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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Alternative Intersection Design and Selection. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25812.
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73 Text and Appendices AASHTO. A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, 7th Edition, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C., 2018. AASHTO. Highway Safety Manual, 1st Edition, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C., 2010. Abou-Senna, H., E. Radwan, S. Tabares, J. Wu, and S. Chalise, Evaluating Transportation Systems Management & Operations (TSM&O) Benefits to Alternative Intersection Treatments, FDOT Contract BDV24-977-09, Florida Department of Transportation, Tallahassee, Florida, 2015. Afshar, A., J. Bared, S. Wolf, and P. Edara, Traffic Operational Comparison of Single-Point and Diverging Diamond Interchanges, Presented at the 88th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, 2009. Alabama Department of Transportation, I-10/SR-181 Diverging Diamond Interchange, n.d.a. [Online]. Available: https://rp.dot.state.al.us/I10_SR181/ [accessed April 9, 2019]. Alabama Department of Transportation, SR-182 Median Improvements and Beautification, n.d.b. [Online]. Available: https://rp.dot.state.al.us/SR182/ [accessed April 9, 2019]. Alabama Department of Transportation, Welcome to the U.S. 280 Intersection Improvements/Access Management, n.d.c. [Online]. Available: https://rp.dot.state.al.us/US280/ [accessed April 9, 2019]. Alabama Department of Transportation, Driver’s Guide to the New 280, 2013 [Online]. Almoshaogeh, M., H. Abou-Senna, and E. Radwan, Developing Warrants for Designing Diverging Diamond Interchange, Presented at the 97th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2018. Anderson, M., B. Schroer, and D. Moeller, Analyzing the Diverging Diamond Interchange Using Discrete Event Simulation, Modelling and Simulation in Engineering, Vol. 2012, 2012. Applied Technology and Traffic Analysis Program, Maryland Unconventional Intersection/Interchange Design Analysis Tool, Presentation slides, 2019. Arkansas Department of Transportation, ArDOT Roundabout Design Checklist, Arkansas Department of Transportation, Little Rock, Arkansas, n.d. Asokan, A., J. Bared, R. Jagannathan, W. Hughes, F. Cicu, and P. Illotta, Alternative Intersections Selection Tool—AIST, Presented at 89th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2010. Bai, Y., and S. Li, Geometric and Signal Optimization for Pedestrian Crossing at Continuous Flow Intersection, Presented at 96th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2017. Bared, J., P. Edara, and R. Jagannathan, Design and Operational Performance of a Double Crossover Intersection and Diverging Diamond Interchange, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1912, 2006, pp. 31–38. Bared, J., A. Powell, E. Kaisar, and R. Jagannathan, Crash Comparison of Single Point and Tight Diamond Interchanges, Journal of Transportation Engineering, Vol. 131, No. 5, 2005, pp. 379–381. Brown, H., T. Cope, A. Khezaradeh, C. Sun, and P. Edara, Maintenance of Traffic for Innovative Geomet- ric Designs Work Zones, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2556, 2016, pp. 49–64. Brown, H., C. Sun, P. Edara, T. Cope, and A. Khezaradeh, Maintenance of Traffic for Innovative Geometric Designs Work Zones, Report No. InTrans Project 06-277, Smart Work Zone Deployment Initiative, Ames, Iowa, 2015. Bowen, A., M. Eubank, J. Kaiser, D. Plattner, G. Richards, B. Smith, and B. Steckler, Intersection Decision Guide, Indiana Department of Transportation, Indianapolis, Indiana, 2014. California Department of Transportation, Single Point Interchange Guidelines, Design Information Bulletin 92, California Department of Transportation, Sacramento, 2018. References

74 Alternative Intersection Design and Selection California Department of Transportation, Diverging Diamond Interchange, Design Information Bulletin 90, California Department of Transportation, Sacramento, 2017. California Department of Transportation, Transportation Operations Policy Directive: Intersection Control Evaluation (ICE), California Department of Transportation, Sacramento, 2013. Carroll, D., and D. Lahusen, Operational Effects of Continuous Flow Intersection Geometrics: A Determin- istic Model, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2348, 2013, pp. 1–11. Chilukuri, V., S. Smith, M. Trueblood, and T. Ryan, Diverging Diamond Interchange Performance Evaluation, Report No. OR11-012, Missouri Department of Transportation, Jefferson City, 2011. Chlewicki, G., Improving Pedestrian Operations at Innovative Geometric Designs, 5th Urban Street Sympo- sium, Raleigh, North Carolina, 2017. Chlewicki, G., Learning from Eight Operational Diverging Diamond Interchanges in the United States, Presented at 92nd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2013. Chlewicki, G., Should the Diverging Diamond Interchange Always Be Considered a Diamond Interchange Form? Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2223, 2011, pp. 88–95. Chlewicki, G., Operational Effects of Diverging Diamond Interchange, Presented at the 89th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2010. Claros, B., J. Berry, C. Sun, and P. Edara, Safety Performance Analysis of Roundabout Interchanges in Missouri, Presented at 97th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2018. Claros, B., Z. Zhu, P. Edara, and C. Sun, Design Guidance for J-Turns on Rural High-Speed Expressways, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2618, 2017, pp. 69–77. Claros, B., P. Edara, and C. Sun, Safety Effect of Diverging Diamond Interchanges on Adjacent Roadway Facilities, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2618, 2017a, pp. 78–90. Claros, B., P. Edara, and C. Sun, When Driving on the Left Side is Safe: Safety of the Diverging Diamond Interchange Ramp Terminals, Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 100, 2017b, pp. 133–142. Claros, B., P. Edara, C. Sun, and H. Brown, Safety Evaluation of Diverging Diamond Interchanges in Missouri, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2486, 2015, pp. 1–10. Coates, A., P. Yi, P. Liu, and X. Ma, Geometric and Operational Improvements at Continuous Flow Intersections to Enhance Pedestrian Safety, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2436, 2014, pp. 60–69. Colorado Department of Transportation, Roadway Design Guide, Colorado Department of Transportation, Denver, 2018. CTC and Associates, LLC, Use of Continuous Green T–Intersections, Report TRS 1809, Minnesota Department of Transportation, Saint Paul, 2018. Cunningham, C., B. Schroeder, S. Phillips, T. Urbanik, S. Warchol, and A. Tanaka, Signal Timing for Diverging Diamond Interchanges: Fundamentals, Concepts, and Recommended Applications, Transporta- tion Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2557, 2016a, pp. 1–10. Cunningham, C., S. Warchol, and B. Schroeder, Exploring Corridor Operations in the Vicinity of a Diverging Diamond Interchange (DDI), Report No. FHWA/NC/2014-13, North Carolina Department of Transporta- tion, Raleigh, 2016b. Cunningham, C., D. Findley, J. Davis, B. Aghdashi, S. Kim, and J. D. Small, Evaluation of Life Cycle Impacts of Intersection Control Type Selection, NCDOT Project 2014-11, North Carolina Department of Transportation, Raleigh, 2016c. Day, C., and D. Bullock, Cycle-Length Strategies for a Diverging Diamond Interchange in a Coordinated Arterial, Journal of Transportation Engineering, Vol. 142, No. 12, 2016. Delaware Department of Transportation, Roundabouts, Design Guidance Memorandum Number 1-26, Delaware Department of Transportation, Dover, 2012. Dhatrak, A., P. Edara, and J. Bared, Performance Analysis of Parallel-Flow Intersection and Displaced Left- Turn Intersection Designs, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2171, 2010, pp. 33–43. Donnell, E., J. Wood, and K. Eccles, Safety Evaluation of Continuous Green T Intersections, Report No. FHWA- HRT-16-036, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 2016. Dorothy, P., T. Maleck, and L. Aylsworth-Bonzelet, Field Analysis of Operation and Design of Single-Point Urban Interchanges, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1579, 1997, pp. 11–17. Edara, P., S. Breslow, C. Sun, and B. Claros, Empirical Evaluation of J-turn Intersection Performance: Analysis of Conflict Measures and Crashes, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2486, 2015, pp. 11–18.

References 75 Elyard, J., A. Unnikrishnan, D. Martinelli, A. Nichols, C. Frosch, R. James, and M. Shahabi, Evaluation of Public Perception and Outreach Efforts for Roundabouts in Fairmont, WV, Presented at 95th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2016. Federal Highway Administration, Alternative Intersections, n.d. [Online]. Available: https://www.youtube.com/ user/USDOTFHWA/playlists?view=50&sort=dd&shelf_id=10. Federal Highway Administration, Crash Modification Factors Clearinghouse, 2019a [Online]. Available: http://www.cmfclearinghouse.org/ [accessed April 11, 2019]. Federal Highway Administration, Interactive Highway Safety Design Model (IHSDM): Overview, 2019b [Online]. Available: https://highways.dot.gov/safety/interactive-highway-safety-design-model/interactive- highway-safety-design-model-ihsdm [accessed June 4, 2019]. 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76 Alternative Intersection Design and Selection Hawkins, N., S. Hallmark, and S. Knickerbocker, Evaluation of the Impact of Reduced Conflict Intersections on Truck and Large Agricultural Vehicle Crashes, Contract 99004 (wo) 17, Minnesota Department of Transportation, Roseville, Minnesota, 2015. Hochstein, J., T. Maze, T. Welch, H. Preston, and R. Storm, J-Turn Intersection: Design Guidance and Safety Experience, Presented at 88th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2009. Hua, X., J. Yang, W. Wang, and H. Wang, Operation Optimization of Signalized Tandem Intersections with Displaced Left-Turn, Presented at 97th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2018. Hughes, W., R. Jagannathan, D. Sengupta, and J. Hummer, Alternative Intersections/Interchanges: Informational Report (AIIR), Publication No. FHWA-HRT-09-060, Turner–Fairbank Highway Research Center, FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation, McLean, Virginia, 2010. 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References 77 Jones, S., and A. Majeed, Roundabout Planning, Design, and Operations Manual, Alabama Department of Transportation, Montgomery, 2015. Jones, E., and M. Selinger, Comparison of Operations of Single-Point and Tight Urban Diamond Inter- changes, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1847, 2003, pp. 29–35. Kay, J., T. Gates, M. Chakraborty, and S. Stapleton, Safety Performance of Median U-Turn Conversions in Michigan, Presented at 98th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2019. Kim, T., P. Edara, and J. Bared, Operational and Safety Performance of a Nontraditional Intersection Design: The Superstreet, Presented at 86th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2007. Kimley-Horn, Best Practices for the Design and Operation of Reduced Conflict Intersections, Minnesota Department of Transportation, Saint Paul, 2016. Kittelson & Associates, Inc., Institute for Transportation and Research at North Carolina State University, Toole Design Group, Accessible Design for the Blind, and Advanced Transportation Solutions, NCHRP Research Report 948: Guide for Pedestrians and Bicycle Safety at Alternative and Other Intersections and Interchanges, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2020. Kittelson & Associates, Inc., Kansas Roundabout Guide, 2nd Edition, Kansas Department of Transportation, Topeka, 2014. Lee, J., M. Abdel-Aty, and A. El-Urfali, The Safety Implications of the Conversion of Continuous Green T-Intersections Back to Conventional T-Intersections, Presented at 98th Annual Meeting of the Transporta- tion Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2019. Lee, J., T. Larwin, Jr., and B. Kidd, Evaluation of Operational Efficiencies, Cost and Accident Experience of Four Phase Single Point Urban Interchanges, Final Report 501, Arizona Department of Transportation, Phoenix, 2002. Leuer, D., An Addendum to A Study of the Traffic Safety at Roundabouts in Minnesota, Minnesota Department of Transportation, Saint Paul, Minnesota, 2018. Leuer, D., A Study of the Traffic Safety at Roundabouts in Minnesota, Minnesota Department of Transportation, Saint Paul, Minnesota, 2017. Leuer, D., and K. Fleming, A Study of the Traffic Safety at Reduced Conflict Intersections in Minnesota, Minnesota Department of Transportation, Saint Paul, 2017. Leuer, D., A Study of the Traffic Safety at Single Lane Roundabouts in Minnesota, Minnesota Department of Transportation, Saint Paul, Minnesota, 2014. Li, Z., M. Chitturi, A. Bill, and D. Noyce, Operational Evaluation of Two-Lane Roundabouts at Freeway Ramp Terminals, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2637, 2017, pp. 99–113. Lu, J., S. Dissanayake, and K. Williams, Safety Evaluation of Right Turns Followed by U-Turns as an Alternative to Direct Left Turns—Crash Data Analysis, Florida Department of Transportation, Tallahassee, 2001. Maine Department of Transportation, Maine’s Statewide Experience in Using Roundabouts to Improve Intersection Safety, Maine Department of Transportation, Augusta, n.d. Maji, A., P. Bhattacharya, and A. Maurya, Developing Unconventional Intersection Configuration: Planning Tool, Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol. 11, No. 25, 2015, pp. 43–57. Maji, A., S. Mishra, and M. Jha, Diverging Diamond Interchange Analysis: Planning Tool, Journal of Transportation Engineering, Vol. 139, No. 12, 2013. Maryland Department of Transportation State Highway Administration, Maryland Intersection and Interchange Design and Capacity Analysis Program, Presentation slides, 2017. Maryland Department of Transportation State Highway Administration, Roundabout Design Guidelines, Maryland Department of Transportation State Highway Administration, Annapolis, 2011. Messer, C., J. Bonneson, S. Anderson, and W. McFarland, NCHRP Report 345: Single Point Urban Interchange Design and Operations Analysis, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 1991. Michigan Department of Transportation, Using a Michigan Left, Michigan Department of Transportation, Lansing, n.d. Michigan Department of Transportation, Geometric Design Guide for Crossovers (GEO-670-E), 2014 [Online]. Available: https://mdotcf.state.mi.us/public/tands/Details_Web/mdot_geo670e.pdf [accessed June 4, 2019]. Minnesota Department of Transportation, Road Design Manual, Minnesota Department of Transportation, Saint Paul, 2018. Minnesota Department of Transportation, Minnesota Intersection Control Evaluation Manual, Minnesota Department of Transportation, Saint Paul, 2017a. Minnesota Department of Transportation, MnDOT Reduced Conflict Intersections, 2017b [Online]. Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M8j4aM3C7yY [accessed April 11, 2019].

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State departments of transportation often encounter public resistance to alternative intersections, with 86% of respondents in a new survey of state DOTs agreeing or strongly agreeing that public resistance hinders their implementation. Public resistance can vary among projects based on intersection type and whether the project was initiated at the local or state level.

The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Synthesis 550: Alternative Intersection Design and Selection documents the evaluation and selection processes within state departments of transportation (DOTs) for intersection projects.

Roundabouts are the most widely implemented type of alternative intersection. Ninety percent of state DOTs that responded to the synthesis survey reported having at least one roundabout in their jurisdiction open and operational. Roundabouts also had the highest reported number of facilities in project development as 88% of respondents indicated there was at least one roundabout under development at their DOT.

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