Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version (2020)

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302 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® H¡ ެ특 - Ü «î˜¾ªêŒòŠð†ì Ã´î™ °PŠ¹ˆîó¾èœ ð£ì‚°PŠ¹èœ ÝŒõè Môƒ°èO¡ ðò¡ð£´ (USE OF LABORATORY ANIMALS) Alternatives Ethics and Welfare Experimental Design and Statistics Research and Testing Methodology F†ì «ñô£‡¬ñ (PROGRAM MANAGEMENT) General References Laws, Regulations, and Policies Education Monitoring the Care and Use of Animals Occupational Health and Safety ²ŸÁ„Åö™, ÞìõêF ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ (ENVI- RONMENT, HOUSING, AND MANAGEMENT) General References Environmental Enrichment Genetics and Genetically Modified Animals Species-Specific References-Environment, Housing, and Manage- ment Agricultural Animals Amphibians, Reptiles, and Fish 

303 Birds Cats and Dogs Exotic, Wild, and Zoo Animals Nonhuman Primates Rodents and Rabbits Other Animals 裙ï¬ìŠ ðó£ñKŠ¹ (VETERINARY CARE) Transportation Anesthesia, Pain, and Surgery Disease Surveillance, Diagnosis, and Treatment Pathology, Clinical Pathology, and Parasitology Species-Specific References-Veterinary Care Agricultural Animals Amphibians, Reptiles, and Fish Birds Cats and Dogs Exotic, Wild, and Zoo Animals Nonhuman Primates Rodents and Rabbits Môƒ° õêFèO¡ õ®õ¬ñŠ¹‹ 膴ñ£ùº‹ (DE- SIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF ANIMAL FACILITIES) ÝŒõè Môƒ°èO¡ ðò¡ð£´ (USE of LABORATORY ANIMALS) ñ£ŸÁõNèœ (Alternatives) Alternative Methods for Toxicity Testing: Regulatory Policy Issues. EPA 230/12 85 029. NTIS PB8 6 113404/AS. Washington: Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation, US Environmental Protection Agency. Alternatives to Animal Use in Research, Testing, and Education. 1986. Office of Technology Assessment (OTA BA 273). Washington: Gov- ernment Printing Office. 

304 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® Alternatives to Current Uses of Animals in Research, Safety Test- ing, and Education. 1986. Stephens ML. Washington: Humane Society of the United States. Alternatives to Pain in Experiments on Animals. 1980. Pratt D. New York: Argus Archives. Alternative Toxicological Methods. 2003. Salem H, Katz S. Boca Raton FL: CRC Press. Animals and Alternatives in Testing: History, Science, and Ethics. 1994. Zurlo J, Rudacille D, Goldberg AM. New York: Mary Ann Liebert Publishers. Future improvements: Replacement in vitro methods. 2002. Balls M. ILAR J 43(Suppl): S69-S73. ICCVAM Recommendations on In Vitro Methods for Assessing Acute Systemic Toxicity. 2001. Available at http://iccvam.niehs.nih.gov/docs/acutetox_docs/finalrpt/ /finappi2.pdf; accessed January 24, 2010. Regulatory Testing and Animal Welfare. 2002. ILAR J 43(Supple- ment). Implementation of the 3Rs (refinement, reduction, and replacement): Validation and regulatory acceptance considerations for alternative toxico- logical test methods. 2002. Schechtman L. ILAR J 43:S85-S94. Incorporating the 3Rs into regulatory scientific practices. 2002. Ster- ling S, Rispin A. ILAR J 43:S18-S20. Refinement, reduction, and replacement of animal use for regula- tory testing: Future improvements and implementation within the regula- tory framework. 2002. Richmond J. ILAR J 43:S63-S68. The Role of the Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Valida- tion of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM) in the Evaluation of New Toxico- logical Testing Methods. 2000. Stokes WS, Hill RN. In: Proceedings of the 3rd World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences, Bologna, Italy, 1999. New York: Elsevier. Üøº‹ ï™õ£›¾‹ (Ethics and Welfare) An additional “R”: Remembering the animals. 2002. Iliff SA. ILAR J 43:38-47. 

305 Animal Liberation, 2nd ed. 1990. Singer P. New York: New York Review Book (distributed by Random House). Animal Rights and Human Obligations, 2nd ed. 1989. Regan T, Singer P. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice-Hall. Animal Welfare: Competing Conceptions and Their Ethical Impli- cations. 2008. Haynes RP. New York: Springer. Animals and Why They Matter. 1983. Midgley M. Athens: Univer- sity of Georgia Press. Applied Ethics in Animal Research: Philosophy, Regulation, and Laboratory Applications. 2002. Gluck JP, DiPasquale T, Orlans FB. West Lafayette IN: Purdue University Press. Bioethics in Laboratory Animal Research. 1999. ILAR J 40(1). Bioethics, animal research, and ethical theory. 1999. Russow L-M. ILAR J 40:15-21. How and why animals matter. 1999. Donnelley S. ILAR J 40:22-28. Roots of concern with nonhuman animals in biomedical ethics. 1999. Sideris L, McCarthy CR, Smith DH. ILAR J 40:3-14. Challenges in assessing fish welfare. 2009. Volpato GL. ILAR J 50:329-337. Cost of Caring: Recognizing Human Emotions in the Care of Labo- ratory Animals. 2001. Memphis: American Association for Laboratory Ani- mal Science. Ethical aspects of relationships between humans and research ani- mals. 2002. Herzog H. ILAR J 43:27-32. Ethical implications of the human-animal bond in the laboratory. 2002. Russow L-M. ILAR J 43:33-37. Ethical scores for animal procedures. 1992. Porter D. Nature 356:101- 102. Ethics and pain research in animals. 1999. Tannenbaum J. ILAR J 40:97-110. Fish and welfare: Do fish have the capacity for pain perception and suffering? 2004. Braithwaite VA, Huntingford FA. Anim Welf 13:S87-S92. Guidance notes on retrospective review: A discussion document pre- 

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307 Refinement of the use of non-human primates in scientific research, part I: The influence of humans. 2006. Rennie AE, Buchanan-Smith HM. Anim Welf 15:203-213. Review of Cost-benefit Assessment in the Use of Animals in Re- search. 2003. Animal Procedures Committee. London. Available at <http:// apc.homeoffice.gov.uk/reference/costbenefit>. pdf; accessed January 24, 2010. Science, Medicine, and Animals. 2004. National Research Council. Washington: National Academies Press. Taking Animals Seriously: Mental Life and Moral Status. 1996. DeGrazia D. New York: Cambridge University Press. The Assessment and “Weighing” of Costs. 1991. In: Smith JA, Boyd K, eds. Lives in the Balance: The Ethics of Using Animals in Biomedical Research. London: Oxford University Press. The Ethics of Research Involving Animals. 2005. London: Nuffield Council on Bioethics. The Experimental Animal in Biomedical Research, vol I: A Survey of Scientific and Ethical Issues for Investigators. 1990. Rollin BE, Kesel ML, eds. Boca Raton FL: CRC Press. The Frankenstein Syndrome: Ethical and Social Issues in the Ge- netic Engineering of Animals. 1995. Rollin BE. New York: Cambridge Uni- versity Press. The regulation of animal research and the emergence of animal eth- ics: A conceptual history. 2006. Rollin BE. Theor Med Bioeth 27:285-304. The Three Rs: A journey or a destination? 2000. Richmond J. ATLA 28:761-773. ðK«ê£î¬ù õ®õ¬ñŠ¹‹ ¹œOJò½‹ (EXPERIMEN- TAL DESIGN AND STATISTICS) Animal welfare and the statistical consultant. 1993. Engeman RM, Shumake SA. Am Statistician 47:229-233. Appropriate animal numbers in biomedical research in light of ani- mal welfare considerations. 1991. Mann MD, Crouse DA, Prentice ED. Lab Anim Sci 41:6-14. 

308 ÝŒõè Môƒ°è¬÷Š «ðµî™ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£†®Ÿè£ù õN裆® Common errors in the statistical analysis of experimental data. 2002. Festing MFW. In: Balls M, van Zeller A-M, Halder ME, eds. Progress in the Reduction, Refinement and Replacement of Animal Experimentation: De- velopments in Animal and Veterinary Science. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p 753- 758. Experimental Design and Statistics in Biomedical Research. 2002. ILAR J 43(4). Control of variability. 2002. Howard BR. ILAR J 43:194- 201. Guidelines for the design and statistical analysis of experiments us- ing laboratory animals. 2002. Festing MFW, Altman DG. ILAR J 43:244- 258. Practical aspects to experimental design in animal research. 2002. Johnson PD, Besselsen DG. ILAR J 43:202-206 Role of ancillary variables in the design, analysis, and interpretation of animal experiments. 2002. Gaines Das R. ILAR J 43:214-222. Sample size determination. 2002. Dell RB, Holleran S, Ramakrishnan R. ILAR J 43:207-213. Use of factorial designs to optimize animal experiments and reduce animal use. 2002. Shaw R, Festing MFW, Peers I, Furlong L. ILAR J 43:223- 232. Primer of Biostatistics, 6th ed. 2005. Glantz SA. New York: McGraw- Hill. Sample size determination (Appendix A). 2003. National Research Council. In: Guidelines for the Care and Use of Mammals in Neuroscience and Behavioral Research. Washington: National Academies Press. p 175- 180. Statistical Methods, 8th ed. 1989. Snedecor GW, Cochran WG. Ames: Iowa State Press. The Design and Analysis of Long-Term Animal Experi- ments. 1986. Gart JJ, Krewski D, Lee PN, Tarone RE, Wahrendorf J. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer. The Design of Animal Experiments: Reducing the Use of Animals in Research Through Better Experimental Design. 2002. Festing MFW, Overend P, Gaines Das R, Cortina Borja M, Berdoy M. London: Royal So- ciety of Medicine Press. What is it like to be a rat? Rat sensory perception and its implica- 

309 tions for experimental design and rat welfare. 2008. Burn CC. Appl Anim Behav Sci 112:1-32. Ý󣌄C ñŸÁ‹ «ê£î¬ù õNº¬ø (Research and Testing Methodology) Adjuvants and Antibody Production. 1995. ILAR J 37(3). Advanced Physiological Monitoring in Rodents. 2002. ILAR J 43(3). Mechanical ventilation for imaging the small animal. Hedlund LW, Johnson GA. 2002. ILAR J 43:159-174. Miniaturization: An overview of biotechnologies for monitoring the physiology and pathophysiology of rodent animal models. 2002. Goode TL, Klein HJ. ILAR J 43:136-146. Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 8th ed. 2007. Klaassen CD. New York: McGraw-Hill. Categorising the Severity of Scientific Procedures on Animals: Sum- mary and Reports from Three Roundtable Discussions. 2004. Smith JA, Jennings M, eds. West Sussex UK: RSPCA, Research Animals Department. Available at www.boyd-group.demon.co.uk/severity_report <http:// www.boyd-group.demon.co.uk/severity_report>. pdf; accessed January 24, 2010. Clinical considerations in rodent bioimaging. 2004. Colby LA, Morenko BJ. Comp Med 54:623-630. Effects of Freund’s complete adjuvant on the physiology, histology, and activity of New Zealand white rabbits. 2004. Halliday LC, Artwohl JE, Bunte RM, Ramakrishnan V, Bennett BT. Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci 43:8- 13. Ethological research techniques and methods. 1998. Novak MA, West M, Bayne KL, Suomi SJ. In: Hart L, ed. Responsible Conduct of Research in Animal Behavior. New York: Oxford University Press. p 51-66. Genetic Engineering and Animal Welfare: Preparing for the 21st Century. 1999. Gonder JC, Prentice ED, Russow L-M, eds. Greenbelt MD: Scientists Center for Animal Welfare. Guidance for Industry and Other Stakeholders: Toxicological Prin- ciples for the Safety Assessment of Food Ingredients, Redbook 2000 (rev 2007). FDA. Available at www.fda <http://www.fda>. gov/Food/ GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/GuidanceDocuments/ 

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