Guidance to Improve Pedestrian and Bicyclist Safety at Intersections (2020)

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99 GUIDANCE TO IMPROVE PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLIST SAFETY AT INTERSECTIONS Center for Neighborhood Technology. 2018. Housing and Transportation Index. Chicago, IL. https://www.cnt.org/tools/housing-and- transportation-affordability-index. Center for Occupational and Environmental Health. 2011. Pedestrian Environmental Quality Index. University of California Los Angeles. http:// www.peqiwalkability.appspot.com/home.jsp. Chen, L., C. Chen, and R. Ewing. 2012. The Relative Effectiveness of Pedestrian Safety Countermeasures at Urban Intersections: Lessons from a New York City Experience. Presented at the 91st Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board. Washington, D.C. Chen, P. and Q. Shen. 2016. Built Environment Effects on Cyclist Injury Severity in Automobile- involved Bicycle Crashes. Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 86, pp. 239–246. Chen, X., and C. Shao. 2014. Operational Impacts of Copenhagen Left as Alternatives to Diagonal Left-Turns of Bicycles at Signalized Intersections. Presented at 93rd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board. Washington, D.C. Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning. 2015. Complete Streets Toolkit. Chicago, IL. City and County of San Francisco. 2015. SF Better Streets Guide. https://www.sfbetterstreets.org/. Daniels, S., E. Nuyts, and G. Wets. 2008. The Effects of Roundabouts on Traffic Safety for Bicyclists: An Observational Study. Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 40, pp. 518–526. DDOT. 2017. District Mobility. District Department of Transportation. Washington, D.C. De Brabander, B., and L. Vereeck. 2007. Safety Effects of Roundabouts in Flanders: Signal Type, Speed Limits and Vulnerable Road Users. Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 39, pp. 591–599. Dickman, D., N. Falbo, S. Durrant, J. Gilpin, G. Gastaldi, C. Chesston, P. Morrill, C. Ward, W. Walker, B. Jones, C. Cheng, J. Portelance, D. Kack, R. Gleason, T. Lonsdale, K. Nothstine, J. Morgan, and R. Pressly. 2016. Small Town and Rural Multimodal Networks. Report FHWA-HEP-17-024. Federal Highway Administration. Washington, D.C. https://www. fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bicycle_pedestrian/ publications/small_towns/fhwahep17024_lg.pdf. Dill, J., C.M. Monsere, and N. McNeil. 2012. Evaluation of Bike Boxes at Signalized Intersections. Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 44, pp. 126–134. Dill, J. and N. McNeil. 2016. Revisiting the Four Types of Cyclists. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2587, pp. 90–99. Dixon, L.B. 1996. Bicycle and Pedestrian Level-of-Service Performance Measures and Standards for Congestion Management Systems. Transportation Research Record 1538, pp. 1–9. Dowling, R., P. Ryus, B. Schroeder, M. Kyte, F.T. Creasey, and N. Rouphail. 2016. NCHRP Report 825: Planning and Preliminary Engineering Applications Guide to the Highway Capacity Manual. Elvik, R. 2009. The Non-Linearity of Risk and the Promotion of Environmentally Sustainable Transport. Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 41, No. 4, p. 55. Elvik, R. 2017. Exploring Factors Influencing the Strength of the Safety-in-numbers Effect. Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 100, pp. 75–84. Elvik, R. and T. Bjørnskau. 2017. Safety-in-numbers: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Evidence. Safety Science, Vol. 92, pp. 274–282. Elvik, R. and T. Vaa. 2004. Handbook of Road Safety Measures. Oxford, United Kingdom: Elsevier. Ewing, R. 1999. Traffic Calming: State of the Practice. Institute of Transportation Engineers. Washington, D.C. Fayish, A.C. and F. Gross. 2010. Safety Effectiveness of Leading Pedestrian Intervals Evaluated by a Before–After Study with Comparison Groups. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, Vol. 2198, pp. 15–22. Washington, D.C. FDOT. 2017. FDOT Context Classification. Florida Department of Transportation. Tallahassee, FL. Ferguson, E., J. Bonneson, L. Rodegerdts, N. Foster, B. Persaud, C. Lyon, and D. Rhoades. 2018. NCHRP Report 888: Development of Roundabout Crash Prediction Models and Methods. NCHRP, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. FHWA. 2003. Surrogate Safety Measures From Traffic Simulation Models. Federal Highway Administration. Washington, D.C. https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ publications/research/safety/03050/02.cfm.

100 GUIDANCE TO IMPROVE PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLIST SAFETY AT INTERSECTIONS FHWA. 2009. Rectangular Rapid Flash Beacon. Report FHWA-SA-09-009. Federal Highway Administration. Washington, D.C. https:// safety.fhwa.dot.gov/intersection/conventional/ unsignalized/tech_sum/fhwasa09009/. FHWA. 2012. Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways (MUTCD). Federal Highway Administration. Washington, D.C. 2009 with Revisions 1 and 2, dated May 2012. https://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/index.htm. FHWA. 2015. Separated Bike Lane Planning and Design Guide. Report FHWA-HEP-15-025. Federal Highway Administration. Washington, D.C. https:// www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bicycle_pedestrian/ publications/separated_bikelane_pdg/page00.cfm. FHWA. 2016a. Achieving Multimodal Networks: Applying Design Flexibility and Reducing Conflicts. Report FHWA-HEP-16-055. Federal Highway Administration. Washington, D.C. https://www. fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bicycle_pedestrian/ publications/multimodal_networks/. FHWA. 2016b. Travel Monitoring Analysis System, U.S. Department of Transportation. Washington, D.C. https://catalog.data.gov/ dataset/travel-monitoring-analysis-system- tmas-travel-monitoring-analysis-system. FHWA. 2017. Performance-Based Practical Design. Federal Highway Administration. Washington, D.C. https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/design/pbpd/. FHWA. 2018a. Primer on Intersection Control Evaluation (ICE). FHWA-SA-18-076. Federal Highway Administration. Washington, D.C. https://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/intersection/ ice/fhwasa18076/fhwasa18076.pdf FHWA. 2018b. Toolbox of Pedestrian Countermeasures and Their Potential Effectiveness. FHWA-SA-18-041. Federal Highway Administration. Washington, D.C. https://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/ped_ bike/tools_solve/fhwasa18041/fhwasa18041.pdf. FHWA. 2019. Crash Modification Factor Clearinghouse. Federal Highway Administration. Washington, D.C. http://www.cmfclearinghouse.org/. FHWA. 2017. Remove/Restrict Parking. Federal Highway Administration, Office of Safety. Washington, D.C. https://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/ saferjourney1/library/countermeasures/56.htm. Fitzpatrick, K. and E.S. Park. 2010. Safety Effectiveness of the HAWK Pedestrian Crossing Treatment. Report FHWA-HRT-10-042. Federal Highway Administration. Washington, D.C. Fitzpatrick, K., S. Turner, M. Brewer, P. Carlson, B. Ullman, N. Trout, E. Park, J. Whitacre, N. Lalani, and D. Lord. 2006. TCRP Report 112/NCHRP Report 562: Improving Pedestrian Safety at Unsignalized Crossings. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies. Gan, A., J. Shen and A. Rodriguez. 2005. Update of Florida Crash Reduction Factors and Countermeasures to Improve the Development of District Safety Improvement Projects. Florida Department of Transportation. Tallahassee, FL. Gilpin, J., N. Falbo, M. Repsch, and A. Zimmerman. 2015. Lessons Learned: Evolution of the Protected Intersection. ALTA Planning + Design. Portland, OR. Gross, F., B. Persaud, and C. Lyon. 2010. A Guide to Developing Quality Crash Modification Factors. Report FHWA-SA-10-032. Federal Highway Administration. Washington D.C. http://www. clearinghouse.org/collateral/MF_Guide.pdf Gross, F., C. Lyon, B. Persaud, and R. Srinivasan. 2012. Safety Effectiveness of Converting Signalized Intersections to Roundabouts. Presented at the 91st Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board. Washington, D.C. Grundy, C., R. Steinbach, P. Edwards, J. Green, B. Armstrong, and P. Wilkinson. 2009. Effect of 20 mph Traffic Speed Zones on Road Injuries in London, 1986-2006: Controlled Interrupted Time Series Analysis, BMJ, Vol. 339, pp. 1–6. Harkey, D., D. Reinfurt, and M. Knuiman. 1998. Development of the Bicycle Compatibility Index. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1636, pp. 13–20. Harkey, D.L., R. Srinivasan, J. Baek, F. Council, K. Eccles, and N. Lefler. 2008. NCHRP Report 617: Accident Modification Factors for Traffic Engineering and ITS Improvements. Transportation Research Board. Harkey, D. L., S. Tsai, L. Thomas, and W.W. Hunter. 2006. Pedestrian and Bicycle Crash Analysis Tool (PBCAT): Version 2.0 Application Manual. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC. http://www. pedbikeinfo.org/pbcat_us/pbcat_manual/intro.html.

101 GUIDANCE TO IMPROVE PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLIST SAFETY AT INTERSECTIONS Harris, M. A., C. Reynolds, M. Winters, P. Cripton, H. Shen, and M. L. Chipman. 2013. Comparing the Effects of Infrastructure on Bicycling Injury at Intersections and Non- Intersections Using a Case- Crossover Design. Injury Prevention, Vol. 19, No. 5, pp. 303–310. Houten, R. V. and J. Hochmuth. 2017. Evaluation of R1-6 Gateway Treatment Alternatives for Pedestrian Crossings: Follow-Up Report. Roadway Safety Institute, Minneapolis, MN. Hunter, W.W. 2000. Evaluation of a Combined Bicycle Lane/Right-Turn Lane in Eugene, Oregon. Report FHWA-RD-00-151. Federal Highway Administration. Washington, D.C. Hunter, W.W., D.L. Harkey, R. Stewart, and M.L. Birk. 2000. Evaluation of Blue Bike-Lane Treatment in Portland, Oregon. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1705, pp. 107–115. Hunter, W.W., L. Thomas, and J.C. Stutts. 2005. BIKESAFE: Bicycle Countermeasure Selection System. Report FHWA-SA-05-006. Federal Highway Administration. Washington, D.C. http://www.pedbikesafe.org/bikesafe/. Hunter, W.W., R. Srinivasan, and C. Martell. 2008. Evaluation of a Green Bike Lane Weaving Area in St. Petersburg, Florida. University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center, Chapel Hill, NC. ITE. 2004. Toolbox of Countermeasures and Their Potential Effectiveness to Make Intersections Safer. Briefing Sheet 8. Institute of Transportation Engineers and Federal Highway Administration. Washington, D.C. ITE. 2014. Recommended Design Guidelines to Accommodate Pedestrians and Bicycles at Interchanges: An ITE Proposed Recommended Practice. Institute of Transportation Engineers. Washington, D.C. ITE. 2015. Unsignalized Intersection Improvement Guide. Institute of Transportation Engineers. Washington, D.C. Jensen, S. U. 2008. Safety Effects of Blue Cycle Crossings: A Before-after Study. Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 40, pp. 742–750. Johnson, R. S. 2005. Pedestrian Safety Impacts of Curb Extensions: A Case Study. Report FHWA-0R-DF-06-01. Federal Highway Administration. Washington, D.C. Kading, A. 2016. Performance Implications of Bicycle Specific Treatments at Signalized Intersections. Civil and Environmental Engineering Master’s Project Reports 27. Kim, J.K., S. Kim, G. F. Ulfarsson, and L. A. Porello. 2007. Bicyclist Injury Severities in Bicycle-Motor Vehicle Accidents. Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 39, pp. 238–251. Knapp, K., B. Chandler, J. Atkinson, T. Welch, H. Rigdon, and R. Retting. 2014. Road Diet Informational Guide. Report FHWA-SA-14-028. Federal Highway Administration. Washington, D.C. Kothuri, S., E. Smaglik, A. Kading, A. Schrope, C. Aguilar, and C. Gil. 2018. Addressing Bicycle-Vehicle Conflicts with Alternate Signal Control Strategies. Document Number NITC-RR-897. Transportation Research and Education Center, Portland, OR. Krizek, K. J., G. Barnes, G. Poindexter, P. Mogush, K. Thompson, and D. Levinson. 2005. NCHRP Report 552: Guidelines for Analysis of Investments in Bicycle Facilities. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies. Kröyer, H.R.G., T. Jonsson, and A. Varhelyi. 2014. Relative Fatality Risk Curve to Describe the Effect of Change in the Impact Speed on Fatality Risk of Pedestrians Struck by a Motor Vehicle. Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 62, pp. 143–152. Landis, B.W., V.R., Vattikuti, and M.T. Brannick. 1997. Real-Time Human Perceptions Toward a Bicycle Level of Service. Transportation Research Record 1578, pp. 119–136. Liu, Y., G.L. Chang, R. Tao, T. Hicks, and E. Tabacek. 2007. Empirical Observations of Dynamic Dilemma Zones at Signalized Intersections. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2035, pp. 122–133. Lowry, M. B., P. Furth, T. Hadden-Loh. 2016. Prioritizing New Bicycle Facilities to Improve Low-Stress Network Connectivity. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Vol. 86, pp. 124–140. Markowitz, F., S. Sciortino, J.L. Fleck, and B.M. Yee. 2006. Pedestrian Countdown Signals: Experience with an Extensive Pilot Installation. Institute of Transportation Engineers Journal, Vol. 48, pp. 43–48.

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