Understanding and Responding to
Global Health Security Risks from
MICROBIAL THREATS IN THE ARCTIC
PROCEEDINGS OF A WORKSHOP
Lauren Everett, Rapporteur
Polar Research Board
Board on Life Sciences
Division on Earth and Life Studies
Board on Global Health
Health and Medicine Division
In collaboration with the InterAcademy Partnership
and the European Academies Science Advisory Council
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, DC
www.nap.edu
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001
This activity was supported by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Endowment Funds, the US Agency for International Development Emerging Pandemic Threats Program Award No. 7200AA18GR00003, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Award No. 200-2011-38807/75D30118F00067, the Tides Center Ending Pandemics Project, the Heising-Simons Foundation, and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the project.
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-68125-4
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-68125-1
Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.17226/25887
Additional copies of this publication are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313; http://www.nap.edu.
Copyright 2020 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Understanding and Responding to Global Health Security Risks from Microbial Threats in the Arctic: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25887.
The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, nongovernmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. John L. Anderson is president.
The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president.
The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The National Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine.
Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.nationalacademies.org.
Consensus Study Reports published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine document the evidence-based consensus on the study’s statement of task by an authoring committee of experts. Reports typically include findings, conclusions, and recommendations based on information gathered by the committee and the committee’s deliberations. Each report has been subjected to a rigorous and independent peer-review process and it represents the position of the National Academies on the statement of task.
Proceedings published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine chronicle the presentations and discussions at a workshop, symposium, or other event convened by the National Academies. The statements and opinions contained in proceedings are those of the participants and are not endorsed by other participants, the planning committee, or the National Academies.
For information about other products and activities of the National Academies, please visit www.nationalacademies.org/about/whatwedo.
PLANNING COMMITTEE ON UNDERSTANDING AND RESPONDING TO GLOBAL HEALTH SECURITY RISKS FROM MICROBIAL THREATS IN THE ARCTIC: A WORKSHOP
DIANA WALL (Chair), Colorado State University
VOLKER TER MEULEN (Vice Chair), InterAcademy Partnership
ROBYN BARBATO, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
BIRGITTA EVENGÅRD, Umeå University
ROBIN FEARS, European Academies Science Advisory Council
CHARLES HAAS, Drexel University
THOMAS INGLESBY, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
REBECCA KATZ, Georgetown University
SUSAN KUTZ, University of Calgary
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Staff
LAUREN EVERETT, PRB Senior Program Officer
LAURIE GELLER, PRB Program Director
ROB GREENWAY, PRB Program Associate
JULIE PAVLIN, BGH Senior Board Director
KATIE PEREZ, BGH Research Associate
AUDREY THÉVENON, BLS Program Officer
POLAR RESEARCH BOARD
DIANA WALL (Chair), Colorado State University
LAWSON BRIGHAM, University of Alaska
PABLO CLEMENTE-COLÓN, National/Naval Ice Center
MICHAEL N. GOOSEFF, University of Colorado Boulder
NAGRUK HARCHAREK, UIC Lands
THEODORE A. SCAMBOS, University of Colorado Boulder
KRISTEN ST. JOHN, James Madison University
LYNNE TALLEY, Scripps Institution of Oceanography
MERRITT TURETSKY, University of Colorado
ROSS VIRGINIA, Dartmouth College
MARGARET WILLIAMS, World Wildlife Fund
Ex-Officio
LARRY D. HINZMAN (U.S. Delegate to IASC), University of Alaska, Fairbanks
MATTHEW DRUCKENMILLER (Alternate U.S. Delegate to IASC), University of Colorado Boulder
DENEB KARENTZ (U.S. Delegate to SCAR), University of San Francisco
AL WEATHERWAX (Alternate U.S. Delegate to SCAR), Merrimack College
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Staff
AMANDA STAUDT, Board Director
LAURIE GELLER, Program Manager
LAUREN EVERETT, Senior Program Officer
APRIL MELVIN, Program Officer
RITA GASKINS, Administrative Coordinator
BOARD ON LIFE SCIENCES
BARBARA A. SCHAAL (Chair), Washington University in St. Louis
A. ALONSO AGUIRRE, George Mason University
VALERIE H. BONHAM, Ropes & Gray LLP
DOMINIQUE BROSSARD, University of Wisconsin–Madison
NANCY D. CONNELL, Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security
SEAN M. DECATUR, Kenyon College
SCOTT V. EDWARDS, Harvard University
GERALD L. EPSTEIN, National Defense University
ROBERT J. FULL, University of California, Berkeley
ROBERT NEWMAN, The Aspen Institute
STEPHEN J. O’BRIEN, Nova Southeastern University
LUCILA OHNO-MACHADO, University of California, San Diego
CLAIRE POMEROY, Albert and Mary Lasker Foundation
SUSAN RUNDELL SINGER, Rollins College
DAVID R. WALT, Harvard Medical School
PHYLLIS M. WISE, University of Colorado
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Staff
KAVITA BERGER, Director
JO HUSBANDS, Scholar and Senior Project Director
FRAN SHARPLES, Advisor
KEEGAN SAWYER, Senior Program Officer
KATHERINE BOWMAN, Senior Program Officer
ANDREA HODGSON, Program Officer
AUDREY THEVENON, Program Officer
STEVEN MOSS, Associate Program Officer
MATTHEW ANDERSON, Financial Business Partner
JESSICA DE MOUY, Senior Program Assistant
KOSSANA YOUNG, Senior Program Assistant
BOARD ON GLOBAL HEALTH
ANN E. KURTH (Chair), Yale University School of Nursing
KELLY BAKER, University of Iowa
MICHELE BARRY, Stanford University
SARAH CLEAVELAND, University of Glasgow
MALICK DIARA, ExxonMobil Corporation
ISABEL GARCIA, University of Florida College of Dentistry
LAWRENCE O. GOSTIN, Georgetown University Law Center
ANDREW KANTER, Columbia University
KARESTAN C. KOENEN, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
ORIN LEVINE, The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
MAUREEN Y. LICHTVELD, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine
GBENGA OGEDEGBE, New York University School of Medicine
SCOTT C. RATZAN, Harvard Kennedy School
CARLOS DEL RIO, National Academy of Medicine
SARAH TISHKOFF, University of Pennsylvania
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Staff
JULIE PAVLIN, Director
CLAIRE MOERDER, Research Assistant
Acknowledgments
This Proceedings of a Workshop was reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in making each published proceedings as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets the institutional standards for quality, objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process.
We thank the following individuals for their review of this proceedings:
Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the content of the proceedings nor did they see the final draft before its release. The review of this proceedings was overseen by Barbara Schaal, Washington University in St. Louis. She was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this proceedings was carried out in accordance with standards of the National Academies and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content rests entirely with the rapporteur and the National Academies.
We would like to thank Volker Ter Meulen, InterAcademy Partnership, and Robin Fears, European Academies’ Science Advisory Council, for their support and contributions to this activity. In kind support was generously provided by The Volkswagen Foundation (VolkswagenStiftung) and the Herrenhausen Conference Center. Assistance was also provided by Siobhan Addie, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.
This page intentionally left blank.
Contents
Panel on Ecosystem Changes and Microbial Threats in the Environment
Environmental and Climatic Determinants of Infectious Disease
Panel on the Potential Risk of Human and Animal Exposure to Threats
Session 2: What Do We Need to Know?
Panel on Research Needs and Gaps in Scientific Understanding and Surveillance Capabilities
Discussion on Biosafety and Biosecurity Risks
Session 3: Research and Operational Paths Forward
Local Environmental Observer Network
Zoonotic Diseases of Importance to Subsistence Communities
Using Indigenous Knowledge to Detect Emerging Pathogens
Panel on International and Multidisciplinary Research Examples
Discussion on Harmonization of Surveillance Data
Final Thoughts: Impacts of Microbial Threats on Stakeholder Organizations
This page intentionally left blank.