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Suggested Citation:"Glossary." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Emerging Challenges to Priced Managed Lanes. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25924.
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Page 69

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69 The terminology guides the reader through any acronyms or industry terms used in the report. The synthesis interchangeably uses the terminology of tolling and pricing throughout the report. Traditionally, tolling generally means the practice of placing user fees on a highway or lane to generate revenue. The use of the pricing term is an attempt to convey other uses of tolling beyond revenue generation, such as actively managing the flow of traffic. Other key terms used in the report include the following: • General-purpose lane: A highway lane, set of lanes, or highway facility that is available for use by the general public without eligibility restrictions or tolls. • Managed lane: A highway lane, set of lanes, or highway facility that functions indepen- dently from general-purpose lanes, for which operational strategies such as managing access, restricting eligibility, or employing variable pricing are implemented and managed during peak periods and often in real time in response to changing conditions. • Priced managed lane: A type of managed lane that incorporates congestion pricing and lane management. Common examples include express toll lanes, variably priced lanes, and high- occupancy toll lanes. • High-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lane: A type of managed lane that primarily provides prefer- ential access for carpools, transit vehicles, and select vehicle classes (depending on the facility). HOV lanes do not have tolling. • High-occupancy toll (HOT) lane: An HOV lane that also allows lower-occupant vehicles (mostly single-occupant and sometimes two-person carpools) to use the lane by paying a toll. Carpools, transit vehicles, and select vehicle classes can use the lane without paying a toll. • Express toll lane: A type of managed lane that primarily restricts access through the use of electronic tolling. Express toll lanes typically charge all or most travelers, including carpools. However, transit is normally excluded from paying tolls. • Congestion or variable pricing: The policy of charging drivers a fee that varies according to fixed time-of-day pricing or adjusts with the level of traffic on a congested freeway or managed lane. – Fixed time-of-day pricing: A type of pricing strategy that varies the toll by a preset, estab- lished schedule of times. – Dynamic pricing: A type of pricing strategy that varies the toll price by considering real- time traffic conditions. – Toll cap: The maximum toll price for an uninterrupted trip, which can be classified as soft (adjustable) or hard (inelastic). Glossary

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There is a wide disparity between the goals that state departments of transportation (DOTs) have for priced managed lanes and the public assumption for those goals. The public tends to be highly skeptical of priced managed lanes because the concept is difficult to explain to a nontechnical audience.

The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Synthesis 559: Emerging Challenges to Priced Managed Lanes provides an overview of the state of the practice of how state DOTs address challenges to implementing tolling, or pricing, on their managed lane systems.

The synthesis entailed an extensive literature review of 60 publications and over 700 online media articles, a survey distributed to all 50 state DOTs, and a sampling of six case examples that explained specific examples of how agencies addressed challenges.

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