Frontiers in Memristive Materials for Neuromorphic Processing Applications: Proceedings of a Workshop (2020)

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Prepublication Copy—Subject to Further Editorial Correction Frontiers in Memristive Materials for Neuromorphic Processing Applications PROCEEDINGS OF A WORKSHOP Paul Timothy Beaton, Rapporteur Condensed Matter and Materials Research Committee Board on Physics and Astronomy Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION 

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 This activity was supported by Contract No. DMR-1830008 with the U.S. Department of Energy and DC- SC0019247 with the National Science Foundation. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the project. International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-XXXXX-X International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-XXXXX-X Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.17226/25938 Cover: xxx xxxxx xxx xx xxxx xx x xxxxxx Graphic Artist: xxxxxxx This publication is available in limited quantities from Board on Physics and Astronomy 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 bpa@nas.edu https://sites.nationalacademies.org/bpa Additional copies of this publication are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313; http://www.nap.edu. Copyright 2020 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Frontiers in Memristive Materials for Neuromorphic Processing Applications: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.XXXXX/25938. PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION 

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PLANNING COMMITTEE ON FRONTIERS IN MEMRISTIVE MATERIALS FOR NEUROMORPHIC PROCESSING APPLICATIONS: A WORKSHOP LESLIE MOMODA, HRL Laboratories, Chair CHARLES AHN, Yale University GIULIA GALLI, University of Chicago TOM C. LUBENSKY, NAS,1 University of Pennsylvania IVAN SCHULLER, University of California, San Diego DMITRI STRUKOV, University of California, Santa Barbara R. STANLEY WILLIAMS, Texas A&M University THOMAS A. WITTEN, University of Chicago Staff CHRISTOPHER JONES, Program Officer JAMES LANCASTER, Board Director NEERAJ P. GORKHALY, Associate Program Officer AMISHA JINANDRA, Research Associate LINDA WALKER, Program Coordinator 1 Member, National Academy of Sciences. PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION v 

CONDENSED MATTER AND MATERIALS RESEARCH COMMITTEE SUSAN COPPERSMITH, NAS,1 University of Wisconsin, Madison, Chair TOM WITTEN, University of Chicago, Vice Chair CHARLES AHN, Yale University RAYMUNDO ARROYAVE, Texas A&M University KARIN DAHMEN, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign THOMAS EPPS, University of Delaware GIULIA GALLI, University of Chicago OLIVIA A. GRAEVE, University of California, San Diego AHARON KAPITULNIK, NAS, Stanford University ANTHONY KU, National Institute of Clean and Low-Carbon Energy TOM C. LUBENSKY, NAS, University of Pennsylvania LESLIE MOMODA, HRL Laboratories PIERRE WILTZIUS, University of California, Santa Barbara KAREN WINEY, University of Pennsylvania STEVEN J. ZINKLE, University of Tennessee, Knoxville Staff CHRISTOPHER JONES, Program Officer JAMES LANCASTER, Board Director NEERAJ P. GORKHALY, Associate Program Officer AMISHA JINANDRA, Research Associate LINDA WALKER, Program Coordinator 1 Member, National Academy of Sciences. PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION vi 

BOARD ON PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ABRAHAM LOEB, Harvard University, Chair ANDREW LANKFORD, University of California, Irvine, Vice Chair MEIGAN ARONSON, University of British Columbia WILLIAM BIALEK, NAS,1 Princeton University JILL DAHLBURG, Naval Research Laboratory SALLY DAWSON, Brookhaven National Laboratory LOUIS DIMAURO, Ohio State University WENDY FREEDMAN, NAS, University of Chicago TIM HECKMAN, NAS, Johns Hopkins University WENDELL HILL III, University of Maryland ALAN HURD, Los Alamos National Laboratory CHUNG-PEI MA, University of California, Berkeley NERGIS MAVALVALA, NAS, Massachusetts Institute of Technology SUNIL SINHA, University of California, San Diego WILLIAM A. ZAJC, Columbia University Staff JAMES LANCASTER, Director GREGORY MACK, Senior Program Officer CHRISTOPHER JONES, Program Officer NEERAJ P. GORKHALY, Associate Program Officer AMISHA JINANDRA, Research Associate LINDA WALKER, Program Coordinator BETH DOLAN, Financial Associate DONALD SHAPERO, Senior Scholar 1 Member, National Academy of Sciences. PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION vii 



Acknowledgment of Reviewers This Proceedings of a Workshop was reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in making each published proceedings as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets the institutional standards for quality, objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process. We thank the following individuals for their review of this proceedings: Wei D. Lu, University of Michigan, Tom C. Lubensky, NAS,1 University of Pennsylvania, and Dana Wheeler, HRL Laboratories, LLC. Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the content of the proceedings nor did they see the final draft before its release. The review of this proceedings was overseen by David W. Johnson, Jr., NAE,2 Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies. He was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this proceedings was carried out in accordance with standards of the National Academies and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content rests entirely with the rapporteur and the National Academies. 1 Member, National Academy of Sciences. 2 Member, National Academy of Engineering. PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION ix 

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Contents 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 WORKSHOP PLENARIES 3 An Overview of Memristor Technologies, 3 RRAM: Mechanisms of Operation, 9 Neuromorphic Computing with Polymers, 17 Device Requirements and Challenges of Mixed-Signal Neuromorphic Hardware, 23 Device Architectures to Meet Neuromorphic Computing Challenges, 33 Future of Energy-Efficient Computing Based on Memristive Elements, 42 3 PANEL DISCUSSION 47 APPENDIXES A Statement of Task 57 B Workshop Agenda 58 C Workshop Participants 59 D Speaker and Planning Committee Biographical Information 63 E Acronyms 67 PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION xi