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Suggested Citation:"4 Veterinary Care." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Veterinary Care." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Veterinary Care." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Veterinary Care." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Veterinary Care." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Veterinary Care." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Veterinary Care." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Veterinary Care." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Veterinary Care." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Veterinary Care." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Veterinary Care." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Veterinary Care." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Veterinary Care." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Veterinary Care." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Veterinary Care." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Veterinary Care." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Veterinary Care." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Veterinary Care." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Veterinary Care." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Veterinary Care." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Veterinary Care." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Veterinary Care." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Veterinary Care." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Veterinary Care." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Veterinary Care." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Veterinary Care." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Veterinary Care." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Veterinary Care." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Veterinary Care." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Veterinary Care." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Veterinary Care." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Veterinary Care." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Veterinary Care." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Veterinary Care." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Veterinary Care." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Veterinary Care." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Veterinary Care." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Veterinary Care." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Veterinary Care." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Veterinary Care." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Veterinary Care." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Veterinary Care." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Veterinary Care." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Veterinary Care." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Veterinary Care." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Veterinary Care." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Veterinary Care." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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217 ܈Fò£ò‹ 4 Môƒ° ïô‹ «ðµî™ Môƒ°èœ ðó£ñKŠ¹. ðò¡ð£†´ˆ F†ìˆF¡ Iè ܈Fò£õCòŠ ð°F Môƒ° ïô‹ «ðµõ‹. å¼ è£™ï¬ì ñ¼ˆ¶õK¡ ºî¡¬ñò£ù èì¬ñ Ý󣌄C, è™M, «ê£î¬ù, ÞùàŸðˆF‚è£èŠ ðò¡ð´ˆîð´‹ Môƒ°èO¡ ñ¼ˆ¶õ èõQŠ¹‹ ÜõŸP¡ àì™ïôˆ¬î «ñŸð£˜¬õJ´õ¶ñ£°‹. Môƒ°Š ðò¡ð£†®¡ «ð£¶‹, Üî¡ õ£›‚¬è„ ²öŸCJ¡ ܬùˆ¶‚ è†ìƒèO½‹ Üî¡ Ý«ó£‚Aòˆ¬î «ñ‹ð´ˆFŠ ðó£ñKŠð«î Üõ˜èO¡ ªð£ÁŠð£°‹. Môƒ°èœ Ý«ó£‚Aòñ£è Þ¼‚A¡øùõ£ â¡ð¶ ÜõŸP¡ àì™ïô‹, Þò‚è‹, ïìˆ¬î‚ °Pf´è¬÷‚ 輈F™ ªè£‡«ì b˜ñ£Q‚èŠ ð´Aø¶. ܬõ ܬùˆ¶‹ ÞùˆFŸ° Þù‹ ñ£Áð´‹. å¼ GÁõùˆF™ «ðíŠð´‹ Môƒ°èO¡ Þù‹, â‡E‚¬è, Üî¡ ðò¡ð£´ ÝAò õŸ¬øŠ ªð£Áˆ¶ 裙ï¬ìŠ ðó£ñKŠ¹ˆ F†ìˆF¡ ñ, ªêò™º¬ø ñ£Áðìô£‹. âQ‹, å¼ ï™ô 裙ï¬ìŠ ðó£ñKŠ¹ˆ F†ìñ£ù¶ 臮Šð£è àò˜îóŠ ð£¶è£Š¹‹ ÜøªïPèÀ‹ àœ÷ îóG¬ô‚ «è£†ð£´è¬÷‚ ªè£‡®¼‚è «õ‡´‹. ܬõ Môƒ°èO¡ â‡E‚¬è, ðó£ñK‚èŠð´‹ Môƒ° Þùƒè¬÷ˆ ® ܬñò «õ‡´‹. «ð£¶ñ£ù 裙ï¬ìŠ ð£¶è£Š¹ˆ F†ì‹ â¡ð¶ Môƒ°O¡ Ý«ó£‚Aò‹, FøI° «ñô£‡¬ñ ðŸPò ñbŠd´ ÝAòõŸ¬ø Ü®ˆî÷ñ£è ªè£‡´œ÷¶. ܬõò£õù:

218 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® · Môƒ°èœ ªè£œºî™, «ð£‚°õóˆ¶ MFº¬øèœ · «ï£Œˆî´Š¹ ñ¼ˆ¶õ‹ (îQ¬ñŠð´ˆî™, Môƒ° èO¡ àJKò™ ð£¶è£Š¹, è‡è£EŠ¹) · ñ¼ˆ¶õgFò£ù «ï£Œèœ, Þòô£¬ñ, ܬõ ªî£ì˜¹¬ìò ²è£î£óŠ Hó„ê¬ùèœ · ÝŒõè ªïPº¬ø ªî£ì˜¹¬ìò «ï£Œèœ, Þòô£¬ñ, Üî¡ Gè›¾èœ · ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê, ܶ ꣘‰î ðó£ñKŠ¹ · õL»‹ ¶òóº‹ · ñò‚è ñ¼‰¶, õL Gõ£óí‹ · è¼¬í‚ ªè£¬ô ðŸPò b˜ñ£ùƒèœ 裙ï¬ìŠ ðó£ñKŠ¹ˆ F†ì„ªêòô£‚è‹ â¡ð¶ CA„¬êòO‚°‹ Môƒ° ñ¼ˆ¶õK¡ (ãM) ªð£ÁŠ 𣰋. Þõ˜ ÝŒõè Môƒ° ñ¼ˆ¶õˆF™ ꣡Pî› ªðŸø - ðJŸC ªðŸø - ÜÂðõ‹ I‚èõó£è Þ¼ˆî™ ÜõCò‹. Ü™ô¶ ðò¡ð´ˆ¶‹ ÞùˆF¡ ðó£ñKŠ¹‚ è£ù î°F¬òò£õ¶ ªðŸP¼‚è «õ‡´‹. ÝJ‹ 裙ï¬ìŠ ðó£ñKŠ¹ˆ F†ìˆF¡ Cô Ü‹êƒèœ 裙ï¬ì ñ¼ˆ¶õ˜ Ü™ô£î Høó£™ ªêò™ð´ˆîŠðì‚ Ã´‹. Ýù£™ MôƒA¡ Ý«ó£‚Aò‹, õ£›Mî‹, ï™õ£› ¾‚°Š ªð£¼ˆîñ£ù CA„¬êèœ, 輬킪裬ô ªî£ì˜ð£ù b˜ñ£ùƒèœ ðŸP «ïó®ò£è, ¶™Lòñ£ù îèõ™è¬÷‚ 裙ï¬ì ñ¼ˆ¶õKì‹ ªîKMŠð¬î àÁF ªêŒò¾‹, ܶ ê‹ð‰îñ£è Ü®‚è® ªî£ì˜¹ ªè£œõîŸ è£ù ªïPº¬øè¬÷»‹ à¼õ£‚è «õ‡´‹. 裙ï¬ì ñ¼ˆ¶õ˜ Ý󣌄Cò£÷˜èÀ‚°‹, Môƒ°èœ ðò¡ð£´ ê‹ð‰îŠð†ì ܬùˆ¶Š ðEò£÷˜èÀ‚°‹ õN 裆´î™ «õ‡´‹. Þõ˜èœ ܬùõ¼‹ Môƒ°è¬÷Š ªð£ÁŠð£è‚ 裈î™, ¬èò£Àî™, ñ¼ˆ¶õ CA„¬ê, ªêòLöŠ¹, ñò‚è‹, õLGõ£óí‹, 輬킪裬ô «ð£¡ø ñ¼ˆ¶õ ªïPº¬øè¬÷ º¬øò£èŠ H¡ðŸÁ Aø£˜è÷£ â¡ð¬î àÁF ªêŒò «õ‡´‹. ôîô£è, 裙ï¬ì ñ¼ˆ¶õ˜ ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬êˆ F†ìƒèÀ‚° õN裆쾋, «ñŸð£˜¬õJ쾋, CA„¬ê‚°Š H¡ ðó£ñK‚°‹ º¬øèO™ õN裆쾋 «õ‡´‹.

Môƒ° ïô‹ «ðµî™ 219 Môƒ°è¬÷‚ ªè£í˜î½‹ «ð£‚°õóˆ¶ MFº¬øèÀ‹ Môƒ°è¬÷‚ ªè£í˜î™ ÝŒõèˆF™ ܬùˆ¶ Môƒ°èÀ‹ ê†ìŠÌ˜õ ñ£èŠ ªðøŠðì «õ‡´‹. ÜõŸ¬øŠ ªðŸÁ‚ªè£œÀ‹ GÁõùƒèÀ‹ Môƒ° ªè£œºî™ ê‹ð‰îŠð†ì ܬùˆ¶ MFº¬øèÀ‹ ê†ìŠÌ˜õñ£èŠ H¡ðŸøŠ ð´A¡øùõ£ â¡ð¬î àÁF ªêŒò «õ‡´‹. Môƒ° è¬÷Š ªðÁõ º¡, ºî¡¬ñ Ý󣌄Cò£÷˜ ÜšMôƒ°è¬÷Š ªðŸÁŠ «ðµõ‹, 裊ð‹ «ð£¶ñ£ù õêFèÀ‹ G¹íˆ¶õº‹ Þ¼‚A¡øùõ£ â¡Á àÁF ªêŒò «õ‡´‹. Môƒ°è¬÷Š ªðÁõ º¡, îñ¶ GÁõù Môƒ°Š ðó£ñKŠ¹, ðò¡ð£†´‚ °¿Mì‹ (äãC»C) (܈Fò£ò‹ 2-äŠ ð£˜‚è¾‹) Môƒ°Š ðò¡ð£´, â‡E‚¬è‚° ÜÂñF ªðŸP¼‚è «õ‡´‹. èœ, ̬ùèœ «ð£¡ø¬õ ºè£‹èœ, 裊ðèƒèœ «ð£¡ø ªð£¶õ£ù ÞìƒèOL¼‰¶ ªðøŠ ð†ì£™ ÜõŸÁ‚° ã«î‹ à쟰Pf´èœ, ð„¬ê °ˆî™ Ü™ô¶ ܬìò£÷‚ °Pèœ Þ¼‚A¡øùõ£ â¡Á àÁF ªêŒ¶ ðK«ê£F‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹ (NRC 2009b). ܈î¬èò ܬìò£÷ƒèœ Þ¼ŠH¡ ܬõ ªê™ôŠ Hó£Eèœ â¡ð¬î«ò °P‚°‹. âù«õ ÜõŸP¡ àK¬ñ ò£÷˜ ðŸPò Mõóƒèœ êK𣘂èŠðì «õ‡´‹. «ñ½‹ ÜšMùˆ ªî£¬èJ½‹ îQ‚ èõù‹ ªê½ˆî «õ‡´‹. e¡ ñŸÁ‹ è£ÂJ˜ «ê¬õ ¬ñò‹ (DOI 2007) ݇´ «î£Á‹ Ü„²ÁˆîŠð†ì Ü™ô¶ Üð£ò‚è†ìˆF™ õ£¿‹ Môƒ° ÞùƒèO¡ ð†®ò¬ôŠ ¹¶ŠH‚A¡ø¶. ÝŒõ£÷˜èœ å¼ GÁõùˆF™ ªðøŠð´‹ Môƒ°èœ ê‹ð‰îŠð†ì ܬùˆ¶Š ðF¾è¬÷»‹, õ÷˜Š¹ ê‹ð‰îŠð†ì Ýõíƒè¬÷»‹ 臮Šð£è ðó£ñK‚è «õ‡´‹. Môƒ°èO¡ îóˆ¬î àÁFªêŒò ÜõŸ¬ø õ£ƒ°‹ MŸð¬ùò£÷˜è¬÷‚ 臮Šð£è ñFŠd´ ªêŒò «õ‡´‹. MFº¬øŠð®, º¡ åŠð‰îŠð® Môƒ°¬÷ ÞùŠªð¼‚è‹ ªêŒ¶  MŸð¬ùò£÷˜èœ; (â.è£: »âv®ã ‘Ü’ õ°Š¹ MŸð¬ùò£÷˜èœ)  àŸðˆF

220 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® ªêŒ»‹ Æ´ Ü™ô¶ îQ Môƒ°èO¡ ñóHò™, «ï£Œ‚è£óE G¬ô, ܶ ªî£ì˜¹¬ìò ñ¼ˆ¶õ õóô£Ÿ¬ø MõK‚°‹ îèõ¬ô 臮Šð£è õöƒè «õ‡´‹ (â.´ : î´ŠÌC Mõó‹, °ìŸ¹¿ ñ¼‰¶ õöƒ° î™) Ý󣌄C, «ð£î¬ù, ðK«ê£î¬ù‚ °P‚«è£œ èÀì¡ ÞíƒAò «ï£‚èˆFŸè£è ÞùŠªð¼‚è‹ ªêŒòŠð´‹ Môƒ°Š ðò¡ð£†®™ ܶ I辋 ªð£¼ˆîñ£ù‹. ªð£¶õ£è M…ë£ù «ï£‚èˆFŸ è£èŠ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð´‹ Môƒ°è¬÷ ªê™ôŠHó£Eèœ MŸ°‹ è¬ìèœ, MŸð¬ùò£÷˜èOìI¼‰¶ ªðø‚ Ã죶. ãªù¡ø£™ ̘Mè‹ ªîKò£î Ü™ô¶ 心° º¬øòŸø, ²è£î£óñŸø H¡ùEJL¼‰¶ ªðøŠð´‹ Môƒ°èœ ÜšGÁõùˆF™ Þ¼‚°‹ Hø Môƒ°èO™ Üð£òƒè¬÷ M¬÷M‚°‹. ܬõ áNò˜èÀ‚°‹ GÁõùˆF™ àœ÷ Hø àJKùƒèÀ‚°‹ «è´ à‡ì£‚°‹. «î¬õ, G˜õ£è Ü®Šð¬ìJ«ô«ò ÞùŠ ªð¼‚èˆ F†ì‹ GÁõŠðì «õ‡´‹. ªè£Pˆ¶‡E Þù‹ Ü™ô¶ Þùõ¬èèO¡ ðó‹ð¬óè¬÷ ÜF°O Ï†ì º¬øJ™ «êIˆ¶ ¬õŠð¶ «ð£¡ø Môƒ°èO¡ â‡E‚¬è‚ °¬øŠ¹‚ ªè£œ¬èèœ H¡ðŸøðì «õ‡´‹ (Robinson et al. 2003). Môƒ°èO¡ «ð£‚°õóˆ¶ Môƒ°èO¡ «ð£‚°õóˆ¶ ðô ܪñK‚è 心° º¬ø GÁõùƒèœ, ê˜õ«îê ܬñŠ¹è÷£™ G˜õA‚èŠ ð´Aø¶. Môƒ° ïô MFº¬øèœ (USDA 1985) 心° ð´ˆîŠð†ì àJKùƒèO¡ àœï£†´, ãŸÁñF Þø‚°ñF «ð£‚°õóˆFŸè£ù îóƒè¬÷ Yó¬ñ‚Aø¶. ê˜õ«îê Mñ£ùŠ «ð£‚°õóˆ¶ êƒè‹ (IATA) ݇´ «î£Á‹ «ïó® Môƒ°èœ 心°º¬øè¬÷Š ¹¶ŠH‚ Aø¶. USDA àÁŠHù˜è÷£ù Mñ£ù GÁõùƒèÀ‹ ðô èÀ‹ Þ‰î MFº¬øèÀ‚° Þíƒè 効‚ªè£œ A¡øù. ܬõ Môƒ°èO¡ ð£¶è£Šð£ù ñŸÁ‹ ñQî£Hñ£ù «ð£‚°õóˆ¬î õ£¡õN Íô‹ àÁF ªêŒA¡øù (IATA 2009) . «ï£Œ‚ 膴Šð£´, î´Š¹ ¬ñòƒèœ USDA ÝAò¬õ ªî£ŸÁ «ï£Œè¬÷ Þù‹ 裵î™, ðó¾î™ Ü™ô¶ ðó¾õ¬îˆ î´ŠðîŸè£ù MFº¬øè¬÷ Üñ™ð´ˆ¶A¡øù. «ï£¬ò„ ²ñ‰F¼‚°‹

Môƒ° ïô‹ «ðµî™ 221 ꣈Fò‹ ªè£‡ì â‰îªõ£¼ Môƒ° Ü™ô¶ Môƒ° àŸðˆF¬ò»‹ Þø‚°ñF ªêŒõ¬î»‹ è‡è£E‚ A¡øù. ܪñK‚è e¡, õùMôƒ° «ê¬õ ¬ñò‹ º¶ªè½‹¹, º¶ªè½‹H™ô£î õùMôƒ°èœ, ÜõŸP¡ F²‚èO¡ Þø‚°ñF ãŸÁñF¬ò 心° 𴈶Aø¶. Ýðˆî£ù G¬ôJ½œ÷ õùMôƒ°èœ, î£õóƒèO¡ (CITES) ê˜õ«îê õ˜ˆîèˆFŸè£ù ñ£ï£†®¡ «îCò ÜFè£ó‚ °¿õ£è, ܪñK‚è e¡, õùMôƒ° «ê¬õ ¬ñò‹, CITES - ð†®òLìŠðì àJKùƒèO¡ Þò‚般î 心°ð´ˆ¶Aø¶. Þ‹¬ñò‹, ñQî‚°óƒ° èœ (DOI 2007) Ç®™ ܬì‚èŠð†´ ÞùŠªð¼‚è‹ ªêŒòŠð´õ¬î»‹ 膴Šð´ˆ¶Aø¶. â‰îªõ£¼ ªð£¼ˆîñ£ù ê†ìƒèÀ‚°‹, Môƒ°Š «ð£‚°õ󈶈 «î¬õèÀ‚°‹ Þ탰õ¬î àÁFªêŒò, GÁõùƒèœ ªð£¼ˆîñ£ù ÜFè£Kè¬÷ˆ ªî£ì˜¹ ªè£œ÷ «õ‡´‹. Môƒ°èœ ê˜õ«îê ♬ôè¬÷‚ èì‚辋, ÞÁFò£èŠ «ð£Œ„«ê¼‹ ¬ìˆ îMó, è쉶 ªê™½‹ ®¡ MFº¬øèœ à†ðì ܬùˆFŸ°‹ â¡.ݘ.C ªõOf´ Ý󣌄C Môƒ°èO¡ ñQî£H ñ£ùŠ «ð£‚°õóˆFŸè£ù õN裆´î™èœ Þ‰î î¬ôŠ¬ðŠ ðŸPò MKõ£ù ñFŠð£Œ¬õ õöƒ°Aø¶ (â¡.ݘ.C - 2006: Môƒ°èO¡ «ð£‚°õóˆ¶ °Pˆî Ã´î™ °PŠ¹èœ H¡ ެ특 Ü-M™ A¬ì‚°‹.) Môƒ°Š «ð£‚°õóˆ¶ â¡ð¶ GÁõùƒèÀ‚ °œ«÷, GÁõùƒèÀ‚° Þ¬ì«ò Ü™ô¶ õ˜ˆîè‹ ê£ó£î GÁõùƒèÀ‚°‹, Ý󣌄C‚ ÃìˆFŸ°‹ Þ¬ìJ™ ï¬ìªðøô£‹. õùMôƒ°è¬÷Š ªð£Áˆî õ¬ó H®‚èŠð†ì ÞìˆFŸ°‹ è÷ˆF™ ¬õˆF¼‚°‹ õêFèÀ‚°‹ Þ¬ìJ™ «ð£‚°õóˆ¶ ãŸðìô£‹. Môƒ°èO¡ ð£¶è£Š¹, ï™õ£›¬õ àÁFŠð´ˆî ܬùˆ¶ õ¬èò£ù «ð£‚°õóˆFŸ°‹ èõùñ£èˆ F†ì Iì™ ï¬ìªðø «õ‡´‹. «ð£‚°õ󈶄 ªêò™º¬ø Môƒ°èO¡ àJKò™ ð£¶è£Š¹‚°Š ªð£¼ˆîñ£ù õêF¬ò õöƒè «õ‡´‹. Ü«î «ïóˆF™, Môƒ°õN «ï£Œ °‹ Üð£òƒè¬÷‚ °¬øˆî™, ê£îèñŸø ²ŸÁ„Åö™ G¬ôJL¼‰¶ ð£¶è£ˆî™, Ã†ì ªïKê¬ôˆ îM˜Šð¶, Môƒ°èO¡ àì™, ï숬î ꣘‰î «î¬õ è¬÷»‹ õêFè¬÷»‹ õöƒ°î™, Môƒ°è¬÷»‹

222 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® ðEò£÷˜è¬÷»‹ (Maher and Schub 2004) àì™ ê£˜‰î àð£¬îèOL¼‰¶ ð£¶è£ˆî™ ÝAòõŸ¬ø‚ èí‚A™ â´‚è «õ‡´‹. ÃìƒèÀ‚°œ«÷«ò£ Ü™ô¶ GÁõùƒ èÀ‚° Þ¬ìJ«ô£ Môƒ°è¬÷ â´ˆ¶„ ªê™¬èJ™ ÜõŸ¬ø ÜŠ¹‹, ªðŸÁ‚ªè£œÀ‹ ïð˜èœ, «ð£‚° õóˆ¶ «ïóˆ¬î»‹ ªðŸÁ‚ªè£œõF™ ãŸð´‹ î£ñ °¬ø‚è ï¡° ðJŸC ªðŸø ïð˜è÷£™ F†ìIìŠð†´ 弃A¬í‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹. GÁõùˆ F¡ «õ¬ô «ïóƒèO™ Môƒ°èœ õ‰¶ «ê˜õ¬î àÁF ªêŒò, «ð£‚°õóˆ¶ «ïóƒèœ 弃A¬í‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹. Þ‰î «ïóˆFŸ°Š H¡ù˜ õ‰¶ «ê˜‰î£™ ÜõŸ¬øŠ ªðø ò£ó£õ¶ îò£ó£è Þ¼‚Aø£˜è÷£ â¡ð¬î àÁFŠð´ˆî «õ‡´‹. ÜŠðŠð´‹ àJKùƒ èO¡ «î¬õè¬÷Š ðŸP ÜP‰F¼‚°‹ ªð£¼ˆîñ£ù ïð˜èÀ‚° ªð£ÁŠ¬ð õ¬óòÁˆ¶ åŠð¬ìˆî™, Môƒ°èO¡ «ð£‚°õóˆ¬îˆ Fø‹ðì ïìˆî îèõ™ ªî£ì˜¹ ðKñ£Ÿøˆ¬îˆ F†ìIì à (AVMA 2002). GÁõùƒèÀ‚° Þ¬ìJ™ Gè¿‹ ܬùˆ¶ Môƒ°Š ðKñ£Ÿø‹, ªðŸÁ‚ªè£œõF™ ãŸð´‹ î£ñîˆ¬î‚ °¬ø‚è ªð£¼ˆîñ£ù ÝõíƒèÀì¡ Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. ÝõíˆF™ ²è£î£ó ꣡Pî›èœ, ÜŠ¹‹ ªðŸÁ‚ªè£œÀ‹ GÁõùƒèO¡ ºèõKèœ, Üõêóè£ô ï¬ìº¬øèœ, 裙ï¬ì ªî£ì˜¹ˆ îèõ™èœ, «î¬õ‚«èŸð ÜÂñFèœ ÝAò¬õ Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. Môƒ°èO¡ õ˜ˆîè‹ Ýî£óƒèÀ‚° °PŠð£è, 裙ï¬ì ñ¼ˆ¶õ˜ Ü™ô¶ 裙ï¬ì ñ¼ˆ¶õK¡ HóFGF Môƒ°èO¡ ãŸÁñF‚° ܃Wè£ó‹ ÜOŠð  º¡¹ ²è£î£ó G¬ô, Hø õ£NìõêF, õ÷˜Š¹ˆ «î¬õè¬÷ ñFŠð£Œ¾ ªêŒõ¶ º‚Aò‹. Þ‰î ïìõ®‚¬èò£ù¶ àœ«÷ ªè£‡´õóŠð´‹ Môƒ° èÀ‚° CøŠð£ù ªî£ŸÁˆ î´Š¹ ªïPº¬øèœ ï¬ìº¬øŠð´ˆîŠð´õ¬î»‹, Môƒ°è¬÷Š ðó£ñK‚èˆ «î¬õò£ù CøŠ¹ˆ «î¬õè¬÷ õöƒ°õ¬î »‹ àÁF ªêŒA¡ø¶ (Otto and (Otto and Tolwani 2002). CøŠ¹Š ðKYô¬ùèœ Cô G¬ô¬ñèO™, ÜõŸP¡ õ£›ï£O¡ Cô è†ìƒèO™, Môƒ°è¬÷ â´ˆ¶„ ªê™½‹«ð£¶ 臮Šð£èŠ H¡ðŸøŠðì «õ‡´‹.

Môƒ° ïô‹ «ðµî™ 223 蘊ðñ£ù¬õ, Hóêõè£ô Môƒ°èœ, õò¶ ºF˜‰î Môƒ°èœ, º¡ù«ó ñ¼ˆ¶õˆ «î¬õè¬÷‚ ªè£‡ì Môƒ°èœ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: cKN¾ «ï£Œ) MG«ò£AŠðõ˜ Íô‹ ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê‚è£è àŸðˆF ªêŒòŠð´‹ Môƒ° èœ «ð£¡øõŸP¡ ðòíˆ î¼íƒèO™ CøŠ¹Š ðKYô¬ùèœ è‡®Šð£èŠ H¡ðŸøŠðì «õ‡´‹ (FASS 2010). Môƒ°è¬÷ â´ˆ¶„ ªê™½‹«ð£¶ ÜõŸP¡ àJKò™ ð£¶ð£Š¬ð ⊪𣿶‹ àÁF ªêŒõ¶ Iè º‚Aòñ£ù ªêò™ º¬øò£°‹. «ï£Œ âF˜Š¹ˆFø¡ °¬ø‰î Môƒ°èœ (Jacoby and Lindsey 1998), ñóðµ ñ£ŸøŠ ð†ì, °PŠH†ì «ï£Œˆªî£ŸÁ ÜŸø ªè£Pˆ¶‡E Môƒ°èO¡ «ð£‚°õóˆF¡«ð£¶ Þ¶ Iè º‚Aòˆ ¶õ‹ õ£Œ‰î‹. Þšõ¬èò£ù Môƒ°è¬÷, õ½Šð´ˆîŠð†ì «ð£‚°õ󈶂 ªè£œèôQ™ ¬õˆ¶, õ®è†® Íô‹ ð£¶è£‚èŠð†ì 裟«ø£†ì‹ ªè£‡ì, à†¹ø àí¾, c˜ Ýî£ó õêFèÀì¡ â´ˆ¶„ ªê™½‹ «ð£¶, ¸‡µJK ñ£²ð£†ì£™, ÜšMôƒ°èÀ‚°ˆ ªî£ŸÁ ãŸðìM™¬ô â¡ð¬î»‹ àÁF ªêŒò àî¾Aø¶. õEègFò£ù MŸð¬ùò£÷˜èœ ªð£¶õ£è Môƒ°Š «ð£‚°õóˆF™ ÜÂðõ‹ ªðŸøõ˜èœ; Üõ˜èœ ªð£¶õ£è«õ «ð£‚°õóˆF¡«ð£¶ ¸‡µJK ñ£ê¬ì¬õ‚ °¬øŠðîŸè£ù ܘŠðE‚èŠð†ì «ð£‚°õóˆ¶ õ®õ ܬñŠ¹èœ, ªïPº¬øè¬÷Š ðò¡ð´ˆ¶õ˜. õEè‹ ê£ó£î Ü™ô¶ Þ¼ GÁõùƒèO¬ì «òò£ù ªè£Pˆ¶‡EèO¡ ðKñ£ŸøˆF¡ «ð£¶, Môƒ°èO¡ àì™ïôˆ¬îŠ ðó£ñK‚èˆ «î¬õò£ù îèõ™ «ð£î£¬ñò£½‹ Môƒ° àJKò™ ð£¶è£Š¹ˆ Fø¡è¬÷Š ðŸP ÜPò£î ïð˜èœ ê‹ð‰îŠð†®¼‰ ‹, ¸‡µJKò™, àìŸÃPò™ ñ£Ÿøƒè÷£™ ãŸð ´‹ ¸‡µJ˜ ñ£ê¬ì ¾ Ü F è Ý ð ˆ¬ î M¬÷M‚è‚ô‹. «ð£‚°õóˆF¡«ð£¶ Môƒ°è¬÷Š â´ˆ¶„ ªê™½‹ ªè£œèô¡èO¡ «ñŸðóŠ¹èO™ àœ÷ ¸‡µJ˜ ñ£ê¬ìõ£™ ãŸð´‹ Üð£òƒè¬÷ˆ î´‚è Ü™ô¶ °¬ø‚è, Môƒ°è¬÷ ÝŒõè‚ ªè£œ èô¡èO™ ¬õ‚°‹ º¡¹ èôQ¡ «ñŸðóŠ¬ð

224 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® A¼Iï£CQ ªè£‡´ ²ˆî‹ ªêŒî H¡ù«ó ÜõŸ¬ø ñ£Ÿø‹ ªêŒò «õ‡´‹ (NRC 1996. 2006). îQò£˜ õ£èùƒ èO™ Môƒ°è¬÷ â´ˆ¶„ ªê™õ¶ ºŸP½‹ ݆«êðˆ FŸ°Kò¶. ãªùQ™ Môƒ°èO¡ àJKò™ ð£¶è£Š¹, ªð£¶Š ð£¶è£Š¹, ²è£î£ó‹, ªð£ÁŠ¹ ꣘‰î Üð£òƒèœ Môƒ°èÀ‚°‹ ÜõŸ¬øŠ ðò¡ð´ˆ¶Aøõ˜ èÀ‚°‹ GÁõùƒèÀ‚°‹ Ýðˆ¬î à‡ì£‚°‹. c˜õ£› àJKùƒèœ, c˜Gô õ£Nùƒèœ ÝAò õŸ¬ø â´ˆ¶„ ªê™½‹«ð£¶ CøŠ¹‚ èõù‹ «î¬õŠ ð´Aø¶. ÜõŸ¬øŠ «ð£¶ñ£ù có¬ñM™ Ü™ô¶ ßóñ£ù ÅöL™ â´ˆ¶„ ªê™ô «õ‡´‹. 𣌰«ô£ ªî˜‹èO™ ªõŠðG¬ôJ¡ à„êõó‹¹è¬÷ˆ îM˜Š ð CøŠ¹‚ èõù‹ ªê½ˆîŠðì «õ‡´‹. â™ô£ ê‰î˜ŠðƒèO½‹, å¼ GÁõùˆF™ Môƒ°èO¡ 𣶠裊ð£ù Þìñ£ŸøˆFŸ°Š ªð£¼ˆîñ£ù ãŸÁî™ Þø‚°î™ õêFèœ õöƒèŠðì «õ‡´‹. Môƒ° ïô‹ «ðµ‹, ¬èò£À‹ ïð˜èO¡ ð£¶è£Š¹‚° â‰îªõ£¼ Ü„²Áˆ  Þ™ô£îõ£Á GÁõùˆF¡ Môƒ° õ£Nì‹, ï¬ìº¬øèœ Ü¬ñˆF¼ˆî™ «õ‡´‹. õó‹¹ ePò î†ðªõŠð G¬ôJ™, Môƒ°è¬÷ â´ˆ¶„ªê™õ¶ ÜõŸP¡ ï™õ£›MŸ° Ýðˆ¬î à‡ì£‚°‹. ܈î¼íƒ èO™ º¬øò£ù Å«ìŸÁ‹, °Oφ´‹ «ð£‚°õóˆ¶ õNº¬øè¬÷‚ ¬èò£÷ «õ‡´‹ (Robertshaw 2004; Schrama et al. 1996). «ï£Œˆ î´Š¹ ñ¼ˆ¶õ‹ «ï£Œˆ î´Š¹ â¡ð¶ 裙ï¬ìŠ ðó£ñKŠ¹, àJKùŠ ð£¶è£Š¹ˆ F†ìƒèO¡ å¼ º‚Aò è£óE ò£°‹. ðòÂœ÷ î´Š¹ ñ¼ˆ¶õƒèœ ªè£‡´ Ý«ó£‚Aòñ£ù Môƒ°è¬÷Š ðó£ñKŠð¶ â¡ð¶ Môƒ°èO¡ Ý󣌄C ñFŠd´è¬÷ «ñ‹ð´ˆ¶Aø¶. ܶ «ï£Œˆªî£ŸÁì¡ ªî£ì˜¹¬ìò ñ£Ÿøƒè¬÷»‹ ªïPº¬ø ê£ó£î Ýî£óƒèO™ ãŸð´‹ «õŸÁ¬ñè¬÷ »‹ °¬ø‚°‹. «ñ½‹ Môƒ°‚ èN¾ Íô‹ MôƒAù ï™õ£›MŸ° âFó£ù M¬÷¾è¬÷ °¬ø‚°‹. «ï£Œˆ î´Š¹ ñ¼ˆ¶õˆ F†ìƒèœ â¡ð¶ ð™«õÁ ªè£œ¬è èœ, ªêò™º¬øèœ, îQ¬ñŠð´ˆîŠð´î™, àÁFŠ

Môƒ° ïô‹ «ðµî™ 225 ð´ˆî™, ܶ ªî£ì˜ð£ù àðèóíƒèO¡ èô¬õò£°‹. Þùõ¬èèœ, Ýî£óƒèœ, àì™ïôˆ î°Fèœ ÝAò õŸP¡ Ü®Šð¬ìJ™ ÞˆF†ì‹ ñ£Áð´‹. Môƒ°èO¡ àJKò™ ð£¶è£Š¹ Môƒ°èO¡ àJKò™ ð£¶è£Š¹ â¡ð¶ ÝŒõè Môƒ°èO™ ÜPòŠð†ì Ü™ô¶ ªîKò£î ªî£ŸÁè¬÷ ܬìò£÷‹ è£í¾‹, 膴Šð´ˆî¾‹, 辋, ÜN‚辋 â´‚èŠð†ì ܬùˆ¶ ïìõ®‚¬èè¬÷»‹ °P‚Aø¶. Môƒ° àJKò™ ð£¶è£Š¹ ï¬ìº¬øè¬÷ ܬùˆ¶ MôƒAùƒèÀ‚°‹ H¡ðŸø «õ‡´‹. ܬõ Ü예Fò£ù õ£Nì õêF G¬ô¬ñèO™ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: ÝŒõè‚ ªè£Pˆ¶‡Eèœ) ÜFè â‡E‚¬èJô£ù Môƒ°è¬÷ ¬õˆF¼‚°‹«ð£¶ I辋 º‚Aòñ£ù¬õ ò£°‹. Môƒ° àJKò™ ð£¶è£Š¹ ÝŒõè Môƒ°èO™ ÜPòŠð†ì Ü™ô¶ ÜPòŠðì£î ªî£ŸÁè¬÷ˆ î´‚è â´‚èŠð†ì ܬùˆ¶ ïìõ®‚¬èè¬÷»‹ °P‚Aø¶. ªî£ŸÁ «ï£ŒèÀ‚° Môƒ°èœ Ý÷£°‹«ð£¶ ÜõŸP¡ àì™ Ü¬ñŠ¹, ªêò™ð£†´ ï¬ìº¬øè¬÷‚ 輈F™ ªè£œ÷ «õ‡´‹. ܲˆîñ£ù Ç´èœ, àðèóíƒèœ, ÜŠðEèO™ ß´ð´‹ áNò˜è¬÷ HKˆ¶¬õˆî™, ªð¼‹ð£½‹ ªõŸP‚° Ü®Šð¬ìò£è àœ÷¶. å¼ ªõŸPèóñ£ù Môƒ° àJKò™ ð£¶è£Š¹ˆ F†ì‹ ðô ÃÁè¬÷ àœ÷ì‚Aò¶. «î¬õŠð´‹ õ¬óòÁ‚èŠð†ì ²è£î£óñ£ù Môƒ°èœ ñ†´«ñ ÝŒ¾‚ÃìˆF™ àœ÷ù â¡ð¬î àÁF ªêŒ»‹ ï¬ì º¬øèœ «î¬õ. áNò˜èœ ðò¡ð´ˆ¶‹ ªð£¼†èœ °PŠð£è ¹ˆîè‹, «ðù£, ¶‡´ «ð£¡ø¬õ îM˜‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹. ªî£ŸÁ‚ A¼Ièœ èõùI¡PŠ ðóMJ¼‰î£™ ÜõŸP¡ ñ¬ò‚ °¬ø‚°‹ ï¬ìº¬øèœ, ܬùˆ¶ Môƒ°èÀ‚°‹ õ£Nì ܵè™, èN¾è¬÷ åNˆî™ à†ðì Môƒ° ²è£î£ó G¬ô¬ò ñFŠH´‹ å¼ MKõ£ù, ªî£ì˜„Cò£ù ܬñŠ¹ º¬øèœ Þ¼ˆî™ «õ‡´‹. ªî£ì˜¹¬ìò ÃÁèO™ ªð£¼ˆîñ£ù Môƒ° MG«ò£AŠð£÷˜è¬÷ ñFŠH´õ‹ «î˜‰ªî´Š

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Môƒ° ïô‹ «ðµî™ 229 gFò£è Þí‚èñ£è Þ¼‚°‹ Þó‡´ Þùƒèœ; (Pritchett - Corning et al. 2009) Ü™ô¶ c˜õ£› àJKùƒèO™ õ¬ôèœ ñŸÁ‹ Hø Môƒ°è¬÷‚ ¬èò£À‹ ê£îùƒèœ ò£¾‹ ܉î Þó‡´ ÞùƒèÀ‚° Þ¬ìJ™ îQˆîQò£è Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. Cô ÞùƒèO™ ñ¬ø‰F¼‚°‹ ñ¼ˆ¶õ gFò£ù ¶¬íˆ ªî£ŸÁèœ ñŸªø£¼ ÞùˆFŸ°Š ðó¾õ «ï£Œèœ ãŸð´‹. ÞùƒèO¡ õ¬èè¬÷‚ ªè£‡´ ÜõŸÁ‚° îQˆîQ õ£Nì õêF‚è£ù «î¬õ¬òˆ b˜ñ£Q‚è å¼Cô â´ˆ¶‚裆´èœ õN裆®ò£è ܬñòô£‹. · ªýLªè£çð‚ì˜ HLv (Helicobacter bilis) â‹ ¸‡µJ˜ âL, ²‡ªìL Þó‡¬ì»‹ ð£F‚°‹. ܬõ Þó‡´ ÞùƒèO½‹ «ï£Œè¬÷ à‡ì£°‹ (Haines et al. 1998; Jacoby and Lindsey 1998; Maggio-Price et al. 2002). · å¼ MFò£è, ¹Fò àôèñ£ù ªîŸ°, ñˆFò ܪñK‚è£, ð¬öò àôèñ£ù ÝŠHK‚è£ ñŸÁ‹ ð¬öò àôè ÝCò Þùñ£ù ñQî‚°óƒ°è¬÷ˆ îQ ܬøèO™ ¬õ‚è «õ‡´‹. CIò¡ óˆî‚èC¾ 裌„ê™ (Renquist 1990), CIò¡ «ï£ªòF˜Š¹ °¬ø𣴠¬õóv (Hirsch et al. 1991; Murphey-Corb et al. 1986), â´ˆ¶‚裆ì£è, ÝŠHK‚è£ ÞùƒèO™ ¶¬í ñ¼ˆ¶õ «ï£Œˆªî£ŸÁèœ, ÝCò ÞùƒèO™ ñ¼ˆ¶õ «ï£¬òˆ ɇ´‹ õ¬èèœ. · Cô Þùƒèœ å«ó ¹MJò™ ð°F¬ò„ «ê˜‰î¬õ â¡ø£½‹ îQò£èˆ îƒè ¬õ‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹. â´ˆ¶‚ 裆ì£è, ÜE™ °óƒ°èœ (Saimiri sciureus) ì£ñK¡ (Saguinus oedipus) ÝAò¬õ º¬ø«ò Herpesvirus ñŸÁ‹ H. tamarinus ªè£‡ì ªî£ŸÁ«ï£¬ò‚ ªè£‡®¼‚èô£‹. ܬõ ݉¬î‚ °óƒ°èO™ ñó투î î¼M‚°‹; Môƒ°è÷£™ ðó¾‹ «ï£¬ò à‡ì£‚°‹ (Aotus trivirgatus), (Barahona et al. 1975; Hunt and Melendez 1966; Murphy et al. 1971). õEè gFò£è Ü™ô¶ GÁõù gFò£è «õÁð†ì Ãìƒèœ Ü™ô¶ ÍôƒèOL¼‰¶ ªðøŠð†ì Môƒ° èœ «ï£Œ‚A¼Ièœ ªî£ŸPò G¬ôJ™ «õÁ𴋫𣶠å«ó ÞùˆFŸ°œ«÷«ò HKˆ¶ ¬õŠð¶ ÜõCò‹. àî£óíñ£è, âLèO™ âL ªî«ô£¬õóv, ²‡ªìL èO™ ñ¾v ªýð¬ì®v ¬õóv, ªóJ¡«ð£ ®ªó÷®™ 𣂮Kò£ A™ «ï£Œ, ºò™èO™ ð£v´ªó™ô£

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Môƒ° ïô‹ «ðµî™ 231 ²è£î£ó‚ è‡è£EŠ¹ˆ F†ìƒèO™ 裙ï¬ìèÀ‚è£ù Æì‹, ñ‰¬î ²è£î£óˆ F†ìƒèœ ñŸÁ‹ c˜õ£› ñŸÁ‹ ªè£P‚°‹ àJKùƒèÀ‚è£ù °¿ ²è£î£ó‚ è‡è£EŠ¹ˆ F†ìƒèÀ‹ Ü샰‹. «ï£Œ è‡ìP»‹ ÝŒõè„ «ê¬õèÀ‚è£ù õêF 裙ï¬ì ñ¼ˆ¶õŠ ðó£ñKŠ¹‚° àî¾Aø¶. ܶ àìŸÃÁ, ¸‡Eò «ï£Jò™, Þóˆî‚ÃÁJò™, ¸‡µJKò™, 冴‡E ñ¼ˆ¶õ‹, ñ¼ˆ¶õ «õFJò™, Íô‚ÃÁ è‡ìPî™, ¬õóv «ï£Œ‚ÃÁ ÝAòõŸ¬ø àœ÷ì‚Aò¶. å¼ °¿M™ «ï£Œ Ü™ô¶ ªî£ŸÁ‚A¼I ܬìò£÷‹ è£íŠð†ì£™, CA„¬êJ¡ «î˜¾ 裙ï¬ì ñ¼ˆ¶õ ó£™ ÝŒõ£÷¼ì¡ èô‰î£«ô£Cˆ¶„ ªêŒòŠðì «õ‡´‹. ð£F‚èŠð†ì Môƒ° ÝŒM™ Þ¼‚è «õ‡´ªñ¡ø£™, «î˜‰ªî´‚èŠð†ì CA„¬êˆ F†ì‹ ñ¼ˆ¶õ gFJ™ CøŠð£ùî£è Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. ꣈Fò I¼‰î£™ Ý󣌄C ªêò™º¬øJ™ Ü„CA„¬ê °¬ø‰î ð†ê î¬ôf†¬ì‚ ªè£‡®¼‚°‹. õö‚èñ£èŠ ðó£ñK‚èŠð´‹ ªè£Pˆ¶‡EèO™ àð«ï£Œ‚ÃÁ ¸‡µJ˜ˆ ªî£ŸÁèœ (H¡ ެ특 Ü: «ï£Jò™, ñ¼ˆ¶õ «ï£Jò™, 冴‡E «ï£Œè¬÷Š 𣘂辋) Ü®‚è® Gèö‚ô‹. Ýù£™ ¸‡µJKˆ î´Š¹ eøŠð†ì£™ «ï£Œ‚A¼IòŸø ªè£Pˆ¶‡E èO¡ àŸðˆF, ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£è õ®õ¬ñ‚èŠð†ì, ðó£ñK‚èŠð´‹ õêFèO½‹ Þ¶ ãŸðì‚ô‹. «ï£ªòF˜Š¹Š ð‡H™ ñ£Ÿøƒè¬÷ˆ ɇì‚îò, àìLò™, ñ¼‰Fò™, Jò™ M¬÷¾è¬÷ ñ£Ÿø‚îò àð«ï£Œ‚ÃÁ ªî£ŸÁ‚ A¼IèÀ‚è£ù â´ˆ¶‚裆´ èœ «ï£«ó£¬õóvèœ, 𣘫õ£¬õóvèœ, ñ¾vªýð ¬ì®v ¬õóv, L‹«ð£¬ê®‚«è£K«ò£ - ͬ÷‚ 裌„ê™ ¬õóv ñŸÁ‹ ªýL«è£ð£‚ì˜ âv.H.H. (Noroviruses, parvoviruses, mouse hepatitis virus, lymphocytic choriomen- ingitis virus, and helicobacter spp.; Besselsen et al. 2008; Clifford and Watson 2008; NRC 1991a,b,c) Ý A ò ¬ õ ò £ ° ‹ . ° P Š H † ì ªïPº¬øJ¡ M…ë£ù «ï£‚èƒèœ â¡ð¶ å¼ °PŠH†ì ªè£Pˆ¶‡E Þùõ¬èJ™ ªî£ŸÁ «ï£Œ èO¡ M¬÷¾èœ, ñQ°Š ðó¾‹ «ï£Œ‚è£ù ꣈Fò‚ÃÁèœ, ªî£ŸÁ‚ A¼Ièœ Môƒ°èœ ðó£ñKŠ¹ ªïPº¬øèO™ ãŸð´ˆî‚îò ð£îèñ£ù

232 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® M¬÷¾èœ ÝAòù ªè£Pˆ¶‡EèO¡ ²è£î£ó‚ è‡è£EŠ¹ˆ F†ìƒèO¡ ð‡¹è¬÷ b˜ñ£Q‚è «õ‡´‹, ªè£Pˆ¶‡Eè¬÷‚ °PŠH†ì «ï£Œ‚ A¼Ièœ Þ™ô£ñ™ ¬õˆF¼‚è «õ‡´‹. Môƒ°‚ ªè£œ¬èJ™ ñ‚èO™ ¸‡µJ˜ ªî£ŸÁ «ï£Œè¬÷‚ è‡ìPõîŸè£ù º‚Aò º¬øèO™ ¬õóv «ï£Œ‚ÃÁ„ «ê£î¬ùèœ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: 繫÷£ ¬ê†«ì£ªñ†K‚ d† ދΫù£Üv«ú â‹ ªê™ Ü÷¬õ‚ èí‚A´‹ «ï£ªòF˜Š¹ ÝŒ¾, ދΫù£- 犫÷£óꡆ ñFŠd´èœ â‹ åO˜õN «ï£ªòF˜Š¹ ñFŠd´èœ, Flow cytometric bead immunoassays, Immunofluorescent assays) ð£Lñ«óv êƒAL âF˜M¬ù Polymerase chain reac- tion (H.C.ݘ) â‹ ñó𵊠ªð¼‚è‹, ¸‡µJ˜ õ÷˜ˆ ªî´Š¹, ñ¼ˆ¶õ «õFJò™ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: ô£‚«ì† ¯¬ý†óü«ùv ¬õóv Lactate dehydrogenase virus) , Uv«ì£«ð£î£ôT â‹ ¸‡íP «ï£Jò™. Hø Yó¬ñ‚èŠð†ì õ÷˜‰¶õ¼‹ ªî£N™¸†ðƒèœ, å¼ «ï£òPî¬ô G蛈 àÁFŠð´ˆî¾‹ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠ ðìô£‹. Þì‹ ªðò¼‹ 膮èœ, ªê™ èôŠ¹èœ, àJóµ‚ èœ, Þóˆî Íôèƒèœ, Hø àJKò™ ªð£¼†èœ ÝAòù ªè£Pˆ¶‡Eèœ, ñQî ¬õóvèO¡ Íôƒè÷£è Þ¼‚èô£‹. ܬõ ªè£Pˆ¶‡Eè¬÷ ñ£²ð´ˆî‚ô‹ Ü™ô¶ ÝŒõèŠ ðEò£÷˜èÀ‚° Ýðˆ¶‚è¬÷ ã Ÿ ð ´ ˆ î ‚ à ´ ‹ (Nicklas et al. 1993) ; ¸‡µJ K ò ™ ñ£²ð£†¬ì‚ è‡è£E‚è M¬óõ£ù ðòÂœ÷ ñFŠd´èœ A¬ì‚A¡øù. «ñ½‹ Þ¶«ð£¡ø ªð£¼† è¬÷ Môƒ°èÀ‚° ÜPºèŠð´ˆ¶õ º¡¹ 輈F™ ªè£œ÷ «õ‡´‹ (Peterson 2008). ²è£î£ó‚ è‡è£EŠ¹ˆ F†ìƒèœ F†ìˆF¡ Ü÷¾, C‚èô£ù ñ, ê‹ð‰îŠð†ì Þùƒèœ, GÁõù Ý󣌄C, èõù‹ ÝAòõŸ¬øŠ ªð£Áˆ¶ Þ¼Šð, ܬùˆ¶ àJKùƒèÀ‚°‹ ²è£î£ó‚ è‡è£EŠ¹ˆ F†ìƒèœ °Pˆî Mõóƒè¬÷ â´ˆ¶¬óŠð¶ ÞšõN 裆®J¡ ♬ô‚° ÜŠð£Ÿð†ì¶; Ã´î™ °PŠ¹èœ H¡ ެ특 ‘Ü’ M™ àœ÷ù («ï£Œ è‡è£EŠ¹, «ï£Œ è‡ìPî™, CA„¬ê; «ï£Jò™, ñ¼ˆ¶õ «ï£Jò™,

Môƒ° ïô‹ «ðµî™ 233 冴‡E«ï£Œ, °PŠH†ì Þùƒèœ ðŸPò °PŠ¹èœ). ñ¼ˆ¶õ ðó£ñKŠ¹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ ï™ô Ý«ó£‚Aòñ£ù Môƒ°è¬÷Š ðó£ñKŠð«î YKò îóñ£ù Môƒ° M…ë£ùˆFŸè£ù Ü®Šð¬ì º¡ Gð‰î¬ùò£°‹. 裙ï¬ìŠ ðó£ñKŠ¹ˆ F†ìˆF¡ è†ì¬ñŠ¹ˆ î°Fò£ù 裙ï¬ì ñ¼ˆ¶õ˜èO¡ â‡E‚¬è à†ðì, ÞˆF†ìˆ¬î G¬ø«õŸÁõŠ «ð£¶ñ£ùî£è Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. ÞˆF†ì‹ 嚪õ£¼ GÁõùˆFŸ°‹ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð´‹ Môƒ° õ¬èèœ, Môƒ°Š ðò¡ð£´ˆ ñ¬ò»‹ ªð£¼ˆ¶ ܬñ»‹. ñ¼ˆ¶õŠ ðó£ñKŠ¹ õöƒ°õF™ Fø¡ õ£Œ‰îõó£è å¼ è£™ï¬ì ñ¼ˆ¶õ˜ Þ¼‚è «õ‡´ñ£J¡, Üõ˜ Môƒ°èO¡ Þùƒèœ, GÁõù Ý󣌄C, èŸHˆî™, «ê£î¬ù Ü™ô¶ àŸðˆFˆ F†ìƒèO™ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠ ð´‹ Môƒ°èO¡ ðò¡è¬÷ ï¡° ÜP‰F¼ˆî™ «õ‡´‹. MôƒAù‹ ꣘‰î ܬùˆ¶ ñ¼ˆ¶õ‹, Ý󣌄C, CA„¬êŠ ðF«õ´è¬÷ ñFŠHì‚îò àK¬ñ¬ò‚ ªè£‡®¼‚è «õ‡´‹. ñ¼ˆ¶õ «ñô£‡¬ñ Môƒ°èO¡ Ý«ó£‚Aò‹, ï숬î, ï™õ£›¾ ÝAòõŸP™ ã«î‹ Üê£î£óíƒèœ Ü™ô¶ °¬øèœ Þ¼‚°ñ£J¡, ÜõŸ¬ø‚ 裙ï¬ì ñ¼ˆ¶õ˜ ÜŠªð£ÁŠH™ àœ÷õKì‹ ¶™Lòñ£è¾‹ êKò£ù «ïóˆF½‹ ªîKM‚°‹ õNº¬ø 臮Šð£è Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. ÞõŸ¬ø„ êKò£ù º¬øJ™ ÜPM‚°‹ ªð£ÁŠð£ù¶, Môƒ°è¬÷Š ðó£ñK‚°‹, ðò¡ð´ˆ¶‹ ܬùõ¬ó»‹ ꣘‰î«îò£°‹. CøŠð£ù Ü‚è¬ø «î¬õŠð´‹ Môƒ°èÀ‚° º¡ÂK¬ñ õöƒèŠðì «õ‡´‹. Môƒ° ñ¼ˆ¶õ˜ Ü™ô¶ î°F ªðŸø «ñŸð£˜¬õò£÷˜ MôƒA¡ àì™G¬ô¬ò ñFŠd´ ªêŒ¶, «î¬õŠð´‹ CC„¬êˆ F†ìƒè¬÷ õ°‚è «õ‡´‹. ï¡° F†ìIìŠð†ì ÜPMò™ â¡ð¶ ñQî£H ñ£ù b˜ñ£ùƒèÀì¡, F†ìIìŠð†ì ðK«ê£î¬ù ªïPº¬øèœ, Ý󣌄CJ¡ «ð£¶ ãŸð´‹ Hó„C¬ù

234 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® è¬÷ˆ b˜‚è‚îò å¼ Ý‚è̘õñ£ù F†ìˆ¬î àÁFŠð´ˆî à. (𣘂è ܈Fò£ò‹ 2, “ðK«ê£î¬ù ñŸÁ‹ ñQî£Hñ£ù ÞÁF º®¾”) Ý󣌄C ªïPº¬øèO™ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠ«ð£°‹ Môƒ°èÀ‚è£ù 裙ï¬ì ñ¼ˆ¶õ˜ Ü™ô¶ ÜŠªð£ÁŠH™ àœ÷õ Kì‹ âö‚îò â‰îªõ£¼ Hó„C¬ùJ¡ º‚Aòˆ¶õ‹ ðŸP Mõ£F‚è ܬùˆ¶ ºòŸCè¬÷»‹ «ñŸªè£œ÷ «õ‡´‹. Ý󣌄Cò£÷˜ Ü™ô¶ F†ì Þò‚°ï¼ì¡ Æ´ º¬øJ™ «ê˜‰¶ CA„¬ê»‹ ðK«ê£î¬ù ªêò™ º¬ø ðŸPò º®¾èÀ‹ â´‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹. GÁõŠ ð†ì ÝŒMò‚è õNº¬øè¬÷ˆ (USDA 1997). ªî£ì˜‰¶ c®‚°‹ ²è£î£óŠ Hó„C¬ùè¬÷„ êñ£O‚°‹ð®ò£è, îóñ£ù CA„¬êèÀ‚è£è à¼õ£‚èô£‹. ðK«ê£î¬ù‚° à†ð´ˆîŠð´‹ Môƒ°èO¡ Ý«ó£‚Aò‹ ê‹ð‰îŠð†ì ªî£ì˜‰¶ c®‚°‹ ²è£î£ó‹ ðŸPò °PŠH†ìˆî‚è Hó„C¬ùè¬÷ äãC»C-‚° ªîKM‚è «õ‡´‹. «ñ½‹ ܬùˆ¶ CA„¬êè¬÷»‹ M¬÷¾è¬÷»‹ ðF¾ ªêŒò «õ‡´‹ (USDA 1997). Üõêó CA„¬ê ðó£ñKŠ¹ F†ìIìŠð†ì «ïóƒèO½‹. Hø «ïóƒèO½‹ ªî£ì˜‰¶ Üõêóè£ô 裙ï¬ìŠ ðó£ñKŠ¹ õöƒ°õîŸ è£ù õNº¬øèœ è‡®Šð£è Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. Môƒ°èO™ ãŸð´‹ è£ò‹, «ï£Œ, ñóí‹ ðŸPò îèõ¬ô Môƒ°Š ðó£ñKŠ¹, Ý󣌄C áNò˜èÀ‚° ÜõCò‹ ªîKM‚è «õ‡´‹. Môƒ°èO¡ àì™G¬ô¬ò ñFŠH´õ‹, Môƒ°èÀ‚° CA„¬ê ÜOŠð‹, âF˜ð£ó£ñ™ ãŸð†ì ñó투î Mê£KŠð‹, 輬킪裬ô ðŸP Ý«ô£ê¬ù õöƒ°õ‹ 臮Šð£è 裙ï¬ì ñ¼‰¶õ˜ Ü™ô¶ Üõó¶ ªð£ÁŠð£÷˜ ⊪𣿶‹ Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. ²è£î£óŠ Hó„C¬ù¬ò„ êKªêŒõŠ ªð£ÁŠ ð£ù ïð˜ Þ™¬ôªò¡ø£™, Ý󣌄C ÜFè£K ñŸÁ‹ 裙ï¬ì áNò˜èœ «î¬õò£ù CA„¬êè¬÷‚ °Pˆ¶ å¼ º®¾‚° õó ÞòôM™¬ô â¡ø£™, 裙ï¬ì ñ¼ˆ¶õ¼‚° º¿ ÜFè£óˆ¬î ͈î G˜õ£èˆFù¼‹, (裇è: ܈Fò£ò‹ 2). äãC»C-»‹ ÜO‚è «õ‡´‹.

Môƒ° ïô‹ «ðµî™ 235 Môƒ°èÀ‚° CA„¬ê ÜOŠð‹, Ý󣌄CJL¼‰¶ c‚辋, «î¬õŠð†ì£™ è´¬ñò£ù õL, ¶¡ðˆ¬î c‚°õ êKò£ù ïìõ®‚¬èèœ â´‚è¾‹, «î¬õŠ ð†ì£™ 輬킪裬ô ªêŒõŠ ðK‰¶¬ó‚辋 ÜFè£ó‹ îó«õ‡´‹. ðF«õ†¬ìŠ ðó£ñKˆî™ ñ¼ˆ¶õŠ ðF«õ´èœ 裙ï¬ìŠ ðó£ñKŠ¹ˆ F†ìˆF¡ å¼ º‚Aò ܃èñ£°‹. Môƒ°èœ ïôñ£è¾‹, ï¡° ðó£ñK‚èŠð´õ¶‹, ÜõŸP¡ ðò¡ð£†¬ì‚ è‡è£E‚辋, ðò¡ð´ˆ¶‹ õNº¬øè¬÷ ÝõíŠ ð´ˆî¾‹ º‚Aòñ£ùî£è‚ è¼îŠð´Aø¶. ñ¼ˆ¶õ‹, Môƒ°Š ðò¡ð£´ ꣘‰î ðF«õ´è¬÷, 裙ï¬ì ñ¼ˆ¶õ˜ 臮Šð£è «ñŸð£˜¬õ ªêŒ»‹ õNº¬ø è¬÷ ܬñˆ¶, ñFŠd´ ªêŒ¶, ªî£ì˜‰¶ «ñŸð£˜¬õ J´î™ «õ‡´‹ (Field et al. 2007; Suckow and Doerning 2007). Môƒ°Š ðó£ñKŠ¹, ðò¡ð£†®™ ߴ𴋠ܬùõ¼«ñ Üó² ê†ì MFº¬ø, ñQî, 裙ï¬ì ñ¼‰¶èœ, CA„¬ê¬òŠ ðŸPò MFº¬øèÀì¡ è‡®Šð£è åˆF¼‚è «õ‡´‹. ñ¼‰¶Š ðF«õ´èœ ñ¼‰¶‚ A샰 èœ GÁõùˆ îE‚¬èèO¡ «ð£¶ ðKYô¬ù ªêŒòŠðì «õ‡´‹. ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê ªõŸPèóñ£ù ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê º®¾èœ â¡ð¶ W›‚è‡ìõŸP™ º¬øò£ù èõù‹ ªê½ˆ¶õ‹. ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬êJ¡ º¡ ï¬ìº¬øè¬÷ˆ F†ìI´î™, ¬èò£Àðõ˜‚°ˆ «î¬õò£ù ðJŸCèœ, ñò‚èñ¼‰¶, ªî£ŸøŸø ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê ¸†ðƒè¬÷ ñFŠH´î™, Môƒ°Š ðó£ñKŠ¬ð„ êKò£è ñFŠH´î™, ñò‚è ñ¼‰¶è¬÷ º¬øò£èŠ ðò¡ð´ˆ¶î™, ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê ï¬ìº¬øè¬÷ º¬øò£è„ ªêŒî™, CA„¬êJ¡«ð£¶ Môƒ°è¬÷Š ðó£ñKˆî™ «ð£¡ø ܬùˆF½‹ Môƒ° èO¡ àì™G¬ô¬ò»‹ è‡è£E‚è «õ‡´‹ (裇è: H¡Q¬íŠ¹ Ü. ñò‚è͆ì™, õL, ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê). ܬùˆ¶ CA„¬ê ï¬ìº¬øèœ Môƒ°èO¡ Þù‹ ñŸÁ‹ ð™«õÁ C‚èô£ù ñè÷£™ Môƒ°èO™

236 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® å¡Á‚° å¡Á ñ£Áð´‹. ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬êˆ F†ìˆF™ å¼ °¿ ꣘‰î ܵ°º¬ø¬ò‚ ¬èò£œõ¶, «õÁð†ì G¹í˜èO¡ 制¬öŠ¹ ÝAò¬õ ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê M¬÷¾èO¡ ꣈Fòˆ¬î ÜFèK‚A¡ø¶ (Brown and Schofield 1994; Brown et al. 1993). ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê º®¾èœ ªî£ì˜„Cò£è¾‹ º¿¬ñò£è¾‹ ï¬ìº¬øè¬÷Š H¡ðŸÁõ¬î»‹, êKò£ù «ïóˆF™ êKò£ù ñ£Ÿøƒè¬÷ ãŸð´ˆ¶õ¬î»‹ àÁFŠð´ˆî «õ‡´‹. GÁõŠð†ì ÝŒ¾ ¸†ðƒèO™ «î¬õŠð†ì£™ ñ£Ÿøƒèœ ªêŒòô£‹. Üîù£™ ܶ Môƒ° ï™õ£›¬õ ð£F‚è‚Ã죶 (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: c˜õ£› àJKèœ Ü™ô¶ è÷‹ ꣘‰î ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê J™). Üšõ£Á ñ£ŸPò¬ñˆî£™, ÜõŸ¬øˆ bMóñ£è ñFŠd´ ªêŒ¶, ñ¼ˆ¶õ‹ ꣘‰î «ê£˜¾ Ü™ô¶ ñó투î M¬÷M‚°ñ£ â¡Á ÜPò «õ‡´‹. ܈î¬èò ñFŠd´ ªî£N™¸†ð áNò˜èœ, Ý󣌄C ò£÷˜èœ, ñ¼ˆ¶õ˜, äãC»C ÝA«ò£K¡ ªî£ì˜„C ò£ù îèõ™ ªî£ì˜¬ð«ò ꣘‰F¼‚Aø¶. ðJŸC ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê ï¬ìº¬øè¬÷ «ñŸªè£œÀ‹ ÝŒõ£÷˜èœ ï™ô ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê ¸†ðƒè¬÷ ï¬ìº¬øŠð´ˆîŠð´õ¬î àÁF ªêŒò êKò£ù ðJŸC¬ò‚ ªè£‡®¼‚è «õ‡´‹. Üî£õ¶ Y›ˆ îM˜Š¹, ªñ¡¬ñò£ù F²‚è¬÷‚ ¬èò£Àî™, F² c‚è‹ °¬øˆî™, êKò£ù è¼Mè¬÷Š ðò¡ð´ˆ¶î™, Fø¡I° àìLò‚èŠ ð£ó£ñKŠ¹, êKò£ù õ®¾, ¬îòL´‹ ªð£¼†è¬÷Š ðò¡ð´ˆ¶î™ ÝAò¬õò£°‹ (Brown et al. 1993; Heon et al. 2006). ðJŸCJ¡«ð£¶ ªð¼‹ð£½‹ Ü®‚è® âF˜ªè£œÀ‹ MôƒAùŠ ðó£ñKŠH¡ H¡ùEJ™ ÞìñO‚°‹ õ¬èJ™ ðJŸC ÜO‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹. â´ˆ¶‚裆ì£è ñQî ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬êJ™ ðJŸÁM‚èŠð†ì ïð˜ àìŸÃPò™, àìLò™, ñò‚è ñ¼ ‰¶, õL Gõ £óí ñ ¼‰¶è O ½ ‹ Ü Á ¬ õ CA„¬ê‚°Š H‰¬îò «î¬õèO™ ð™«õÁ ÞùƒèÀ‚° CA„¬ê ªêŒò¾‹ ðJŸC ªðŸP¼‚è «õ‡´‹. ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê ªêŒ»‹ ªî£N™¸†ð áNò˜èœ 臮Šð£è

Môƒ° ïô‹ «ðµî™ 237 ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê º¬øèœ, Y›ˆîM˜Š¹ ñŸÁ‹ ªð£¶ õ£ù ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê º¬øèO™ ðJŸC ªðŸP¼‚è «õ‡´‹ (Stevens and Dey 2007). ªð£¼ˆîñ£ù ðJŸCˆ F†ìƒè¬÷ õ®õ¬ñŠ ðF™, Ý󣌄C GÁõùƒèÀ‚° àîõ îQŠð†ì H¡ùE ªè£‡ì Ý󣌄C ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê‚è£ù ðJŸC õN裆´î™èœ Þ¼‚A¡øù (ASR 2009). ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê ªêŒ»‹ ïð˜èœ Üˆ «î¬õò£ù î°F, ªêò™ õNŠðJŸCèœ ªðŸP¼‚A¡øùó£ â¡ð¬îˆ b˜ñ£Q‚°‹ ªð£ÁŠ¹ äãC»C ñŸÁ‹ CA„¬êòO‚°‹ Môƒ° ñ¼ˆ¶õ˜ ÝA«ò£¼¬ìò«î (Anderson 2007). ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê‚° º¡ F†ìIì™ ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê‚ °¿M¡ ܬùˆ¶ àÁŠHù˜ èO¡ 輈¶è¬÷»‹ ðKYô¬ù ªêŒò «õ‡´‹ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê G¹í˜, ñò‚è ñ¼‰¶ G¹í˜, 裙ï¬ì ñ¼ˆ¶õ˜, ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê ªî£N™ ¸†ð õ™½ï˜èœ, Môƒ°Š ðó£ñKŠ¹ áNò˜èœ, ÝŒõ£÷˜èœ, ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê‚° º¡ùî£ù F†ì IìL™ ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬êˆ F†ìŠ ðEò£÷˜èO¡ ðƒ°èœ, ðJŸCˆ «î¬õèœ, b˜ñ£Q‚èŠð†ì ï¬ìº¬ø èÀ‚°ˆ «î¬õò£ù àðèóíƒèœ, Hø ªð£¼†èœ (Cunliffe-Beamer 1993). ªêŒº¬øèœ G蛈îŠð´‹ ÞìˆF¡ õêF, Üî¡ î¡¬ñ, ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬êJ¡«ð£î£ù Môƒ° ²è£î£ó ñFŠd´, ðó£ñKŠ¹ (Brown and Schofield 1994) ÝAòõŸ¬ø àÁFŠð´ˆî «õ‡´‹. ñò‚è ñ¼‰¶ èœ, Üî¡ Ü÷¾è¬÷ˆ «î˜‰ªî´Šð¶ ðŸPò Mõ£îƒ èO½‹ ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬êJ¡«ð£î£ù õL Gõ£óEèO¡ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù F†ìˆF½‹ 裙ï¬ì ñ¼ˆ¶õ˜èœ ß´ðì «õ‡´‹. Þ¬óŠ¬ð‚ °ö£Œ «ð£¡ø A¼Iˆ ªî£ŸÁ ãŸð´ˆî‚îò Môƒ°èO¡ àìŸð°Fè¬÷ ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê ªêŒ¬èJ™ Ü™ô¶ å¼ ªêŒº¬ø «ï£Œˆb˜Š¹ˆ Fø¬ùˆ î´‚è‚ è£óíñ£è Þ¼‰î£™, ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê‚° º‰¬îò ¸‡µJK âF˜Š¹ ñ¼‰¶ èO¡ ðò¡ð£´ ªð£¼ˆîñ£ùî£è Þ¼‚°‹ (Klement et al. 1987). âšõ£ø£J‹ ¸‡µJ˜ âF˜Š¹ ñ¼‰¶èO¡ õö‚èñ£ù ðò¡ð£†¬ì, «ï£Œ‚A¼I ÜŸø º¬øò£ù

238 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬êˆ ªî£N™¸†ðƒèÀ‚° ñ£Ÿø£è 弫𣶋 è¼î‚Ã죶. Þ‰î‚ èì¬ñè¬÷„ ªêŒ»‹ ðEò£÷˜èœ à†ðì, ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê‚°Š H‰¬îò è‡è£EŠ¹, èõQŠ¹, ðFM´î™ ÝAòõŸÁ‚è£ù «î¬õè¬÷ º¡ùî£è«õ F†ìIìL™ °PŠHì «õ‡´‹. ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê‚°Š H‰¬îò ðó£ñKŠ¹ ªð£¼ˆîñ£ù¶ â¡ð¬î àÁF ªêŒõîŸè£ù ªð£ÁŠ¬ð 裙ï¬ì ñ¼ˆ¶õ¼‹ ÝŒõ£÷˜èÀ‹ ðA˜‰¶ ªè£œAø£˜èœ. ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê õêFèœ å¼ MFMô‚ªèù, °PŠð£è Ý󣌄C ªïPº¬ø J¡ å¼ º‚Aò ܃èñ£è Gò£òŠð´ˆîŠð†´, ܶ äãC»C-ò£™ åŠ¹î™ ªðøŠð†®¼‰î£™ Ü¡P, A¼Iˆ ªî£ŸøŸø ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê ÜKò Hóˆ«òè õêFèœ àœ÷ ÞìˆF™î£¡ ïìˆîŠðì «õ‡´‹. ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê º¬ø‚°Š ªð£¼ˆîñ£ù Þìˆ¬îˆ b˜ñ£Q‚°‹ å¼ Hóˆ«òè ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê ܬø õêF Ü™ô¶ Hø ªêò™ð£´èOL¼‰¶ îQ«ò HKˆ¶ ¬õ‚èŠð†ì ð°F J¡ «î˜õ£ù¶, Þùƒè¬÷„ ꣘‰«î£, ªêŒº¬øJ¡ ñ (ªðKò, CPò Ü™ô¶ Üõêó CA„¬ê) ñŸÁ‹ àì™ °¬øð£´èœ Ü™ô¶ ªî£ŸÁ«ï£Œ «ð£¡ø ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê‚°Š H‰¬îò C‚è™èœ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: ¸‡µJ˜ˆ ªî£ŸÁ) ÝAòõŸ¬øŠ ªð£Áˆ«î£ ܬñ»‹. ªð¼‹ð£ô£ù 𣂮Kò£‚èœ è£ŸÁõNˆ É²èœ Ü™ô¶ ç«ð£¬ñ†´èO¡ Íô‹ °A¡øù. âù«õ ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê ªêŒ»‹ ð°F ÉŒ¬ñò£èŠ ðó£ñK‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹. ÜõŸP¡ Éò ñ àÁF ªêŒòŠðì «õ‡´‹. «î¬õòŸø «ð£‚°õóˆ¬î‚ °¬ø‚è «õ‡´‹ (AORN 2006; Bartley 1993). ñŸø «ï£‚èƒ èÀ‚è£è å¼ ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê ܬø¬òŠ ðò¡ð´ˆî «õ‡®ò¶ ÜõCòñ£ù£™ àJ˜è£‚°‹ ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê‚°Š ðò¡ð´ˆ¶õ º¡¹ Üšõ¬ø¬ò ÜèŸø Ü÷MŸ°ˆ ÉŒ¬ñŠð´ˆF ¶Š¹ó¾ì¡ F¼‹ðŠ ðò¡ð´ˆî «õ‡´‹. ªð£¶õ£è àJ˜õN ñ¼ˆ¶õ Ý󣌄C‚è£èŠ ðó£ñK‚èŠð´‹ Mõê£ò Môƒ°è¬÷ Þ‰îŠ HKM™

Môƒ° ïô‹ «ðµî™ 239 °PŠHìŠð†´œ÷ õN裆´î™èÀì¡, Þí‚èñ£ù õêFèÀì¡ ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê ¸†ðƒèÀ‚° à†ð´ˆî «õ‡´‹. Þ¼ŠH‹ Cô 裙ï¬ì ñ¼ˆ¶õ ï¬ìº¬ø èÀ‹, õ˜ˆîè gFò£ù ñŸÁ‹ Mõê£òŠ H¡¹ôƒèO½‹, ªð£¶õ£è„ ªêŒòŠð´‹ Cô CPò Üõêóè£ô CA„¬ê ï¬ìº¬øèœ è÷G¬ô¬ñèO¡ W› ï¬ìªðøô£‹. Mõê£òŠ H¡¹ôˆF™ ïìˆîŠð†ì£½‹ Ãì Þ‰î ï¬ìº¬øèÀ‚°Š ªð£¼ˆîñ£ù «ï£Œˆªî£ŸøŸø ¸†ðƒèœ, ñò‚è ñ¼ˆ¶èœ, õL Gõ£óE ñ¼‰¶èœ ÝAòõŸP¡ ðò¡ð£†®™ Môƒ°èO¡ Ý«ó£‚Aòˆ FŸ°‹ ï™õ£›¾‚°‹ ãŸðì‚îò Ýðˆ¬î‚ èí‚A™ ªè£œ÷ «õ‡´‹. ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê º¬øèœ ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê º¬øèœ ªðKò (Major), CPò (Mi- nor) Ü÷Mô£ù¬õ âù¾‹ ÝŒõè ܬñŠH™ àJ˜‚ 裊¹ ꣘‰î¬õ, àJ˜‚裊¹ ê£ó£î¬õ âù¾‹ õ¬èŠð´ˆîð´A¡øù. å¼ ªð£¶õ£ù õN裆´îªôù - ªðKò Ü÷Mô£ù àJ˜è£‚°‹ ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬êò£ù¶ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: àì™ W›ð£è‹, ñ£˜¹ ð£è ÜÁ¬õ, ͆´ ñ£Ÿø‹. ¬è裙 c‚è‹), àì™ °N‚°œ á´¼M à†ð£èˆ¬î ªõOŠð´ˆ¶Aø¶; àì™ Ü™ô¶ àìLò™ ªêò™ð£´èO¡ èEêñ£ù °¬ø𣆬ì à¼õ£‚° Aø¶; MKõ£ù F²ˆ¶‡®Š¹ Ü™ô¶ ñ£ŸÁˆ ¶‡®Š¬ð àœ÷ì‚Aò¶ (Brown et al. 1993) Ý°‹. CPò Ü÷Mô£ù àJ˜ 裂°‹ ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê à쟰N¬ò ªõOŠð´ˆî£¶, CPò àì™ °¬øð£´è¬÷ ãŸð´ˆ¶‹ Ü™ô¶ å¼ °¬ø»‹ ÜŸø¶. Þ‰îŠ HKM™ è£òˆ¬îˆ ¬îˆî™, à쟫ñŸ¹ø Þóˆî ï£÷ ñ£ŸÁŠð£¬î ܬñˆî™, Ü®ˆ«î£L¡ F² «êèKŠ¹, è£ò®ˆî™ «ð£¡ø Mõê£ò Môƒ°èO™ ªêŒòŠð´‹ õö‚èñ£ù ï¬ìº¬øèœ, 裙ï¬ì ñ¼ˆ¶õ ï¬ìº¬øèO™ ªõO Môƒ° â‹ Ü®Šð¬ìJ™ õö‚èñ£è„ ªêŒòŠð´‹ ªð¼‹ð£ô£ù ï¬ìº¬øèœ ÝAò¬õ Ü샰‹. Þ‰î„ CPò Ü÷Mô£ù ï¬ìº¬øèOL¼‰¶ e†èŠð´‹ Môƒ°èœ ªð£¶õ£è ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê‚°Š H‰¬îò õLJ¡ °PŠHìˆî‚è ÜP°Pè¬÷‚ 裆ì£î𮂰 °¬ø‰îð†ê C‚è™è¬÷‚ ªè£‡®¼‚A¡øù. åŠd†ì÷

240 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® M™ °ÁAò è£ôˆF™ Þò™ð£ù ªêò™ð£†®Ÿ° Môƒ°èœ F¼‹¹A¡øù. °PŠH†ì ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê º¬øè¬÷ õ¬èŠð´ˆî ºò½‹«ð£¶, H¡ õ¼õù õŸ¬ø‚ 輈F™ ªè£œ÷ «õ‡´‹. õL, ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê‚°ŠH¡ ãŸð´‹ Hó„C¬ùèœ, ªêŒº¬øèO¡ ñ, ÜÁ¬õ‚ è£òˆF¡ Ü÷¾, è£ò‹ð†ì Þì‹, ªêŒº¬øJ¡ è£ô‹, Þùƒèœ, ²è£î£ó G¬ô, Môƒ° èO¡ õò¶ ÝAò¬õ ÜF™ Ü샰‹. «ôðó£v«è£H ¶¬÷ â‹ à†è£†C ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬êèœ, ïó‹¹ñ‡ìô ÜPMò™ Ý󣌄C»ì¡ ªî£ì˜¹¬ìò Cô ï¬ìº¬øèœ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: èð£ô‹, ïó‹¹ ê‹ð‰îñ£ù ÜÁ¬õ) Môƒ°èœ eî£ù î£‚èˆ¬îŠ ªð£Áˆ«î, CPò Ü÷Mô£ù ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê âù õ¬èŠð´ˆîô£‹ (Devitt et al. 2005; Hancock et al. 2005; NRC 2003; Perret-Gentil et al.1999, 2000). â´ˆ¶‚裆ì£è, °¬ø‰îð†ê ÜF˜„C¬ò»‹, ܶ ꣘‰î ªî£ì˜ M¬÷¾ è¬÷»‹ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: ðø¬õèO™ ð£Lù õ¬èŠ ð´ˆî™, 輺†¬ì «êèKŠ¹) î¼M‚°‹ «ôðó£v«è£H ¸†ðƒèœ CPò Ü÷Mùî£è‚ è¼îŠðìô£‹. ñŸø¬õ (è™hó™ ð£è‹ ñŸÁ‹ ñ‡aó™ ÜÁ¬õ) ªðKò Ü÷Mô£ù ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê º¬øè÷£è‚ è¼îŠðì «õ‡´‹. CPò «ôðó£v«è£H‚ ï¬ìº¬øèœ ªð¼‹ 𣽋 ªõO«ï£ò£÷˜ Ü®Šð¬ìJ™ ªêŒòŠð´A¡øù. â¡ø£½‹, ªð£¼ˆîñ£ù ªî£ŸøŸø ¸†ðƒèœ, è¼Mèœ, ñò‚è ñ¼‰¶, õL Gõ£óE ÝAò¬õ ÜõCòñ£°‹. «ôðó£v«è£H‚ ï¬ìº¬øèœ ªðKò, CPò Ü÷Mù î£è‚ è¼îŠð´A¡øù â¡ð¬î‚ 裙ï¬ì ñ¼ˆ¶õ˜, äãC»C Íô‹ ܉î‰î ÝŒ¾‚ è£KòˆF¡ Ü®Šð¬ì J™ ñFŠd´ ªêŒò «õ‡´‹. õêFò£ù ܬñŠ¹èœ A¬ì‚è£î Üõêóè£ô Å›G¬ôJ™ Cô «ïóƒèO™, Cø‰î àìù®ò£ù ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê «î¬õŠð´‹ð†êˆF½‹ â´ˆ¶‚裆ì£è, ªõOJ™ ð£ñK‚èŠð´‹ å¼ Môƒ°‚° ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê‚ªèù õêFò£ù ÞìˆFŸ° ñ£ŸÁõ¶ ꣈Fò ñŸø¶. ܶ Môƒ°èÀ‚°ˆ îM˜‚è º®ò£î Ýðˆ¬î ãŸð´ˆî‚ô‹. Þˆî¬èò Å›G¬ôèO™ ªð¼‹ð£½‹, ÜF bMóŠ ðó£ñKŠ¹ «î¬õŠð´Aø¶. ÜÁ¬õ

Môƒ° ïô‹ «ðµî™ 241 CA„¬ê‚°Š H¡ ãŸð´‹ Hó„C¬ùèœ ÜFè Ýðˆ¬î ãŸð´ˆî‚ô‹. ªð£¼ˆîñ£ù ïìõ®‚¬èèÀ‚° 裙ï¬ì ñ¼ˆ¶õ àîM»‹ «î¬õŠð´Aø¶. àJ˜‚裊¹ ê£ó£î ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬êJ™, ñò‚è ñ¼‰FL¼‰¶ eœõ º¡«ð å¼ Môƒ° è¼¬í‚ ªè£¬ô ªêŒòŠð´Aø¶. àJ˜‚裊¹ ê£ó£î ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê ªêŒòŠð†ì£™ Þ‰îŠ HKM™ «è£®†´‚ 裆ìŠð†´œ÷ ܬùˆ¶ ¸†ðƒè¬÷»‹ H¡ðŸø «õ‡®ò ÜõCò‹ Þ¼‚裶. âQ‹ °¬ø‰îð†êñ£è ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê ªêŒòŠð´‹ ð°F 冮 ¬õ‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹. ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê G¹í˜ ¬è»¬øè¬÷ ÜEò «õ‡´‹. è¼Mèœ, ²ŸP»œ÷ ð°Fèœ ²ˆîñ£è Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹ (Slattum et al. 1991). àJ˜‚裊¹ ê£ó£î ÜÁ¬õ ï¬ìº¬øèœ c‡ìè£ô‹ c†®‚èŠð´ñ£ù£™, MôƒA¡ vFóˆî¡¬ñ»‹ ªõŸPèóñ£ù CA„¬ê º®¬õ»‹ àÁF ªêŒ»‹ ªð£¼†´ ªî£ŸøŸø ¸†ðƒ èO™ èõù‹ ªê½ˆ¶õ¶ I辋 º‚Aòñ£ù¶. ªî£ŸøŸø ¸†ðƒèœ ¸‡µJ˜ ñ£²ð£†¬ì Iè‚ °¬ø‰î ï¬ìº¬ø G¬ô‚°‚ °¬ø‚è«õ ªî£ŸøŸø ãªêŠ®‚ ¸†ðƒèœ H¡ðŸøŠð´A¡øù (Mangram et al. 1999). ªõÁ‹ ï¬ìº¬ø èœ, àðèóíƒèœ Ü™ô¶ A¼Iï£CQè÷£™ ñ†´«ñ Ü‰î «ï£‚èˆ¬î ܬìòº®ò£¶ (Schonholtz 1976) . ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬êŠ ð°F‚°œ ¸¬ö»‹ ܬùõKì I¼‰¶‹ ãªêŠ®‚ ¸†ðƒèÀ‚è£ù ÜP¾Áˆî½‹ 制¬öŠ¹‹ «î¬õŠð´Aø¶ (Belkin 1992; McWilliams 1976). 嚪õ£¼ ï¬ìº¬øJ¡ ðƒèOŠ¹‹, º‚Aòˆ¶õº‹ ï¬ìº¬øèÀ‚«èŸð ñ£Áð´‹. MôƒAù «õÁ𣮡P ¸†ð º¬øèœ â™ô£ «ï£ò£O MôƒA½‹, º®, Þø° c‚°î™, «î¬õò£ù ð£èˆF™ A¼Iï£CQ ªè£‡´ ²ˆî‹ ªêŒî™ (Hofmann 1979), ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê G¹í¬ó îò£˜ð´ˆî™, ªð£¼ˆîñ£ù ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê à¬ìèœ, ºèÍ®, ¬è»¬øè¬÷ ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê G¹í˜ ðò¡ð´ˆ¶î™ (Chamberlain and 1984; Pereira et al. 1990; Schonholtz 1976), è¼Mèœ (Bernal et al. 2009; Kagan1992b) ªî£ŸÁ«ï£¬ò‚ °¬ø‚°‹ ªêò™º¬ø ꣘‰î ¸†ðƒè¬÷Š H¡ðŸÁî™

242 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® (Ayliffe 1991; Kagan 1992a; Lovaglio and Lawson 1995; Ritter and Marmion 1987; Schofield 1994; Whyte 1988) ÝAò¬õ ÞF™ Ü샰‹. ªî£ŸøŸø ¸†ð MFº¬øè¬÷ ï¬ìº¬øŠð´ˆ¶ õF™ å¼ MôƒAù‹ 般î ãŸð´ˆî‚ô‹ (Brown 1994; Cunliffe-Beamer 1983, Gentry and French 1994). «ð£î£î Ü™ô¶ º¬øòŸø ¸†ðƒèœ ¶¬í ñ¼ˆ¶õˆ ªî£ŸÁ «ï£ŒèÀ‚° õNõ°‚°‹. ܬõ ð£îèñ£ù àìLò™, ï숬î ꣘‰î àð£¬îè¬÷ ãŸð´ˆî‚ô‹ (Beamer 1972; Bradfield et al. 1992; Cunliffe-Beaer 1990; Waynfprth 1980, 1987). ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬êJ¡ ªõŸP¬ò»‹, Môƒ°èO¡ ï™õ£›¬õ»‹ Ý󣌄C º®¾è¬÷»‹ ð£F‚°‹ (Coo- per et al. 2000). ܬùˆ¶ àJ˜è£‚°‹ ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê º¬øèÀ‚°‹ ãªêŠ®‚ ¸†ðƒèO¡ ªð£¶õ£ù ªè£œ¬èè¬÷Š H¡ðŸø «õ‡´‹ (ACLAM 2001). A¼Iï£ê‹ ªêŒòŠðì «õ‡®ò ªð£¼†èO¡ ÞòŸHò™ ð‡¹è¬÷Š ªð£Áˆ¶ °PŠH†ì A¼Iï£ê º¬øèœ «î˜‰ªî´‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹ (Callanhan et al. 1995; Schofield 1994). ªð£¼†èœ º¬øò£è «ï£Œ‚A¼I ï£ê‹ ªêŒòŠð†´œ÷ùõ£ â¡ð¬î àÁFŠð´ˆî «ï£Œ‚ A¼I ÜN‚°‹ °P裆®è¬÷Š ðò¡ð´ˆî «õ‡´‹ (Berg 1993). àò˜ªõŠð‹, H÷£vñ£, õ£»º¬ø A¼Iï£ê‹ ªêŒ»‹ è¼Mèœ ÝAò¬õ ªð£¼†è¬÷„ ²ˆî‹ ªêŒòŠ ªð£¶õ£èŠ H¡ðŸøŠð´‹ ðòÂœ÷ º¬øèœ Ý°‹. ñ£ŸÁ º¬øò£è, ªè£Pˆ¶‡EèO™ ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê‚° Fóõ «õFJò™ A¼Iï£CQèœ, àô˜ ªõŠð «ï£Œ‚A¼I ï£êº¬ø ÝAò¬õ ºî¡¬ñò£èŠ H¡ðŸøŠð´A¡øù. Fóõ «õFJò™ A¼Iï£CQJ™ ªð£¼ˆîñ£ù ªî£ì˜¹Á‹ è£ô Ü÷¬õŠ H¡ðŸø «õ‡´‹. Ü‚è¼Mè¬÷Š ðò¡ð´ˆ¶õ º¡¹ àŠ¹c˜ Ü™ô¶ «ï£Œ‚A¼I ÜèŸøŠð†ì cK™ è¿õ «õ‡´‹. è‡í£® ñEèœ Ü™ô¶ àô˜ ªõŠð‚ A¼Iï£CQèœ, ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê‚ è¼MèO¡ «ñŸðóŠ¹ èœ M¬óõ£è «ï£Œ‚A¼I ï£ê‹ ªêŒõîŸè£ù ðòÂœ÷, õêFò£ù å¼ õNº¬øò£°‹. Ýù£™ b‚è£òƒèO¡ Üð£òˆ¬î‚ °¬ø‚è Môƒ°ˆ F²‚èÀì¡ ªî£ì˜¹ 𴈶õ º¡¹ è¼MèO¡ «ñŸðóŠ¹èœ «ð£¶ñ£ù Ü÷¾ °O˜‰¶œ÷ùõ£ â¡ð¬î àÁFŠð´ˆF‚ªè£œ÷ «õ‡´‹. Ý™èý£™ â‹ âKê£ó£ò‹ A¼Iï£CQ»‹

Môƒ° ïô‹ «ðµî™ 243 Þ™¬ô, A¼I ÜèŸÁõ¶‹ Þ™¬ô. Ýù£™ c‡ìè£ôˆ ªî£ì˜¹Á «ïóˆF™ «î¬õŠð†ì£™ Cô ï¬ìº¬ø èÀ‚° Ü¬îŠ ðò¡ð´ˆîô£‹ (Huerkamp 2002). ÜÁ¬õ CA¬êJ¡«ð£¶ è‡è£EŠ¹ Hó„C¬ù‚°Kò è£Kòƒè¬÷‚ è‡è£EŠð¶‹, àKò «ïóˆF™ CA„¬ê î¼õ¶‹ å¼ ªõŸPèóñ£ù ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê M¬÷¾‚è£ù õ£ŒŠ¬ð ÜFèK‚°‹ (Kuhlman 2008). è‡è£EŠ¹ ñò‚èñ£‚°îL¡ bMó‹, àì™ ªõŠðG¬ô, Þîò ²õ£ê MAîƒè¬÷»‹, Þò™¬ð»‹ ðó£ñKŠð¶ «ð£¡ø àìLò™ ªêò™ð£´èO¡ G¬ô¬ñè¬÷ ñFŠH´õ¶ ÞõŸP™ Ü샰‹ (Flegal et al. 2009); Þóˆî Ü¿ˆî‹ (Kuhlman 2008) «ð£¡ø G¬ôè¬÷ êKò£ù º¬øJ™ ÝõíŠð´ˆî «õ‡´‹. ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬êJ¡«ð£¶ õLñóŠ¹ ñ¼‰¶è¬÷„ «ê˜ˆ¶ êñ„Yó£ù ñò‚è ñ¼‰¬îŠ ðò¡ð´ˆ¶õ¶ àìLò™ ãŸø Þø‚èˆ¬î °¬ø‚è à. Þò™ð£ù àìL¡ ªõŠðG¬ô¬òŠ ðó£ñKŠð¶, ñò‚è ñ¼‰¶èOù£™ ãŸð´‹ Þ¼îò, ²õ£ê„ êôùƒè¬÷‚ °¬ø‚Aø¶ (Dardai and Heavner 1987; Flegal et al. 2009; Fox et al. 2008). Þ¶ CPò MôƒAùƒèÀ‚° I辋 º‚Aòñ£ù¶. ãªùQ™, ÜõŸP¡ àì™ «ñŸ ðóŠ¹ àì™ â¬ì¬ò Mì ÜFè‹ Þ¼Šð âOF™ ªõŠðG¬ô‚° (c˜, Gô õ£›õù à†ðì) ñ£ø õNõ°‚°‹. ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬êJ¡ è£ô Ü÷¾ ï¬ìº¬ø èO¡ Þò™¹‚° ãŸð Fóõ ñ£Ÿl´ ªêŒõ¶ ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬êJ¡ «ð£¶ «î¬õŠðìô£‹. c˜õ£› àJKùƒ èÀ‚°‹ ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬êJ¡ «ð£¶ ê¼ñ «ñŸðóŠ¹èœ ⊫𣶋 ßóñ£è¾‹ àô˜‰¶ Mì£îõ£Á‹ èõQˆ¶‚ ªè£œ÷ «õ‡´‹. ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê‚°Š Høè£ù ðó£ñKŠ¹ ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê‚°Š H¡ º‚Aòñ£ù Ü‹êñ£ù¶, ñò‚è ñ¼‰¶ ñŸÁ‹ ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬êJL¼‰¶ e‡ì H¡ Môƒ°è¬÷ ï¡° è‡è£EŠð¶‹, «î¬õò£ù «ð£¶ àKò CA„¬ê î¼õ¶ñ£°‹ (Haskins and Eisele 1997).

244 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® è‡è£EŠH¡ bMó‹, Môƒ° Þùƒèœ ñŸÁ‹ ï¬ìº¬øèO¡ ñ¬òŠ ªð£Áˆ«î ñ£Áð´‹. Þ¬õ ñò‚è ñ¼‰FL¼‰¶ àìù®ò£è e†èŠð´‹ è£ôˆF™ ÜFèñ£èŠ ðò¡ð´‹. Þ‚è£ôˆF™, Môƒ° è¬÷ ï™ô ²ˆîñ£ù àô˜õ£ù Þì õêFò£ù ð°FJ™ ¬õˆ¶, ï¡° ðJŸC ªðŸø ïð˜è÷£™ Ü®‚è® èõQ‚è «õ‡´‹. °PŠð£è èõù‹ ªê½ˆîŠðì «õ‡®ò¬õ ÜõŸP¡ àì™ ªõŠðG¬ô, Þ¼îò‹, ²õ£ê ªêò™ð£´ èœ,  àŠ¹èœ, Fóõ êñG¬ô, ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê‚°Š H‰¬îò è£ôˆF™ ܪê÷èKò G¬ô¬ò G˜õA‚è «õ‡®ò «î¬õ ÝAò¬õ Ý°‹. àì™ FóõƒèO¡ ªî£ì˜‰î è‡è£EŠ¹, õL Gõ£óE, ñŸÁ‹ Hø ñ¼‰¶èO¡ «î¬õ, ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê ªêŒòŠð†ì ð£èˆ¬îŠ ðó£ñKŠð¶ ÝAòù Ã´î™ ð£¶è£Š¹‚° àˆîóõ£îñ£Œ ܬñòô£‹. «î¬õò£ù ñ¼ˆ¶õŠ ðF«õ´èœ ÞõŸÁ‚° Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹. Môƒ° ñò‚èˆFL¼‰¶ e‡ì Hø°, è‡è£EŠ H¬ù ꟫ø °¬øˆ¶‚ ªè£œ÷ô£‹. ÝJ‹ W›‚è‡ì õŸPŸ° 臮Šð£è º‚Aòˆ¶õ‹ ªè£´‚è «õ‡´‹: àí¾ à†ªè£œ÷™, èN¾ ªõO«òø™ «ð£¡ø Ü®Šð¬ì àJKò™ ªêò™ð£´èœ, ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê Jù£ô£ù õLò£™ ãŸð´‹ Þò™¹ñ£Ÿø ÜP°Pèœ, ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê‚°Š H‰¬îò «ï£Œˆªî£Ÿ¬ø‚ è‡è£Eˆî™, è£òŠð†ì ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬êŠ ð£è‹ ÝÁõ¬î‚ è‡è£Eˆî™, ªð£¼ˆîñ£ù 膴ˆ¶E è¬÷ àð«ò£Aˆî™, ¬îò™èœ, AOŠ¹èœ v«ìH™èœ «ð£¡ø è£ò 冴Š ªð£¼†èœ ÝAòõŸ¬ø êKò£ù «ïóˆF™ c‚°î™ (UFAW 1989) ÝAò¬õò£°‹. Môƒ°èO¡ õL»‹ ¶¡ðº‹ ÝŒ¾„ ªêò™º¬ø. ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê ªïPº¬ø è÷£™ ãŸð´‹ õL¬ò c‚°õ¶ Ü™ô¶ î´Šð«î 裙ï¬ì ñ¼ˆ¶õŠ ðó£ñKŠH¡ 弃A¬í‰î «ï£‚èñ£°‹. õL â¡ð¶ C‚èô£ù ÜÂðõñ£°‹. ܶ F²‚è¬÷ «êîŠð´ˆîô£‹ Ü™ô¶ «êîŠð´ˆ¶‹ Fø¬ù‚ ªè£‡®¼‚èô£‹. ܶ å¼ Môƒ¬è, õL¬ò

Môƒ° ïô‹ «ðµî™ 245 Mô‚辋, îM˜‚辋 «õ‡®ò ïìõ®‚¬è¬òˆ ɇ´‹. õL¬ò ÜÂðMŠð¶‹ Ü M¬ùò£ŸÁ‹ Fø‹ º¶ªè½‹¹œ÷ Môƒ°è¬÷»‹ ® â™ô£ MôƒAùƒèO½‹ ðóõô£è‚ è£íŠð´‹ å¼ °í£‹ê‹ (Sherwin 2001). õL â¡ð¶ å¼Mîñ£ù ñùÜ¿ˆî«ñ. ܶ c‚èŠðì£ M†ì£™ ñù Ü¿ˆîº‹ «õî¬ù»‹ ♬ôòŸÁŠ «ð£°‹. «ñ½‹ cƒè£¶ c®‚°‹ õL å¼ Môƒ¬èˆ îù‚°œ«÷«ò °Á脪ꌻ‹. Üîù£™ ñˆFò ïó‹¹ ñ‡ìô‹ ÜFèñ£èˆ ɇìŠð†´ å¼ è†ìˆF™ õLòŸø ÜÂðõ‹ õLI°‰îî£è ñ£PŠ«ð£°‹ (allodynia) G¬ô ãŸð´‹ (Joshi and Ogunnaike 2005). Þ‚è£óíƒèO¡ ªð£¼†«ì Ý󣌄C Môƒ°èÀ‚è£ù ñò‚è ñ¼‰¶, õL Gõ£óEèO¡ º¬øò£ù ðò¡ð£´ ÜøªïP ñŸÁ‹ M…ë£ù Ü®Šð¬ìJ™ ܬñ‰¶œ÷¶. õL¬ò ܬìò£÷‹ 致 ܬî ÜèŸÁõ¶ (NRC 2009a) ¶¡ð‹, õL¬ò Ü®Šð¬ìò£è‚ ªè£‡ì îèõ½‚è£ù Cø‰î Ýî£ó Ëô£°‹ (H¡Q¬íŠ¹ Ü. ñò‚è͆ì™, õL ñŸÁ‹ ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê). Môƒ°èO¡ õL Gõ£óíˆFŸ° Ü®Šð¬ì °PŠH†ì ÞùƒèO¡ ñ¼ˆ¶õ ÜP°Pè¬÷‚ è‡ìP»‹ Føù£°‹ (Bateson 1991; Carstens and Moberg 2000; Hawkins 2002, Holton. Hughes and Lang 1983; Karas et al. 2008; Martini et al. 2000; Roughan and Flecknell 2000, 2004; Sneddon 2006). õL‚° âF˜M¬ù ÝŸÁõ¶‹ ÞùˆFŸ° Þù‹ ñ£Áð´‹. (Baumans et al. 1994; et al. 2007; Morton et al. 2005; Vinuela-Fernandez et al. 2007). õL¬ò ñFŠH´‹ º¬øèÀ‹ ÞùˆFŸ° Þù‹ ñ£Áð´‹. ܪñK‚è ÜóꣃèˆF¡ «ê£î¬ù, Ý󣌄C, ðJŸC ÝAòõŸP™ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð´‹ º¶ªè½‹¹ Môƒ°èO¡ ðò¡ð£´, ðó£ñKŠ¹‚è£ù ªïPº¬øèO™ ªð£¶õ£è‚ °PŠH´õ¶ â¡ùªõ¡ø£™, ñ£ø£è ÜPòŠð†®¼ˆî™ Ü™ô¶ GÁõŠð†®¼‰î£™ îMó, ñQî˜èÀ‚° õL ãŸð´ˆ¶‹ ªêò™º¬øèœ Ü«î«ð£ô ñŸø Môƒ°èÀ‚° â™ô£‹ õL ãŸð´ˆ¶‹ â¡Á è¼îŠðì «õ‡´‹ (IRAC 1985). Cô ÞùƒèO¡ °PŠH†ì ï숬î ꣘‰î ªõOŠð£´èœ õL, ¶¡ðˆF¡ ܬìò£÷ƒè÷£è‚

246 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® è¼îŠð´A¡øù. (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: èO™ °¬óŠ¹) â™ô£ Môƒ°èO½‹ ñùˆ î÷˜„C»‹, ðCòŸø ñ »‹, M¬óõ£ù, è®ùñ£ù ²õ£C‚°‹ º¬ø, ð£Ö†®èœ ðø¬õèœ îŸ²ˆî‹ Þ™ô£¬ñ, âLèO™ è‡, ï£CJ™ Ü¿‚° ªõO«òŸø‹, ªè£Pˆ¶‡EèO™ Üê£î£óí «î£Ÿø‹, àì™ ñ£Ÿø‹, Þòô£¬ñ (NRC 2008, 2009a) ÝAò¬õ. âQ‹, Cô Môƒ° Þùƒèœ õLJ¡ ÜP°P è¬÷, bMóñ£è Þ™ô£î õ¬ó ܬìò£÷‹ 裆ì£ñ™ ñ¬øˆ¶M´‹ (NRC 2009a) . âù«õ, Môƒ°è¬÷Š ðó£ñK‚°‹ ðò¡ð´ˆ¶‹ ܬùˆ¶ ïð˜èÀ‹ °PŠH†ì Þùƒèœ ñŸÁ‹ ÞùƒèO¡ Hóˆ«òèñ£ù ñ¼ˆ¶õ, ï숬î, àìŸÃÁ ñŸÁ‹ àJ˜«õFJò™ °Pè¬÷ ï¡° ܬìò£÷ƒè£íŠ ðJŸC ªðŸP¼‚è «õ‡´‹ (Dubner 1987; Karas 2002; Murrell and Johnson 2006; Rose 2002; Stoskopf 1994; Valverde and Gunkel 2005). ñùˆ¶ò˜ â¡ð¶ å¼ âF˜ñ¬øò£ù G¬ô âù õ¬óòÁ‚èŠðìô£‹. ÜF™ å¼ Môƒ° ð™«õÁ Ü¿ˆîƒè¬÷„ êñ£O‚è«õ£ Ü™ô¶ êKªêŒò«õ£ îõPM´Aø¶. Ýù£™ ñù à¬÷„ê™ â¡ð¶ àìù® ò£è‚ èõQ‚è‚îò «ï£Jò™ Ü™ô¶ ï숬î ñ£Ÿøˆ¬îˆ ɇ죶. Üîù£™ Môƒ° ñù à¬÷„êL™ Þ¼‚°‹«ð£¶ Ü¬î‚ è‡è£EŠð¶‹ ñFŠd´ ªêŒõ¶‹ è®ù‹. Môƒ°èO¡ ¶òóˆFŸ° èõù‹ ªê½ˆ¶õ‹ CA„¬êòOŠð‹ º¡ÂK¬ñ ÜO‚è ºò½‹«ð£¶ ¶¡ðˆF¡ è£ôc÷‹, bMó‹ Þó‡´‹ º‚Aòñ£ù¬õ. â´ˆ¶‚裆ì£è, ²¼‚èñ£ù ܬêò£¬ñ «î¬õŠð´‹ å¼ áC Cô Mù£®èœ ñ†´«ñ c®‚°‹ è´¬ñò£ù ñù Ü¿ˆîˆ¬î ãŸð´ˆî‚ ô‹. Ü«î «ïóˆF™ õ÷˜C¬î ñ£Ÿø‚Ç®™ å¼ êÍè ÞùˆF¡ c‡ìè£ôˆ îQ¬ñŠð†ì Þ¼Š¹ ð†ì ¶òóˆ¬î ãŸð´ˆî‚ô‹. Môƒ°èÀ‚è£ù ªîOõ£ù, ªð£¼ˆîñ£ù ñŸÁ‹ ñQî£Hñ£ù «ê£î¬ù ꣘‰î ÞÁF º®¾è¬÷ ï¬ìº¬øŠð´ˆ¶õ¶, «ê£î¬ùJ¡ Ý‚AóIŠ¹‚ è£ôƒèO™ ªï¼‚èñ£ù Üõî£QŠ¹ì¡ ެ퉶, Ý󣌄C, èŸHˆî™, «ê£î¬ù, àŸðˆF ÝAòõŸP™ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð´‹ Môƒ°èœ ÜÂðM‚°‹ ¶òóƒè¬÷‚ °¬ø‚è à. ÝŒõè Môƒ°èO™ è£íŠð´‹ ¶¡ðˆ¬î ܃WèKˆî™, åNˆî™ (NRC 2008)

Môƒ° ïô‹ «ðµî™ 247 â¡ð¶ «ê£î¬ù Môƒ°èO™ ãŸð´‹ ¶¡ð‹ °Pˆî º‚Aòñ£ù îèõ™è¬÷‚ ªè£‡ì æ˜ Ýî£óñ£°‹. ñò‚è ñ¼‰¶, õLGõ£óE å¼ ï™ô «î¬õò£ù ñò‚è͆´‹ ñŸÁ‹ õL Gõ£óE ñ¼‰¬îˆ «î˜¾ ªêŒ»‹ º¬ø â¡ð¶ Cø‰î ñ¼ˆ¶õ, ñQî£Hñ£ùˆ «î¬õè¬÷Š ̘ˆF ªêŒõ ¶ì¡, Ý󣌄C ªïPº¬øJ¡ «î¬õè¬÷ G¬ø«õŸø, ªî£N™º¬ø ꣘‰î 裙ï¬ìˆ b˜ñ£ùƒè¬÷Š HóFðL‚è «õ‡´‹. Þˆ«î˜¾ ðô è£óEè¬÷„ ꣘‰ ¶œ÷¶. ܬõ Môƒ°èO¡ Þù‹, õò¶, Môƒ°èO¡ â‡E‚¬è, õLJ¡ õ¬è, bMó‹, °PŠð†ì àì™ àÁŠ¹èO™ ãŸð´‹ M¬÷¾èœ, ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê, õL ɇ´‹ ï¬ìº¬øèO¡ è£ô c÷º‹ Þò™¹‹ ñ¼‰¶èO¡ ð£¶è£Š¹ˆî¡¬ñ, °PŠð£è ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê Ü™ô¶ Hø ðK«ê£î¬ù º¬øò£™ àìŸÃPò™ ꣘‰î ðŸø£‚°¬ø ɇìŠð´õ¶ «ð£¡ø è£óE è÷£°‹ (Kona-Boun et al. 2005). ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬êJ¡ «ð£¶‹, Ü º¡¹‹ ªê½ˆîŠð´‹ õLGõ£óEèœ ðŸP º¡ªù„êK‚¬èò£ù b˜ñ£ù‹, ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê ªêŒòŠð´‹ «ïóˆF™ MôƒA¡ Þò™¹ˆî¡¬ñ¬ò»‹, ÜÁ¬õ‚°Š Høè£ù CA„¬êˆ îóˆ¬î»‹ àò˜ˆ¶Aø¶. õL¬ò»‹ °¬ø‚Aø¶ (Coderre et al. 1993; Hedenqvist et al. 2000). õL Gõ£óEè¬÷ àKò «ïóˆF™ MôƒA¡ àì™õN ªê½ˆ¶õî¡ Íôº‹ àì™ Üµ‚èœ ê£˜‰î õLˆ ɇì¬ôˆ î´‚è, °PŠH†ì àìŸð£èˆ¬î ñ󈶊«ð£è„ ªêŒõî¡ Íôº‹ õL Gõ£ó투î ãŸð´ˆîô£‹ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: ¹Hõ£¬è¡ (Bupivacaine) â‹ àìŸð£è õL ñóŠ¹ ñ¼‰¶). ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê‚°Š H‰¬îò õL¬ò‚ 裆®½‹ ð†ì õL¬ò‚ °¬øŠð¶ I辋 êõ£ô£ùî£è Þ¼‚èô£‹. õEègFò£è A¬ì‚è‚îò æH«ò† â‹ õL ñø‚°‹ ªð£¼œ ªè£‡ì ê¼ñˆF™ á«ìÁ‹ ܆¬ìèœ Ü™ô¶ àìL«ô«ò ªð£¼ˆîŠð´‹ ñ¼‰É†´ ãŸPèœ (Opiate slow-release transdermal patches or im- plantable analgesic-containing osmotic minipumps) ÝAò¬õ õL Gõ£óíˆFŸ°Š ðò¡ðìô£‹. õL Gõ£óíˆFŸ°

248 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® ÜŠð£Ÿð†´ õL Gõ£óE ñ¼‰¶èO¡ àìŸ ªêòŸð£´ èO™ îQŠð†ì ñ£Á𣴠޼Šð õL Gõ£óí ï¬ìº¬øèO¡ «ð£¶‹ ÜŠ H¡Â‹ Môƒ°è¬÷ à¡QŠð£è‚ è‡è£E‚è «õ‡´‹. ªð£¼ˆîñ£ù õL Gõ£óE G˜õ£èˆ¬î àÁFŠð´ˆîˆ «î¬õò£ù Ã´î™ ñ¼‰¶è¬÷Š ªðø «õ‡´‹ (Karas et al. 200; Paul-Murphy et al. 2004). ñ¼‰¶èÀ‚° ÜŠð£Ÿð†ì õL‚膴Šð£´ Ý󣌄C Môƒ°èO™ ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬êJ¡ «ð£¶‹ Ü™ô¶ ÜŠ H¡ù£ù ªêŒº¬øèO™ Þ¶ èõQ‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹ (NRC 2009a; Spinelli 1990). ªð£¼ˆî ñ£ù ªêMLò˜ «ê¬õ, ܬñFò£ù e†ð¬ø Ü™ô¶ æŒõ¬ø î¼î™, êKò£ù «ïóˆF™ è£ò‹ 膴è¬÷Š ðó£ñKˆî™, àè‰î ªõŠð„Åö™, I¼¶õ£ù «ñŸðóŠ¹ ªè£‡ì ÝŒMì‹, õ£ŒõN Ü™ô¶ Hø àì™õN Fóõ ñÁYó¬ñŠ¹, ²¬õò£ù àí¾èœ, àðêKŠ¹èœ ÝAò¬õ ÞF™ Ü샰‹. ªð¼‹ð£ô£ù ñò‚è ñ¼‰¶èœ, àìLò™ ꣘‰î êñG¬ô¬òŠ ð£F‚°‹ð® ñ¼‰F¡ Ü÷¬õ„ ꣘‰î ñù„«ê£˜¬õ ãŸð´ˆ¶A¡øù. Ü‹ñ£Ÿøƒèœ ªõš«õÁ ñ¼‰¶èO™ èEêñ£è ñ£Áð´‹. ïùM¡ G¬ô, õL»í˜ âF˜Š¹ˆî¡¬ñ, õL»í˜¾Ÿø G¬ôJL¼‰¶ àò˜õL É‡ì™ õ¬ó ñŸÁ‹ Þ¼îò ²õ£ê, î¬ê - ⽋¹, àì™ ªõŠð‚ 膴Šð£´ ܬñŠ¹ èO¡ G¬ô ÝAò¬õ ñò‚è ñ¼‰F¬ìò ªêòÖ‚èˆ F™ «ð£¶ñ£ù Ü÷¬õ ñFŠH´õŠ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠðì «õ‡´‹. Þšõ£Á ªðøŠð†ì Ü÷i´è¬÷ˆ ªîK¾ ªêŒ¶ Üî¡ð® âF˜M¬ù¬òˆ F†ìIì °PŠH†ì ñò‚è ñ¼‰F¡ ð‡¹ ñŸÁ‹ ñò‚èñ¼‰F¡ ð™«õÁ è†ìƒèO™ ÜšMôƒAù‹ ðŸP å¼õK¡ ÜÂðõ‹ Ã´î™ «î¬õ.. «ôê£ù ñò‚è͆´ G¬ôJ™ õL»í˜ âF˜Š¹ˆ ñ‚° º¡ G¬ù¾ ãŸð´Aø¶. «ñ½‹ Þ¶ 膮¬õ‚èŠð†ì G¬ôJ™ Ü™ô¶ CPò Ü÷Mô£ù °¬øõ£ù àìL™ á«ìÁ‹ ï¬ìº¬ø èO¡ «ï£‚èƒèÀ‚°Š «ð£¶ñ£ù‹. Ýù£™ õLI°‰î ɇ´î™èœ G¬ù¾‚° õ¼õ¬î F¼‹ðˆ ɇ´‹. ÜÁ¬õ CA‚¬êJ¡«ð£¶ ñò‚è G¬ôò£™ õL»í˜ âF˜Š¹ˆî¡¬ñ ãŸð´Aø¶. ܉G¬ô¬ò ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê‚° º¡ùî£è‚ è‡ìPò «õ‡´‹.

Môƒ° ïô‹ «ðµî™ 249 îQŠð†ì Môƒ°èO¡ àí˜¾èœ ðóõô£è «õÁð´ A¡øù. ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê‚è£ù ñò‚èºÁ G¬ô¬ò ñFŠH´õ 埬ø àìLò™ Ü™ô¶ õL»í˜ ð‡H¡ âF˜M¬ù «ð£¶ñ£ùî£è Þ¼‚裶 (Mason and Brown 1997). ñò‚è G¬ô¬ò à‡ì£‚è ¶™Lòñ£ù ÝMò£‚A ñŸÁ‹ è‡è£EŠ¹‚ è¼Mèœ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: îñQJ™ è£íŠð´‹ Hó£í õ£» Ü÷¬õ G˜íJ‚è à  Hó£íõ£» Ü÷M (Pulse oximeter for determining arterial blood oxygen saturation level), ªè£Pˆ¶‡Eèœ ñŸÁ‹ Hø CPò à JKù ƒèO™ ðò¡ð´ ˆî ñò‚ è ñ ¼ ‰ ¶èO ¡ ð£¶è£Š¬ð»‹ «î˜¾ ªêŒ»‹ Fø¬ù»‹ ÜFèK‚°‹. áC õN ñò‚è ñ¼‰¶ ªïPº¬øèÀ‚°‚ °PŠH†ì G¬ù¾ e†è à ñ¼‰¶èO¡ ðò¡ð£´, eœG¬ô ªî£ì˜ð£ù Cô ð‚è M¬÷¾è¬÷‚ °¬ø‚è à. õL Gõ£óE¬ò»‹ ñò‚è ñ¼‰¶è¬÷»‹ º¬øò£èˆ «î˜ªî´Šð‹ «î˜¾ ªêŒ»‹ õN裆´î™èœ à¼õ£‚èŠð†´, ÜšõŠ«ð£¶ ñFŠð£Œ¾ ªêŒòŠð†´, îóG¬ôèœ, ¸†ðƒèœ «ñ‹ð´ˆîð†´ ¹¶ŠH‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹. ñò‚è ñ¼‰¶èœ, õL Gõ£óEèœ ÜõŸP¡ è£ô£õFò£°‹ «îFèÀ‚° º¡ùî£èŠ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠðì «õ‡´‹. «ñ½‹ ܬõ ¬èòèŠð´ˆîŠð†´ «êI‚èŠ ð†´, ÜõŸP¡ ðò¡ð£´ ðF¾ ªêŒòŠð†´ H¡ ê†ìgFò£è¾‹ ð£¶è£Šð£è¾‹ ÜèŸøŠðì «õ‡´‹. ñò‚è ñ¼‰¶èœ, ðîŸø‹ îE‚°‹ ñ¼‰¶èœ, ï󋹈î¬ê à혬õˆ î¬ìªêŒð¬õ «ð£¡ø Cô õ¬è ñ¼‰¶èœ õL Gõ£óí‹ õöƒè£ñ™ «ð£èô£‹. Ýù£™ êñ„Yó£ù ñò‚è ñ¼‰¶è¬÷ õöƒ°õ‹ ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬ê‚ è£ô ï¬ìº¬øèÀì¡ ªî£ì˜¹¬ìò ñù Ü¿ˆîˆ¬î‚ °¬øŠð‹ ªð£¼ˆîñ£ù õL Gõ£óE ñŸÁ‹ ñò‚è ñ¼‰¶èÀì¡ «ê˜ˆ¶ àð«ò£A‚°‹ «ð£¶ ðòÂœ÷î£è Þ¼‚°‹. ï󋹈î¬ê à혾ˆ î´Š¹ ñ¼‰¶èœ (â´ˆ¶‚裆´: 𣡰«óQò‹, Pancuronium) Cô «ïóƒèO™ ªð£¶ ñò‚èG¬ô ÜÁ¬õ CA„¬êJ¡ «ð£¶ ⽋¹ - î¬ê¬ò„ ªêòLö‚è„ ªêŒòŠ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð´A¡øù (Klein 1987). Þ‰î ºì‚è‹ ñò‚è G¬ôJ¡ Ýöˆ¬î ñFŠH´‹ ꣈Fòˆ¬î

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 Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version
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This report is the Tamil translation of Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition.

A respected resource for decades, the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals has been updated by a committee of experts, taking into consideration input from the scientific and laboratory animal communities and the public at large. The Guide incorporates new scientific information on common laboratory animals, including aquatic species, and includes extensive references. It is organized around major components of animal use:

  • Key concepts of animal care and use. The Guide sets the framework for the humane care and use of laboratory animals.
  • Animal care and use program. The Guide discusses the concept of a broad Program of Animal Care and Use, including roles and responsibilities of the Institutional Official, Attending Veterinarian and the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.
  • Animal environment, husbandry, and management. A chapter on this topic is now divided into sections on terrestrial and aquatic animals and provides recommendations for housing and environment, husbandry, behavioral and population management, and more.
  • Veterinary care. The Guide discusses veterinary care and the responsibilities of the Attending Veterinarian. It includes recommendations on animal procurement and transportation, preventive medicine (including animal biosecurity), and clinical care and management. The Guide addresses distress and pain recognition and relief, and issues surrounding euthanasia.
  • Physical plant. The Guide identifies design issues, providing construction guidelines for functional areas; considerations such as drainage, vibration and noise control, and environmental monitoring; and specialized facilities for animal housing and research needs.

The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals provides a framework for the judgments required in the management of animal facilities. This updated and expanded resource of proven value will be important to scientists and researchers, veterinarians, animal care personnel, facilities managers, institutional administrators, policy makers involved in research issues, and animal welfare advocates.

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