Emerging Challenges to Priced Managed Lanes (2020)

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

62 511 San Diego Region. How to Use the I-15 Express Lanes, n.d. http://511sd.com/fastrak511sd/how-to-use-the- I-15-Express-Lanes. Accessed May 2019. American Road and Transportation Builders Association. Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act: A Com- prehensive Analysis, January 2016. https://newsline.artba.org/wpcontent/uploads/2016/01/FASTAct_ Analysis.pdf. Baldwin, K. NEPA and CEQA: Effective Legal Frameworks for Compelling Consideration of Adaptation to Climate Change. The Southern California Law Review, May 2009. https://heinonline.org/HOL/Landing Page?handle=hein.journals/scal82&div=25&id=&page=&t=1556915765. Accessed May 2019. Batheja, A. GOP Lawmakers Call for End to Toll Roads at Capitol Rally. Texas Tribune, March 2015. https:// www.texastribune.org/2015/03/23/republicans-call-end-toll-roads-capital-rally/. Accessed May 2019. Boraks, D. NC Supreme Court Dismisses Appeal by I-77 Toll Foes. WFAE, October 3, 2017. https://www.wfae. org/post/nc-supreme-court-dismisses-appeal-i-77-toll-foes#stream/0. Accessed July 2019. Bosselman, A. Oakland Plans to Tear Down Major Freeway While Denver Keeps Expanding I-70. Streetsblog Denver, April 2019. https://denver.streetsblog.org/2019/04/18/oakland-plans-to-tear-down-major-freeway- while-denver-keeps-expanding-i-70/. Accessed May 2019. Buckeye, K. Performance Evaluation of I-394 MnPASS Express Lanes in Minnesota. Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT), January 2012. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3141/2278-17. Accessed May 2019. Burris, M., Alemazkoor, N., Benz, R., and Wood, N. The Impact of HOT Lanes on Carpools. Research in Transpor- tation Economics, April 2014. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0739885914000055. Accessed May 2019. Burris, M., Huang, C., Geiselbrecht, T., Goodin, G., and MacGregor, M. Pre-Determining Performance-Based Measures for Managed Lanes. Transportation Research Forum, Fall 2011. http://journals.oregondigital.org/ index.php/trforum/article/view/4127/0. Accessed May 2019. Carson, J. Monitoring and Evaluating Managed Lane Facility Performance. Texas A&M Transportation Institute, November 2005. https://www.ibtta.org/sites/default/files/Monitoring%20and%20Evaluating%20Managed %20Lane%20Facility%20Performance%20TTI.pdf. Accessed May 2019. Charlotte Observer. I-77 HOT Lanes Lose Funding, October 24, 2010. https://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/ local/community/cabarrus/article9042242.html. Accessed July 2019. Charlotte Regional Transportation Planning Organization. Charlotte Region Fast Lanes Study, 2007. http:// ww.charmeck.org/fastlanes/. Accessed May 15, 2019. Charlotte Regional Transportation Planning Organization. Meeting Minutes, May 22, 2013. http://crtpo.org/ PDFs/Agenda_Minutes/2013/MPO_2013_05_May_Minutes.pdf. Accessed July 2019. Charlotte Regional Transportation Planning Organization. Moving Towards Implementation: Charlotte Region’s Fast Lanes Network. Proposal to the Federal Highway Administration Value Pricing Program, November 3, 2009. http://ww.charmeck.org/fastlanes/PDFs/Ph3_FHWA_Application.pdf. Accessed May 15, 2019. Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning (CMAP). Managing Managed Lanes, 2013. https://www.cmap.illinois. gov/about/2040/supporting-materials/process-archive/strategy-papers/pricing-and-managed-facilities/ managing-managed-lanes. Accessed July 2019. Chou, C., Miller-Hooks, E., and Chen, X. Violations Modeling in Studies of Concurrent-Flow Lanes. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, January 2010. https://journals.sagepub.com/ doi/abs/10.3141/2178-16. Accessed July 2019. Cloyed, L. Priced Managed Lanes Q&A Webinar. Batic Institute an AASHTO Center for Excellence, October 2016. http://www.financingtransportation.org/pdf/events/pml_webinar_qa_20161003.pdf. Accessed July 2019. References

References 63 Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT). Hybrid Vehicle Use in the HOT/HOV Lanes, n.d. https:// www.codot.gov/programs/hybrids/overview.html. Accessed May 2019. Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT). I-25 Express Lanes Quarterly Performance Reports, December 2016. https://www.codot.gov/programs/high-performance-transportation-enterprise-hpte/reports/i-25/ quarterly-performance-reports. Accessed July 2019. Cornell Law School. 23 U.S. Code § 129. Toll Roads, Bridges, Tunnels and Ferries, December 2015. https:// www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/23/129. Accessed July 2019. Cothron, A., Skowronek, D., and Kuhn, B. Enforcement Issues on Managed Lanes. Publication Number FHWA/ TX-03/4160-11. Report prepared by the Texas A&M Transportation Institute (TTI) for the Texas Depart- ment of Transportation, 2002. Deakin, E. Climate Change and Sustainable Transportation: The Case of California. Journal of Transportation Engineering, June 2011. https://ascelibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.1061/%28ASCE%29TE.1943-5436.0000250. Accessed May 2019. Dickson, G. On This Texas Toll Road, Drivers Want to Know Why They’re Paying $15 for Just 5 Miles. Fort Worth Star-Telegram, April 2019. https://www.star-telegram.com/news/traffic/honkin-mad-blog/ article229371274.html. Accessed May 2019. Donald, S., Swisher, M., Symoun, J., and Lisska, W. Congestion Pricing: A Primer on Institutional Issues. Publica- tion Number FHWA-HOP-13-034. Report prepared by the Science Applications International Corporation for FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation, 2013. Ecola, L., and Light, T. Equity and Congestion Pricing: A Review of the Evidence. Report sponsored by the Envi- ronmental Defense Fund and conducted under the auspices of the Transportation, Space, and Technology (TST) Program within RAND Infrastructure, Safety and Environment (ISE), 2009. https://www.rand.org/ pubs/technical_reports/TR680.html. Accessed May 2019. Essenmacher, C. Tolling and Pricing. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), 2018. https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ ipd/pdfs/fact_sheets/techtools_federal_highway_tolling.pdf. Accessed July 2019. Fan, W., Erdogan, S., and Welch, T. Assessing HOV to HOT Lane Conversion: Multiscale Analysis in Maryland. Presented at the 95th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., January 2016. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Federal Tolling Programs, n.d.a. https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ipd/ tolling_and_pricing/tolling_pricing/section_129.aspx. Accessed May 2019. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Federal-Aid Highway Program Guidance on High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) Facilities: Chapter I Introduction, n.d.b. https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/freewaymgmt/hovguidance/ hovguidance.pdf. Accessed May 2019. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Federal-Aid Highway Program Guidance on High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) Facility Lanes: Appendix A §166 23 U.S.C.—HOV Facilities. U.S. Department of Transportation, September 2016a. https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/freewaymgmt/hovguidance/appa.htm. Accessed May 2019. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). FHWA Performance Reporting Part One of Two Final Report. Publica- tion Number FHWA-HIF-13-043, May 2013. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act or “FAST ACT,” July 2016b. https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/fastact/summary.cfm. Accessed July 2019. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Managed Lane Chapter for the Freeway Management and Operations Handbook, January 2011. https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/freewaymgmt/publications/frwy_mgmt_handbook/ revision/jan2011/mgdlaneschp8/sec8.htm. Accessed July 2019. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Managed Lanes and HOV Facilities, February 2017. https://ops.fhwa. dot.gov/freewaymgmt/mngd_lns_hov.htm. Accessed June 2019. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Managed Lanes: A Primer. Publication No.: FHWA-HOP-05-031, August 2008. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Report on the Value Pricing Pilot Program Through April 2018, n.d.c. https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/congestionpricing/value_pricing/pubs_reports/rpttocongress/pdf/vppp18rpt.pdf. Accessed May 2019. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Toll Facilities in the United States, April 2018. https://www.fhwa.dot. gov/policyinformation/tollpage/2015/history.cfm. Accessed May 2019. Fellows, R., and Cummings, M. Final Report: Awareness and Acceptance of Pricing Project. Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) with Puget Sound Regional Council (PSRC), May 2011. http:// www.wsdot.wa.gov/NR/rdonlyres/FEC5D940-5B5E-4DE2-A3A3-E20B85894BDB/0/AAPReport052711.pdf. Accessed May 2019. Fitzpatrick, K., Brewer, M., Chrysler, S., Wood, N., Kuhn, B., Goodin, G., Fuhs, C., Ungemah, D., Perez, B., Dewey, V., Thompson, N., Swenson, C., Henderson, D., and Levinson, H. NCHRP Report 835: Guidelines for Implementing Managed Lanes. Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.17226/23660.

64 Emerging Challenges to Priced Managed Lanes Florida Administrative Code, Section 14-100.003. Express Lanes Tolling, n.d. https://www.flrules.org/gateway/ ruleno.asp?id=14-100.003. Accessed November 2019. Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT). 95 Express Annual Report: Project Status for Urban Partnership Agreement (Phase 1 Complete), April 19, 2013. https://95express.com/wp-content/files/FY2011-2012_95X- AnnualReport_FINAL.pdf. Accessed November 2019. Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT). 95 Express Monthly Operations Report: April 2018 (File Code: 502.4.3.5 Doc ID#: 02186.00). Miami, Florida: Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT), June 2018. https://95express.com/wp-content/files/95%20Express%20Monthly%20Performance_Apr_%202018_ FINAL_6-11-18.pdf. Accessed July 2019. Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT). 95 Express Annual Operations Report: Fiscal Year 2017–2018, March 21, 2019. https://95express.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/2019-3-1-95EL-Annual-Report- FY2017-2018-Exec_Final.pdf. Accessed November 2019. Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT). 95 Express Phase 3, n.d. http://95express.com/related- information/95-express-phase-3/. Accessed November 2019. Formby, B. Amid Blowback over Accounting Maneuver, TxDOT Drops Financing Idea for Several Toll Projects. Texas Tribune, November 2017. https://www.texastribune.org/2017/11/16/patrick-criticizes-txdot-over- toll-projects-abbott-remains-mum/. Accessed May 2019. Frankel, E. Priorities in Mitigating Emissions from the Transportation Sector and in Adapting Transportation Facilities. Fordham Urban Law Journal, 2017. https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ulj/vol44/iss4/7. Accessed July 2019. Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT). GDOT Performance Dashboard, n.d. http://www.dot.ga.gov/ BS/Performance. Accessed July 2019. Goodin, G., Benz, R., Burris, M., Brewer, M., Wood, N., and Geiselbrecht, T. Katy Freeway: An Evaluation of a Second-Generation Managed Lanes Project. Publication Number FHWA/TX-13/0-6688-1. Report prepared by the Texas A&M Transportation Institute (TTI) for FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation, 2013a. Goodin, G., Bricka, S., Pourteau, C., Benz, R., Burris, M., Brewer, M., Wood, N., and Geiselbrecht, T. Briefing Paper: Toward a Best Practice Model for Managed Lanes in Texas. Reported prepared by the Texas A&M Transportation Institute for the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Product 0-6688-P1, September 2013b. Goodin, G., Burris, M., Geiselbrecht, T., and Wood, N. Application of a Performance Management Framework for Priced Lanes. Report prepared by the Texas A&M Transportation Institute for the Texas Department of Transportation. Publication No. FHWA/TX-13/5-6396-01-1, April 2013c. Goodin, G., Poole, R., Fuhs, C., Tsien, J., Lee, J., Beaty, C., Reeder, P., Shelton, J., Venglar, S., and Wood, N. I-405/ SR-167 Corridor Tolling Study. Washington State Department of Transportation, December 2010. Hartman, K. States Efforts to Promote Hybrid and Electric Vehicles. National Conference of State Legislatures, October 2014. https://www.lec.leg.mn/2014/NCSLHybridEVincentivesOct2014.pdf. Accessed May 2019. Hedgpeth, D., and Lazo, L. I-66 Tolls Hit $40 on Day 2. Virginia Transportation Chief: “No One Has to Pay a Toll.” Washington Post, December 5, 2017. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/dr-gridlock/wp/2017/12/05/ i-66-toll-in-virginia-reaches-new-high-of-36-50-on-day-2/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.bec8a9b673f2. Accessed May 7, 2019. Henderson, B. I-77 Shoulders North of Charlotte to Become Travel Lanes During Rush Hours. Charlotte Observer, July 18, 2019. https://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/local/article232749512.html. Accessed July 2019. Herr, P. Traffic Congestion: Road Pricing Can Help Reduce Congestion, but Equity Concerns May Grow. United States Government Accountability Office, January 2012. https://www.gao.gov/assets/590/587833.pdf. Accessed May 2019. HNTB Companies. American THINKS: Paying for Infrastructure, July 2017. http://www.hntb.com/getattachment/ Newsroom/Press-Kits/America-THINKS-surveys-(1)/HNTB_InfraCost_2017.pdf.aspx. Accessed May 2019. Hunt, D. State Rep: Toll Road Revenue in El Paso Never Exceeded Expenses. KVIA News, July 2017. https:// www.kvia.com/news/el-paso/state-rep-toll-road-revenue-in-el-paso-never-exceeded-expenses/594255411. Accessed July 2019. I-77 Mobility Partners. Northern Section of I-77 Express Reaches One Month Milestone. Press Release. July 12, 2019. https://www.i77express.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/I-77-Express-First-Month- Usage-7.12.19.pdf. Accessed July 2019. Internet Archive Library. Full Text of the Federal-Aid Road Act, n.d. https://archive.org/stream/federalaid roadac105unit/federalaidroadac105unit_djvu.txt. Accessed July 2019. Kirk, R. Tolling U.S. Highways. Congressional Research Service, August 2016. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/ R43575.pdf. Accessed July 2019. Kirk, R., and Mallett, W. Funding and Financing Highways and Public Transportation. Congressional Research Service, September 2013. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42877.pdf. Accessed July 2019.

References 65 Kockelman, K., Podgorski, K., Bina, M., and Gadda, S. Public Perceptions of Pricing Existing Roads and Other Transportation Policies: The Texas Perspective. Presented at the 85th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., January 2006. Langman, T., Monroe, S., Tricerri, A., and Mu, J. Peer Review of U.S. Managed Lanes: Attribute Assessments and Ratings. Fitch Ratings, April 2018. https://www.ibtta.org/sites/default/files/documents/2018/201804%20 Managed%20Lanes%20Peer%20Review.pdf. Accessed May 2019. Lazo, L. Virginia to Tweak 66 Express Lanes Pricing to Address Tolls That Have Topped $47. Washington Post, April 2018. https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/trafficandcommuting/virginia-to-tweak-66-express- lanes-pricing-to-address-tolls-that-have-topped-47/2018/04/30/70441ab8-4c88-11e8-84a0-458a1aa9ac0a_ story.html?utm_term=.59aeea342abf. Accessed May 2019. Longo, A., and Titus, R. VERIFY: What Do You Get for Your Money When Using I-66 Tolls?. WUSA9, October 2018. https://www.wusa9.com/article/news/local/verify/verify-what-do-you-get-for-your-money-when- using-i-66-tolls/65-609643560. Accessed May 2019. Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. I-10 ExpressLanes/Busway Pilot Preliminary Assessment, October 2018a. https://metro.legistar.com/View.ashx?M=F&ID=6979224&GUID=8C1E08A4- EA32-47C5-81EB-CF0181A37652. Accessed May 15, 2019. Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Memorandum: Future of Metro ExpressLanes. Regular Board Meeting, April 24, 2014. https://media.metro.net/board/Items/2014/04_april/20140424 rbmitem34.pdf. Accessed May 15, 2019. Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Metro ExpressLanes: Operations Performance Report, 2018b. https://metro.legistar.com/View.ashx?M=F&ID=6679674&GUID=A2213A7B-098C-441D- A160-DF388BD7A0AA. Accessed May 15, 2019. Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Presentation Slides for Ad Hoc Congestion, Highway, and Roads Committee, January 16, 2019. https://metro.legistar.com/View.ashx?M=F&ID= 6981196&GUID=151933A3-A330-443A-8CBB-7F31DB0BE9C8. Accessed May 15, 2019. Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Procurement Summary, January 2018c. Memo- randa for Ad Hoc Congestion, Highway, and Roads Committee, January 17, 2018. https://metro.legistar. com/View.ashx?M=F&ID=5733135&GUID=B39FA3B4-1DE1-47CA-8861-6C9002C0CDE8. Accessed July 15, 2019. Lui, X., Zhang, G., Wu, Y., and Wang, Y. Measuring the Quality of Service for High Occupancy Toll Lanes. Presented at the 6th International Symposium on Highway Capacity and Quality of Service, Stockholm, Sweden, July 2011. Martinez, A. Removal of Toll Lanes on Cesar Chavez Border Highway Approved. El Paso Times, July 2017. https://www.elpasotimes.com/story/news/2017/07/27/removal-toll-lanes-cesar-chavez-border-highway- approved/516496001. Accessed July 2019. Martinez, M. No More Toll Roads in Texas? This Bill Would Eventually End All Toll Collections. Fort Worth Star Telegram, February 2019. https://www.star-telegram.com/news/politics-government/state-politics/ article226751534.html. Accessed July 2019. McWilliams, J.J., Haliburton, P., Astaiza, J.V., Kyle, G.S., and Cruz-Casas, C. South Florida Interstate 95 Express Project: Lessons Learned. Florida Department of Transportation, March 13, 2009. https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/ congestionpricing/value_pricing/pubs_reports/projectreports/sfl_95express_proj/sfl95explessonslearn. pdf. Accessed November 2019. Miller, V. I-405 Peak-Use Shoulder Lane Is Off to a Positive Start. Washington State Department of Transpor- tation, June 2017. https://wsdotblog.blogspot.com/2017/06/i-405-peak-use-shoulder-lane-is-off-to.html. Accessed July 2019. Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT). MnPASS Express Lane Financial Report, January 2018. https://www.dot.state.mn.us/govrel/reports/2018/2018-mnpass-express-lane-financial-report.pdf. Accessed July 2019. Morrill, J. N.C. House Passes Bill to Cancel I-77 Toll Contract. Charlotte Observer, June 2016. https:// www.charlotteobserver.com/news/politics-government/article81344977.html. Accessed May 2019. Morris, C. A Fix to Ease a Bottleneck on Northbound I-405. WSDOT Blog, March 2016. https://wsdotblog. blogspot.com/2016/03/a-fix-to-ease-bottleneck-on-northbound.html. Accessed July 2019. Munnich, L., and Loveland, J. Value Pricing and Public Outreach Minnesota’s Lessons Learned. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, January 2005. https://journals.sagepub.com/ doi/pdf/10.1177/0361198105193200119. Accessed May 2019. Munnich, L., Karlsson, M., and Fure, M. Designing Minnesota’s I-35E MnPASS Managed Lane Extension: Addressing Public Perceptions of a Lane Take-Away. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Trans- portation Research Board, January 2015. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.3141/2484-19. Accessed May 2019.

66 Emerging Challenges to Priced Managed Lanes Narváez, G., and Quick, K. Stakeholder Attitudes, Knowledge and Engagement in Local Road Systems Planning and Decision Making. Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT), October 2017. http://dot.state. mn.us/research/reports/2017/201739.pdf. Accessed July 2019. Neelakantan, R., and Grant, M. Advancing Multimodal Options with Pricing. ICD, Incorporated, FHWA- HOP-19-005, September 2018. Nelson, L.J. Bad Traffic in L.A.’s Toll Lanes? Blame the 25% of Drivers Who Don’t Pay to Use Them, Officials Say. Los Angeles Times, October 13, 2017. https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-toll-lane-cheating- 20170929-story.html. Accessed May 15, 2019. Ni, A. The Risk-Averting Game of Transport Public-Private Partnership: Lessons from the Adventure of California’s State Route 91 Express Lanes. Public Performance and Management Review, December 2012. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2753/PMR1530-9576360205. Accessed May 2019. North Carolina Department of Transportation. Analysis of the Mercator Policy Options. I-77 Express Lanes. Presentation Slides, February 20, 2019. https://www.ncdot.gov/projects/i-77-express-lanes/Documents/ local-advisory-group-20190220-presentation.pdf. Accessed May 15, 2019. North Carolina Department of Transportation. I-77 Mobility Partners Contract Review, 2017. https:// www.ncdot.gov/projects/i-77-express-lanes/Pages/mobility-partners-contract-review.aspx. Accessed May 15, 2019. North Central Texas Council of Governments. Express Lane and HOV Lane Policies. Policy Document from the North Central Texas Council of Governments, December 2012. https://resources.nctcog.org/trans/ committees/rtc/12.13.12.ManagedLanePolicies_AdoptedRTC_121312.express.hov.pdf. Accessed July 2019. North Central Texas Council of Governments. TEXpress Lanes Education Campaign. North Central Texas Council of Governments, n.d. https://www.nctcog.org/trans/about/educate/education-campaigns/ texpress-lanes-education-campaign. Accessed July 2019. North Central Texas Council of Governments. Tolled Managed Lane Policies. Policy Document from the North Central Council of Governments, March 10, 2016. Ochsner, N. NCDOT Lawyer Says I-77 Toll Lanes Not Meant to Alleviate Congestion During Court Argument. WBTV, February 7, 2017. https://www.wbtv.com/story/34448137/ncdot-lawyer-says-i-77-toll-lanes-not- meant-to-alleviate-congestion-during-court-argument/. Accessed July 2019. O’Donnell, C. No Tolls for I-275, FDOT Decides, but Now Its Focus Switches to I-75. Tampa Bay Times, May 2018. https://www.tampabay.com/news/transportation/No-tolls-for-I-275-FDOT-decides-but-now-its-focus- switches-to-I-75_167841597/. Accessed March 2020. Peirce, S., Petrella, M., Puckett, S., Minnice, P., and Lappin, J. Urban Partnership Agreement and Congestion Reduc- tion Demonstration Programs: Lessons Learned on Congestion Pricing from the Seattle and Atlanta Household Travel Behavior Surveys. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, April 2014. https://rosap.ntl.bts. gov/view/dot/12127. Accessed May 2019. Perez, B., Batac, T., and Vovsha, P. NCHRP Report 722: Assessing Highway Tolling and Pricing Options and Impacts. Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2012(a). http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/22701. Perez, B., Fuhs, C., Gants, C., Giordano, R., and Ungemah, D. Priced Managed Lane Guide. Report prepared by Parsons Brinckerhoff for the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Publication No. FHWA-HOP- 13-007, October 2012b. Perez, B., Giordano, R., and Stamm, H. NCHRP Report 694: Evaluation and Performance Measurement of Congestion Pricing Projects. Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.17226/13648. Perez, B. G., and Sciara, G. C. A Guide for HOT Lane Development. Publication Number FHWA-OP-03-009. Report prepared by Parsons Brinckerhoff with the Texas A&M Transportation Institute (TTI) for FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation, 2003. Pesesky, L., Matherly, D., Lane, L., Aimen, D., Deka, D., Smart, M., Agrawal, A., Brown, B., and Morris, A. NCHRP Research Report 860: Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of Toll Implementation or Rate Changes. Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/24991. Petrella, M., Puckett, S., Peirce, S., Minnice, P., and Lappin, J. Effects of an HOV-2 to HOT-3 Conversion on Traveler Behavior: Evidence from a Panel Study of the I-85 Corridor in Atlanta. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, April 2014. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/12124. Accessed May 2019. Portillo, E., and Henderson, B. Get Ready to Start Paying Tolls: DOT Chief Says State Won’t Buy Out Lanes Now. Charlotte Observer, August 2018. https://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/politics-government/ article216674435.html. Accessed May 2019. Rondinelli, D. Partnering for Development: Government-Private Sector Cooperation in Service Provision. Kumarian Press, January 2003. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254915920_PARTNERING_FOR_ DEVELOPMENT_GOVERNMENT-PRIVATE_SECTOR_COOPERATION_IN_SERVICE_PROVISION. Accessed July 2019.

References 67 Ross, R. Ensuring Equity with Priced Managed Lanes. Transportation Research Board, April 2019. http:// onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/webinars/190429.pdf. Accessed May 2019. SA Opinion Research. Focus Group Report: Attitudes Toward the State Route 85 HOT Lane. Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA), August 2008. https://www.vta.org/sites/default/files/documents/el_focus_ group.pdf. Accessed May 2019. Sanchez, T., and Brenman, M. The Right to Transportation: Moving to Equity. Routledge, Inc., Abingdon, 2008. Sciara, G., and Weinstein, A. Assessing the Equity Implications of HOT Lanes. Report prepared for the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority, November 2004. https://www.academia.edu/2909104/Assessing_ the_Equity_Implications_of_HOT_Lanes. Accessed May 2019. Streisfeld, L. Update on the Managed Lanes Guidelines for the Colorado Transportation Commission. Colorado Department of Transportation, October 2018. https://www.codot.gov/about/transportation-commission/ documents/2018-agendas-and-supporting-documents/october-2018/7-managed-lanes-discussion.pdf. Accessed July 2019. Supernak, J., Golob, J., Golob, T., Kaschade, C., Kazimi, C., Schreffler, E., and Steffey, D. I-15 Congestion Pricing Project Monitoring and Evaluation Services. Report prepared by the San Diego State University Foundation for the San Diego Association of Governments, 2001. Swanson, J., and Hampton, B. What Do People Think About Congestion Pricing? A Deliberative Dialogue with Residents of Metropolitan Washington. Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments, January 2013. https://trid.trb.org/view/1244639. Accessed May 2019. Tal, G., and Nichols, M. Exploring the Impact of High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) Lane Access on Plug-in Vehicle Sales and Usage in California. UC Institute of Transportation Studies, October 2014. https://trid.trb.org/ view/1329097. Accessed May 2019. Taylor, B. How Fair is Road Pricing? Evaluating Equity in Transportation Pricing and Finance. Bipartisan Policy Center’s National Transportation Policy Project, September 2010. https://bipartisanpolicy.org/wp-content/ uploads/2019/03/BPC-Pricing-EquityFIN.pdf. Accessed May 2019. Toor, W., and Salisbury, M. Managed Highway Lanes in Colorado: Everyone Benefits from Including Carpools and Public Transit. Southwest Energy Efficiency Project, April 2014. mojo.swenergy.org/data/sites/1/media/ documents/publications/documents/Managed_Lanes_in_CO_April_2014.pdf. Accessed May 2019. Tuss, A. ‘Highway Robbery’: Lawmakers Want I-66 Tolls Suspended. NBC4 Washington, December 2017. https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/Highway-Robbery-Lawmakers-Want-I-66-Tolls-Suspended- 462648743.html. Accessed May 2019. Villa, P. Tolls on Border Highway End Starting at Midnight Wednesday. El Paso Times, August 2017. https:// www.elpasotimes.com/story/news/traffic/2017/08/09/border-highway-toll-lanes-suspended-midnight/ 552232001/. Accessed July 2019. Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT). High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) Lanes Rules and FAQs, January 2019. http://www.virginiadot.org/travel/hov-rulesfaq.asp. Accessed May 2019. Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT). August 2018 Performance Report I-66 Express Lanes Inside the Beltway, September 2018. http://66expresslanes.org/documents/august_2018_performance_report_for_ i-66_express_lanes_inside_the_beltway.pdf. Accessed July 2019. Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT). Bottlenecks and Chokepoints: Washington Transportation Plan Update, Attachment B2, n.d.a. http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/NR/rdonlyres/A3E220FF- 5621-4F66-B115-C4A6EF1642D5/0/AttachmentB2April_BC.pdf. Accessed May 2019. Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT). I-405 Express Toll Lanes 39 Months of Operations: October 2015 – December 2018 (Report No. 18-06-0239), May 2019. https://www.wsdot.wa.gov/sites/default/ files/2019/05/13/Toll-405-ETL-39-Month-Report.pdf. Accessed July 2019. Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT). SR 167 HOT Lanes Pilot Project: Third Annual Performance Summary. Publication Number FHWA/WA-11/09-0919, April 2011. Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT). SR-167 HOT Lanes Financial and Performance Reports, n.d.b. https://www.wsdot.wa.gov/Tolling/SR167HotLanes/publications.htm. Accessed July 2019. Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT). Washington Transportation Plan Update, Phase 2 Workshop: Demand and Capacity Imbalance, Bottlenecks and Chokepoints, n.d.c. https://www.wsdot. wa.gov/NR/rdonlyres/C356DF87-8E0D-46C1-A045-3A4B061BB921/0/BottlenecksandChokepoints.PDF. Accessed May 2019. Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT). Applying for a Transponder, n.d.d. https:// www.wsdot.wa.gov/CommercialVehicle/CVISN/apply.htm. Accessed July 2019. Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT). Eastside Corridor Tolling Study. Prepared for the 2010 Washington State Legislature, January 2010. Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT). I-405 Corridor Program Final Recommendation Report, 2002.

68 Emerging Challenges to Priced Managed Lanes Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT). I-405 Express Toll Lanes Project Improvement and Performance Roundtable, September 2018a. Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT). I-405 Express Toll Lanes Between Bellevue and Lynnwood, n.d.e. https://www.wsdot.wa.gov/Tolling/405/. Accessed May 2019. Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT). I-405 Express Toll Lanes: 30 Months of Operations, March 2018b. Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT). I-405 Express Toll Lanes: 36 Months of Operations, October 2018c. Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT). Social, Economic and Environmental Justice Report: SR 167–8th Street E Vic. to S 277th Street Vic. Southbound HOT Lane, August 2008. http://citeseerx.ist.psu. edu/viewdoc/download;jsessionid=3EC57C8F60EF78F78E7C99F496E214DA?doi=10.1.1.406.6150&rep= rep1&type=pdf. Accessed May 2019. Washington State Legislature. Chapter 47.05 RCW: Priority Programming for Highway Development, n.d. https://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=47.05. Accessed May 2019. Wood, N. Handling Congestion for Dynamically Priced Managed Lanes with a Maximum Toll Cap. Presented at the 86th Annual Meeting of the International Bridge, Tunnel and Turnpike Association (IBTTA), Washington, D.C., 2019. Wood, N., Baker, T., Moran, M., Pritchard, G., Lomax, T., Steadman, M., Glover, B., and Dell, B. Managed Lanes in Texas: A Review of the Application of Congestion Pricing. Texas A&M Transportation Institute, September 2016. https://static.tti.tamu.edu/tti.tamu.edu/documents/PRC-15-47-F.pdf. Accessed May 2019. Zimmerman, C., Klein, R., Schroeder, J., Pessaro, B., Burris, M., Turnball, K., Joy, B., and Schreffler, E. Contem- porary Approaches to Congestion Pricing: Lessons Learned from the National Evaluation of Congestion Pricing Strategies at Six Sites. Publication FHWA-JPO-2015-217. FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation, 2015. Zimmerman, C., Schroeder, J., Anderson, M., Braschayko, P., Balke, K., Burris, M., Songchitruksa, P., Goodin, G., Park, S., Wood, N., Pessaro, B., Saunoi-Sandgren, E., Schreffler, E., and Joy, B. Atlanta Congestion Reduction Demonstration: National Evaluation Report. Publication Number FHWA-JPO-14-152. Report prepared by Battelle for FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation, 2014. Zmud, J., and Arce, C. NCHRP Synthesis 377: Compilation of Public Opinion Data on Tolls and Road Pricing. Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/14151.