ˆîô£‹. 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 163 èN¾è¬÷ ÜèŸÁõ¶ õö‚èñ£ù, àJKèO¡ Üð£òèóñ£ù èN¾è¬÷ˆ îõø£ñ½‹ ð£¶è£Šð£è¾‹ ÜŠ¹øŠð´ˆî «õ‡´‹ (Hill 1999). èN¾è¬÷ ÜèŸøŠ ðô Cø‰î õNèœ àœ÷ù. õEè‚ èN¾è¬÷ ÜèŸÁ‹ àKñ‹ ªðŸø GÁõùƒèÀìù£ù åŠð‰îƒèœ, õö‚è ñ£è ê†ì‹, 心°º¬ø ꣘‰î Þí‚è‹, ð£¶è£Š¹ °Pˆî Cô àˆîóõ£îƒè¬÷ õöƒ°A¡øù. GÁõùŠ ð°FJ«ô«ò èN¾è¬÷ âKŠð¶ Üó² MFº¬øèÀ‚° Þíƒè Gèö «õ‡´‹ (Nadelkov 1996). ÝŒõèˆF¡ °PŠH†´ õ¬óòÁ‚èŠð†ì Þìƒ èO™ â™ô£‹ º¬øò£è‚ èN¾ˆ ªî£†®èœ ¬õ‚èŠ ð†®¼‚è «õ‡´‹. â™ô£ˆ ªî£†®èÀ‹ èC¾ ãŸðì£ ñ½‹, ÞÁ‚èñ£èŠ ªð£¼ˆîŠð†ì Í®èÀì‹ Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. ªè£œèô¡è¬÷»‹ è¼Mè¬÷»‹ 迾õ ãŸøõ£Á àœ«÷ à¬óè¬÷Š ðò¡ð´ˆ¶ õ¶ CøŠ¹. Ì„CèÀ‹ Hø ªî£™¬ô àJ˜èÀ‹ ܇ì£îð® Hóˆ«òèñ£ùªî£¼ èN¾ «êIŠ¹Š ð°F îõø£ñ™ Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. ÜèŸÁõ º¡, èN¾è¬÷ ¬õ‚è °O˜ «êIŠHì‹ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð†ì£™, 心è£èŠ ªðòKìŠð†ì, ÜîŸè£è ܘŠðE‚èŠð†ì, àìù®ò£èˆ ¶Š¹ó¾ ªêŒò‚îò, °O˜ê£îùŠ ªð†®, à¬øMŠð£¡, °O˜ ܬøè¬÷Š ðò¡ð´ˆî «õ‡´‹. Üð£òèóñ£ù èN¾è¬÷ ÜèŸÁõ º¡ð£è ÜõŸ¬ø‚ A¼Iï£ê‹ ªêŒò¾‹, æKìˆF™ ðˆFóñ£è «êI‚辋 Hø ªð£¼ˆîñ£ù õNº¬øèO¡ Íô‹ ð£¶è£Šð£è ¬õ‚辋 «õ‡´‹ (DHHS, 2009 Ü™ô¶ Iè êeðˆFò ðFŠ¹; NRC 1989, 1995b). èFKò‚è‚ èN¾ è¬÷ º¬øò£èŠ ªðòKìŠð†ì ªè£œèô¡èO™ ¬õ‚è «õ‡´‹. ܬõ Üó² MFº¬øèÀ‚° ãŸð èF˜i„² ð£¶è£Š¹ G¹í˜èÀì¡ ªï¼‚èñ£è 弃A¬í‰¶ ªêò™ð†´, ÜèŸøŠðì «õ‡´‹. Üð£òèóñ£ù èN¾è¬÷ ÜèŸÁõ¬î‚ 膴Šð´ˆ¶‹ MFº¬øè¬÷ Üó² ªè£‡´œ÷¶. Üð£òèóñ£ù ªð£¼†èO¡ ðò¡ð£´ ªî£ì˜ð£ù MFº¬øèÀ‚° Þ탰õ¶‹ (܈Fò£ò‹ 2 äŠ ð£˜‚è¾‹) ÜõŸP¡ MFº¬øŠð® ÜèŸÁõ¶‹ å¼ GÁõùˆF¡ î¬ôò£ò ªð£ÁŠð£°‹. 

164 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® ªî£ŸÁ«ï£Œ ªè£‡ì MôƒA¡ êìôƒèœ GÁõùˆ î÷ˆF™ âK‚èŠðìô£‹ Ü™ô¶ àKñ‹ ªðŸø åŠð‰îî£ó˜è÷£™ ÜŠ¹øŠð´ˆîŠðìô£‹. «õFJò™ Íô‹ èN¾è¬÷„ ªêK‚è„ ªêŒ»‹º¬ø (è£ó c˜ð°Š¹ CA„¬ê) Cô Å›G¬ôèO™ H¡ðŸøŠðìô£‹ (Kaye et al. 1998; Murphy et al. 2009). Þ‰î‚ èN¾è¬÷, GÁõùˆF«ô«ò ͆¬ì 膴î™, ªðòK´î™, «ð£‚°õóˆ¶, «êIŠ¹ ÝAò º¬øèœ GÁõùˆF¡ ªî£N™ê£˜ ²è£î£ó, ð£¶è£Š¹‚ ªè£œ¬èè«÷£´ 弃A¬í‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹ (Richmond et al. 2003).  ªè£‡ì, ¹ŸÁ«ï£Œ à‡ì£‚°‹, ðŸP âKò‚ îò, âF˜M¬ùò£ŸÁ‹, «îƒè£ñ™ Þ¼‚°‹ Üð£òèó ñ£ù èN¾è¬÷ º¬øò£èŠ ªðòKìŠð†ì ªè£œèô¡ èO™ ¬õ‚è «õ‡´‹. ÜõŸ¬øˆ ªî£N™ê£˜ ²è£î£ó, ð£¶è£Š¹ G¹í˜è÷£™ ðK‰¶¬ó‚èŠð†ì õNº¬øèœ Íô‹ ÜŠ¹øŠð´ˆî «õ‡´‹. Cô Å›G¬ôèO™, Þ‰î‚ èN¾è¬÷ 弃A¬í‚è«õ£ Ü™ô¶ å¡ø£è‚ èô‚è«õ£ ªêŒòô£‹. èN¾è¬÷‚ ¬èò£Àðõ˜èÀ‚°‚ è£òˆ¬î ãŸð´ˆî£î õ¬èJ™ Ãó£ù, è‡í£®ò£ô£ù ªð£¼†èœ ÜèŸøŠðì «õ‡´‹. Ì„C‚ 膴Šð£´ˆ F†ìƒèœ: Môƒ°èO¡ ÅöL™ Ì„CèO¡ Þ¼Š¬ðˆ î´‚è, 膴Šð´ˆî, ÜèŸø «õ‡®ò¶ ÜõCò‹. ÜõŸ¬ø‚ 膴Šð´ˆî¾‹ è‡è£E‚辋 F†ìIìŠð†ì ÝõíŠð´ˆî‚îò ªêò™º¬ø 塬ø õ¬óò «õ‡´‹. å¼ Cø‰î ªêò™F†ìñ£ù¶, Ì„Cèœ ÝŒõèˆF™ õ‰î¬ìõ¬îˆ î´‚Aø¶. ÜõŸP¡ ܬì¬õ c‚°Aø¶ (Anadon et al. 2009; Easterbrook et al. 2008). ªõOŠ¹ø„ ÅöL™ àœ÷ Môƒ° èÀ‚°, Ì„CèO¡ î£‚è‹ Ü™ô¶ «õ†¬ìò£´ðõ˜ è÷£™ à‡ì£°‹ Ýðˆ¶ «ð£¡øõŸ¬ø c‚°õ¶ Ü™ô¶ °¬øŠð¬î‚ °Pˆ¶ èõù‹ ªê½ˆî «õ‡´‹. Ì„C‚ªè£™Lèœ Ý󣌄C Môƒ°èO™  M¬÷¾è¬÷ˆ ɇìô£‹, ðK«ê£î¬ù º¬øèO™ °Á‚Aìô£‹ (Gunasekara et al. 2008) . «î¬õŠð†ì£™ ñ†´«ñ ÜõŸ¬ø Môƒ°èÀ‚è£èŠ ðò¡ð´ˆî «õ‡´‹. «ñ½‹ ÜõŸø£™ Môƒ°èÀ‚° ãŸð´‹ 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 165 ð£FŠ¬ð ÝŒõ£÷˜èœ º¡Ã†®«ò Ý«ô£C‚è «õ‡´‹. Ì„C‚ªè£™LèO¡ ðò¡ð£´ ðF¾ ªêŒòŠ ð´õ«î£´, Môƒ°Š ðó£ñKŠ¹ G˜õ£è áNò˜èO¡ ðEèÀì¡ å¼ƒA¬í‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹. ÜŠðò¡ð£´ Üó² MFº¬øèÀ‚° Þíƒè ܬñò «õ‡´‹. Ì„C õ÷˜„C¬òˆ î´Šð¬õ (Donahue et al. 1989; Garg and Donahue 1989; King and Bennett 1989; Verma 2002) ï…êŸø ªè£™Lèœ (e.g., amorphous silica gel) «ð£¡ø Ì„Cè¬÷‚ 膴Šð´ˆ¶‹ õNº¬øèœ H¡ðŸøŠðì «õ‡´‹. ªð£Pè¬÷Š ðò¡ð´ˆ¶‹ õNº¬øèœ ñQî£Hñ£ù Ü®Šð¬ìJ™ ܬñò «õ‡´‹. ªð£PèO™ àJ«ó£´ H®ð†ì Ì„Cè¬÷ Ü®‚è® èõQŠð¶‹, ¬èŠðŸøŠð†ì H¡ù˜ ñQî£Hñ£ù Ü®Šð¬ìJ™ 輬í«ò£´ àJ˜c‚è‹ ªêŒò¾‹ «õ‡´‹ (Mason and Littin 2003; Meerburg et al. 2008). ÜõêóG¬ô, õ£ó ÞÁF ñŸÁ‹ M´º¬ø èO™ ðó£ñKŠ¹ Môƒ°è¬÷ 嚪õ£¼ ï£À‹, õ£ó ÞÁF ñŸÁ‹ M´º¬ø ï£†èœ à†ðì, î°Fõ£Œ‰î ðEò£÷˜ èœ Ü‚è¬ø«ò£´ ðó£ñK‚è «õ‡´‹. Þ¶ Môƒ°èO¡ ï™õ£›¬õŠ ð£¶è£Šð‹ Ý󣌄Cˆ «î¬õè¬÷Š ̘ˆFªêŒõ‹ õNõ°‚°‹. Üõêóè£ô 裙ï¬ìŠ ðó£ñKŠ¹, «õ¬ô «ïóƒèO½‹ õ£ó ÞÁF ñŸÁ‹ M´º¬ø èO½‹ A¬ì‚è «õ‡´‹. ÜõêóG¬ô ãŸð†ì£™, GÁõùŠ ð£¶è£Š¹Š ðEò£÷˜èœ, bò¬íŠ¹, è£õ™¶¬ø ÜFè£Kèœ Môƒ°èO¡ ð£¶è£ŠHŸ°Š ªð£ÁŠ«ðŸ°‹ ïð˜è¬÷ àìù®ò£èˆ ªî£ì˜¹ªè£œ÷ ºòô «õ‡´‹. Üõêó è£ô ï¬ìº¬øè¬÷»‹, ªð£ÁŠ«ðŸ«ð£˜ ªðò˜èœ Ü™ô¶ ªî£¬ô«ðC â‡è¬÷»‹, ÝŒõèˆF™ ªîOõ£èˆ ªîK»‹ð® ð£¶è£Š¹ ܽõôèˆF«ô£ Ü™ô¶ GÁõùˆ ªî£¬ô«ðC ¬ñòˆF«ô£ ¬õŠðî¡ Íô‹ º‚Aò ÜPMŠ¬ðˆ ªîKòŠð´ˆîô£‹. CøŠ¹ ïìõ®‚¬èè¬÷, ªêò™º¬øè¬÷‚ ¬èò£œõîŸè£ù º‚Aò Üõêóè£ô ï¬ìº¬øè¬÷ˆ ªîOõ£èˆ ªîK»‹ ð® ÜPMˆF¼‚è «õ‡´‹. Ü„CøŠ¹Š ð°FèÀ‚è£ù Üõêóè£ô ï¬ìº¬øèO™ ðEò£ŸÁ‹ ïð˜èÀ‚° àKò ðJŸC»‹ ÜO‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹. Môƒ° õêF‚è£ù 

166 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® 冴ªñ£ˆîŠ ð£¶è£Š¹ˆ F†ìˆF¡ å¼ ð°Fò£è ðEò£÷˜è¬÷»‹ Môƒ°è¬÷»‹ îò£˜ ªêŒò «õ‡®òîŸè£ù å¼ «ðKì˜ è£Š¹ˆ F†ì‹ õ¬óòŠðì «õ‡´‹. Môƒ°èÀ‚°Š ªð£ÁŠð£ù «ñô£÷˜ Ü™ô¶ 裙ï¬ì ñ¼ˆ¶õ˜ GÁõùˆF¡ ð£¶è£Š¹‚ °¿M™ àÁŠHùó£è Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. Üõ˜ GÁõùˆ F¡ ꣘H™ ðFôOŠðõó£è¾‹, «ðKì˜ î´ŠH™ ðƒ«èŸð£÷ó£è¾‹ Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹ (Vogelweld 1998). Môƒ°ˆ ªî£¬è «ñô£‡¬ñ ܬìò£÷‹ è£í™ Þ Môƒ°èO¡ ðF«õ´èœ ðòÂœ÷¬õ. Môƒ°èO¡ ܬìò£÷ ܆¬ìèO™ õ¬óòÁ‚èŠð†ì îèõ™èœ ºî™, îQŠð†ì Môƒ°èÀ‚è£ù MKõ£ù èEQñòñ£‚èŠð†ì ðF¾èœ õ¬ó (Field et al. 2007). ܬõ ñ£Áð†ì¬õò£è¾‹ Þ¼Šð¬õ. Môƒ° ܬìò£÷‹ 裵‹ õNº¬øèO™, ܬø, Ü´‚°, Ç´, ªî£¿õ‹, â¿îŠð†ì Ç´ ܆¬ìèœ, èEQ ꃫèî‚ °Pf†´‚ «è£´èœ, «ó®«ò£ ÜF˜ªõ‡ ܬìò£÷‹ «ð£¡ø (RFID) îèõ™è¬÷‚ ªè£‡´œ÷ù. ܬìò£÷ ܆¬ìèO™ MôƒA¡ Ýî£ó‹, õ¬èJù‹, ªî£°Š¹, ªð£ÁŠ¹ ÝŒõ£÷˜ (èœ), ÝŒ¾ˆ ªî£ì˜¹¬ìò «îFèœ (â´ˆ¶‚ 裆´: õ¼¬è «îF, Hø‰î «îF «ð£¡ø¬õ) ܬõ ªî£ì˜¹ð´‹ F†ì õ¬ó¾ ⇠ÝAò¬õ Ü샰‹. ñóðµ õ¬èˆ îèõ™ èœ, ªð£¼ˆîñ£ù ÞìƒèO™ °PŠHìŠðì «õ‡´‹. «ñ½‹ º¿ ñóðµ õ¬èJùŠ ªðòKì™ (W«ö 裇è) Iè c÷ñ£è Þ¼‚°‹ð†êˆF™ º¬øŠð´ˆîŠð†ì ꃫèî„ ²¼‚èƒèœ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠðì «õ‡´‹. ôîô£è 迈¶Šð†¬ìèœ, M™¬ôèœ, °Pf´ èœ, õ‡í„ ê£òƒèœ, 裶Š H÷¾èœ / ¶õ£ó‹, °P„ªê£Ÿèœ, ð„¬ê °ˆî™, èEQ ꣘‰î «î£ô® °Pò†¬ìèœ, «è£´èœ, CPò ªî£N™¸†ð ܬìò£÷‚ è¼Mèœ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð´A¡øù. ªè£Pˆ¶‡Eè¬÷ ܬìò£÷‹ è£í «õÁ â‰îªõ£¼ îQŠð†ì ܬì ò£÷ º¬ø»‹ ꣈FòI™ô£î«ð£¶ ñ†´«ñ 裙Mó™ ¶EŠ¹º¬ø¬òŠ H¡ðŸø «õ‡´‹. Þ‹º¬ø¬ò‚ °†® «ð£†´ 㿠è÷£ù ²‡ªìLèO™ H¡ðŸø 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 167 ô£‹. ãªùQ™ ÜŠð¼õˆF™ ÜõŸP¡ ï숬îJ½‹, ï™õ£›M½‹ Üîù£™ â‰îªõ£¼ ð£FŠ¹‹ Þ¼‚裶. (Castelhano-Carlos et al. 2010). °PŠð£è 裙Mó™¶EŠ¹ì¡ ñóðµ õ¬èŠð´ˆî¬ô»‹ Þ¬íŠð¶ ê£ô„ Cø‰î¶. â™ô£„ Å›G¬ôèO½‹ A¼IòŸø Éò ï¬ìº¬øèœ ñ†´«ñ H¡ðŸøŠðì «õ‡´‹. ñò‚èñ¼‰¶, õL Gõ£óEŠ ðò¡ð£´ Môƒ°èO¡ õò¶‚° ãŸð Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹ (Hankenson et al. 2008). ðF«õ´ ðó£ñKˆî™ àì™ Ü÷M™ ªðKò, c‡ì Ý»¬÷‚ ªè£‡ì Môƒ°èO¡ °¿‚è¬÷ G˜õA‚è, Ü®Šð¬ìˆ îèõ™ è¬÷ MKõ£è‚ ªè£‡ì ðF«õ´èœ ÜõCò‹. ÜŠðF «õ´ 嚪õ£¼ Môƒ°‚°‹ ðó£ñK‚èŠ ðì«õ‡´‹ (NRC 1979a). Þ‰îŠ ðF«õ´èO™, ªð¼‹ 𣽋 Þùƒèœ, Môƒ° ܬìò£÷ƒè£†®, ê‰îF ܬìò£÷ƒè£†®, ð£Lù‹, Hø‰î «îF Ü™ô¶ ¬èòèŠ ð´ˆFò «îF, Íô£î£ó‹, ªõO«òÁ‹ «îF, ܉Fñ‚ è£ô‹ ÝAò îè™õ™èœ Ü샰‹. ÞŠðF«õ´èO™ Môƒ°èO¡ ñóðµ «ñô£‡¬ñ ñŸÁ‹ °PŠH†ì °¿M¡ õóô£Á ꣘‰î ñFŠd´èœ ÝAò¬õ Þì‹ ªðÁõ¶ ÜõCò‹. õ÷˜Š¹, õ£Nì õóô£Áèœ, Þù„«ê˜‚¬è õóô£Áèœ, ï숬î ðŸPò ðF¾èœ, ²òMõóƒèœ «ð£¡ø¬õ àJKùƒèO¡, °PŠð£è ñQî‚°óƒ°èO¡ «ñô£‡¬ñ‚°Š ðòÂœ÷î£è ܬñ»‹ (NRC 1979a). GÁõùƒèÀ‚° Þ¬ìJ™ Môƒ° èœ ñ£ŸøŠð´‹«ð£¶, ܬõ ªî£ì˜ð£ù ðF¾ ªêŒòŠð†ì îèõ™èœ ðóvðó‹ ðAóŠð†ì «õ‡´‹. îQŠð†ì Môƒ°èÀ‚è£ù, °PŠð£è èœ, ̬ùèœ, ñQî‚°óƒAùƒèœ, Mõê£ò Môƒ°èO¡ (Chakko - Dorning 2007). ñ¼ˆ¶õ‹ ñŸÁ‹ àìŸÃÁ ꣘‰î Ü PM ò™ î è õ ™è ¬÷‚ ª è £‡®¼ ‚ è « õ‡´ ‹ . î´ŠÌCèO¡ «îF, ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê º¬øèœ, ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê‚°Š H¡ «ñŸð£˜¬õ, «ê£î¬ù Mî‹ ðŸPò îèõ™èœ, ªð£¼‰î‚îò ÞìƒèO™ êìô‚ÃÁ ê‹ð‰îñ£ù è‡ìP¾ ÝAò¬õ º‚Aòñ£ù¬õ. å¼ MôƒA¡ Ü®Šð¬ì ¹œOMõóˆ îèõ™èÀ‹, ñ¼ˆ¶õ õóô£ÁèÀ‹, ÞùŠªð¼‚è‹, Ý󣌄C ÝAò 

168 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® Þ󇮟°ñ£ù îQ„CøŠð£ù îèõ™è÷£°‹. «ñ½‹ ܬõ ÝŒõ£÷˜èÀ‹ 裙ï¬ì áNò˜èÀ‹ Môƒ°Š ðó£ñKŠ¹ áNò˜èÀ‹ àìù®ò£èŠ 𣘂è‚îòî£è Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. ÞùŠªð¼‚è‹, ñóHò™ ñŸÁ‹ ªðòKì™: ÞùŠªð¼‚è‚ °¿‚èO½‹, àJKò™ ñ¼ˆ¶õ Ý󣌄CJ½‹ ðò¡ð´ˆî «õ‡®, Môƒ°è¬÷ˆ «î˜‰ªî´Šð‹ G˜õAŠð‹, ñó𵊠ð‡¹èœ ðŸPò Mõóƒèœ Iè º‚Aòñ£ù¬õ (H¡ ެ특 ‘Ü’ äŠ ð£˜‚è¾‹). ê‰îF ðŸPò îèõô£ù¶, ÞùŠ ªð¼‚è Þ¬íè¬÷»‹, Ý󣌄C‚è£ù Môƒ°è¬÷»‹, àø¾ˆ ªî£ì˜ðŸø Ü™ô¶ àø¾ˆ ªî£ì˜¹ ÜPòŠð†ì Môƒ°è¬÷ˆ «î˜¾ ªêŒò õNõ°‚Aø¶. ªõOJùŠªð¼‚è Môƒ°èœ (Out bred) àJKò™ ñ¼ˆ¶õ Ý󣌄CJ™ ðóõô£èŠ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð´A¡øù. ÞùŠªð¼‚è‚ °¿‚èO¡ c‡ìè£ô ñóðµ ð¡ºèˆ ñ¬ò àÁFŠð´ˆ¶õ, GÁõù Môƒ°èœ ꣘‰î Mõóƒèœ «ð£¶ñ£ùî£è Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. ªõO Š ªð ¼‚è Môƒ °è Oì I ¼ ‰ ¶ ªð ø Š ð † ì Ý󣌄Cˆ îó¬õ «ïó®ò£è åŠH†´Š 𣘂辋, ñóðµ ñ£Áð£†¬ìŠ ðó£ñK‚辋, å¼ GÁõùˆF¡ ñó¹‚ÃÁ HóFGFˆ¶õƒè¬÷ êñŠð´ˆî¾‹, ñóðµ «ñô£‡¬ñ ¸†ðƒèœ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠðì «õ‡´‹ (Hartl 2000; Poiley 1960; Williams-Blangero 1991) . èEQ ñ£FK ÝŒ¾èœ, àJ˜«õFJò™ °PŠð£¡èœ (Biochemical Mark- ers), ®.â¡.ã °PŠð£¡èœ, ñóðµ õK¬êŠð´ˆî™, «ï£ªòF˜Š¹‚ °PŠð£¡èœ Ü™ô¶ Þò‚èMò™ ñ£Á𣴠꣘‰î ñó𵊠ð°Šð£Œ¾èœ ÝAò àìLò™ ÃÁèœ (MacCluer et al. 1986; Williams-Blangero 1993) Íô‹ ñóðµ ñ£Áð£†¬ì‚ è‡è£E‚è º®»‹. °PŠH†ì Ý󣌄Cˆ «î¬õè¬÷Š ̘ˆF ªêŒõîŸè£èŠ ð™«õÁ àJKù õ¬èèO¡, °PŠð£è ªè£Pˆ¶‡EèO™, àœOùŠ ªð¼‚è º¬øèœ (Inbred) à¼õ£‚èŠð†´œ÷ù (Festing 1979; Gill 1980). ÞùŠªð¼‚è‹ ªêŒòŠð†ì Môƒ°èœ Ü™ô¶ ÜõŸP¡ ºî™ (F1) ê‰îFJù˜ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð´‹«ð£¶ ÜõŸP¡, ñóðµ ï‹ðèˆî¡¬ñ¬ò ÜšõŠ«ð£¶ è‡è£EŠð¶ ÜõCò‹ 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 169 (Festing 1982; Hedrich 1990). «ï£ªòF˜Š¹, àJ˜«õFJò™, ñóðµ Íô‚ÃÁ ¸†ðƒè¬÷„ ꣘‰î ðô è‡è£EŠ¹ º¬øèœ à¼õ£‚èŠð†´œ÷ù (Cramer 1983; Festing 2002; Groen 1977; Haffman et al. 1993). ñó𵊠Hø›¾, ªð£¼‰î£ˆ ñJ¡ M¬÷õ£è ãŸð´‹ ñóðµ ñ£²ð£†¬ì‚ °¬ø‚è ªð£¼ˆîñ£ù èôŠHù «ñô£‡¬ñ º¬øèœ (Green 1981; Kempthome 1957) õ®õ¬ñ‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹. Ý󣌄CJ™ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð´‹ Môƒ°èO¡ ªð¼‹ð£¡¬ñ MAîˆ¬î‚ ñóðµ ñ£ŸøŠð†ì Môƒ° èœ GóŠ¹A¡øù. âQ‹ ÜõŸP¡ G˜õAŠH™ CøŠ¹‚ èõù‹ «î¬õŠð´Aø¶. 弃A¬í‚èŠð†ì Ü™ô¶ ñ£ŸøŠð†ì ñóðµ‚èœ °PŠH†ì ÞùƒèO¡ Ü™ô¶ Þùõ¬èJ¡ Þò™ð£ù ñóðµ‚èÀì¡ ªî£ì˜¹ ªè£‡´Mìô£‹. Hø ñóðµ ñ£Ÿøˆ¶ì«ù£ Ü™ô¶ ²ŸÁ„Åö™ è£óEèÀì«ù£ ÜõŸP¡ å¼ ð°F ªî£ì˜¹ ªè£‡´, 嚪õ£¼ GMA õK¬ê»‹, å¼ îQˆ¶õñ£ù ñóðµ õ÷ñ£è ñ£PMìô£‹. ܶ«ð£¡ø õ÷ƒèœ ð£¶è£‚èŠðì, àKò èõù‹ «ñŸªè£œ÷Šðì «õ‡´‹. ñóðµ G˜õAŠ¹ º¬øè«÷£´, ê‰îF Mðóƒè¬÷»‹, Hø ñóðµ ñ£Ÿø¬ñŠ¹è¬÷Š ðó£ñKˆ¶, è¼×†ìŠð†ì ñ£ŸÁ ñóðµ‚èO¡ Þ¼Š¬ð»‹ àÁF ªêŒò «õ‡´‹. (Conner 2005) 輂èœ, º†¬ìèœ, 輊¬ðèœ. M‰îµ‚èO¡ ÜF°OÏ†ìŠ ð£¶è£ŠH™, è£ôŠ«ð£‚A™ ñ£Ÿøµ‚èO™ ãŸð´‹ ñ£Ÿøƒèœ Ü™ô¶ Mðˆî£è Tâ‹ã õK¬êèO¡ ÞöŠ¹ ÝAòõŸÁ‚° âFó£ù ð£¶è£Š¹ ï¬ìº¬øò£è Þ¬õ è¼îŠðì «õ‡´‹ (Conner 2002; Liu et al. 2009). ðó‹ð¬ó ðó‹ð¬óò£èŠ ðŸðô ñóðµ ñ£Ÿøƒ èÀ‚° à†ð†ì Môƒ°èO™ ªõš«õÁ Tâ‹ã õK¬êèœ °P‚A´õ ÜõŸP¡ ê‰îFèO™ ñóðµ õ¬è ñ£Ÿø‹ ãŸð´Aø¶. Ýù£™ ܶ«ð£¡ø Môƒ°èO«ô£, âF˜ð£ó£î ªð÷bè °í£‹ê‹èO«ô£ (Phenotpes) Ý󣌄Cò£÷¼‚° (ðK«ê£î¬ù Ü™ô¶ 膴Šð£´ Môƒ°è÷£è) ݘõ«ñ¶‹ Þ¼‚裶. èõùñ£è õ®õ¬ñ‚èŠð†ì ÞùŠªð¼‚è àˆFèÀ‹ ¶™Lòñ£ù ñóðµ õ¬è ñFŠd´èÀ‹, «î¬õòŸø ñóðµõ£è à¼õ£°‹ î¬ôº¬ø¬ò‚ °¬ø‚è à (Linder 2003). ¹Fî£è à¼õ£‚èŠð†ì ñóðµ õ¬èè¬÷ 

170 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® èõùñ£è‚ è‡è£E‚è «õ‡´‹. ï™õ£›¾‚°‚ °‰îè‹ M¬÷M‚°‹ ¹Fò ªð÷bè õ¬èè¬÷Š ðŸP äãC»C- ‚° ªîKM‚è «õ‡´‹. «ñ½‹ Môƒ°èO¡ Ý«ó£‚A òˆ¬î»‹ ï™õ£›¬õ»‹ àÁF ªêŒ»‹ õ¬èJ™ ÜõŸ¬ø G˜õA‚è «õ‡´‹. ¶™Lòñ£ù îèõ™ ðF¾èœ A¬ì‚°‹ ð†êˆF™ îóªõ£¿ƒ° ªêŒòŠð†ì °PŠH†ì ªðò¬ó ¬õˆî™, ¶¬í Þùõ¬è Ü™ô¶ å¼ Ý󣌄Cˆ F†ìˆF™ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð´‹ Môƒ°èO¡ ñó𵊠H¡ùE ÝAò¬õ º‚Aòñ£°‹ (NRC 1979b). ªõOJùŠªð¼‚è ªè£Pˆ¶‡Eèœ, ºò™èO¡ îóªõ£¿ƒ° ªêŒòŠ ð†ì ªðòK콂è£ù ê˜õ«îê °¿‚è÷£™ à¼õ£‚èŠ ð†ì ðô ªõOf´èœ ÜîŸè£ù õNº¬øè¬÷ õöƒ°A¡øù (Festing et al. 1972). Þ¡Hªó† âLèœ, ®ó£¡vªüQ‚ Môƒ°èœ (FELASA 2007; Linder 2003) . ôîô£è, âLèÀ‚è£ù îóŠð´ˆîŠð†ì ñó𵊠ªðòK콂è£ù ê˜õ«îê °¿, âL ñóðµ ñŸÁ‹ ªðòKì™ °¿ Þ‰î ÞùƒèÀ‚è£ù èEQ õNò£ù õN裆´î™è¬÷Š ðó£ñK‚A¡øù (MGI 2009). c˜õ£› Môƒ°èœ e¡ ñŸÁ‹ c˜õ£› Ü™ô¶ ܬó c˜õ£› á˜õù (Semi-aquatic reptiles), Þ¼G¬ôõ£› àJKèO¡ (Amphibians) õ£›õ£î£óˆ «î¬õèœ ÜõŸP¡ Þùƒè¬÷Š «ð£ô«õ ðó‰¶ ð†ì¬õ. ¬è«ò†®¡ ÞŠð°F, ÝŒõè G˜õ£Aèœ, 裙ï¬ì ñ¼ˆ¶õ˜èœ, GÁõù Üø‚°¿‚ èÀ‚°‹ «î¬õò£ù Ü®Šð¬ì c˜õ£› Môƒ°èœ «ñô£‡¬ñ ꣘‰î îèõ™è¬÷ˆ ªðŸÁˆ î¼Aø¶ (Alworth and Harvey 2007; Alworth and Vazquez 2009; Browne et al. 2007; Browne and Zippel 2007; Denardo 1995; De Tolla et al. 1995; Koerber and Kalishman 2009; Lawrence 2007; Matthews et al. 2002; Pough 2007). ÝŒ¾ Þî›èœ, Ë™èO™ °PŠH†ì Cð£K²èœ õöƒèŠð†´œ÷ù. Þ¬õ îMó Hø ÜPMò™ ªõOf´ è¬÷ «ñô£Œ¾ ªêŒõ¶, ޡ‹ ÜFèŠð®ò£ù MõóƒèÀ‚° ÜÂðõI‚è Môƒ°‚ 裊ð£÷˜èOì‹ Ý«ô£ê¬ù ªðÁõ¶‹ «î¬õò£ù¬õ (裇è, H¡Þ¬íŠ¹ Ü). 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 171 c˜õN„ Åö™ °Á…Åö½‹ ªð¼…Åö½‹ Gôõ£› àJ˜„ Åö™ º¬øèœ «ð£ô«õ, c˜õ£› àJKùƒèO¡ °Á…Åö™ â¡ð¶ ªð÷bè Ü÷M™ ÜõŸ¬ø Ü¡Q«ò£¡òñ£è„ ²ŸP»œ÷ ºî™ G¬ô‚ è£ Š ð £ ù c˜ˆª î £†®, c‰¶õ N , ° ÷‹ «ð £¡ ø Åö«ôò£°‹. c˜ àJKùƒèœ ÜF™ «ïó®ò£è â™ô£ Ýî£óõ÷ƒèÀì¡ èô‰F¼‚°‹. ܬõ Üš¾JKùƒ èO¡ àìù®„ ÅöL¡ ♬ôèÀ‹ Ãì. Ü‚°Á… Åöô£ù¶, cK¡ îó‹, cªó£O, êŠî‹, ÜF˜¾, î†ð ªõŠð‹ «ð£¡ø ðô è£óEè¬÷ˆ î¡Âœ ªè£‡ ´œ÷¶. ªð¼…Åö™ â¡ð¶ c¼J˜è¬÷‚ ªè£‡´œ÷ Þó‡ì£‹ G¬ô‚ 裊ð£ù ÜõŸP¡ ÝŒ¾ ܬøò£°‹. c˜ˆîó‹ c¼J˜èO¡ ï™õ£›¾‚° Þ¡Pò¬ñò£î¶ ܬõ õ£¿‹ cK¡ îóº‹ cK¡ à†ÃÁèÀ‹ Ý°‹. ñŸøð®, Gôõ£› àJ˜èO¡ °Á…Åö¬ôŠ ð£F‚°‹ Ü«î è£óEèœ Þƒ°‹ ªð£¼‰¶‹. c˜ˆîó‚ ÃÁèÀ‹ õ£›õ£î£ó‚ ÃÁèÀ‹ å¼ °PŠH†ì c¼JK¡ Þù‹, õ£›G¬ôŠð¼õ‹, ܉cK™ àœ÷ 冴ªñ£ˆî àJ˜õ¬èˆ ªî£°Š¹ (Total biomass support), °PŠH†ì àJK¡ ðò¡ð£†´ «ï£‚è‹ ÝAòõŸ¬øŠ ªð£Áˆ¶ ñ£Áð´‹ (Blaustein et al. 1999; Fisher 2000; Gresens 2004; Overstreet et al. 2000; Schultz and Dawson 2003). å¼ Þù‹ ÞòŸ¬èJ™ âšõ£Á õ£›Aø¶ â¡ð¬îªò£†®ò å¼ ÝŒõè„ Åö¬ô à¼õ£‚Aˆ î¼õF«ô«ò ܬî õ÷˜ˆªî´ŠðF¡ ªõŸP»‹ «ð£Fò ñ»‹ ÜìƒA»œ÷¶ (Godfrey and Sanders 2004; Green 2002; Lawrence 2007; Spence et al. 2008). cK¡ «î¬õò£ù ïŸ°í£‹êƒè¬÷ ñ£ŸP ò¬ñ‚°‹ ð‡¹èO™ °PŠHì‚îò¬õ, Üî¡ î†ðªõŠð‹, è£ó-ÜIôˆî¡¬ñ (pH), è£óˆî¡¬ñ (Alka- linity) , ¬ï†óü¡ ªè£‡ì èN¾Š ªð£¼†èœ (Ü‹«ñ£Qò£, ¬ï†¬ó† ñŸÁ‹ ¬ï†«ó†), ð£vðóv, °«÷£K¡ / ¹«ó£I¡, Ý‚R«ìû¡ Kì‚þ¡ Fø¡, è숶‹ ñ»‹ (Conductivity), àŠ¹ Ü÷¾‹ (Salinity), è®ùˆî¡¬ñ (Hardness) (Ývªñ£ô£L® / è¬ó‰î 

172 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® ‚èœ (Dissolved solids), è¬ó‰î Hó£í õ£», ªñ£ˆî õ£» Ü¿ˆî‹, ÜòQ ñŸÁ‹ à«ô£è‚ÃÁ, c˜ˆ ªî£†® J¡ ¸‡µJ˜„ Åö™ ÝAò¬õò£°‹. cK¡ îó‹ ÜF™ õ£¿‹ àJKJ¡ ï™õ£›¬õ «ïó®ò£èŠ ð£F‚°‹. «õÁð†ì àJKõ°Š¹èœ, Þùƒèœ, å¼ Þù àJKJ¡ õò¶ ÝAò¬õ «õø£ù c˜ˆîóˆ «î¬õè¬÷‚ ªè£‡ ®¼‚°‹. Ü«î «ð£ô cK¡ ð‡¹ ñ£Ÿø‹ å¼ àJK¡ õ£›‚¬è¬òˆ b˜ñ£Q‚°‹. cK¡ ð‡¹ ðŸPò Ü¡ø£ì Ü÷i´èœ (c˜ˆîóŠ ðK«ê£î¬ù) G¬ôò£ù c¼J˜ õ÷˜Š¹‚° ܈Fò£õCò ñ£ù¶. G˜õ£è gFò£ù Ü÷i´èO™ Ü™ô¶ îQŠð†ì Môƒ°Š ðò¡ð£´ ꣘‰î ðK«ê£î¬ù õ¬ó¾èO™, cK¡ 㟹¬ìò îó G˜íò‹, êKò£ù «ê£î¬ù‚ ÃÁèœ, «ê£F‚°‹ è£ô Þ¬ìªõO ÝAò¬õ c¼J˜ õ÷˜Š¹, ðò¡ð£†®¡ Ü÷¬õŠ ªð£Áˆ¶ ܬìò£÷‹ è£íŠ ðì «õ‡´‹. c˜«õFJò™, c˜Šð‡¹èœ Môƒ°èO¡ Ý«ó£‚Aòˆ¬î»‹ ï™õ£›¬õ»‹ ð£F‚°‹ Mîƒèœ, c˜Šð‡¹ ðŸPò îó G˜íJˆFŸè£ù ÝŒ¾ º®¾è¬÷‚ è‡è£E‚°‹ º¬ø, c˜ˆîó‹ ꣘‰î ð‡¹èœ c¼J˜ èO¡ õ£›¾‚° Ýî£óñ£ù Þò‚èƒè¬÷ (àJ˜õN õ®º¬ø) âšõ£Á ð£F‚°‹ â¡ðù «ð£¡ø îèõ™èœ ꣘‰î ðJŸCè¬÷ c˜õ£› àJKùƒè¬÷Š «ðµ‹ ÝŒõèŠ ðEò£÷˜èÀ‚° õöƒè «õ‡´‹. °PŠH†ì c˜Šð‡¹‚ ÃÁèœ, ÜŠðK«ê£î¬ù‚ è£ù è£ô Þ¬ìªõOèœ, °PŠH†ì Þù‹, õ£›G¬ôŠ ð¼õ‹, àJ˜ˆªî£°Š¹, ޡ‹ Hø è£óíƒèœ ªè£‡´, ªî£ì˜‰î Ü™ô¶ ÜšõŠ«ð£î£ù G¬ô ðŸPò è‡è£EŠ¹ˆ «î¬õ ꣘‰¶, ðôõ£Á «õÁð´‹. êeðˆF™ ܬñ‚èŠð†ì c˜õ£› àJ˜ˆªî£°Š¹ â¡ø£«ô£ Ü™ô¶ õ÷˜‚èŠð´‹ º¬øJ™ ñ£Ÿø‹ ãŸð´ˆFù£«ô£, Ü„Åö™ G¬ôŠð´‹õ¬ó, Iè‚ °ÁAò Þ¬ìªõOJô£ù ñFŠd´è¬÷„ ªêŒò «õ‡´‹. G¬ôò£ù Åöªô¡ø£™ «ê£FŠ¹ Þ¬ìªõO èœ c‡ìî£è Þ¼‚èô£‹. ¹Fî£è‚ è†ìŠð†ì ÝŒõè ñ£ù£™, 膴ñ£ùŠ ªð£¼†èOL¼‰¶ èC»‹ «õFŠ ªð£¼†èœ, 裡Ag†, ²õK¬íŠ¹èœ, èC¾ˆ î´Š¹Š ªð£¼†èœ ÝAòõŸPL¼‰¶ ªõOŠð´‹ Šªð£¼† 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 173 èœ ðŸPò CøŠ¹‚ èõù‹ «î¬õ (DeTolla et al. 1995; Nickum et al. 2004). °«÷£K‹ °«÷£ó¬ñ‹ ñQî‚ °®c˜ˆ «î¬õ‚ªèù¾‹, è¼Mè¬÷„ ²ˆîŠð´ˆî¾‹ A¼I ï£CQè÷£èŠ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð´A¡øù. Ýù£™ ܬõ e¡èÀ‚°‹ Þ¼G¬ô õ£› àJ˜èÀ‚°‹  «ê˜‚è‚ Ã®ò¬õ. âù«õ ܬõ c¼J˜èÀ‚° àð«ò£èŠð´ˆîŠ ð´õ º¡, àìù®ò£è ÜèŸøŠðì«õ£ Ü™ô¶  c‚èŠðì«õ£ «õ‡´‹ (Tompkins and Tsai 1976; Wedemeyer 2000). àJ˜‚裊¹‚ è÷‹ àJ˜‚裊¹‚ è÷‹ â¡ð¶ c¼J˜è¬÷»‹, ÜõŸ¬ø‚ 裂°‹ c¬ó»‹, ܉c¬ó ñ£Ÿø¾‹ ²ˆFèK‚è ¾‹ ðò¡ð´‹ ¶¬í‚ è¼Mè¬÷»‹ î¡Âœ ªè£‡ ®¼‚°‹ ªî£†® «ð£¡øªî£¼ ªð÷bè ܬñŠð£°‹. Þš¾J˜‚裊¹‚ è÷‹ âO¬ñò£ùî£è«õ£ (â´ˆ¶‚ 裆´: Môƒ¬è»‹ c¬ó»‹ ªè£‡®¼‚°‹ ªî£†®) Ü™ô¶, Iè C‚èô£ùî£è«õ£ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: º¿î£èˆ î£Qòƒ°‹ ñÁ²öŸC º¬ø ªè£‡ì ªî£†®) Þ¼‚è ô£‹. â‰î õ¬èò£ù 裊¹‚è÷ñ£è Þ¼‚è«õ‡´ ªñ¡ð¶ ÜF™ «ðíŠð´‹ àJ˜ ÞùˆF¡ ÞòŸ¬èò£ù Å›º¬ø, õò¶, õ£›ð¼õ‹, ðó£ñK‚èŠð´‹ àJK¡ â‡E‚¬è, c˜ A¬ì‚°‹ Ü÷¾, cK¡ °í‹, Ý󣌄C õ¬è ÝAòõŸ¬øŠ ªð£Áˆî¶. ނ裊¹‚ è÷‹ Í¡Á õ¬èè¬÷‚ ªè£‡ì¶: ªî£†®J½œ÷ àJK¬ù„ Å›‰¶œ÷ ܬùˆ¶ Ü™ô¶ å¼ð°F c˜ ñÁ²öŸC‚° (Recirculatory System) à†ð´‹ º¬ø, ªî£†® c˜ ªî£ì˜‰¶ ñ£ŸøŠð†´‚ ªè£‡«ì Þ¼‚°‹ c˜ á«ìŸø º¬ø (Flow Through Sys- tem), Ü™ô¶ ñ£ŸøñŸÁ å«ó G¬ôò£è GÁˆîŠð´‹ (Sta- tionary System) ªî£†® c˜, ÜšõŠ«ð£¶ ñ£ŸøŠð†«ì£ GóŠðŠð†«ì£ Þ¼‚°‹ º¬ø Ý°‹. ܶ ï¡mó£è«õ£, àŠ¹ có£è«õ£, ºèˆ¶õ£ó có£è«õ£, ÜF™ «ðíŠð´‹ àJ˜ ÞùˆF¡ «î¬õ‚«èŸð î†ðªõŠð‹ ðó£ñK‚èŠ ð†´‹ Þ¼‚°‹. Þš«õÁð†ì «ðµî™ º¬ø‚° ° Mîñ£ù có£î£óƒèœ ðò¡ð´A¡øù: ²ˆF èK‚èŠð†ì èN¾c˜ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: ºQCð™ °ö£Œ c˜), Gô«ñŸ¹ø c˜ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: ÝÁ, ãK Ü™ô¶ èì™), ð£¶è£‚èŠð†ì c˜ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: AíÁ 

174 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® Ü™ô¶ Gôˆî® c˜), ªêòŸ¬èò£ù c˜ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: H¡«ùŸø êš×´ ðóõ™ Ü™ô¶ õ®èô¡ c˜). ªêòŸ¬è ò£ù èì™ c¬ó, ï¡m˜ Ýî£óˆ«î£´ °PŠH†ì àŠ¹è¬÷‚ èôŠðî¡ Íô‹ à¼õ£‚èô£‹. Ýî£ó cK¡ «î˜¾ â¡ð¶ c®ˆî, G¬ôò£ù c˜ MG«ò£è‹, «î¬õ ò£ù có÷¾, Þùˆ«î˜¾, Ý󣌄Cˆ «î¬õ, àJ˜õNŠ ð£¶è£Š¹ G¬ôJ¡ «î¬õ ÝAòõŸ¬øŠ ªð£Áˆî¶. ÜFè Ü예FJ™ «ðíŠð´‹ õ£Nìƒè¬÷‚ ªè£‡ì àœ÷óƒè ÝŒõè ܬñŠH™ ñÁ²öŸC º¬ø ªð£¶õ£èŠ H¡ðŸøŠð´Aø¶. ªð¼‹ð£ô£ù ñÁ²öŸC õ®õ¬ñŠ¹èœ °PŠH†ì è£ô Ü÷M™ °PŠH†ì Ü÷¾ c¬óˆ ªî£†®JL¼‰¶ ðKñ£P‚ ªè£œÀ‹ ð‡¹ ªè£‡ì¬õ. Üî¡ Íô‹ °PŠH†ì Þ¬ìªõOJ™, ¹Fò c¬óˆ ªî£†®‚°œ ÜPºèŠ ð´ˆF‚ªè£‡«ì Þ¼‚°‹. Üšõ®õƒèœ ÞòƒAò™ gF J™ Iè ÜHM¼ˆF ª è £‡ ì¬ õ. Ü ¬ õ Ü‹«ñ£Qò£¬õ ¬ï†«ó†ì£è¾‹ ñ£Ÿø õN ªêŒ»‹ 𣂯Kò£‚è¬÷‚ ªè£‡ì àJ˜õN õ®Šð£¡è¬÷‚ ªè£‡ì¬õ. «ñ½‹ ܬõ, ¹óîˆ¬î «ñ«ô£†ìñ£è õNˆªî´‚°‹ ¸¬óõNŠ HKˆªî´Š¹ º¬ø ñŸÁ‹ è¬ó‰¶‹ è¬óò£ñ½‹ Þ¼‚°‹ ¹ó, ¶èœè¬÷ »‹ c‚°‹ ¶èœ õ®Šð£¡è¬÷»‹, è¬ó‰¶œ÷ «õFŠªð£¼†è¬÷ c‚°‹ èKñ õ®Šð£¡è¬÷»‹, cK™ A¼Iè¬÷ ÜN‚è æ«ê£¡ Ü™ô¶ ¹ø áî£èF˜‚ è¼Mè¬÷»‹ ªè£‡ì¬õ. Üšõ®õ¬ñŠ¹èO™ c¬ó‚ 裟«ø£†ì‹ ªêŒò¾‹, Ü«î «ïó‹ «êèóñ£°‹ ÜFè õ£»¬õ c‚辋, c¬ó ªõŠðŠð´ˆî Ü™ô¶ °OÏ†ì ¾‹, î£Qò‚èˆF¡ Íô‹ cK¡ è숶‹ ð‡¬ð»‹, è£ó- ÜIôˆî¡¬ñ¬ò º¬øò£èŠ ðó£ñK‚°‹ ªð£¼†´ î£QòƒA è¼M Íô‹ °PŠH†ì Þóê£òùƒè¬÷ cK™ èôŠðèù¾‹ Cô àðèóíƒèœ à‡´. â™ô£ àðèóíƒèÀ‹ å«ó õ®õ¬ñŠH™ Þ¼‚è «õ‡®ò F™¬ô. Cô è¼Mèœ «õÁð†ì «õ¬ôè¬÷„ ªêŒò‚ îò¬õ. îQŠð†ì ðôõ¬èˆ ªî£†®è¬÷ å¡P¬íˆ¶ ²ˆFèK‚èŠð†ì c¬ó å«ó Ýî£óˆF L¼‰¶ ªðŸÁ ܬùˆ¶ˆ ªî£†®èÀ‚°‹ ªê½ˆ¶‹ õ¬èJ™ ñÁ²öŸC º¬ø õ®õ¬ñ‚èŠðìô£‹. â´ˆ¶‚裆´: YŠó£ e¡ õ¬è (Danio rerio) ñŸÁ‹ 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 175 Høõ¬èè÷£ù Xenopus laevis, X tropicalis ÝAò¬õ Ü´‚° º¬øJ™ «ñŸÃøŠð†ìð® õ®õ¬ñ‚èŠðìô£‹ (Fisher 2000; Koerber and Kalishman 2009; Schultz and Dawson 2003). ñÁ²öŸCJ™ Ü‹«ñ£Qò£¾‹ ¬ï†«ó†´‹ «êèóñ£è£ñ™ î´‚è àJ˜õN õ®Šð£¡è¬÷ ÜHM¼ˆF ªêŒ¶ ðó£ñKŠð¶ I辋 Þ¡Pò¬ñò£î‹. Üšõ®Šð£¡èœ «ð£Fò Ü÷M½‹ («î¬õò£ù Ü÷¾ 𣂯Kò£‚è¬÷‚ ªè£‡´‹), àœ¸¬ö»‹ àJ˜õN„ ²¬ñ¬ò‚ (¬ï†óü¡ ꣘‰î èNM¡ Ü÷¾ G¬ô) ¬èò£÷‚îò FøÂì‹ Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. Üš¾J˜õN õ®Šð£¬ù ÝîK‚°‹ ¸‡µJ˜èÀ‚° °PŠH†ì c˜ˆîóº‹ î¡¬ñ»‹ «î¬õŠð´Aø¶. c˜„ÅöL™ ãŸð´‹ ñ£Ÿøƒèœ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: àŠ¹ˆ ñ, î†ðªõŠð‹, è£ó-ÜIôˆî¡¬ñJ™ ãŸð´‹ ¶Kî ñ£Ÿøƒèœ), Þóê£òùŠ ªð£¼†è¬÷ Ü™ô¶ ¸‡µJ˜ ï£CQè¬÷ ÜPºè‹ ªêŒî™ «ð£¡ø¬õ c˜‚è÷ˆF¡ ¸‡µJ˜„ Åö¬ôŠ ð£Fˆ¶, Üî¡ Íô‹ c˜ˆîóˆ¬î»‹ MôƒA¡ ï™õ£›¬õ»‹ ð£F‚°‹. Üšõ£Á ð£F‚èŠð†ì£™, àJ˜õN õ®Šð£¬ù„ êKªêŒò õ£óƒè÷£°‹ (Fisher 2000). c˜ˆîó ñ£Ÿø‚ ÃÁèœ (è£ó-ÜIôˆî¡¬ñ, Ü‹«ñ£Qò£, ¬ï†«ó†) Môƒ° èO½‹ õ®Šð£Q½‹ âF˜ñ¬ø M¬÷¾è¬÷ ãŸð´ˆ¶‹. âù«õ, c˜ˆîó‹ ꣘‰î ñ£Ÿøˆî£™, °PŠH†ì MôƒAùˆF™ ãŸð´‹ ð£îèƒè¬÷ˆ îM˜‚è ܉c˜ˆîó‚ÃÁèœ Ü®‚è® è‡è£E‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹. ÝŒõèƒèO™ c¼J˜è¬÷ˆ ªî£†®JL†´Š «ðµõ ªð£¼ˆîñ£ù có£î£ó‹ A¬ì‚°‹ ð†êˆF™ c®ˆî Ü™ô¶ «ïó‹ ꣘‰î c˜ á«ìŸÁ º¬ø¬òŠ ðò¡ð´ˆîô£‹. Þ‹º¬øJ™, c˜ ñÁ àð«ò£èˆFŸ° à†ðì£î Iè ÜFè Ü÷¾ c˜ «î¬õŠð´‹. A¬ì‚°‹ c¬ó ÜŠð®«ò ðò¡ð´ˆîŠ ðìô£‹. àð«ò£èˆFŸ° º¡, õ‡ì™ ð®¬õ ÜèŸÁ õ¶, è¬ó‰¶œ÷ õ£»‚èœ, °«÷£K¡, °«÷£ó¬ñ¡ ÜFèK‚è£ñ™ î´Šð¶, ¹øáî£ Ü™ô¶ æ«ê£¡ èF˜ Íôñ£ù A¼I ÜèŸø™ «ð£¡ø ²ˆFèKŠ¹ ïìõ®‚¬è è¬÷‚ ¬èò£÷ô£‹ (Fisher 2000; Overstreet et al. 2000) . ñ£ŸøñŸø G¬ôò£ù º¬øJ™, ªî£†®ò÷¾ CPòF 

176 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® L¼‰¶ ªðKò Ü÷Mô£ù GôŠðóŠH™ °†¬ìèœ Ü¬ñŠð¶ õ¬ó, c¬ó‚ èô‚辋 裟«ø£†ì‹ ªêŒò¾‹ è¼Mèœ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð´‹. î†ðªõŠð‹, ßóŠðî‹ ñŸÁ‹ 裟«ø£†ì‹ Gô‹õ£› Môƒ°èœ ð°FJ™ ªè£´‚èŠð†´œ÷ ªð£¶õ£ù 輈¶‚è«÷ c˜õ£› Môƒ°èÀ‚°‹ Þƒ° ªð£¼‰¶‹. Ý󣌄C‚°Š ðò¡ð´‹ ªð¼‹ð£ô£ù, º¿¬ñò£ù Ü™ô¶ ð£Fò÷¾ c˜õ£›àJKùƒèœ (e¡èœ, Þ¼G¬ô õ£›ð¬õ ñŸÁ‹ á˜õù) ªð£Œ °«ô£ªî˜‹ õ¬è¬ò„ «ê˜‰î¬õ. ܬõ îñ¶ àìLò‚èˆFŸ°‹, õ÷˜C¬î ñ£ŸøˆFŸ°‹, Þù àŸðˆF‚°‹, àíõ¼‰¶‹ Þò™¹‚°‹ ªõO„ÅöL¡ î†ðªõŠðˆ¬î«ò ªð¼‹ð£½‹ ꣘‰F¼Šð¬õ (Browne and Edwards 2003; Fraile et al. 1989; Maniero and Carey 1997; Pough 1991). àJKùˆF¡ ÞòŸ¬èò£ù õóô£Ÿ¬ø„ ꣘‰«î î†ðªõŠðˆ «î¬õ ܬñAø¶. ܶ å¼ ÞùˆF¡ õ÷˜ ð¼õˆFŸ«èŸð ñ£Áð´‹ (Green 2002; Pough 1991; Schultz and Dawson 2003). cK¡ ªõŠðˆ¬î Üî¡ Ýî£ó G¬ôJ«ô«ò£, àJ˜‚ 裊¹ˆ ªî£†®J«ô£, Ü™ô¶ ÜõŸP¡ ªð¼… Åö¬ô‚ 膴Šð´ˆ¶õî¡ Íô«ñ£ ðó£ñK‚èŠðìô£‹. Cô ð£F Fø‰î ªî£†® º¬øèœ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: ÝŸP¡ æ†ì õNèœ) có£î£óˆF¡ ªõŠðˆ¬î„ ꣘‰F¼Šð, ªî£†® cK¡ ªõŠð‹ có£î£óˆ¬î M쾋 ñ£Áð† ®¼‚°‹. å¼ Ü¬øJ½œ÷ cK¡ Ü÷¾ Üšõ¬øJ¡ ªõŠð G¬ô¬ò»‹, ªõŠð vFóˆî¡¬ñ¬ò»‹, åŠd†´ ßóŠð ð£F‚°‹. Ü«î «ð£™, °Oφ´‹ ªõŠð͆´‹ è¼Mè÷£™ àŸðˆFò£°‹ ªõŠð„²¬ñ àJKùˆF¡ ªð¼…Åö™ î†ðªõŠðˆ¬îŠ ð£F‚°‹. 裟¬ø‚ ¬èò£À‹ è¼Mèœ Ü¶ «ð£¡ø ªõŠð‹, ßóŠðî„ ²¬ñ¬ò ß´ªêŒò‚ îò¬õò£è Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. ªð¼…Åö™ ꣘‰î åŠd†´ ßóŠðî G¬ô¬òŠ ðEJìŠ ð£¶è£Š¹, ðEò£÷˜èO¡ õêF ÝAò õŸ¬øŠ ªð£Áˆ¶ GÁõô£‹. ãªùQ™ ܬøJ¡ ßóŠðî‹ c¼JKèÀ‚° ܈î¬ù º‚Aòñ£ù¶ Þ™¬ô; âQ‹, Übî ßóŠðî‹ Ü¬ø„ ²õ˜èO™, ìóJ™, ªî£†®Í®J™ ßKŠ¬ð ãŸð´ˆ¶‹. Þîù£™, ¸‡A¼I 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 177 èœ õ÷˜‰¶ ªî£ŸÁŠ ðóõ½‚° ã¶õ£°‹, Ü™ô¶ à«ô£èŠ ªð£¼†èœ ¶¼ŠH®‚è ã¶õ£ù Åö¬ôŠ ªðŸÁˆî¼‹. å¼ õø‡ì ÅöL™ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: °O˜è£ôˆF™ àœ÷¬ø ªõŠðÍ†ì™ Ü™ô¶ Cô ð¼õ è£ôƒèO½‹ î†ðªõŠð G¬ôèO½‹ ªõO«ò õ÷˜ˆªî´‚èŠð´‹ êñòƒèO½‹), có£Mò£°‹ «õè‹ ÜFèK‚èô£‹. Üîù£™ Iè ÜFè Ü÷MŸ° c¬ó„ «ê˜‚è «õ‡® Þ¼‚°‹. ܊𮂠èôŠð ñ£Á‹ àŠð÷¾ / c˜è숶‹ ð‡¹, c˜Šð‡¬ð»‹ îóˆ¬î»‹ è÷ƒèŠ 𴈶‹ Hø ÃÁè¬÷»‹ Ãì«õ è‡è£E‚è «õ‡´‹. Cô Þ¼ G¬ô õ£› àJKèO™, á˜õùõŸP¡ °Á…ÅöL™ «ñôFè ßóŠðîˆ «î¬õ Þ¼‚°‹ (50-70% ‚°‹ «ñô£è). Ü¬îˆ î¼M‚è, ÜõŸP¡ ªð¼…ÅöL¡ ßóŠðî Ü÷¬õ ÜFèK‚è «õ‡®õ¼‹ (Pough 1991; St. Claire et al. 2005). ܬøJ¡ 裟«ø£†ì «õèñ£ù¶ Üšõ¬øJ¡ ªõŠð‹ ñŸÁ‹ ßóŠðî„ ²¬ñè÷£™ G˜õA‚èŠð´Aø¶. Cô e¡èÀ‚°‹ Þ¼G¬ô õ£› àJ˜èÀ‚°‹, ÜõŸP¡ °Á…Åö™ 裟P¡ îó«ñ c˜ˆîóˆ¬îŠ ð£F‚è‚ô‹ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: õ£»Š ðKñ£Ÿø‹). Ýù£™, ªð£¼ˆîñ£ù àJ˜‚裊¹ º¬øèO¡ õ®õ¬ñŠ¹ ÜîŸè£ù º‚Aòˆ ¶õˆ¬î‚ °¬ø‚èô£‹. 裟P™ Iî‚°‹ ɲèÀ‹, Þóê£òùƒèÀ‹ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: ÝMò£è‚ îò èKñ‚ Æ´Š ªð£¼†èœ, Ü‹«ñ£Qò£) ªî£†® cK™ èô‰¶, Môƒ°èO¡ Ý«ó£‚Aòˆ¬î‚ ªè´‚èô£‹ (Koerber and Kalishman 2009). ܬøJ™ à‡ì£°‹ c˜ˆ Fõ¬ôèœ c¼J˜ «ï£Œ‚A¼Iè¬÷ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: ¹«ó£«ì£«ê£õ£, 𣂯Kò£) ܬøJÂœÀ‹ ªñ£ˆî Môƒè£Œ¾‚ Ãìˆ FŸ°‹ ð󊹋. Þ¶ Þò¡øõ¬ó î´‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹ (Roberts-Thomson et al. 2006; Wooster and Bowser 2007; Yanong 2003). åO«òŸø‹ c¬ó º¿î£è Ü™ô¶ ܬóò÷¾ ꣘‰F¼‚°‹ àJKùƒèœ ªð¼‹ð£½‹ åO«ïó‹, åOà„ê‹, åOò¬ô c÷‹ ÝAòõŸø£™ ð£F‚èŠðì‚ Ã®ò¬õ (Brenner and Brenner 1969). °PŠH†ì Þù‹, Üî¡ ÞòŸ¬è õóô£Á, ÜF™ G蛈îŠð´‹ Ý󣌄C ÝAòõŸÁ‚° ãŸøð® åO꣘‰î ð‡¹èœ «õÁð´‹. ܬøJ¡ åO à„êˆ¬îŠ 

178 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® ð®Šð®ò£è àò˜ˆ¶õ¶ Cð£K² ªêŒòŠð´Aø¶. ãªùQ™, åO à„êˆF¡ ¶Kîñ£ù ñ£Ÿøƒèœ e¡è¬÷ˆ F¬è‚è ¬õˆ¶, ÜõŸ¬øŠ ªð¼‹ðîŸøˆFŸ° à†ð´ˆ¶‹. c¬ó º¿î£è Ü™ô¶ ð£Fò÷¾ ꣘‰¶ Þ¼‚°‹ àJKùƒèÀ‚° åOJ¡ º¿ ܬô‚蟬ø»«ñ «î¬õŠð´‹. Ü«î«ð£ô «ð£¶ñ£ù àìLò‚èˆFŸ°ˆ «î¬õò£ù ªõŠðˆ¬î «ñôFèñ£èŠ ªðŸÁˆî¼‹ ªõŠð͆´ M÷‚°èÀ‹ «î¬õŠð´‹ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´, c˜ ݬñèœ î‹¬ñ àôó¬õˆ¶‚ªè£œ÷ 嶃°Iì‹, Pough 1991). åL Þ¬ó„꽋 ÜF˜¾‹ Gô‹ õ£› Môƒ°èœ ð°FJ™ ªè£´‚èŠð†´œ÷ ªð£¶õ£ù 輈¶è«÷ c˜ õ£› Môƒ°èÀ‚°‹ Þƒ° ªð£¼‰¶‹. ÞšMôƒ°èœ åL Þ¬ó„êô£½‹ ÜF˜ õ£½‹ ð£F‚èŠðì‚ô‹. ãªùQ™ ܬõ cK™ âOî£è‚ èìˆîŠð´‹. ÜõŸÁ‚° c¼J˜èœ ðôõ£Á âF˜M¬ù ÝŸøô£‹. G¬øò e¡ Þùƒèœ åL Þ¬ó„ê ½‚°‹ ÜF˜¾‚°‹ ñˆ îèõ¬ñˆ¶‚ ªè£‡ì£½‹, àì™ G¬ôJ™ °Á‹ð£FŠ¹è¬÷ ãŸð´ˆî õ£ŒŠ¹‡´ (Smith et al. 2007). î¬óõN ÜF˜¬õˆ îQŠð†ì ªî£†® èO¡ 裙èO™ ÜF˜¾ˆ î´Š¹ ܆¬ìè¬÷‚ ªè£‡´ °¬ø‚èô£‹. Cô ÝŒõèƒèO™, àJ˜‚裊¹‚è÷‹ ªè£‡´œ÷ ªð¼‹ð£ô£ù è¼Mè¬÷ (õ®Šð£¡èœ, c«óŸÁ‚ è¼Mèœ, àJ˜õN õ®Šð£¡èœ) ªõOŠ¹øˆ F™ ܬñˆ¶ M´õî¡ Íô‹ åL Þ¬ó„꽋 ÜF˜¾‹ ªð¼‹ð£½‹ îM˜‚èŠð´A¡øù. c¼J˜ õCŠHì‹ °Á…Åö™ (ºîŸè†ìˆ î´Š¹) ºîŸè†ìˆ î´Šð¬ñŠð£ù¶ (ªî£†®, c‰¶õN, °÷‹, c¬ó»‹ c¼J¬ó»‹ H®ˆ¶ ¬õˆF¼‚°‹ õ¬ôˆ î´Š¹) å¼ MôƒA¡ àìù®„ Åö¬ô ♬ô‚°† 𴈶Aø¶. Ý󣌄C„ ÅöL™, ãŸÁ‚ ªè£œ÷‚îò ºîŸè†ìˆ î´Šð¬ñŠ¹èœ W›è‡ìõ£Á Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. · Môƒ°èO¡ Þò™ð£ù àìLòƒAò™ ñŸÁ‹ 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 179 õ£›Mìˆ «î¬õ‚°‹ ãŸð ܬñò «õ‡´‹. àìŸ èN¾ ªõO«òŸø‹, àì™ ªõŠð‚膴Šð£´ ñŸÁ‹ ðó£ñKŠ¹, Þò™ð£ù àì½ÁŠ¹ Þò‚è‹, ܃è ܬñ¾ êKªêŒî™, °PŠH†ì ÞìƒèO™ ÞùŠªð¼‚è‹ ÝAò¬õ ÞF™ Ü샰‹. Cô ªð£ŒA«ô£ªî˜‹ á˜õù Þ¼ G¬ôõ£› àJKèO™, ÜõŸP¡ °Á…Åö™ î†ðªõŠð‹ Yó£è„ êK¾Á‹ õ¬èJ½‹, ÜõŸP¡ °PŠH†ì àì½ÁŠ¹ Þò‚è‹, àí¾„ ªêKñ£ù‹, ð£Ö†ì™ «ð£¡ø¬õ Yó£è ï¬ìªðø¾‹ õêFò£è Þ¼‚è«õ‡´‹. · °PŠH†ì ÞùˆF¡ ðóvðó êÍèˆ ªî£ì˜¹ è¬÷ ÜÂñF‚辋, (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: e¡ Þùƒè¬÷‚ Æìñ£è õC‚è„ ªêŒî™) · Yó£ù àìLò‚般î ÜO‚°‹ õ¬èJ™ êñG¬ô ò£ù, c®ˆî Åö¬ôŠ ªðŸÁˆîó¾‹, · º¬øò£ù c˜ˆîóº‹ Ü «î¬õò£ù °í£‹êƒè¬÷»‹ ªðŸÁˆîó¾‹; ÜîŸè£ù «ñŸð£˜¬õ, c˜GóŠ¹î™, có÷¬õ ðó£ñKˆî™, ñ£ŸÁî™ ÝAòõŸ¬ø ÜÂñF‚辋, · «ð£¶ñ£ù àí¬õ»‹ àí¾‚èN¾è¬÷»‹ ÜèŸÁõ¬î ÜÂñF‚辋, · àJKùƒèœ îŠH„ ªê™õ¬î»‹ ªî£†®J™ Mðˆî£è º¿î£è«õ£ Ü™ô¶ ÜõŸP¡ àì™ Üƒèƒ è«÷£ ñ£†®‚ ªè£œÀõ¬îˆ 辋 · è£ò«ñŸð´ˆ¶‹ õ¬èJ™ ÜõŸP¡ õ£Nìƒèœ جñò£ù º¬ùè¬÷«ò£ Ü™ô¶ ÜŠð® c†®‚ ªè£‡®¼Šð¬î«ò£ îM˜‚辋, · °¬ø‰î Ü÷¾ ªî£‰Fó¬õ«ò  õ¬èJ™ ÜõŸ¬ø‚ è‡è£E‚è õN ªêŒò¾‹, · c˜„ÅöL™ ‚èN¾èœ Ü™ô¶ Þóê£òùƒèœ èCò£õ‡í‹ ÜõŸP¡ õ£Nìƒè¬÷ ï„êŸø ªð£¼† è÷£™ è†ì¬ñ‚辋, · «ïó®ò£è«õ£ ñ¬øºèñ£è«õ£ I¡ê£ó‹ ꣘‰î ð£îèƒè¬÷ ãŸð´ˆî£îð® 𣘈¶‚ ªè£œ÷¾‹ «õ‡´‹. 

180 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® Åö™ ꣘‰î ªêP׆ìƒèÀ‹ Æ´õ£› º¬ø»‹ c¼JKè¬÷Š ªð£Áˆîõ¬óJ™ Åö™ ꣘‰î ªêP׆ìƒèœ Üšõ÷¾ CøŠð£è ܬñòŠªðøM™¬ô. Åö™ ªêP׆ìƒè÷Ÿø Ü™ô¶ ªêP׆ìƒè¬÷‚ ªè£‡ì õ£Nìƒèœ, c¼JKèO¡ ï™õ£›¾, ÜõŸP™ ªð£¶õ£ù Ý󣌄C, õ÷˜„C, º¡«ùŸø‹ ÝAòõŸP™ ãŸð´ˆ¶‹ î£‚è‹ ðŸPò îèõ™èœ «ð£¶ñ£ùî£è Þ™¬ô â¡«ø Ãø «õ‡´‹. Ü«î«ð£™î£¡, îQˆ¶ Ü™ô¶ Æ´ õ£›º¬ø ꣘‰î îèõ™èÀ‹ ªð¼‹ ð£ô£ù àJKùƒèO™ ÜKî£è«õ àœ÷ù. àð«ò£A‚°‹ ð†êˆF™, ªêP׆ì™èœ °PŠH†ì ÞùˆF¡ Þò™ð£ù ï숬îè¬÷ á‚°M‚è «õ‡´‹. ÜõŸP¡ ð£¶è£Š¹‹ ðò‹ ñFŠHìŠðì «õ‡´‹. ªð£¶õ£è, °PŠH†ì Þù‚°¿‚è÷£è e¡èÀ‹, Hø Þ¼G¬ôõ£› àJKèÀ‹, °PŠð£è Ü¡Îó¡ (Anu- ran) â‹ õ£ôŸø îõ¬÷, «î¬ó õ¬èèœ (Toads), Æ´ õ£›º¬øJ«ô«ò õ÷˜‚èŠð´A¡øù. c¼JKèO™ bMó ꇬìèœ Gè¿‹ (Van de Nieuwegiessen et al. 2008; Speedie and Gerlai 2008). Gô õ£¿JKèO™ º¬øò£ù «ñŸð£˜¬õ»‹ «î¬õò£ù«ð£¶ ܬñFŠð´ˆî½‹ «î¬õŠð´‹ (Matthews et al. 2002; Torreilles and Green 2007). Cô àJKèO™ Ü„Åö½‚«èŸøõ£Á ÞùŠªð¼‚èˆFŸ° Ãö£ƒèŸèœ «ð£¡ø Ü®ˆî÷‹ «î¬õŠð´‹. àì™ Ý«ó£‚Aòˆ¬îŠ ðó£ñK‚辋, ÜõŸP¡ à혾è¬÷ ªõOŠð´ˆ¶‹ õ¬èJ½‹ Üšõ®ˆî÷ƒèœ à (Overstreet et al. 2000). Åö™ ªêP׆ìˆî£™ ÞùŠªð¼‚è‹ ÜHM¼ˆF ܬì‰îî£è ÜP‚¬èèœ àœ÷ù â¡ø£½‹ «ñ½‹ Þ¬îŠðŸPò Ý󣌄CèÀ‹ «î¬õŠð´A¡øù (Carfagnini et al. 2009). ãó£÷ñ£ù ÞùƒèÀ‚°, X. laevis Þùˆ¬î»‹ «ê˜ˆ¶, 𣘬õˆ î´Š¹èœ, åOMìƒèœ, «ñŸÃ¬ó ÝAò¬õ °PŠð£èˆ «î¬õŠð´‹ (Alworth and Vasquez 2009; Torreilles and Green 2007). ªð¼‹ð£ô£ù ð£Fò÷¾ cK™ õ£¿‹ á˜õù, ÜõŸP¡ ªð¼‹ ªð£¿¬î GôˆF«ô«ò  è숶A¡øù (ªõJL™ 裌î™, àíõ¼‰¶î™, ªêKñ£ù‹ ªêŒî™, ÞùŠªð¼‚èˆF™ ß´ðì™). âù«õ, Üˆ î‚è GôŠðóŠ¹èœ îóŠðì «õ‡´‹. 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 181 «ñŸÃ¬ó «õŒ‰î, ªõOŠ¹ø, ÞòŸ¬è„ Åö™ªè£‡ì õ£Nì‹ cK™ õ÷˜ˆªî´‚èŠð´‹ Môƒ°èO¡ õ£Nì‹ ªð¼‹ð£½‹ ªõOŠ¹øˆF«ô£, ìó «õòŠð†ì ð®«ò£, c«ó£†ìŠ ð£¬îJ«ô£, °÷ƒèO«ô£, ªè£ †®™ è O«ô£, Üõ ŸP ¡ Mõê£ò „ Å öL¡ Ü®Šð¬ìJ™, ÜFè â‡E‚¬èJ™ ܬñ‚èŠð†ì î£è Þ¼‚°‹. ÞòŸ¬èò£ù «õ†¬ìò£ì½‹ ÞøŠ¹‹ «ïó‚îò Þ„Åö™èO™, º¬øŠð´ˆîŠð†ì c¼J˜ õ÷˜Š¹ ¸†ðƒè¬÷‚ ªè£‡´ ÞÁF àJ˜ˆªî£´Š¹ àŸðˆFJ¡ Ü®Šð¬ìJ™, ÜõŸP¡ 'â‡E‚¬è'¬ò‚ °PŠH†ì Ü÷M™ ¬õˆF¼Šð¶ ÜõCò‹ (Borski and Hodson 2003). Þ숫î¬õ õ£Nìˆ «î¬õ ñŸÁ‹ õ÷˜‚èŠð´‹ àJKùˆF¡ â‡E‚¬èèœ ðŸPò Cð£K²èœ àJKù‹, MôƒA¡ õò¶ / Ü÷¾, àJ˜‚裊¹ º¬ø, Ý󣌄C õ¬èè¬÷„ ꣘‰î¶ (Browne et al. 2003; Green 2009; Gresens 2004; Hilken et al. 1995; Matthews et al. 2002). àî£óíˆFŸ°, ܪñK‚è£M¡ àJ˜õN ñ¼ˆ¶õ Ý󣌄CJ™, å¼ L†ì˜ î‡aK™ º¿ õ÷˜„Cò¬ì‰î 䉶 YŠó£ e¡èœ (Danio rerio) õ÷˜‚èŠð´A¡øù (Matthews et al. 2002). Ýù£™, Þ‰î â‡E‚¬èò£ù¶ ÞùM¼ˆF‚ è£ôˆF½‹, Þ÷‹ð¼õ è£ôˆF½‹ «õÁð´‹ (Matthews et al. 2002). Þ‰î â‡E‚¬è º¬ø Hø e¡èÀ‚°Š ªð£¼‰î£¶. Ý󣌄CJ¡ «ñ‹ð£†®Ÿ«èŸð Üšªõ‡E‚¬è ñ£Á‹ (Lawrence 2007). îõ¬÷Jùñ£ù X. laevis-‚° Þó‡´ L†ì˜ cK™ å«óªò£¼ ï¡° õ÷˜‰î îõ¬÷ õ÷˜‚èŠðìô£‹ (NRC 1974). ð£¶, IèŠ ðó‰¶ð†ì õCŠHìƒèœ Ý󣌄C‚°Š ðò¡ð´ˆîð´A¡øù (Green 2009). GÁõùƒèœ, Ý󣌄Cò£÷˜èœ, GÁõù Üø‚°¿ ܃èˆFù˜èœ äãC»C ÝA«ò£˜, F†ìõ¬ó¾ ñFŠHìL¡ «ð£¶, å¼ °PŠH†ì ÞùˆF¡ Þìˆ «î¬õ¬ò‚ 輈F™ ªè£œ÷«õ‡´‹. Þ¬î ÝŒõèˆ îE‚¬èJ¡ «ð£¶‹, Ü„êñòˆF™ ïìˆîŠð´‹ ÝŒ¾è¬÷ ñÁñFŠd´ ªêŒõ¬îˆ ªî£ì˜õî¡ Íôº‹ è‡è£Eˆ¶ õóô£‹. 

182 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® cKù «ñô£‡¬ñ Þù Þò™¹‹ êÍè «ñô£‡¬ñ»‹ c¼J˜ ñŸÁ‹ ð£Fò÷¾ cK™ õ£¿‹ Môƒ°èO¡ Ý«ó£‚Aòˆ¬îŠ ªð¼‹ð£½‹ è‡ð£˜¬õò£«ô«ò ñFŠHìô£‹. ÜõŸP¡ ê¼ñˆF½œ÷ ð£¶è£Š¹  ð¬ê¬ò‚ 裂°‹ ªð£¼†´‹, «ï£Œˆ î´Šð£Ÿø¬ô‚ °¬ô‚è£îð®»‹ (De Veer et al. 2007; Subramanian et al. 2007; Tsutsui et al. 2005) , Þ¼‚è Þò¡øõ¬ó Üš¾JKè¬÷‚ ¬èò£œõ¬î Üø«õ îM˜‚è «õ‡´‹ (Bly et al. 1997). º¬øò£ù ¬èò£À‹ ¸†ðƒèœ °PŠH†ì àJKù‹, Üî¡ õò¶, Ü÷¾, õ÷˜Š¹ˆªî£†®, Ý󣌄CJ¡ Hóˆ«òèˆ «î¬õ ÝAòõŸP¡ Ü®Šð¬ìJ™ ñ£Áð´‹ (Fisher 2000; Matthews et al. 2002; Overstreet et al. 2000); Ü‹º¬øèœ å¼ GÁõùˆî£«ô£ Ü™ô¶ îQŠð†ì ÝŒ¾ˆF†ìˆ F«ô£ õ¬óòÁ‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹. óŠð˜ ñóŠð£™ (Latex) ¬è»¬øèœ Cô Þ¼ õ£›G¬ô àJKùƒèÀ‚° ï…ê£è ܬñA¡øù (Gutleb et al. 2001). Cø‰î ÜÂðõºœ÷ å¼õ˜ º¬øò£ù õ¬ô¬òŠ ðò¡ð´ˆFù£™ ê¼ñð£FŠ¹‹ Üîù£ô£ù Ü¿ˆîº‹ °¬ø»‹. Üšõ¬ôèœ ²ˆîñ£è Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. «õÁ ð†ì õ÷˜Š¹ º¬øèO™ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð†ì£™, Üšõ¬ô¬ò ÜšõŠ«ð£¶ A¼Iï£CQò£™ è¿õ «õ‡´‹. Þò¡øõ¬óJ™ àì™ Ý«ó£‚Aò‹ ªè£‡ì àJKùƒèÀ‚ªè¡«ø HóˆF«òèñ£ù õ¬ôè¬÷Š ðò¡ð´ˆ¶õ¶ CøŠ¹. c¼JKùƒèÀ‚°ˆ «î¬õŠð´‹ àìŸðJŸC, à쟪êò™ð£´èœ Üšõ÷õ£è ÜÁFJìŠ ðìM™¬ô â¡ø£½‹ ÜõŸP¡ ÞòŸ¬èò£ù õù„ ÅöL™, å¼ °PŠH†ì àJKùˆF¡ ªêòŸð£†´‚è£ù êó£êKˆ «î¬õè¬÷‚ ªè£‡®¼‚°‹ ÝŒ¾ˆ îó¾èO L¼‰¶ ÜõŸP¡ ÝŒõè õ÷˜Š¹‚è£ù «î¬õè¬÷‚ èí‚A†´‚ ªè£œ÷ô£‹ (Spence et al. 2008). Cô c¼JKèœ æŒªõ´Šð«î Þ™¬ô. ܬõ ªî£ì˜‰¶ c‰¶A¡øù; ñŸø¬õ å¼ ï£œ º¿¶‹ Ü™ô¶ å¼ ï£O™ ÜFè «ïó‹ 挪õ´‚è‚ô‹. c«ó£†ì «õè‹, îóŠð´‹ ñ¬ø Mìƒèœ Ü™ô¶ GôŠ¹ø 挾Š ð´¬èèœ (â´ˆ¶‚ 裆´: á˜õù ñŸÁ‹ Þ¼G¬ô õ£› àJ˜èÀ‚°‹) 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 183 ÝAò¬õ °PŠH†ì Þùˆ«î¬õ‚°‹ õ£›ð¼õˆFŸ°‹ ãŸøõ£Á ܬñò«õ‡´‹. õ÷˜Š¹º¬ø àí¾ àíM´‹ º¬ø¬òŠ ªð£Áˆîõ¬óJ™ Gô‹õ£› Môƒ°èœ ð°FJ™ ªè£´‚èŠð†´œ÷ ªð£¶õ£ù 輈¶è«÷ c˜õ£› Môƒ°èÀ‚°‹ ªð£¼‰¶‹. àí¾ «êIŠ¹ º¬øò£ù¶ àíM¡ õ¬è‚«èŸð, ÜF½œ÷ á†ì„êˆ¬îŠ ð£¶è£‚°‹ õ¬èJ½‹, àí¬õ‚ è÷ƒèŠð´ˆî£îõ£Á‹, ªî£™¬ô àJKè¬÷ ÜÂñF‚è£îð®»‹ ܬñò «õ‡´‹. «î¬õò£ù «ïóˆFŸ° àí¾ Üˆî¬ù Môƒ° èÀ‚°‹ A¬ì‚°‹ð® àí¾ õöƒ°‹ º¬ø ܬñò «õ‡´‹. àí¾‚è£è Môƒ°èœ ꇬìH®Šð¶‹, àíM¡ ꈶ ÞöŠ¹‹ îM˜‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹. àíM´‹ º¬ø»‹ àí¾ Þ¬ìªõO»‹ °PŠH†ì Þù‹, Üî¡ õò¶, Ü÷¾, â‰î õ¬èò£ù àJ˜‚裊¹ º¬ø ðò¡ ð´ˆîŠð´Aø¶ â¡ð¬îŠ ªð£Áˆ¶ ñ£Áð´‹. ãó£÷ ñ£ù c¼JK ð£Fò÷¾ cK™ õ£¿‹ ÞùƒèÀ‚° c˜ˆ ªî£†®J™ ⊫𣶋 àí¾ A¬ìŠðî£è ¬õ‚èŠ ð´õ¶I™¬ô, Ü¡ø£ì àí׆콋 «î¬õŠð´õ F™¬ô. õ˜ˆîè gFò£ù á†ìƒèœ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: àí¾‚è†®èœ, ¶Áõ™èœ) Cô àJKùƒèÀ‚°‚ A¬ì‚è‚ô‹. ÜõŸ¬ø„ «êI‚°‹ è£ôÜ÷¾ Üî¡ àŸðˆFò£÷ó£«ô£ Ü™ô¶ ªð£¶õ£è ãŸÁ‚ªè£œ÷Š ð†ì ðò¡º¬øJ¡ Ü®Šð¬ìJ«ô£ G˜íJ‚èŠð´ Aø¶. c¼JKèO™, °PŠð£è e¡ õ÷˜ŠH™ Ü™ô¶ Þ¼G¬ô õ£› àJ˜ ñŸÁ‹ á˜õùõŸP™, àJ˜ àí¾ è¬÷ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: ݘ¯Iò£ ¹¿Šð¼õ‹ (Artemia larva), ªõ†´‚AOèœ Ü™ô¶ e™ ¹¿õ‡®¡ ¹¿Šð¼õ‹, Mealworm beetle larvae) ðò¡ð´ˆ¶õ¶ ªð£¶ õö‚è‹. ÜŠð®ò£ù àJ˜ àí¾èœ ªî£ì˜‰¶ A¬ì‚°‹ð® ðó£ñK‚辋 G˜õA‚èŠð쾋 «õ‡´‹. «ñ½‹ Üš¾í¾ °PŠH†ì àJKùˆFŸ° àè‰îî£è¾‹ Ý«ó£‚AòˆFŸ° õNõ°Šðî£è¾‹ Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. 

184 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® á†ì„ꈶ‚ °¬øð£†¬ìˆ îM˜‚°‹ º¿¬ñò£ù á†ì‹ ªè£‡ì Üš¾í¾ Þ¼ˆî™ ÜõCò‹. c˜ (c˜ˆîó‹ ðŸPò ð°F¬ò»‹ 裇è) º¬øò£ù ðîŠð´ˆîŠð†ì c¬ó àJKùƒèœ ªðø«õ‡´‹. c˜õ£› àJó£ù¶ îù‚è£ù c¬óˆ îù¶ õ£NìˆFL¼‰¶, îù¶ ê¼ñ‹, ²õ£ê„ ªêF™èœ Íô‹ àP…C‚ ªè£œAø¶. Cô c˜õ£› Þ¼G¬ô àJKèÀ‚°‹ á˜õùõŸÁ‚°‹,  °®‚辋 ñ ßóñ£‚A‚ ªè£œ÷¾‹ å¼ ð£ˆFóˆF™ c¬ó ¬õ‚è «õ‡®õ¼‹. ܉có£ù¶ îóñ£ù Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹ (Gôõ£› Môƒ°èœ ð°F¬ò‚ 裇è). °ö£Œ cK™ °«÷£K‹ °«÷£ó¬ñ¡èÀ‹ Þ¼‚èô£‹. ܬõ Cô ÞùƒèÀ‚° ï…ê£ù¬õ. õ£›î¬ó c˜õ£› àJKùƒèÀ‚° º¬øò£ù ªêP׆´‹ õ£›î¬ó¬ò ܬñˆ¶ˆ î¼õ¶ àJKèÀ‚° àKò Cô °í£‹êƒè÷£ù °NðPˆî™, «ñŒî™, º†¬ìJ´î™ ÝAò Þò™¹è¬÷ «ñ‹ð´ˆ¶‹ (Fisher 2000; Matthews et al. 2002; Overstreet et al. 2000). ܈î¬óò£ù¶, ¬ï†óü¬ù ÜN‚°‹ 𣂯Kò£‚èÀ‚è£ù «ñŸ¹øŠ ð°F¬ò ÜFèK‚°‹ ð®ò£è¾‹ (à‹., êó¬÷»œ÷ î¬ó‚è®J™ õ®è†´ º¬ø¬ò ªè£‡ìð®), ܃èè„ êèFè¬÷ Ü¡ø£ì‹ ªõO«òŸÁ‹ «î¬õ¬ò‚ ªè£‡ìð®»‹ (¬ý†«ó£‚hQƒ; c˜ ꣘‰î ²ˆFèKŠ¹), àJ˜‚裊¹ º¬ø«ò£´ å¡P¬í‰î, ÜõCòI‚è«î£˜ Ü‹êñ£è¾‹ Ãì Þ¼‚èô£‹. «ï£Œ‚A¼I ÜèŸø™ ñÁ²öŸC º¬øJ¡ c˜„ÅöL½œ÷ «ï£Œ‚A¼I è¬÷ ÜèŸø, º¬øò£è õ®õ¬ñ‚èŠð†´Š ðóñK‚èŠ ð´‹ àJ˜‚裊¹ º¬øèœ ÜõCò‹. î¬óJ™ «ê¼‹ êèFè¬÷»‹ Fì‚èN¾è¬÷»‹ «î¬õò£ù«ð£¶ ÜèŸP c˜ñ£Ÿø‹ ªêŒò «õ‡´‹. «ï£Œ‚A¼Iè¬÷ ÜèŸÁ‹ Ü®Šð¬ì õNº¬øèœ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: MôƒA¡ Ý«ó£‚AòˆFŸ°‹ ï™õ£›MŸ°‹ àè‰îî£ù) Gô c˜õ£› àJKèÀ‚°Š ªð£¶õ£ù«î. âQ‹, 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 185 ªð¼‹ð£ô£ù ñô‹, CÁc˜ «ð£¡ø ¬ï†óü¡ ꣘‰î èN¾èœ î‡a«ó£´ è¬ó‰¶ M´õ, «ï£Œ‚A¼I è¬÷ ÜèŸÁ‹ õNº¬øèœ Gôõ£› àJKùˆ¬î M쾋 c¼JKèÀ‚° ñ£Áð†ì¶. àJ˜õN„ ²¬ñ¬òŠ ðîŠð´ˆî‚îòð®, Yó£è Þòƒ°‹ å¼ àJ˜‚裊¹ º¬øò£ù¶, ¬ï†óü¡ ꣘‰î èN¾è¬÷Š ð£îèI™ô£î Ü÷M™ ðó£ñK‚°‹. Fì‚èN¾èœ, àJ˜‚裊¹º¬øJ¡ õ®õ¬ñŠ¹‚«èŸð, «õÁð†ì º¬øèO™ c‚èŠðìô£‹; ªð£¶õ£è ܬõ ¬ý†«ó£ AkQƒ â‹ cóèŸÁ º¬øò£«ô£ õ®è†´‹ º¬øò£«ô£ c‚èŠðìô£‹. â‰î õ¬è â¡ð¬îŠ ªð£Áˆ¶ Üî¡ õ®è†®èœ ²ˆî‹ ªêŒòŠðì«õ£ ñ£ŸøŠðì«õ£ «õ‡´‹. ²òñ£èˆ ù„ ²ˆFèKˆ¶‚ ªè£œ÷ º®»ñ£ù£™, Üš õ®è†®èœ º¬øò£èŠ ðó£ñK‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹. àŠ¹c˜ º¬øªòQ™, è¬ó‰¶ð†ì ¹óîƒè¬÷„ ²öŸP ÜèŸÁ‹ õNº¬øèœ «î¬õŠð´‹. ܃èèˆ Fì‚èN¾ è¬÷‚ °¬øŠðî¡ Íô‹, ÜFL¼‰¶ ÜèŸøŠðì «õ‡®ò, e¡èÀ‚°‹ Þ¼G¬ôõ£› àJKèÀ‚° ï„ņ´‹ ¬ï†óü¡, ð£vðóv ÝAò¬õ «êèóñ£°‹ Ü÷¾è¬÷‚ °¬ø‚Aø¶. àJ˜õN õ®è†®èœ (¬ï†óü¬ù ÜN‚°‹ 𣂯Kò£‚èœ) Ü‹«ñ£Qò£ ¬õ»‹, ¬ï†«ó†¬ì»‹, Hø bMó ‚è¬÷»‹ có£î£óˆFL¼‰¶ ÜèŸÁA¡øù. Þ„²ˆFèKŠ¹ º¬øJ¡ ÞÁFŠªð£¼÷£ù ¬ï†«ó†ì£ù¶ c¼JKèO™ ãŸð´ˆ¶‹ ˆî¡¬ñJ™ °¬øõ£ù¶. âQ‹, Üî¡ ÜFè Ü÷¾ Ièˆ bƒè£ù¶; ªð£¶õ£è c˜ ñ£Ÿø‹ Íô‹ Þ¬î c‚AMìô£‹. âQ‹, I芪ðKò õ®õ¬ñŠ¹ º¬øèO™ ¬ï†óü¬ù ÜèŸÁ‹ CøŠ¹I° è¼Mèœ ªè£‡«ì Üî¡ Ü÷¬õ‚ °¬ø‚è Þò½‹. A¼Iè¬÷ ÜNŠð¶ ªð£¶õ£è ܬõ õ£¿‹ c¬ó„ ²ˆFèKŠð¶‹ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: õ®Š¹º¬ø, ¹ø áî£ åO Ü™ô¶ æ«ê£¡ º¬ø) Ü™ô¶ c¬ó ñ£ŸÁõ‹. Môƒ°è¬÷‚ ªè£‡´œ÷ có¬ñŠ¬ð °«÷£K¡ Ü™ô¶ Hø ªð¼‹ð£ô£ù A¼Iï£CQ Þóê£òùƒèœ ªè£‡´ ²ˆî‹ ªêŒõ¶ î裶. ãªùQ™ ܬõ Ü÷¾ °¬øõ£ù G¬ôJ½‹ I‚è¬õ; º¿ c˜G¬ô¬ò«ò£ Ü™ô¶ Üî¡ å¼ð£èˆ¬î«ò£ A¼Iï£ê‹ ªêŒ»‹«ð£¶, °«÷£K¡ â„ê‹, Hø «õFŠªð£¼†èœ, Ü™ô¶ âF˜ 

186 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® M¬ùò£ŸÁ‹ àðªð£¼†èœ c‚è‹ ªêŒòŠð´õF™, Ü™ô¶ º¿î£è ÜèŸøŠð´õF™ ÜFbMó èõù‹ â´ˆ¶‚ ªè£œ÷ «õ‡´‹. A¼Iï£ê‹ ªêŒ»‹ õNº¬ø, c˜G¬ô, MôƒAù‹ ÝAòõŸ¬øŠ ªð£¼ˆ«î è‡è£E‚°‹ º¬ø»‹, âˆî¬ù º¬ø è‡è£EŠð ªî¡ð¶‹ GÁõŠð´‹. c˜G¬ôèO™ ð£C õ÷˜õ¶ Þò™ð£ù«î. ܶ Å›‰¶œ÷ ªõO„êˆFŸ° ãŸð¾‹ ¬ï†óü¡, ð£vðóv Ü÷¬õŠ ªð£Áˆ¶‹ â‡E‚¬èJ™ ÜFèK‚°‹. Üî¡ õ÷˜„C Iè ÜFèñ£è‚ è£íŠð†ì£™ cK™ ¬ï†óü¡, ð£vðóv Ü÷¾ ÜFèñ£è àœ÷¶ â¡Á ܘˆî‹. eœ²öŸC c˜º¬øJ™ è£íŠð´‹ ð£Cèœ ªð£¶õ£è ï…êŸø¬õ. âQ‹, ÜF™ Cô Þùƒèœ ï…¬ê àŸðˆF ªêŒò‚ îò¬õ. âù«õ, ð£Cè¬÷ Þò‰Fóˆî£™ «îŒˆ¶ Ü™ô¶ ²ó‡®«ò£ ÜèŸøô£‹. ð£CJ¡ Ü÷¬õ‚ 膴Šð´ˆ¶õî¡ Íô‹ cK™ àœ÷ Môƒ°è¬÷ˆ ªîOõ£è‚ è£íº®»‹. côŠð„¬êŠ ð£C â‹ êò«ù£ 𣂯Kò£M¡ (Cyanobacteria; blue green algae) õ÷˜„C»‹ ªî¡ðìô£‹. °PŠð£è ï¡m˜ Môƒ° õ÷˜ŠH™ ܶ Þ¼‚è‚ô‹. ð£CJ¡ õ÷˜„C¬ò á‚°M‚°‹ Ü«î è£óEè«÷ êò«ù£ð£‚¯Kò£¬õ»‹ õ÷ó„ªêŒ»‹. ð£C¬òŠ«ð£ô«õ, ªð¼‹ð£ô£ù êò«ù£ð£‚¯Kò£‚èœ ï„êŸø¬õ â¡ø£½‹ ÜõŸP™ Cô àJKùƒè¬÷ˆ è‚îò Š ªð£¼†è¬÷ àŸðˆF ªêŒò‚ô‹ (Smith et al. 2008) . ªî£†®¬ò (Ǭì) ñ£ŸÁõ¶‹ A¼Iï£ê‹ ªêŒ»‹ º¬øèÀ‹, ªêŒ»‹ Ü÷¾‹ Gôõ£› àJKù º¬øèOL¼‰¶ ªð¼‹ 𣽋 MˆFò£êŠð†®¼‚°‹. èN¾èœ ªî£†®J½œ÷ cK«ô«ò è¬ó‰¶ M´õ‹, ÜõŸ¬ø ªõO«òŸø c¬óˆ Fø‰¶ M´õ Ü™ô¶ c¬ó õ®è†´õ‹, îQ«ò ªî£†®¬ò ñ£Ÿø «õ‡´ªñ¡Aø ÜõCò‹ «ïó£¶. âù«õ, cK¡ îóˆ¬îŠ ªð£Áˆ«î Ü¬î„ ²ˆî‹ ªêŒ»‹ Ü÷¾‹, A¼Iï£ê‹ ªêŒõ¶‹ ñ£Áð´‹. cK½œ÷ MôƒA¬ù‚ è‡è£E‚辋, Üî¡ Ý«ó£‚A òˆ¬î «ñŸð£˜¬õJ´‹ õ¬èJ½‹ c˜ ªîOõ£è Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. Í®J†ì e¡ õ÷˜Š¹ˆ ªî£†®èO™ àœ÷ e¡ àí¾ õ¬è¬òŠ ªð£Áˆ¶‹, c¼J˜ õ÷˜Š¹ º¬ø õ®õ¬ñŠ¬ðŠ ªð£Áˆ¶‹ õ£ó‹ 强¬ø 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 187 ªî£†®¬ò„ ²ˆî‹ ªêŒò«õ‡® Þ¼‚°‹. ªð¼…Åö¬ô„ ²ˆî‹ ªêŒî™, A¼I c‚è‹ ªêŒî™ Gôõ£Nù º¬øè¬÷Š «ð£¡«ø, Môƒ° õ£Nì õêFèœ, Môƒ° ܬøèœ, Ýîó¾ ªõOèœ (â´ˆ¶‚ 裆´: A샰 ܬø, Ç´ 迾‹ Þìƒèœ, ï¬ìõN èœ, ðK«ê£î¬ù ܬøèœ), Å›G¬ô‚«èŸð ªî£ì˜‰¶ ²ˆîŠð´ˆF A¼I c‚è‹ ªêŒò «õ‡´‹. ²ˆî‹ ªêŒ»‹ Þ¬ì«õ¬÷ ÜšMìƒèO¡ àð«ò£AŠ¹‚°‹ ܲˆî ñ£°‹ ꣈FòƒèÀ‚° ãŸð¾‹ GÁõŠðì «õ‡´‹. ²ˆî‹ ªêŒò à ªð£¼†èœ êKò£èˆ «î˜‰ªî´‚èŠ ðì «õ‡´‹. c˜G¬ô Þó‡ì£‹ ð†êñ£è ܲˆîñ£°‹ G¬ôJ™, ÜŠªð£¼†èœ èõùñ£èŠ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠðì «õ‡´‹. ²ˆî‹ ªêŒò à è¼Mèœ ¶¼ŠH®‚è£î ð®»‹, ªî£ì˜‰î A¼I c‚è„ ²¬ñ¬òˆ °‹ ð®»‹ Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. è¼Mèœ àð«ò£èŠð´‹ ܉î‰î ܬøèO«ô«ò HóˆF«òèñ£è ¬õ‚è «õ‡´‹. ÜõŸ¬ø ܲˆîñ£°‹ ꣈FòƒèÀ‚° à†ð†ì ªõš«õÁ ܬø èO™ ðò¡ð´ˆ¶õ¶ Ã죶. Ü«î«ð£ô, Ü‚è¼Mèœ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð´‹ º¡ù«ó ²ˆî‹ ªêŒòŠð쾋 «õ‡´‹. ð¿î£AŠ «ð£ù è¼Mè¬÷ˆ ªî£ì˜‰¶ ñ£Ÿø «õ‡´‹. ܬõ ²ˆîñ£ù ÞìƒèO™, º¬øò£è Ü´‚A ¬õ‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹. ÜšMì‹ ßóñŸÁ‹, °¬øõ£è«õ ܲˆîŠð´‹ ꣈Fòƒèœ ªè£‡´‹, Ì„CŠ¹¿‚èœ, A¼Ièœ ªî£Ÿø£îõ£Á‹ ܬñ‰F¼‚è «õ‡´‹. èN¾ ÜèŸø™ Cô ÝŒ¾‚ÃìƒèO™, ªñ£ˆî c˜ ªè£œ÷÷¾, îó‹, «õFŠªð£¼O¡ Þ¼Š¹ ÝAòõŸPŸ° ãŸð‚ èN¾c˜ ²ˆFèKŠ¹ ñŸÁ‹ ÜèŸÁî™ «î¬õŠðìô£‹. àœÙ˜ 膴Šð£´ MFº¬øèÀ‚° ãŸð èN¾c˜ ²ˆFèKŠ¹, ªõO«òŸÁî™ G蛈îŠðì «õ‡´‹. ªî£™¬ôJù‚ 膴Šð£´ Gôõ£› àJKùƒèÀ‚è£ù ªî£™¬ôJù‚ 膴Šð£´ º¬øè«÷ c˜õ£› àJKèÀ‚°‹ ªð£¼‰¶‹. âQ‹, Gôõ£› àJKùƒèÀ‚°Š ªð£¶õ£èŠ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð´‹ ªî£™¬ôJù‚ ªè£™Lè¬÷ Þƒ° 

188 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® ðò¡ð´ˆ¶õF™ I°‰î èõù‹ «î¬õ, ãªùQ™, Ü‚ªè£™Lèœ cK™ èô‰¶ c¼J˜èO¡ «î£™õN«ò á«ìP ð£îè‹ ãŸð´ˆî‚ô‹. Üõêó CA„¬ê, M´º¬ø ñŸÁ‹ õ£ó ÞÁF ï£†èœ ðó£ñKŠ¹ Gôõ£› àJKùƒèœ «ð£ô«õ, c¼J˜èÀ‹ Ü¡ø£ì‹ î°FI‚è ïð˜è÷£™ ðó£ñK‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹. ܉ïð˜èœ àJKùƒèœ õ÷˜ˆªî´‚èŠð´‹ õ£Nì õ®õ¬ñŠ¹è¬÷ ï¡° ¹K‰¶ ¬õˆF¼‚辋, ã«î‹ Þò‚èˆ îõÁèœ ïì‰î£™ ÜõŸ¬ø„ Yó¬ñ‚°‹ Fø¬ñ»‹ ªè£‡®¼Šð¶ ÜõCò‹. ÜŠð® 弫õ¬÷, ܈îõÁè¬÷ àì‚°ì¡ êKªêŒò º®ò£î ð†êˆF™, ÜŠªðKò c˜õ£Nì õ®õ¬ñŠ¹è¬÷„ êñ£Oˆ¶, °¬ø‰îð†ê‹ Ü´ˆî ÷ Yó¬ñ‚è‚îò õ¬èJ½‹, ÜF™ «î˜‰î ªõO G¹í˜è¬÷»‹ ܬöˆ¶ õó ã¶õ£è õN ªêŒò «õ‡´‹. î£QòƒA õ®õ¬ñŠ¹èœ A¬ì‚°‹ ð†êˆF™ ÜõŸ¬ø õ®õ¬ñŠH¡ Ü÷¾, C‚èL¡ Ü®Šð¬ìJ™ ðò¡ð´ˆîô£‹. «ðó÷Mô£ù Yó¬ñŠ¹‚°‹, ÞöŠ¹è¬÷„ êñ£O‚辋 «î¬õŠð´‹ êKò£ù Üõêóè£ôˆ F†ìƒèœ õ¬óòÁ‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹. àJKùˆªî£¬è «ñô£‡¬ñ c˜ õ£ › àJKè ¬÷ ܬì ò £÷‹ ªè£œÀ‹ MFº¬øèœ Gôõ£› àJKùƒè¬÷ åˆî¶î£¡. ܶ °PŠH†ì Þù‹, Üî¡ õCŠHì õêFè¬÷ Ü®Šð¬ì ò£è‚ ªè£‡ì¶. c¼JKè¬÷, ¶´Š¬ð‚ èˆîKˆî™, ñóðµ «ê£î¬ù (Matthews et al. 2002; Nickum et al. 2004), ܬìò£÷ ܆¬ì, «î£½‚è®J™ ܬìò£÷ áCJì™ (Nickum et al. 2004), Ü÷M™ ªðKî£è Þ¼‚°‹ ð†êˆF™ îQŠð†ì ܬìò£÷‚ °PŠ¹, îQŠð†ì àJK¡ ªõOŠ¹øˆ «î£L™ è£íŠð´‹ Gøõ®õƒèœ ÝAòõŸ¬ø‚ ªè£‡´ ܬìò£÷Šð´ˆîô£‹. Ü÷M™ Iè„CPòî£è àœ÷ c¼JKè¬÷ îQŠð†ì ܬìò£÷ˆ FŸ° à†ð´ˆ¶õ¶ Cóññ£ù¶ â¡ð, Cô î¼íƒèO™, °¿ ܬìò£÷ƒè¬÷ ¬õˆ¶‚ ªè£œ÷ ô£‹ (Koerber and Kalishman 2009; Matthews et al. 2002). 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 189 c¼JKèœ ðŸPò ðF«õ´ è£ˆî™ c¼JKèÀ‚è£ù Ãìƒèœ ꣘‰î «ñô£‡¬ñ¬òŠ ªð£Áˆîõ¬óJ™, «ð£¶ñ£ù ðF«õ´èœ ðó£ñK‚èŠ ðì«õ‡´‹. ªð£¶õ£è, Gô õ£NùƒèÀ‚ªèùŠ ðó£ñK‚èŠð´‹ Ü«î îóõK¬ê«ò º¿¬ñò£è Ü™ô¶ ð£Fò÷¾ c¼J˜èÀ‚°‹ ªð£¼‰¶‹. âQ‹, °PŠH†ì àJKù‹, Üî¡ õCŠHì õ®õ¬ñŠ¬ðŠ ªð£Áˆ¶ Cô ñ£Ÿøƒèœ «î¬õŠðìô£‹ (Koerber and Kalishman 2009). ªð¼‹ð£ô£ù c¼JKèœ îQŠð†ì º¬øJ™ Ü¡P, °¿ ܬìò£÷‹ Íô«ñ ðó£ñK‚èŠð´õ, Mõóñ£ù Môƒ°Š ðó£ñKŠ¹Š ðF«õ´èœ «î¬õŠ ð´‹. ªð£¶õ£èŠ ðFòŠð´‹ Môƒ° ðŸPò Mðóƒèœ, °PŠð£è, e¡è¬÷‚ ªè£‡´ Ý󣌄C ïìˆîŠð´‹ àJ˜õN ÝŒM™ «î¬õŠð´ð¬õ: Þù‹; ñóðµ îèõ™ (ªðŸ«ø£˜ ꣘‰î ܬìò£÷‹, ñóðµ ܬñŠ¹); ñóðµ Ýî£ó‹ (Genetic source); õCŠHìˆF™ Ýî£ó â‡E‚¬èèœ; ªî£†® ܬìò£÷‹; àJ˜‚裊¹ º¬øðŸPò îèõ™; ÞùŠªð¼‚è‹; ÞøŠ¹; «ï£Œ; ÝŒõèˆF¡ àœÀ‹ ªõOJ½‹ Þìñ£Ÿø‹; è¼¾¼ õ£‚è‹ (Fertilization) / º†¬ìŠªð£KŠ¹ˆ (Hatching) îèõ™ (Koerber and Kalishman 2009; Matthews et al. 2002); àí¾ê£˜‰î (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: ªè£´‚èŠð†ì àí¾, ãŸÁ‚ ªè£œÀ î™), G¬ôò£ù á†ì„êˆ¶èœ ªè£‡ì è£ô£õFò£è£î àí¾ ÜOŠ¹; àJ¼œ÷ àí¾ õ÷˜ˆªî´Š¹ (â´ˆ¶‚ 裆´: º†¬ìŠªð£KŠ¹ MAî‹ ñŸÁ‹ MŸð¬ù ªêŒ«õ£K¡ á†ì Ý«ô£ê¬ùè¬÷„ ꣘‰î º¬øJ™) «ð£¡ø îèõ™è¬÷Š ðFò «õ‡´‹ (Matthews et al. 2002). c˜õ£Nì àJ˜‚裊¹ º¬øèœ, c˜ˆîó‹ ꣘‰î ðK«ê£î¬ùèœ, có£î£ó‹, àJ˜‚裊¹ º¬ø꣘‰î ðó£ñKŠ¹‚ è£óEèœ ÝAò îèõ™èœ c˜ˆîóˆ¬î àÁFªêŒò¾‹ è‡è£E‚辋 à. «ê£F‚èŠð†ì c˜‚ °í£‹êƒè¬÷»‹ «ê£î¬ù Þ¬ìªõOè¬÷»‹ ¶™Lòñ£è õ¬óòÁ‚è «õ‡´‹. ܬõ, c˜ˆîó‹ â‹ î¬ôŠH¡ W› ªè£´‚èŠð†´œ÷, ðó£ñK‚èŠð´‹ c˜õ£Nì àJ˜‚裊¹ º¬øèœ, Môƒ°èœ, Ý󣌄C õ¬è ÝAòõŸ¬øŠ ªð£Áˆ¶ ñ£Áð´‹. c¼J˜èO¡ 

190 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® ⇠E‚¬è ¬ò‚ è ‡è £E‚è àî ¾‹ Mð óñ £ù ܬìò£÷‚ °PŠ¹èœ, Þìñ£Ÿø‹, ÞùŠªð¼‚è‹, ÞøŠ¹ â‡E‚¬è «ð£¡ø îèõ™è¬÷ˆ ¶™Lòñ£èŠ ðFŠH‚è à (Matthews et al. 2002). CôêñòƒèO™, ªðKò â‡E‚¬èJ™ õ÷˜‚èŠð´‹ Môƒ°èO™ (â´ˆ¶‚ 裆´: n«ù£çðv Æìƒèœ - Xenopus colonies) , °PŠH†ì Þ¬ìªõOJ™ â´‚èŠð´‹ ªñ£ˆî â‡E‚¬è ðŸPò îèõ™, ¶™Lòñ£ù â‡E‚¬è Mðóƒè¬÷ˆ . ªðKò Ü÷Mô£ù c¼J˜ õ÷˜Š¹ ꣘‰î Ý󣌄CJ™, 冴ªñ£ˆî àJ˜ Ü예F¬ò Ü÷M†´, ܬî Güñ£ù MôƒA¡ â‡E‚¬è«ò£´ åŠH†´Š 𣘊ðî¡ Íô‹ êKò£ù àJ˜ˆªî£¬è¬ò‚ èí‚Aìô£‹ (Borski and Hodson 2003). îó¾‚ °PŠ¹¬óèœ Alworth LC, Harvey SB. 2007. IACUC issues associated with am- phibian research. ILAR J 48:278-289. Alworth LC, Vazquez VM. 2009. A novel system for individually housing bullfrogs. Lab Anim 38:329-333. Ames BN, Shigenaga MK, Hagen TM. 1993. Review: Oxidants, an- tioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:7915-7922. Anadon A, Martinez-Larranaga MR, Martinez MA. 2009. Use and abuse of pyrethrins and synthetic pyrethroids in veterinary medicine. Vet J (UK) 182:7-20. Andrade CS, Guimaraes FS. 2003. Anxiolytic-like effect of group housing on stress-induced behavior in rats. Depress Anx 18:149-152. Apeldoorn EJ, Schrama JW, Mashaly MM, Parmentier HK. 1999. Effect of melatonin and lighting schedule on energy metabolism in broiler chickens. Poultry Sci 78:223-229. Arakawa H. 2005. Age dependent effects of space limitation and social tension on open-field behavior in male rats. Physiol Behav 84:429- 436. Armario A, Castellanos JM, Balasch J. 1985. Chronic noise stress and insulin secretion in male rats. Physiol Behav 34:359-361. 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 191 Armstrong KR, Clark TR, Peterson MR. 1998. Use of corn-husk nesting material to reduce aggression in caged mice. Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci 37:64-66. Augustsson H, Lindberg L, Hoglund AU, Dahlborn K. 2002. Hu- man-animal interactions and animal welfare in conventionally and pen- housed rats. Lab Anim 36:271-281. Azar TA, Sharp JL, Larson DM. 2008. Effect of housing rats in dim light or long nights on heart rate. JAALAS 47:25-34. Baer LA, Corbin BJ, Vasques MF, Grindeland RE. 1997. Effects of the use of filtered microisolator tops on cage microenvironment and growth rate of mice. 1997. Lab Anim Sci 47:327-329. Baldwin AL. 2007. Effects of noise on rodent physiology. Int J Comp Psychol 20:134-144. Barnett SA. 1965. Adaptation of mice to cold. Biol Rev 40:5-51. Barnett SA. 1973. Maternal processes in the cold-adaptation of mice. Biol Rev 48:477-508. Bartolomucci A, Palanza P, Parmigiani S. 2002. Group housed mice: Are they really stressed? Ethol Ecol Evol 14:341-350. Bartolomucci A, Palanza P, Sacerdote P, Ceresini G, Chirieleison A, Panera AE, Parmigiani S. 2003. Individual housing induces altered immuno- endocrine responses to psychological stress in male mice. Psychoneuroendocrinology 28:540-558. Baumans V. 1997. Environmental enrichment: Practical applications. In: Van Zutphen LFM, Balls M, eds. Animal Alternatives, Welfare and Eth- ics. Elsevier. p 187-197. Baumans V. 2005. Environmental enrichment for laboratory rodents and rabbits: Requirements of rodents, rabbits, and research. ILAR J 46:162- 170. Baumans V, Schlingmann F, Vonck M, Van Lith HA. 2002. Indi- vidually ventilated cages: Beneficial for mice and men? Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci 41:13-19. Bayne KA. 2002. Development of the human-research animal bond and its impact on animal well-being. ILAR J 43:4-9. Bayne KA. 2005. Potential for unintended consequences of envi- ronmental enrichment for laboratory animals and research results. ILAR J 46:129-139. 

192 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® Bayne KA, Dexter SL, Hurst JK, Strange GM, Hill EE. 1993. Kong Toys for laboratory primates: Are they eally an enrichment or just fomites? Lab Anim Sci 43(1):78-85. Bayne KA, Haines MC, Dexter SL, Woodman D, Evans C. 1995. Nonhuman primate wounding prevalence: A retrospective analysis. Lab Anim 24:40-43. Bazille PG, Walden SD, Koniar BL, Gunther R. 2001. Commercial cotton nesting material as a predisposing factor for conjunctivitis in athymic nude mice. Lab Anim (NY) 30:40-42. Beaumont S. 2002. Ocular disorders of pet mice and rats. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 5:311-324. Becker BA, Christenson RK, Ford JJ, Nienaber JA, DeShazer JA, Hahn GL. 1989. Adrenal and behavioral responses of swine restricted to varying degrees of mobility. Physiol Behav 45:1171-1176. Bell GC. 2008. Optimizing laboratory ventilation rates. Labs for the 21st century: Best practice guide. US Environmental Protection Agency. Available at <http://labs21century.gov/pdf/> bp_opt_vent_508.pdf; accessed March 30, 2010. Bellhorn RW. 1980. Lighting in the animal environment. Lab Anim Sci 30:440-450. Bergmann P, Militzer K, Büttner D. 1994. Environmental enrichment and aggressive behaviour: influence on body weight and body fat in male inbred HLG mice. J Exp Anim Sci 37:59-78. Berson DM, Dunn FA, Takao M. 2002. Phototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that set the circadian clock. Science 295:1070-1073. Besch EL. 1980. Environmental quality within animal facilities. Lab Anim Sci 30:385-406. Blaustein A, Marco A, Quichano C. 1999. Sensitiv- ity to nitrate and nitrite in pond-breeding amphibians from the Pacific North- west, USA. Environ Toxicol Chem J 18:2836-2839. Blom HJM, Van Tintelen G, Van Vorstenbosch CJ, Baumans V, Beynen AC. 1996. Preferences of mice and rats for types of bedding mate- rial. Lab Anim 30:234-244. Bloomsmith MA, Stone AM, Laule GE. 1998. Positive reinforce- ment training to enhance the voluntary movement of group-housed chim- panzees within their enclosures. Zoo Biol 17:333-341. 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 193 Bly JE, Quiniou SM, Clem LW. 1997. Environmental effects on fish immune mechanisms. Dev Biol Stand 90:33-43. Borski R, Hodson RG. 2003. Fish research and the institutional ani- mal care and use committee. ILAR J 44:286-294. Bracke MBM, Metz JHM, Spruijt BM, Schouten WGP. 2002. Deci- sion support system for overall welfare assessment in pregnant sows. B: Validation by expert opinion. J Anim Sci 80:1835-1845. Brainard GC. 1989. Illumination of laboratory animal quarters: Par- ticipation of light irradiance and wavelength in the regulation of the neu- roendocrine system. In: Science and Animals: Addressing Contemporary Issues. Greenbelt, MD: Scientists Center for Animal Welfare. p 69-74. Brainard GC, Vaughan MK, Reiter RJ. 1986. Effect of light irradi- ance and wavelength on the Syrian hamster reproductive system. Endocri- nology 119:648-654. Brenner FJ, Brenner PE. 1969. The influence of light and tempera- ture on body fat and reproductive conditions of Rana pipiens. Ohio J Sci 69:305-312. Brent L. 1995. Feeding enrichment and body weight in captive chim- panzees. J Med Primatol 24(1):12-16. Briese V, Fanghanel J, Gasow H. 1984. Effect of pure sound and vibration on the embryonic development of the mouse. Zentralbl Gynokol 106:378-388. Broderson JR, Lindsey JR, Crawford JE. 1976. The role of environ- mental ammonia in respiratory mycoplasmosis of rats. Am J Pathol 85:115- 127. Brown AM, Pye JD. 1975. Auditory sensitivity at high frequencies in mammals. Adv Comp Physiol Biochem 6:1-73. Browne RK, Edwards DL. 2003. The effect of temperature on the growth and development of green and golden bell frogs (Litoria aurea). J Therm Biol 28:295-299. Browne RK, Zippel K. 2007. Reproduction and larval rearing of amphibians. ILAR J 48:214-234. Browne RK, Pomering M, Hamer AJ. 2003. High density effects on the growth, development and survival of Litoria aurea tadpoles. Aquacul- ture 215:109-121. 

194 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® Browne RK, Odum RA, Herman T, Zippel K. 2007. Facility design and associated services for the study of amphibians. ILAR J 48:188-202. Buddaraju AKV, Van Dyke RW. 2003. Effect of animal bedding on rat liver endosome acidification. Comp Med 53:616-621. Carfagnini AG, Rodd FH, Jeffers KB, Bruce AEE. 2009. The effects of habitat complexity on aggression and fecundity in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Environ Biol Fish 86:403-409. Carissimi AS, Chaguri LCAA, Teixeira MA, Mori CMC, Macchione M, Sant’Anna ETG, Saldiva PHN, Souza NL, Merusse JBL. 2000. Effects of two ventilation systems and bedding change frequency on cage environ- mental factors in rats (Rattus norvegicus). Anim Tech 51:161-170. Carman RA, Quimby FW, Glickman GM. 2007. The effect of vibra- tion on pregnant laboratory mice. Noise-Con Proc 209:1722-1731. Castelhano-Carlos MJ, Sousa N, Ohl F, Baumans V. 2010. Identifi- cation methods in newborn C57BL/6 mice: A developmental and behavioural evaluation. Lab Anim 4:88-103. Caulfield CD, Cassidy JP, Kelly JP. 2008. Effects of gamma irradia- tion and pasteurization on the nutritive composition of commercially avail- able animal diets. JAALAS 47:61-66. CFR [Code of Federal Regulations]. 2009. Title 21, Part 58. Good Laboratory Practice for Nonclinical Laboratory Studies. Washington: Gov- ernment Printing Office. Available at www. accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/ cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=58andshowFR=1; accessed April 1, 2010. Chapillon P, Manneche C, Belzung C, Caston J. 1999. Rearing envi- ronmental enrichment in two inbred strain of mice: 1. Effects on emotional reactivity. Behav Genet 29:41-46. Cherry JA. 1987. The effect of photoperiod on development of sexual behavior and fertility in golden hamsters. Physiol Behav 39:521-526. Chmiel DJ, Noonan M. 1996. Preference of laboratory rats for po- tentially enriching stimulus objects. Lab Anim 30:97-101. Clarence WM, Scott JP, Dorris MC, Paré M. 2006. Use of enclo- sures with functional vertical space by captive rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) involved in biomedical research. JAALAS 45:31-34. Clough G. 1982. Environmental effects on animals used in biomedical research. Biol 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 195 Rev 57:487-523. Colman RJ, Anderson RM, Johnson SC, Kastman EK, Kosmatka KJ, Beasley TM, Allison DB, Cruzen C, Simmons HA, Kemnitz JW, Weindruch R. 2009. Caloric restriction delays disease onset and mortality in rhesus monkeys. Science 325:201-204. Compton SR, Homberger FR, MacArthur Clark J. 2004a. Microbio- logical monitoring in individually ventilated cage systems. Lab Anim 33:36- 41. Compton SR, Homberger FR, Paturzo FX, MacArthur Clark J. 2004b. Efficacy of three microbiological monitoring methods in a ventilated cage rack. Comp Med 54:382-392. Conner DA. 2002. Mouse colony management. Curr Protoc Mol Biol 23.8.1-23.8.11, suppl 57. Conner DA. 2005. Transgenic mouse colony man- agement. Curr Protoc Mol Biol 23.10.1- 23.10.8, suppl 71. Corning BF, Lipman NS. 1991. A comparison of rodent caging sys- tem based on microenvironmental parameters. Lab Anim Sci 41:498-503. Cramer DV. 1983. Genetic monitoring techniques in rats. ILAR News 26:15-19. Crippa L, Gobbi A, Ceruti RM. 2000. Ringtail in suckling Munich Wistar Frömter rats: A histopathologic study. Comp Med 50:536-539. Cunliffe-Beamer TL, Freeman LC, Myers DD. 1981. Barbiturate sleep time in mice exposed to autoclaved or unautoclaved wood beddings. Lab Anim Sci 31:672-675. Davidson LP, Chedester AL, Cole MN. 2007. Effects of cage den- sity on behavior in young adult mice. Comp Med 57:355-359. De Boer SF, Koolhaas JM. 2003. Defensive burying in rodents: Ethol- ogy, neurobiology and psychopharmacology. Eur J Pharmacol 463:145-161. De Veer MJ, Kemp JM, Meeusen ENT. 2007. The innate host de- fence against nematode parasites.Parasite Immunol 29:1-9. Denardo D. 1995. Amphibians as laboratory animals. ILAR J 37:173- 181. DeTolla LJ, Sriniva S, Whitaker BR, Andrews C, Hecker B, Kane AS, Reimschuessel R. 1995. Guidelines for the care and use of fish in re- search. ILAR J 37:159-172. 

196 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® DHHS [Department of Health and Human Services]. 2009. Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories, 5th ed. Chosewood LC, Wilson DE, eds. Washington: Government Printing Office. Available at http:/ /www.cdc.gov/biosafety/publications/bmbl5/index. htm; accessed July 30, 2010. DiBerardinis L, Greenley P, Labosky M. 2009. Laboratory air changes: What is all the hot air about? J Chem Health Safety 16:7-13. Donahue WA, VanGundy DN, Satterfield WC, Coghlan LJ. 1989. Solving a tough problem. Pest Control 57:46-50. Drescher B. 1993. The effects of housing systems for rabbits with special reference to ulcerative pododermatitis. Tierärztl Umschau 48:72-78. Duncan TE, O’Steen WK. 1985. The diurnal susceptibility of rat retinal photoreceptors to lightinduced damage. Exp Eye Res 41:497-507. Dyke B. 1993. Basic data standards for primate colonies. Am J Primatol 29:125-143. Eadie JM, Mann SO. 1970. Development of the rumen microbial population: High starch diets and instability. In: Phillipson AT, Annison EF, Armstrong DG, Balch CC, Comline RS, Hardy RN, Hobson PN, Keynes RD, eds. Physiology of Digestion and Metabolism in the Ruminant. Pro- ceedings of the Third International Symposium. Newcastle upon Tyne UK: FRS Oriel Press Ltd. p 335-347. Easterbrook JD, Kaplan JB, Glass GE, Watson J, Klein SL. 2008. A survey of rodent-borne pathogens carried by wild-caught Norway rats: A potential threat to laboratory rodent colonies. Lab Anim 42:92-98. Ednie DL, Wilson RP, Lang CM. 1998. Comparison of two sanita- tion monitoring methods in an animal research facility. Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci 37:71-74. Erkert HG, Grober J. 1986. Direct modulation of activity and body temperature of owl monkeys (Aotus lemurinus griseimembra) by low light intensities. Folia Primatol 47:171-188. Eskola S, Lauhikari M, Voipio HM, Laitinen M, Nevalainen T. 1999. Environmental enrichment may alter the number of rats needed to achieve statistical significance. Scand J Lab Anim Sci 26:134-144. FELASA [Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science As- sociations] Working Group. 2007. FELASA Guidelines for the production 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 197 and nomenclature of transgenic rodents. Lab Anim 41:301-311. Festing MFW. 1979. Inbred Strains in Biomedical Research. Lon- don: Macmillan. Festing MFW. 1982. Genetic contamination of laboratory animal colonies: An increasingly serious problem. ILAR News 25:6-10. Festing MFW. 2002. Laboratory animal genetics and genetic quality control. In: Hau J, Van Hoosier GL Jr, eds. Handbook of Laboratory Animal Science. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p 173-203. Festing MFW, Kondo K, Loosli R, Poiley SM, Spiegel A. 1972. International standardized nomen- clature for outbred stocks of laboratory animals. ICLA Bull 30:4-17. Fidler IJ. 1977. Depression of macrophages in mice drinking hyperchlorinated water. Nature 270:735-736. Field K, Bailey M, Foresman LL, Harris RL, Motzel SL, Rockar RA, Ruble G, Suckow MA. 2007. Medical records for animals used in research, teaching and testing: Public statement from the American College of Laboratory Animal Medi- cine. ILAR J 48:37-41. Fisher JP. 2000. Facilities and husbandry (large fish model). In: Ostrander GK, ed. The Laboratory Fish. San Francisco: Academic Press. p 13-39. Fletcher JL. 1976. Influence of noise on animals. In: McSheehy T, ed. Control of the Animal House Environment. Laboratory Animal Hand- books 7. London: Laboratory Animals Ltd. p 51-62. Fraile B, Paniagua R, Rodrigues MC, Saez J. 1989. Effects of pho- toperiod and temperature on spermiogenesis in marbeled newts (Triturus marmoratus marmoratus). Copeia 1989:357-363. Fullerton FR, Greenman DL, Kendall DC. 1982. Effects of storage conditions on nutritional Qualities of semipurified (AIN-76) and natural ingredient (NIH-07) diets. J Nutr 112:567-573. Fullerton PM, Gilliatt RW. 1967. Pressure neuropathy in the hind foot of the guinea pig. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 30:18-25. Garg RC, Donahue WA. 1989. Pharmacologic profile of methoprene, an insect growth regulator, in cattle, dogs, and cats. JAVMA 194:410-412. Garner JP. 2005. Stereotypies and other abnormal repetitive behav- iors: Potential impact on validity, reliability, and replicability of scientific 

198 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® outcomes. ILAR J 46:106-117. Garrard G, Harrison GA, Weiner JS. 1974. Reproduction and sur- vival of mice at 23ºC. J Reprod Fert 37:287-298. Gartner K. 1999. Cage enrichment occasionally increases deviation of quantitative traits. In: Proc Int Joint Mtg 12th ICLAS General Assembly and Conference and 7th FELASA Symposium.p 207-210. Gaskill BN, Rohr SA, Pajor EA, Lucas JR, Garner JP. 2009. Some like it hot: Mouse temperature preferences in laboratory housing. Appl Anim Behav Sci 116:279-285. Geber WF, Anderson TA, Van Dyne B. 1966. Physiologic responses of the albino rat to chronic noise stress. Arch Environ Health 12:751-754. Georgsson L, Barrett J, Gietzen D. 2001. The effects of group-hous- ing and relative weight on feeding behaviour in rats. Scand J Lab Anim Sci 28:201-209. Gibson SV, Besch-Williford C, Raisbeck MF, Wagner JE, McLaughlin RM. 1987. Organophosphate toxicity in rats associated with contaminated bedding. Lab Anim 37:789-791. Gill TJ. 1980. The use of randomly bred and genetically defined animals in biomedical research. Am J Pathol 101(3S):S21-S32. Godfrey EW, Sanders GW. 2004. Effect of water hardness on oocyte quality and embryo development in the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). Comp Med 54:170-175. Gonder JC, Laber K. 2007. A renewed look at laboratory rodent hous- ing and management. ILAR J 48:29-36. Gonzalez RR, Kiuger MJ, Hardy JD. 1971. Partitional calorimetry of the New Zealand white rabbit at temperatures of 5-35°C. J Appl Physiol 31:728. Gordon AH, Hart PD, Young MR. 1980. Ammonia inhibits phago- some-lysosome fusion in macrophages. Nature 286:79-80. Gordon CJ. 1990. Thermal biology of the laboratory rat. Physiol Behav 47:963-991. Gordon CJ. 1993. Temperature Regulation in Laboratory Animals. New York: Cambridge University Press. 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 199 Gordon CJ. 2004. Effect of cage bedding on temperature regulation and metabolism of grouphousedfemale mice. Comp Med 54:63-68. Gordon CJ. 2005. Temperature and Toxicology: An integrative, com- parative and environmental approach. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Gordon CJ, Becker P, Ali JS. 1998. Behavioral thermoregulatory responses of single- and grouphoused mice. Physiol Behav 65:255-262. Green EL. 1981. Genetics and Probability in Animal Breeding Ex- periments. New York: Oxford University Press. Green SL. 2002. Factors affecting oogenesis in the South African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). Comp Med 52:307-312. Green SL. 2009. The Laboratory Xenopus sp. (Laboratory Animal Pocket Reference). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Greenman DL, Bryant P, Kodell RL, Sheldon W. 1982. Influence of cage shelf level on retinal atrophy in mice. Lab Anim Sci 32:353-356. Gresens J. 2004. An introduction to the Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum). Lab Anim 33:41-47. Groen A. 1977. Identification and genetic monitoring of mouse in- bred strains using biomedical polymorphisms. Lab Anim (London) II:209- 214. Gunasekara AS, Rubin AL, Goh KS, Spurlock FC, Tjeerdema RS. 2008. Environmental fate and toxicology of carbaryl. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 196:95-121. Gutleb AC, Bronkhorst M, van den Berg JHJ, Musrk AJ. 2001. La- tex laboratory gloves: An unexpected pitfall in amphibian toxicity assays with tadpoles. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 10:119-121. Haemisch A, Voss T, Gärtner K. 1994 Effects of environmental en- richment on aggressive behaviour, dominance hierarchies and endocrine states in male DBA/2J mice. Physiol Behav 56:1041-1048. Hahn NE, Lau D, Eckert K, Markowitz H. 2000. Environmental en- richment-related injury in a macaque (Macaca fascicularis): Intestinal linear foreign body. Comp Med 50:556-558. Hall FS. 1998. Social deprivation of neonatal, adolescent, and adult rats has distinct neurochemical and behavioural consequences. Crit Rev Neurobiol 12:129-162. 

200 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® Hall JE, White WJ, Lang CM. 1980. Acidification of drinking wa- ter: Its effects on selected biologic phenomena in male mice. Lab Anim Sci 30:643-651. Hankenson FC, Garzel LM, Fischer DD, Nolan B, Hankenson KD. 2008. Evaluation of tail biopsy collection in laboratory mice (Mus muscu- lus): Vertebral ossification, DNA quantity, and acute behavioral responses. JAALAS 47(6):10-18. Hanifin JP, Brainard GC. 2007. Photoreception for circadian, neu- roendocrine, and neurobehavioral regulation. J Physiol Anthropol 26:87- 94. Hartl DL. 2000. A Primer of Population Genetics, 3rd ed. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. Hasenau JJ, Baggs RB, Kraus AL. 1993. Microen- vironments in microisolation cages using BALB/c and CD-1 Mice. Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci 32:11-16. Hedrich HJ. 1990. Genetic Monitoring of Inbred Strains of Rats. New York: Gustav Fischer Verlag. Heffner HE, Heffner RS. 2007. Hearing ranges of laboratory ani- mals. JAALAS 46:20-22. Held SDE, Turner RJ, Wootton RJ. 1995. Choices of laboratory rab- bits for individual or grouphousing. Appl Anim Behav Sci 46:81-91Hermann LM, White WJ, Lang CM. 1982. Prolonged exposure to acid, chlorine, or tetracycline in drinking wa- ter: Effects on delayed-type hypersensitivity, hemagglutination titers, and reticuloendothelial clearance rates in mice. Lab Anim Sci 32:603-608. Hess SE, Rohr S, Dufour BD, Gaskill BN, Pajor EA, Garner JP. 2008. Home improvement: C57BL/6J mice given more naturalistic nesting materials build better nests. JAALAS 47:25-31. Hilken G, Dimigen J, Iglauer F. 1995. Growth of Xenopus laevis under different laboratory rearing conditions. Lab Anim 29:152-162. Hill D. 1999. Safe handling and disposal of laboratory animal waste. Occup Med 14:449-468. Hoffman HA, Smith KT, Crowell JS, Nomura T, Tomita T. 1980. Genetic quality control of laboratory animals with emphasis on genetic moni- toring. In: Spiegel A, Erichsen S, Solleveld HA, eds. Animal Quality and Models in Biomedical Research. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag. p 307- 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 201 317. Homberger FR, Pataki Z, Thomann PE. 1993. Control of Pseudomo- nas aeruginosa infection in mice by chlorine treatment of drinking water. Lab Anim Sci 43:635-637. Hotchkiss CE, Paule MG. 2003. Effect of pair-housing on operant behavior task performance by rhesus monkeys. Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci 42:38-41. Hubrecht RC. 1993. A comparison of social and environmental en- richment methods for laboratory housed dogs. Appl Anim Behav Sci 37:345- 361. Hughes HC, Reynolds S. 1995. The use of computational fluid dy- namics for modeling air flow design in a kennel facility. Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci 34:49-53 Ikemoto S, Panksepp J. 1992. The effect of early social isolation on the motivation for social play in juvenile rats. Dev Psychobiol 25:261-274. Ivy AS, Brunson KL, Sandman C, Baram TZ. 2008. Dysfunctional nurturing behavior in rat dams with limited access to nesting material: A clinically relevant model for early-life stress. Neuroscience 154:1132-1142. Jacobs BB, Dieter DK. 1978. Spontaneous hepatomas in mice in- bred from Ha:ICR Swiss stock: Effects of sex, cedar shavings in bedding, and immunization with fetal liver or hepatoma cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 61:1531-1534. Jones DM. 1977. The occurrence of dieldrin in sawdust used as bed- ding material. Lab Anim 11:137. Karolewicz B, Paul IA. 2001. Group housing of mice increases im- mobility and antidepressant sensitivity in the forced swim and tail suspen- sion tests. Eur J Pharmacol 415:97-201. Kaufman BM, Pouliot AL, Tiefenbacher S, Novak MA. 2004. Short- and long-term effects of a substantial change in cage size on individually housed, adult male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Appl Anim Behav Sci 88:319-330. Kaye GI, Weber PB, Evans A, Venezia RA. 1998. Efficacy of alka- line hydrolysis as an alternative method for treatment and disposal of infec- tious animal waste. Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci 37:43-46. 

202 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® Keenan KP, Smith PF, Soper KA. 1994. Effect of dietary (caloric) restriction on aging, survival, pathobiology and toxicology. In: Notter W, Dungworth DL, Capen CC, eds. Pathobiology of the Aging Rat, vol 2. Wash- ington: International Life Sciences Institute. p 609-628. Keenan KP, Laroque P, Ballam GC, Soper KA, Dixit R, Mattson BA, Adams SP, Coleman JB. 1996. The effects of diet, ad libitum overfeed- ing, and moderate dietary restriction on the rodent bioassay: The uncon- trolled variable in safety assessment. Toxicol Pathol 24:757-768. Keller LSF, White WJ, Snyder MT, Lang CM. 1989. An evaluation of intracage ventilation in three animal caging systems. Lab Anim Sci 39:237- 242. Kempthorne O. 1957. An Introduction to Genetic Statistics. New York: John Wiley and Sons. King JE, Bennett GW. 1989. Comparative ac- tivity of fenoxycarb and hydroprene in sterilizing the German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae). J Econ Entomol 82:833-838. Knapka JJ. 1983. Nutrition. In: Foster HL, Small JD, Fox JG, eds. The Mouse in Biomedical Research, vol III: Normative Biology, Immunol- ogy and Husbandry. New York: Academic Press. p 52-67. Koerber AS, Kalishman J. 2009. Preparing for a semi-annual IACUC inspection of a satellite zebrafish (Danio rerio) facility. JAALAS 48:65-75. Kraft LM. 1980. The manufacture, shipping and receiving, and quality control of rodent bedding materials. Lab Anim Sci 30:366-376. Krause J, McDonnell G, Riedesel H. 2001. Biodecontamination of animal rooms and heatsensitive equipment with vaporized hydrogen perox- ide. Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci 40: 8-21. Krohn TC, Hansen AK, Dragsted N. 2003. The impact of cage ven- tilation on rats housed in IVC systems. Lab Anim 37:85-93. Laber K, Veatch L, Lopez M, Lathers D. 2008. The impact of hous- ing density on weight gain, immune function, behavior, and plasma corti- costerone levels in BALB/c and C57Bl/6 mice. JAALAS 47:6-23. Lacy RC. 1989. Analysis of founder representation in pedigrees: Founder equivalents and founder genome equivalents. Zoo Biol 8:111-123. Lanum J. 1979. The damaging effects of light on the retina: Empiri- cal findings, theoretical andpractical implications. Surv Ophthalmol 22:221- 249. 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 203 Laule GE, Bloomsmith MA, Schapiro SJ. 2003 The use of positive reinforcement training techniques to enhance the care, management, and welfare of primates in the laboratory. J Appl Anim Welf Sci 6:163-173. Lawler DF, Larson BT, Ballam JM, Smith GK, Biery DN, Evan RH, Greeley EH, Segre M, Stowe HD, Kealy RD. 2008. Diet restriction and ageing in the dog: Major observations over two decades. Br J Nutr 99:793- 805. Lawlor MM. 2002. Comfortable quarters for rats in research institu- tions. In: Reinhardt V, Reinhardt A, eds. Comfortable Quarters for Labora- tory Animals, 9th ed. Washington: Animal Welfare Institute. p 26-32. Lawrence C. 2007. The husbandry of zebrafish (Danio rerio): A re- view. Aquaculture 269:1-20. Leveille GA, Hanson RW. 1966. Adaptive changes in enzyme activity and metabolic pathways in adipose tissue from meal-fed rats. J Lipid Res 7:46. Linder CC. 2003. Mouse nomenclature and maintenance in geneti- cally engineered mice. Comp Med 53:119-125. Lipman NS. 1993. Strategies for architectural integration of venti- lated caging systems. Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci 32:7-10. Liu L, Nutter LMJ, Law N, McKerlie C. 2009. Sperm freezing and in vitro fertilization on three substrains of C57BL/6 mice. JAALAS 48:39- 43. Lupo C, Fontani G, Girolami L, Lodi L, Muscettola M. 2000. Im- mune and endocrine aspects of physical and social environmental varia- tions in groups of male rabbits in seminatural conditions. Ethol Ecol Evol 12:281-289. Lutz CK, Novak MA. 2005. Environmental enrichment for nonhu- man primates: Theory and application. ILAR J 46:178-191. MacCluer JW, VandeBerg JL, Read B, Ryder OA. 1986. Pedigree analysis by computer simulation. Zoo Biol 5:147-160. MacLean EL, Prior RS, Platt ML, Brannon EM. 2009. Primate loca- tion preference in a doubletier cage: The effects of illumination and cage height. J Anim Welf Sci 12:73-81. Macri S, Pasquali P, Bonsignore LT, Pieretti S, Cirulli F, Chiarotti F, Laviola G. 2007. Moderate neonatal stress decreases within-group variation in behavioral, immune and HPA responses in adult mice. PLOS One 

204 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® 2(10):e1015. Maniero GD, Carey C. 1997. Changes in selected aspects of im- mune function in leopard frog, Rana pipiens, associated with exposure to cold. J Comp Physiol B 167:256-263. Manninen AS, Antilla S, Savolainen H. 1998. Rat metabolic adapta- tion to ammonia inhalation. roc Soc Biol Med 187:278-281. Manser CE, Morris TH, Broom DM. 1995. An investigation into the effects of solid or grid cage flooring on the welfare of laboratory rats. Lab Anim 29:353-363. Manser CE, Elliott H, Morris TH, Broom DM. 1996. The use of a novel operant test to determine the strength of preference for flooring in laboratory rats. Lab Anim 30:1-6. Manser CE, Broom DM, Overend P, Morris TM. 1997. Operant stud- ies to determine the strength of preference in laboratory rats for nest boxes and nest materials. Lab Anim 32:36-41. Manser CE, Broom DM, Overend P, Morris TM. 1998. Investiga- tions into the preferences of laboratory rats for nest boxes and nesting mate- rials. Lab Anim 32:23-35. Martin B, Ji S, Maudsley S, Mattson MP. 2010. “Control” labora- tory rodents are metabolically morbid: Why it matters. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 107:6127-6133. Mason G, Littin KE. 2003. The humaneness of rodent pest control. Anim Welf 12:1-37. Matthews M, Trevarrow B, Matthews J. 2002. A vir- tual tour of the guide for zebrafish users. Lab Anim 31:34-40. McCune S. 1997. Enriching the environment of the laboratory cat: A review. In: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Envi- ronmental Enrichment, August 21-25, 1995, Copenhagen Zoo, Denmark. p 103-117. McGlone JJ, Anderson DL, Norman RL. 2001. Floor space needs for laboratory mice: BALB/ cJ males or females in solid-bottom cages with bedding. Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci 40:21-25. Meerburg BG, Brom FWA, Kijlstra A. 2008. The ethics of rodent control. Pest Manag Sci 64:1205-1211. Meier TR, Maute CJ, Cadillac JM, Lee JY, Righter DJ, Hugunin 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 205 KMS, Deininger RA, Dysko RC. 2008. Quantification, distribution, and possible source of bacterial biofilm in mouse automated watering systems. JAVMA 42:63-70. Memarzadeh F, Harrison PC, Riskowski GL, Henze T. 2004. Com- parisons of environment and mice in static and mechanically ventilated iso- lator cages with different air velocities and ventilation designs. Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci 43:14-20. MGI [Mouse Genome Informatics]. 2009. Guidelines for Nomen- clature of Genes, Genetic Markers, Alleles, and Mutations in Mouse and Rat. International Committee on Standardized Genetic Nomenclature for Mice and Rat Genome and Nomenclature Committee. Available at www.informatics.jax.org/mgihome/nomen/gene.shtml; accessed May 10, 2010. Moore BJ. 1987. The California diet: An inappropriate tool for stud- ies of thermogenesis. J Nutrit 117:227-231. Murphy RGL, Scanga JA, Powers BE, Pilon JL, VerCauteren KC, Nash PB, Smith GC, Belk KE. 2009. Alkaline hydrolysis of mouse-adapted scrapie for inactivation and disposal of prionpositive material. J Anim Sci 87:1787-1793. Nadelkov M. 1996. EPA impact on pathological incineration: What will it take to comply? Lab Anim 25:35-38. NAFA [National Air Filtration Association]. 1996. NAFA Guide to Air Filtration, 2nd ed. Virginia Beach. NASA [National Aeronautics and Space Administration]. 1988. Sum- mary of conclusions reached in workshop and recommendations for light- ing animal housing modules used in microgravity related projects. In: Holley DC, Winget CM, Leon HA, eds. Lighting Requirements in Microgravity: Rodents and Nonhuman Primates. NASA Technical Memorandum 101077. Moffett Field, CA: Ames Research Center. p 5-8. Nayfield KC, Besch EL. 1981. Comparative responses of rabbits and rats to elevated noise. Lab Anim Sci 31:386-390. Nevalainen T, Vartiainen T. 1996. Volatile organic compounds in commonly used beddings before and after autoclaving. Scand J Lab Anim Sci 23:101-104. Newberne PM. 1975. Influence on pharmacological experiments of 

206 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® chemicals and other factors in diets of laboratory animals. Fed Proc 34:209- 218. Newberry RC. 1995. Environmental enrichment: Increasing the bio- logical relevance of captive environments. Appl Anim Beh Sci 44:229-243. Newbold JA, Chapin LT, Zinn SA, Tucker HA. 1991. Effects of pho- toperiod on mammary development and concentration of hormones in se- rum of pregnant dairy heifers. J Dairy Sci 74:100-108. Nickum JG, Bart HL Jr, Bowser PR. 2004. Guidelines for the Use of Fishes in Research. Bethesda, MD: American Fisheries Society. Njaa LR, Utne F, Braekkan OR. 1957. Effect of relative humidity on rat breeding and ringtail. Nature 180:290-291. Novak MA, Meyer JS, Lutz C, Tiefenbacher S. 2006. Deprived en- vironments: Developmental insights from primatology. In: Mason G, Rushen J, eds. Stereotypic Animal Behaviour: Fundamentals and Applications to Welfare. Wallingford, UK: CABI. p 153-189. Novak MF, Kenney C, Suomi SJ, Ruppenthal GC. 2007. Use of ani- mal-operated folding perches by rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). JAALAS 46:35-43. NRC [National Research Council]. 1974. Amphibians: Guidelines for the Breeding, Care and Management of Laboratory Animals. Washing- ton: National Academy of Sciences. NRC. 1977. Nutrient Requirements of Rabbits, 2nd rev ed. Wash- ington: National Academy Press. NRC. 1979a. Laboratory Animal Records. Washington: National Academy Press. NRC. 1979b. Laboratory animal management: Genetics. ILAR News 23(1):A1-A16. NRC. 1982. Nutrient Requirements of Mink and Foxes, 2nd rev ed. Washington: National Academy Press. NRC. 1989. Biosafety in the Laboratory: Prudent Practices for the Handling and Disposal of Infectious Materials. Washington: National Acad- emy Press. NRC. 1993. Nutrient Requirements of Fish. Washington: National Academy Press. 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 207 NRC. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, 9th rev ed. Washing- ton: National Academy Press. NRC. 1995a. Nutrient Requirements of Laboratory Animals, 4th rev ed. Washington: National Academy Press. NRC. 1995b. Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Disposal of Chemicals. Washington: National Academy Press. NRC. 1996. Laboratory Animal Management: Rodents. Washing- ton: National Academy Press. NRC. 1998a. Psychological Well-being of Nonhuman Primates. Washington: National Academy Press. NRC. 1998b. Nutrient Requirements of Swine, 10th rev ed. Wash- ington: National Academy Press. NRC. 2000. Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, 7th rev ed: Up- date 2000. Washington: National Academy Press. NRC. 2001. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, 7th rev ed. Wash- ington: National Academy Press. NRC. 2003a. Nutrient Requirements of Nonhuman Primates, 2nd rev ed. Washington: National Academies Press. NRC. 2003b. Guidelines for the Care and Use of Mammals in Neu- roscience and Behavioral Research. Washington: National Academies Press. NRC. 2006a. Preparation of Animals for Use in the Laboratory. ILAR J 43:281-375. NRC. 2006b. Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats. Washing- ton: National Academies Press. NRC. 2006c. Nutrient Requirements of Horses, 6th rev ed. Wash- ington: National Academies Press. NRC. 2007. Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, Cervids, and New World Camelids. Washington: National Academies Press. Olivier B, Molewijk E, van Oorschot R, van der Poel G, Zethof T, van der Heyden J, Mos J. 1994. New animal models of anxiety. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 4:93-102. Olson LC, Palotay JL. 1983. Epistaxis and bullae in cynomolgus 

208 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Lab Anim Sci 33:377-379. Olsson IA, Dahlborn, K. 2002. Improving housing conditions for laboratory mice: A review of environmental enrichment. Lab Anim 36:243- 270. OSHA [Occupational Safety and Health Administration]. 1998. Oc- cupational Safety and Health Standards. Subpart G , Occupational Health and Environmental Controls, Occupational Noise Exposure (29 CFR 1910.95). Washington: Department of Labor. O’Steen WK. 1980. Hormonal influences in retinal photodamage. In: Williams TP, Baker BN, eds. The Effects of Constant Light on Visual Processes. New York: Plenum Press. P 29-49. Overall KL, Dyer D. 2005. Enrichment strategies for laboratory ani- mals from the viewpoint of clinical behavioural veterinary medicine: Em- phasis on cats and dogs. ILAR J 46:202-215. Overstreet RM, Barnes SS, Manning CS, Hawkins W. 2000. Facili- ties and husbandry (small fish model). In: Ostrander GK, ed. The Labora- tory Fish. San Francisco: Academic Press. p 41-63. Parker A, Wilfred A, Hidell T. 2003. Environmental monitoring: The key to effective sanitation. Lab Anim 32:26-29. Peace TA, Singer AW, Niemuth NA, Shaw ME. 2001. Effects of caging type and animal source on the development of foot lesions in Sprague- Dawley rats (Rattus norvegicus). Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci 40:17-21. Pekrul D. 1991. Noise control. In: Ruys T, ed. Handbook of Facili- ties Planning, vol 2: Laboratory Animal Facilities. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. p 166-173. Pennycuik PR. 1967. A comparison of the effects of a range of high environmental temperatures and of two different periods of acclimatization on the reproductive performances of male and female mice. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 45:527-532. Perez C, Canal JR, Dominguez E, Campillo JE, Guillen M, Torres MD. 1997. Individual housing influences certain biochemical parameters in the rat. Lab Anim 31:357-361. Perkins SE, Lipman NS. 1995. Characterization and qualification of microenvironmental contaminants in isolator cages with a variety of con- tact bedding. Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci 34:93-98. 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 209 Peterson EA. 1980. Noise and laboratory animals. Lab Anim Sci 30:422-439. Peterson EA, Augenstein JS, Tanis DC, Augenstein DG. 1981. Noise raises blood pressure without impairing auditory sensitivity. Science 211:1450-1452. Pfaff J, Stecker M. 1976. Loudness levels and frequency content of noise in the animal house. Lab Anim 10:111-117. Poiley SM. 1960. A systematic method of breeder rotation for non- inbred laboratory animal colonies. Proc Anim Care Panel 10:159-166. Poole T. 1998. Meeting a mammal is psychological needs. In: Shepherdson DJ, Mellen JD, Hutchins M, eds. Second Nature: Environ- mental Enrichment for Captive Animals. Washington: Smithsonian Insti- tute Press. p 83-94. Pough FH. 1991. Recommendations for the care of amphibians and reptiles in academic institutions. ILAR J 33:1-16. Pough FH. 2007. Amphibian biology and husbandry. ILAR J 48:203- 213. Raje S. 1997. Group housing for male New Zealand white rabbits. Lab Anim 26:36-38. Ras T, van de Ven M, Patterson-Kane EG, Nelson K. 2002. Rats’ preferences for corn versus wood-based bedding and nesting materials. Lab Anim 36:420-425. Rasmussen S, Glickman G, Norinsky R, Quimby F, Tolwani RJ. 2009. Construction noise decreases reproductive efficiency in mice. JAALAS 48:263-270. Reeb CK, Jones R, Bearg D, Bedigan H, Myers D, Paigen B. 1998. Microenvironment in ventilated cages with differing ventilation rates, mice populations and frequency of bedding changes. JAALAS 37:70-74. Reeb-Whitaker CK, Paigen B, Beamer WG, Bronson RT, Churchill GA, Schweitzer IB, Myers DD. 2001. The impact of reduced frequency of cage changes on the health of mice housed in ventilated cages. Lab Anim 35:58-73. Reinhardt V. 1997. Training nonhuman primates to cooperate dur- ing handling procedures: A review. Anim Tech 48:55-73. 

210 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® Reme CE, Wirz-Justice A, Terman M. 1991. The visual input stage of the mammalian circadian pacemaking system. I: Is there a clock in the mammalian eye? J Biol Rhythms 6:5-29. Rennie AE, Buchanan-Smith HM. 2006. Refinement of the use of non-human primates in scientific research. Part I: The influence of humans. Anim Welf 15:203-213. Richmond JY, Hill RH, Weyant RS, Nesby-O‘Dell SL, Vinson PE. 2003. What is hot in animal biosafety? ILAR J 44:20-27. Roberts-Thomson A, Barnes A, Filder DS, Lester RJG, Adlard RD. 2006. Aerosol dispersal of the fish pathogen Amyloodinium ocellatum. Aquaculture 257:118-123. Rock FM, Landi MS, Hughes HC, Gagnon RC. 1997. Effects of caging type and group size on selected physiologic variables in rats. Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci 36:69-72. Rollin BE. 1990. Ethics and research animals: Theory and practice. In: Rollin B, Kesel M, eds. The Experimental Animal in Biomedical Re- search, vol I: A Survey of Scientific and Ethical Issues for Investigators. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p 19-36. Rommers J, Meijerhof R. 1996. The effect of different floor types on foot pad injuries of rabbit does.In: Proceedings of the 6th World Rabbit Science Congress 1996, Toulouse. p 431-436. Russell RJ, Festing MFW, Deeny AA, Peters AG. 1993. DNA finger- printing for genetic monitoring of inbred laboratory rats and mice. Lab Anim Sci 43:460-465. Sales GD. 1991. The effect of 22 kHz calls and artificial 38 kHz signals on activity in rats. Behav Proc 24:83-93. Sales GD, Milligan SR, Khirnykh K. 1999. Sources of sound in the laboratory animal environment: A survey of the sounds produced by proce- dures and equipment. Anim Welf 8:97-115. Saltarelli DG, Coppola CP. 1979. Influence of visible light on organ weights of mice. Lab Anim Sci 29:319-322. Sanford AN, Clark SE, Talham G, Sidelsky MG, Coffin SE. 2002. Influence of bedding type on mucosal immune responses. Comp Med 52:429- 432. 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 211 Schaefer DC, Asner IN, Seifert B, Bürki K, Cinelli P. 2010. Analysis of physiological and behavioural parameters in mice after toe clipping as newborns. Lab Anim 44:7-13. Schlingmann F, De Rijk SHLM, Pereboom WJ, Remie R. 1993a. Avoidance as a behavioural parameter in the determination of distress amongst albino and pigmented rats at various light intensities. Anim Tech 44:87-107. Schlingmann F, Pereboom W, Remie R. 1993b.The sensitivity of albino and pigmented rats to light. Anim Tech 44:71-85. Schoeb TR, Davidson MK, Lindsey JR. 1982. Intracage ammonia promotes growth of mycoplasma pulmonis in the respiratory tract of rats. Infect Immun 38:212-217. Schondelmeyer CW, Dillehay DL, Webb SK, Huerkamp MJ, Mook DM, Pullium JK. 2006. Investigation of appropriate sanitization frequency for rodent caging accessories: Evidence supporting less-frequent cleaning. JAALAS 45:40-43. Schultz TW, Dawson DA. 2003. Housing and husbandry of Xeno- pus for oocyte production. Lab Anim 32:34-39. Semple-Rowland SL, Dawson WW. 1987. Retinal cyclic light dam- age threshold for albino rats. Lab Anim Sci 37:289-298. Sherwin CM. 2002. Comfortable quarters for mice in research insti- tutions. In: Reinhardt V, Reinhardt A, eds. Comfortable Quarters for Labo- ratory Animals, 9th ed. Washington: Animal Welfare Institute. p 6-17. Smith AL, Mabus SL, Stockwell JD, Muir C. 2004. Effects of hous- ing density and cage floor space on C57BL/6J mice. Comp Med 54:656- 663. Smith AL, Mabus SL, Muir C, Woo Y. 2005. Effect of housing den- sity and cage floor space on three strains of young adult inbred mice. Comp Med 55:368-376. Smith E, Stockwell JD, Schweitzer I, Langley SH, Smith AL. 2004. Evaluation of cage microenvironment of mice housed on various types of bedding materials. Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci 43:12-17. Smith JL, Boyer GL, Zimba PV. 2008. A review of cyanobacterial odorous and bioactive metabolites: Impacts and management alternatives in aquaculture. Aquaculture 280:5-20. 

212 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® Smith ME, Kane AD, Popper AN. 2007. Noise-induced stress re- sponsive and hearing loss in goldfish (Carassius auratus). J Exp Biol 207:427- 435. Speedie N, Gerlai R. 2008. Alarm substance induced behavioral re- sponses in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Behav Brain Res 188:168-177. Spence R, Gerlach G, Lawrence C, Smith C. 2008. The behavior and ecology of the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Biol Rev 83:13-34. St. Claire MB, Kennett MJ, Thomas ML, Daly JW. 2005. The hus- bandry and care of dendrobatid frogs. Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci 44:8-14. Stauffacher M. 1992. Group housing and enrichment cages for breed- ing, fattening and laboratory rabbits. Anim Welf 1:105-125. Stoskopf MK. 1983. The physiological effects of psychological stress. Zoo Biol 2:179-190. Subramanian S, MacKinnon SL, Ross NW. 2007. A comparative study on innate immune parameters in the epidermal mucus of various fish species. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 148:256- 263. Suckow MA, Doerning BJ. 2007. Assessment of veterinary care. In: Silverman J, Suckow MA,Murthy S, eds. The IACUC Handbook, 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Terman M, Reme CE, Wirz-Justice A. 1991. The visual input stage of the mammalian circadian pacemaking sytem II: The effect of light and drugs on retinal function. J Biol Rhythms 6:31-48. Thigpen JE, Lebetkin EH, Dawes ML, Clark JL, Langley CL, Amy HL, Crawford D. 1989. A standard procedure for measuring rodent bedding particle size and dust content. Lab Anim Sci 39:60-62. Thigpen JE, Setchell KDR, Ahlmark KB, Locklear J, Spahr T, Caviness GF, Goelz MF, Haseman JK, Newbold RR, Forsythe DB. 1999. Phytoestrogen content of purified, open- and closed formula laboratory ani- mal diets. Lab Anim Sci 49:530-539. Thigpen JE, Setchell KDR, Saunders HE, Haseman JK, Grant MG, Forsythe DB. 2004. Selecting the appropriate rodent diet for endocrine disruptor research and testing studies. ILAR J 45:401-416. Tompkins JA, Tsai C. 1976. Survival time and lethal exposure time for the blacknose dace exposed to free chlorine and chloramines. Trans Am Fish Soc 105:313-321. 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 213 Torreilles SL, Green SL. 2007. Refuge cover decreases the incidence of bite wounds in laboratory South African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis). JAALAS 46:33-36. Torronen R, Pelkonen K, Karenlampi S. 1989. Enzyme-inducing and cytotoxic effects of woodbased materials used as bedding for laboratory animals: Comparison by a cell culture study. Life Sci 45:559-565. Totten M. 1958. Ringtail in newborn Norway rats: A study of the effect of environmental temperature and humidity on incidence. J Hygiene 56:190-196. Tsai PP, Stelzer HD, Hedrich HJ, Hackbarth H. 2003. Are the effects of different enrichment designs on the physiology and behaviour of DBA/2 mice consistent? Lab Anim 37:314-327. Tsutsui S, Tasumi S, Suetake H, Kikuchi K, Suzuki Y. 2005. Dem- onstration of the mucosal lectins in the epithelial cells of internal and exter- nal body surface tissues in pufferfish (Fugurubripes). Dev Comp Immun 29:243-253. Tucker HA, Petitclerc D, Zinn SA. 1984. The influence of photope- riod on body weight gain, body composition, nutrient intake and hormone secretion. J Anim Sci 59:1610-1620. Turner JG, Bauer CA, Rybak LP. 2007. Noise in animal facilities: Why it matters. JAALAS 46:10-13. Turner RJ, Held SD, Hirst JE, Billinghurst G, Wootton RJ. 1997. An immunological assessment of group-housed rabbits. Lab Anim 31:362-372. Twaddle NC, Churchwell MI, McDaniel LP, Doerge DR. 2004. Au- toclave sterilization produces acrylamide in rodent diets: Implications for toxicity testing. J Agric Food Chem 52:4344-4349. USDA [US Department of Agriculture]. 1985. 9 CFR 1A. (Title 9, Chapter 1, Subchapter A): Animal Welfare. Available at <http:// e c f r. g p o a c c e s s . g o v / c g i / t / t e x t / t e x t - i d x ? s i d = 8 3 1 4 3 1 3 b d > 7adf2c9f1964e2d82a88d92andc=ecfrandtpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title09/ 9cfrv1_02.tpl; accessed January 14, 2010. van de Nieuwegiessen PG, Boerlage AS, Verreth JAJ, Schrama AW. 2008. Assessing the effects of a chronic stressor, stocking density, on wel- fare indicators of juvenile African catfish, Clarias gariepinus Burchell. Appl Anim Behav Sci 115:233-243. van den Bos R, de Cock Buning T. 1994. Social behaviour of domestic cats (Felis lybica catus L.): A study of domi- 

214 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® nance in a group of female laboratory cats. Ethology 98:14-37. Van Loo PL, Mol JA, Koolhaas JM, Van Zutphen BM, Baumans V. 2001. Modulation of aggression in male mice: Influence of group size and cage size. Physiol Behav 72:675-683. Van Loo PL, Van de Weerd HA, Van Zutphen LF, Baumans V. 2004. Preference for social contact versus environmental enrichment in male labo- ratory mice. Lab Anim 38:178-188. van Praag H, Kempermann G, Gage FH. 2000. Neural consequences of environmental enrichment. Nat Rev Neurosci 1:191-198. Verma RK. 2002. Advances on cockroach control. Asian J Microbiol, Biotech Environ Sci 4:245-249. Vesell ES. 1967. Induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes in liver microsomes of mice and rats by softwood bedding. Science 157:1057-1058. Vesell ES, Lang CM, White WJ, Passananti GT, Tripp SL. 1973. Hepatic drug metabolism in rats: Impairment in a dirty environment. Sci- ence 179:896-897. Vesell ES, Lang CM, White WJ, Passananti GT, Hill RN, Clemen TL, Liu DL, Johnson WD. 1976. Environmental and genetic factors affect- ing response of laboratory animals to drugs. Fed Proc 35:1125-1132. Vlahakis G. 1977. Possible carcinogenic effects of cedar shavings in bedding of C3H-AvyfB mice. J Natl Cancer Inst 58:149-150. Vogelweid CM. 1998. Developing emergency management plans for university laboratory animal programs and facilities. Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci 37:52-56. Waiblinger E. 2002. Comfortable quarters for gerbils in research institutions. In: Reinhardt V, Reinhardt A, eds. Comfortable Quarters for Laboratory Animals, 9th ed. Washington: Animal Welfare Institute. p 18- 25. Wardrip CL, Artwohl JE, Bennett BT. 1994. A review of the role of temperature versus time in an effective cage sanitation program. Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci 33:66-68. Wardrip CL, Artwohl JE, Oswald J, Bennett BT. 2000. Verification of bacterial killing effects of cage wash time and temperature combinations using standard penicylinder methods. Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci 39:9-12. 

Åö™, õCŠHì‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ 215 Wax TM. 1977. Effects of age, strain, and illumination intensity on activity and self-selection of light-dark schedules in mice. J Comp Physiol Psychol 91:51-62. Wedemeyer GA. 2000. Chlorination/dechlorination. In: Stickney RR, ed. Encyclopaedia of Aquaculture. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. p 172- 174. Weed JL, Watson LM. 1998. Pair housing adult owl monkeys (Aotus sp.) for environmental enrichment. Am J Primatol 45:212. Weichbrod RH, Hall JE, Simmonds RC, Cisar CF. 1986. Selecting bedding material. Lab Anim 15:25-29. Weichbrod RH, Cisar CF, Miller JG, Simmonds RC, Alvares AP, Ueng TH. 1988. Effects of cage beddings on microsomal oxidative enzymes in rat liver. Lab Anim Sci 38:296-298. Weihe WH. 1971. Behavioural thermoregulation in mice with change of cooling power of the air. Int J Biometeorol 15:356-361. Weindruch R, Walford RL. 1988. The Retardation of Aging and Dis- ease by Dietary Restriction. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas. White WJ, Hawk CT, Vasbinder MA. 2008. The use of laboratory animals in toxicology research.In: Hays AW, ed. Principles and Methods in Toxicology, 5th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p 1055-1101. Williams LE, Steadman A, Kyser B. 2000. Increased cage size af- fects Aotus time budgets and partner distances. Am J Primatol 51(Suppl 1):98. Williams-Blangero S. 1991. Recent trends in genetic research on captive and wild nonhuman primate populations. Yearb Phys Anthropol 34:69-96. Williams-Blangero S. 1993. Research-oriented genetic management of nonhuman primate colonies. Lab Anim Sci 43:535-540. Willott JF. 2007. Factors affecting hearing in mice, rats, and other laboratory animals. JAALAS 46:23-27. Wolfensohn S. 2004. Social housing of large primates: Methodol- ogy for refinement of husbandry and management. Altern Lab Anim 32(Suppl 1A):149-151. Wolfer DP, Litvin O, Morf S, Nitsch RM, Lipp HP, Würbel H. 2004. 

216 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® Laboratory animal welfare: Cage enrichment and mouse behaviour. Nature 432:821-822. Wolff A, Rupert G. 1991. A practical assessment of a nonhuman primate exercise program. Lab Anim 20:36-39. Wooster GA, Bowser PR. 2007. The aerobiological pathway of a fish pathogen: Survival and disseminaton of Aeromonas salmonicida in aero- sols and its implications in fish health management. J World Aquacul Soc 27:7-14. Wurbel H. 2001. Ideal homes? Housing effects on rodent brain and behaviour. Trends Neurosci 24:207-211. Yanong RPE. 2003. Fish health management considerations in re- circulating aquaculture systems, part 2: Pathogens. IFAS, University of Florida. Available at www.aces.edu/dept/fisheries/ <http://www.aces.edu/ dept/fisheries/> aquaculture/documents/fishhealth2.pdf; accessed April 15, 2010. Yildiz A, Hayirli A, Okumus Z, Kaynar O, Kisa F. 2007. Physiologi- cal profile of juvenile rats: Effects of cage size and cage density. Lab Anim 36:28-38. Young RJ. 2003. Environmental Enrichment for Captive Animals. UFAW Animal Welfare Series. London: Blackwell Science.