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54 Abbreviations AAD Average Absolute Deviation AC Asphalt Binder Content AD Average Deviation ANOVA Analysis of variance AQC Acceptance Quality Characteristics CI Confidence Interval CV Coefficient of Variation CVL Cumulative Validation Lot D2S Difference Two-Sigma IA Independent Assurance LSL Lower Specification Limit OC Operating Characteristic PWL Percent Within Limits USL Upper Specification Limit Symbols Ha Alternative Hypothesis β Buyerâs risk C Factor that is a function of the number of contractor tests µ Mean of the population in the numerical simulation Xâ Mean of the sample H0 Null Hypothesis NH0 Number of hypothesis test results with a value of 0 in the numerical simulation P Pay Factor Q Quality Index R Range of the contractor tests n Sample size a Significance Level, sellerâs risk s Standard deviation of the population in the numerical simulation s Standard deviation of the sample NT Total number of iterations in the numerical simulation Abbreviations and Symbols