National Academies Press: OpenBook
« Previous: 11 Implications for Policy and Research
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

References

Abdullah, A., Wolfe, R., Stoelwinder, J.U., De Courten, M., Stevenson, C., Walls, H.L., and Peeters, A. (2011). The number of years lived with obesity and the risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality. International Journal of Epidemiology, 40, 4, 985-996.

Abrutyn, S., and Mueller, A.S. (2018). Toward a cultural-structural theory of suicide: Examining excessive regulation and its discontents. Sociological Theory, 36, 1, 48-66.

Acciai, A.J., Noah, A.J., and Firebaugh, G. (2015). Pinpointing the sources of the Asian mortality advantage in the United States. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 69, 10, 1006-1011.

Achenbach, J., and Keating, D. (2017). New research identifies a ‘sea of despair’ among white, working-class Americans. Washington Post. Available: https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/new-research-identifies-a-sea-of-despair-among-white-working-class-americans/2017/03/22/c777ab6e-0da6-11e7-9b0d-d27c98455440_story.html.

Adair, L.S., Gordon-Larsen, P., Du, S.F., Zhang, B., and Popkin, B.M. (2014). The emergence of cardiometabolic disease risk in Chinese children and adults: Consequences of changes in diet, physical activity and obesity. Obesity Reviews, 15, 49-59.

Adams, J.M. (2019). The value of worker well-being. Public Health, 134, 6, 583-586. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0033354919878434.

Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service. (1964). Smoking and Health: Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service (No. 1103). U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service.

AFCARS (Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System). (2017). The AFCARS Report: Preliminary FY 2016 Estimates as of Oct 20, 2017, No. 24. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children’s Bureau.

Afifi, T.O., Boman, J., Fleisher, W., and Sareen, J. (2009). The relationship between child abuse, parental divorce, and lifetime mental disorders and suicidality in a nationally representative adult sample. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33, 3, 139-147.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Loera, G., Geraghty, E.M., Ton, H., Lim, C.C., De Jonge, P., Kessler, R.C., Posada-Villa, J., Medina-Mora, M.E., Hu, C., and Fiestas, F. (2016). Associations between DSM-IV mental disorders and subsequent onset of arthritis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 82, 11-16.

Ahmad, F.B., Rossen, L.M., and Sutton, P. (2020). Provisional Drug Overdose Death Counts. National Center for Health Statistics. Available: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/drug-overdose-data.htm.

Ahmedani, B.K., Peterson, E.L., Hu, Y., Rossom, R.C., Lynch, F., Lu, C.Y., Waitzfelder, B.E., Owen-Smith, A.A., Hubley, S., Prabhakar, D., and Williams, L.K. (2017). Major physical health conditions and risk of suicide. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 53, 3, 308-315.

Alexander, M. (2010). The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New York: The New Press.

Alexander, M.J., Kiang, M.V., and Barbieri, M. (2018). Trends in black and white opioid mortality in the United States, 1979–2015. Epidemiology, 29, 5, 707-715.

Ali, B., Fisher, D.A., Miller, T.R., Lawrence, B.A., Spicer, R.S., Swedler, D.I., and Allison, J. (2019). Trends in drug poisoning deaths among adolescents and young adults in the United States, 2006-2015. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 80, 2, 201-210.

Alimujiang, A., Wiensch, A., Boss, J., Fleischer, N.L., Mondul, A.M., McLean, K., Mukherjee, B., and Pearce, C.L. (2019). Association between life purpose and mortality among US adults older than 50 years. Journal of the American Medical Association, 2, 5, e194270. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.4270.

Almond, D., and Chay, K.Y. (2006). The long-run and intergenerational impact of poor infant health: Evidence from cohorts born during the civil rights era. Monograph, University of California, Berkeley.

Almond, D., and Currie, J. (2011). Killing me softly: The fetal origins hypothesis. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 25, 3, 153-172. doi: https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.25.3.153.

Alpert, A.E., Evans, W.N., Lieber, E.M., and Powell, D. (2019). Origins of the Opioid Crisis and Its Enduring Impacts. Working Paper No. 26500. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. Available: https://www.nber.org/papers/w26500.

Alvarez, K., Fillbrunn, M., Green, J.G., Jackson, J.S., Kessler, R.C., McLaughlin, K.A., Sadikova, E., Sampson, N.A., and Alegría, M. (2019). Race/ethnicity, nativity, and lifetime risk of mental disorders in US adults. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 54, 5, 553-565.

American Lung Association. (n.d.). Overall Tobacco Trends. Available: https://www.lung.org/research/trends-in-lung-disease/tobacco-trends-brief/overall-tobacco-trends#:~:text=Long%20term%2C%20cigarette%20smoking%20rates,to%2013.7%20percent%20in%202018.

American Psychiatric Association. (2018). Warning Signs of Mental Illness. Available: https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/warning-signs-of-mental-illness.

Anand, P. (2017). Health insurance costs and employee compensation: Evidence from the National Compensation Survey. Health Economics, 26, 12, 1601-1616.

Anda, R.F., Whitfield, C.L., Felitti, V.J., Chapman, D., Edwards, V.J., Dube, S.R., and Williamson, D.F. (2002). Adverse childhood experiences, alcoholic parents, and later risk of alcoholism and depression. Psychiatric Services, 53, 8, 1001-1009.

Anda, R.F., Felitti, V.J., Bremner, J.D., Walker, J.D., Whitfield, C.H., Perry, B.D., Dube, S.R., and Giles, W.H. (2006). The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 256, 3, 174-186.

Anderson, R.N., Copeland, G., and Hayes, J.M. (2014). Linkages to improve mortality data for American Indians and Alaska Natives: A new model for death reporting. American Journal of Public Health, 104, Suppl. 3, S258-S262.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

Andrasfay, T., and Goldman, N. (2021). Reductions in 2020 US life expectancy due to COVID-19 and the disproportionate impact on the Black and Latino populations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118, 5. doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2014746118.

Andreyeva, E., and Ukert, B. (2018). The impact of the minimum wage on health. International Journal of Health Economics and Management, 18, 4, 337-375.

Andrilla, C.H.A., Patterson, D.G., Garberson, L.A., Coulthard, C., and Larson, E.H. (2018). Geographic variation in the supply of selected behavioral health providers. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 54, 6, S199-S207.

Anestis, M.D., and Anestis, J.C. (2015). Suicide rates and state laws regulating access and exposure to handguns. American Journal of Public Health, 105, 2049–2058. doi: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302753.

Anestis, M.D., Selby, E.A., and Butterworth, S.E. (2017). Rising longitudinal trajectories in suicide rates: The role of firearm suicide rates and firearm legislation. Preventive Medicine, 100, 159-166. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.04.032.

Antonisse, L., Garfield, R., Rudowitz, R., and Artiga, S. (2018). The Effects of Medicaid Expansion under the ACA: Updated Findings from a Literature Review. Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Available: http://files.kff.org/attachment/Issue-Brief-The-Effects-of-Medicaid-Expansion-Under-the-ACA-Updated-Findings-from-a-Literature-Review.

Arias, E. (2012). United States life tables, 2008. National Vital Statistics Reports, 61, 3.

———. (2014). United States life tables, 2014. National Vital Statistics Reports, 63, 7.

Arias, E., and Xu, J. (2018). United States life tables, 2015. National Vital Statistics Reports, 67, 7.

———. (2019). United States life tables, 2017. National Vital Statistics Reports, 68, 7.

Arias, E., Heron, M., and Hakes, J.K. (2016). The validity of race and Hispanic-origin reporting on death certificates in the United States: An update. National Vital Statistics Reports, 2, 172.

Arias, E., Heron, M., and Xu, J.Q. (2017). United States life tables, 2013. National Vital Statistics Reports, 66, 3.

Arias, E., Rostron, B.L., and Tejada-Vera, B. (2010). United States life tables, 2005. National Vital Statistics Reports, 58, 10.

Arias, E., Xu, J., and Jim, M.A. (2014). Period life tables for the non-Hispanic American Indian and Alaska Native population, 2007-2009. American Journal of Public Health, 104, Suppl. 3, S312-S319.

Arias, E., Xu, J., and Kochanek, K.D. (2019). United States life tables, 2016. National Vital Statistics Reports, 68, 4.

Armstrong, G.T., Chen, Y., Yasui, Y., Leisenring, W., Gibson, T.M., Mertens, A.C., Stovall, M., Oeffinger, K.C., Bhatia, S., Krull, K.R., and Nathan, P.C. (2016). Reduction in late mortality among 5-year survivors of childhood cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 374, 9, 833-842. Available: https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/nejmoa1510795.

Arriaga, E.E. (1984). Measuring and explaining the change in life expectancies. Demography, 21, 83-96.

Asarnow, J.R., Babeva, K., and Horstmann, E. (2017). The emergency department: Challenges and opportunities for suicide prevention. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics, 26, 4, 771-783.

ASPE (Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation). (2005). Effects of Health Care Spending on the U.S. Economy. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Available: https://aspe.hhs.gov/system/files/pdf/73581/report.pdf.

Assari, S. (2016). Black Americans May Be More Resilient to Stress Than White Americans. University of Michigan Institute for Health Care Policy and Innovation. Available: https://ihpi.umich.edu/news/black-americans-may-be-more-resilient-stress-white-americans.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

Auerbach, J., and Miller, B.F. (2018). Deaths of despair and building a national resilience strategy. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 24, 4, 297-300. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0000000000000835.

Auger, N., Feuillet, P., Martel, S., Lo, E., Barry, A.D., and Harper, S. (2014). Mortality inequality in populations with equal life expectancy: Arriaga’s decomposition method in SAS, Stata, and Excel. Annals of Epidemiology, 24, 575-580.

Autor, D. (2010). The Polarization of Job Opportunities in the U.S. Labor Market. Washington, DC: The Center for American Progress and the Hamilton Project. Available: https://www.hamiltonproject.org/assets/legacy/files/downloads_and_links/The_Polarization_of_Job_Opportunities_in_the_US_Labor_Market-_Implications_for_Employment_and_Earnings.pdf.

Autor, D.H., Dorn, D., and Hanson, G.H. (2019). When work disappears: Manufacturing decline and the falling marriage market value of young men. American Economic Review: Insights, 1, 2, 161-178.

Autor, D.H., Dorn, D., Hanson, G.H., and Song, J. (2013). Trade adjustment: Worker level evidence. Working Paper No. 13-21, Social Science Research Network. Available: http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2323054.

Avendano, M., and Kawachi, I. (2014). Why do Americans have shorter life expectancy and worse health than do people in other high-income countries? Annual Review of Public Health, 35, 307-325.

Backlund, E., Sorlie, P.D., and Johnson, N.J. (1996). The shape of the relationship between income and mortality in the United States. Evidence from the National Longitudinal Mortality Study. Annals of Epidemiology, 6, 1, 12-22. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/1047-2797(95)00090-9.

Backlund, E., Rowe, G., Lynch, J., Wolfson, M.C., Kaplan, G.A., and Sorlie, P.D. (2007). Income inequality and mortality: A multilevel prospective study of 521,248 individuals in 50 US states. International Journal of Epidemiology, 36, 3, 590-596. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dym012.

Bailey, C., Jensen, L., and Ransom, E. (Eds.). (2014). Rural America in a Globalizing World: Problems and Prospects for the 2010s. West Virginia University Press.

Baines, L., Jones, A., and Christiansen, P. (2016). Hopelessness and alcohol use: The mediating role of drinking motives and outcome expectancies. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 4, 65-69.

Baldwin, G. (2015). Overview of the Public Health Burden of Prescription Drug and Heroin Overdoses. Available: https://www.fda.gov/media/93249/download.

Bambra, C., and Beckfield, J. (2012). Institutional Arrangements as Candidate Explanations for the US Mortality Disadvantage. Background report prepared for the National Academy of Sciences/Institute of Medicine Panel on International Differences in Mortality. Available: https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jbeckfield/files/bambra_and_beckfield_2012.pdf.

Banerjee, A., Khandelwal, S., Nambiar, L., Saxena, M., Peck, V., Moniruzzaman, M., Faria Neto, J.R., Quinto, K.C., Smyth, A., Leong, D., and Werba, J.P. (2016). Health system barriers and facilitators to medication adherence for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review. Open Heart, 3, 2, e000438. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2016-000438.

Barker, D.J.P. (2004). The developmental origins of adult disease. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 23, Suppl 6, 588S-595S. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2004.10719428.

Barnes, D.M., and Bates, L.M. (2017). Do racial patterns in psychological distress shed light on the Black–White depression paradox? A systematic review. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 52, 8, 913-928.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

Baroletti, S., and Dell’Orfano, H. (2010). Medication adherence in cardiovascular disease. Circulation, 121, 12, 1455-1458. doi: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.904003.

Basu, S., Vellakkal, S., Agrawal, S., Stuckler, D., Popkin, B., and Ebrahim, S. (2014). Averting obesity and type 2 diabetes in India through sugar-sweetened beverage taxation: An economic-epidemiologic modeling study. PLoS Medicine, 11, 1. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001582. PMID: 2440910211.

Bauer, M.S., Damschroder, L., Hagedorn, H., Smith, J., and Kilbourne, A.M. (2015). An introduction to implementation science for the non-specialist. BioMed Central Psychology, 3, 32. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-015-0089-9.

Bearman, P.S. (1991). The social structure of suicide. Sociological Forum, 6, 3, 501-524.

Beck, A.T., Weissman, A., Lester, D., and Trexler, L. (1974). The measurement of pessimism: The hopelessness scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 6, 861-865. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0037562.

Becker, G., and Murphy, K. (1988). A theory of rational addiction. Journal of Political Economy, 96(4), 675-700. Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1830469.

Beckfield, J. (2004). Does income inequality harm health? New cross-national evidence. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 45, 3, 231-248. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/002214650404500301.

Beckfield, J., and Bambra, C. (2016). Shorter lives in stingier states: Social policy shortcomings help explain the US mortality disadvantage. Social Science & Medicine, 171, 30-38.

Ben-Shlomo, Y., and Kuh, D. (2002). A life course approach to chronic disease epidemiology: Conceptual models, empirical challenges and interdisciplinary perspectives. International Journal of Epidemiology, 31, 2, 285-293.

Ben-Shlomo, Y., White, I.R., and Marmot, M. (1996). Does the variation in the socioeconomic characteristics of an area affect mortality? British Medical Journal, 312, 7037, 1013-1014. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.312.7037.1013.

Berkman, L.F., Glass, T., Brissette, I., and Seeman, T.E. (2000). From social integration to health: Durkheim in the new millennium. Social Science & Medicine, 51, 6, 843-857.

Bernstein, L. (2016). U.S. life expectancy declines for the first time since 1993. Washington Post. Available: https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/us-life-expectancy-declines-for-the-first-time-since-1993/2016/12/07/7dcdc7b4-bc93-11e6-91ee1adddfe36cbe_story.html.

———. (2018). U.S. life expectancy declines again, a dismal trend not seen since World War I. Washington Post. Available: https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/us-life-expectancy-declines-again-a-dismal-trend-not-seen-since-world-war-i/2018/11/28/ae58bc8c-f28c-11e8-bc79-68604ed88993_story.html.

Bernstein, L., and Achenbach, J. (2015). A group of middle-age whites in the U.S. is dying at a startling rate. Washington Post. Available: https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/a-group-of-middle-age-american-whites-is-dying-at-a-startlingrate/2015/11/02/47a63098-8172-11e5-8ba6-cec48b74b2a7_story.html.

Berrington de Gonzalez, A., Hartge, P., Cerhan, J.R., Flint, A.J., Hannan, L., MacInnis, R.J., Moore, S.C., Tobias, G.S., Anton-Culver, H., Freeman, L.B., and Beeson, W.L. (2010). Body-mass index and mortality among 1.46 million white adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 363, 23, 2211-2219.

Betz, M.R., and Jones, L.E. (2018). Wage and employment growth in America’s drug epidemic: Is all growth created equal? American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 100, 5, 1357-1374. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aay069.

Bever, L. (2019, August 27). Heart disease progress is slowing or stalling, study says. Obesity is likely to blame. Washington Post. Available: https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2019/08/27/heart-disease-progress-is-slowing-or-stalling-study-shows-obesity-likely-blame.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

Bhutta, C.B. (2012). Local Health Department Job Losses and Program Cuts: Findings from January 2012 Survey. National Association of County and City Health Officials. Available: https://www.naccho.org/uploads/downloadable-resources/Overview-Report-Final-Revised.pdf.

Bianchi, S.M. (2011). Changing families, changing workplaces. Future of Children, 21, 2, 15-36.

Bicket, M.C., Long, J.J., Pronovost, P.J., Alexander, G.C., and Wu, C.L. (2017). Prescription opioid analgesics commonly unused after surgery: A systematic review. JAMA Surgery, 152, 11, 1066-1071. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2017.0831.

Biddle, J. (2007). Lessons from the Vioxx debacle: What the privatization of science can teach us about social epistemology. Social Epistemology, 21, 1, 21-39.

Bilinski, A., and Emanuel, E.J. (2020). COVID-19 and excess all-cause mortality in the US and 18 comparison countries. Journal of the American Medical Association, 324, 20, 2100-2102. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.20717.

Bitler, M.P., and Currie, J. (2005). Does WIC work? The effects of WIC on pregnancy and birth outcomes. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 24, 1, 73-91.

Blacksher, E. (2018). Shrinking poor white life spans: Class, race, and health justice. The American Journal of Bioethics, 18, 10, 3-14.

———. (2019, July 18). Concepts of “Whiteness” and the Potential Relevance of Race/Racism as It Relates to Midlife Mortality. Presentation to the Committee on Rising Midlife Mortality Rates and Socioeconomic Disparities, Meeting 3, NASEM Keck Center, Washington, DC.

Blanchflower, D.G., and Oswald, A.J. (2020). Trends in extreme distress in the United States, 1993-2019. American Journal of Public Health, 110, 10, 1538-1544. doi: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305811.

Blecher, E. (2015). Taxes on tobacco, alcohol and sugar sweetened beverages: Linkages and lessons learned. Social Science & Medicine, 136, 175-179.

Bleich, S., Cutler, D., Murray, C., and Adams, A. (2008). Why is the developed world obese? Annual Review of Public Health, 29, 273-295. doi: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090954.

Bloemen, H., Hochguertel, S., and Zweerink, J. (2018). Job loss, firm-level heterogeneity and mortality: Evidence from administrative data. Journal of Health Economics, 59, 78-90. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2018.03.005.

Bogdanich, W., and Forsythe, M. (2020, November 27). McKinsey proposed paying pharmacy companies rebates for OxyContin overdoses. New York Times. Available: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/27/business/mckinsey-purdue-oxycontin-opioids.html.

Bohnert, A., Walton, M.A., Cunningham, R.M., Ilgen, M.A., Barry, K., Chermack, S.T., and Blow, F.C. (2018). Overdose and adverse drug event experiences among adult patients in the emergency department. Addictive Behaviors, 86, 66–72. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.11.030.

Borgschulte, M., and Vogler, J. (2019). Did the ACA Medicaid expansion save lives? IZA Discussion Paper No. 12552. Bonn, Germany: Institute of Labor Economics. Available: http://ftp.iza.org/dp12552.pdf.

Branson, R. (2012).War on Drugs a Trillion-Dollar Failure. CNN Opinion. Available: https://www.cnn.com/2012/12/06/opinion/branson-end-war-on-drugs.

Braveman, P., and Tarimo, E. (2002). Social inequalities in health within countries: Not only an issue for affluent nations. Social Science & Medicine, 54, 11, 1621-1635. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(01)00331-8.

Braveman, P., Egerter, S., and Williams, D.R. (2011). The social determinants of health: Coming of age. Annual Review of Public Health, 32, 381-398.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

Bray, G.A., Nielsen, S.J., and Popkin, B.M. (2004). Consumption of high-fructose corn syrup in beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 79, 4, 537-543.

Breslau, J., Kendler, K.S., Su, M., Gaxiola-Aguilar, S., and Kessler, R.C. (2005). Lifetime risk and persistence of psychiatric disorders across ethnic groups in the United States. Psychological Medicine, 35, 3, 317-327.

Briesacher, B., Limcangco, R., and Gaskin, D. (2003). Racial/ethnic disparities in prescription coverage and medication use. Health Care Financing Review, 25, 2, 63-76.

Brignone, E., George, D.R., Sinoway, L., Katz, C., Sauder, C., Murray, A., Gladden, R., and Kraschnewski, J.L. (2020). Trends in the diagnosis of diseases of despair in the United States, 2009-2018: A retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open, 10, 10, e037679. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037679.

Briss, P.A., Rodewald, L.E., Hinman, A.R., Shefer, A.M., Strikas, R.A., Bernier, R.R., Carande-Kulis, V.G., Yusuf, H.R., Ndiaye, S.M., Williams, S.M., and Task Force on Community Preventive Services. (2000). Reviews of evidence regarding interventions to improve vaccination coverage in children, adolescents, and adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 18, 1, 97-140.

Brown, D.L., and Schafft, K.A. (2018). Rural People and Communities in the 21st Century: Resilience & Transformation. Second Edition. Cambridge, England: Polity Press.

Brown, D.L., and Swanson, L.E. (Eds.). (2003). Rural America enters the new millennium. In Challenges for Rural America in the Twenty-First Century (pp. 1-15). University Park: Penn State University Press.

Brown, D.W., Anda, R.F., Tiemeier, H., Felitti, V.J., Edwards, V.J., Croft, J.B., and Giles, W.H. (2009). Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of premature mortality. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 37, 5, 389-396.

Brown, D.W., Anda, R.F., Felitti, V.J., Edwards, V.J., Malarcher, A.M., Croft, J.B., and Giles, W.H. (2010). Adverse childhood experiences are associated with the risk of lung cancer: A prospective cohort study. BioMed Central Public Health, 10, 1, 20.

Browning, M., and Heinesen, E. (2012). Effect of job loss due to plant closure on mortality and hospitalization. Journal of Health Economics, 31, 4, 599-616. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2012.03.001.

Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2019). Labor force characteristics by race and ethnicity, 2018. BLS Report 1082. Washington, DC. Available: https://www.bls.gov/opub/reports/race-and-ethnicity/2018/home.htm.

Burke, A.K., Galfalvy, H., Everett, B., Currier, D., Zelazny, J., Oquendo, M.A., Melhem, N.M., Kolko, D., Harkavy-Friedman, J.M., Birmaher, B., and Stanley, B. (2010). Effect of exposure to suicidal behavior on suicide attempt in a high-risk sample of offspring of depressed parents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49, 2, 114-121.

Burtless, G., and Milusheva, S. (2013). Effects of employer-sponsored health insurance costs on Social Security taxable wages. Social Security Bulletin, 73, 1, 83-108.

Burton, L.M., Lichter, D.T., Baker, R.S., and Eason, J.M. (2013). Inequality, family processes, and health in the “new” rural America. American Behavioral Scientist, 57, 8, 1128-1151.

Buxbaum, J.D., Chernew, M.E., Fendrick, A.M., and Cutler, D.M. (2020). Contributions of public health, pharmaceuticals, and other medical care to US life expectancy changes, 1990-2015. Health Affairs, 39, 9, 1546-1556.

Byers, A.L., Lai, A.X., Nelson, C., and Yaffe, K. (2017). Predictors of mental health services use across the life course among racially–ethnically diverse adults. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 25, 11, 1213-1222.

Byrnes, M., and Gerberich, S. (2012). Motorcycle helmet use and legislation: A systematic review of the literature. Minnesota Medicine, 95, 1, 60-65.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

Cacioppo, J.T., and Hawkley, L.C. (2003). Social isolation and health, with an emphasis on underlying mechanisms. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 46, 3, S39-S52.

Campbell, J.A., Walker, R.J., and Egede, L.E. (2016). Associations between adverse childhood experiences, high-risk behaviors, and morbidity in adulthood. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 50, 3, 344-352.

Cano, M., and Huang, Y. (2020). Overdose deaths involving psychostimulants with abuse potential, excluding cocaine: State-level differences and the role of opioids. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 108384. Advance online publication. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108384.

Cao, B. (2015). Estimating the effects of obesity and weight change on mortality using a dynamic causal model. PLoS ONE, 10, 6, e0129946. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129946.

Carlo, A.D., Barnett, B.S., and Frank, R.G. (2020) Behavioral health parity efforts in the US. Journal of the American Medical Association, 324, 5, 447-448. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.3505.

Carpenter, C. (2004). Heavy alcohol use and youth suicide: Evidence from tougher drunk driving laws. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 23, 4, 831-842. Available: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pam.20049.

Carpenter, C., and Dobkin, C. (2009). The effect of alcohol consumption on mortality: Regression discontinuity evidence from the minimum drinking age. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 1, 1, 164-182. doi: https://doi.org/10.1257/app.1.1.164.

Carpenter, C.S., Kloska, D.D., O’Malley, P.R., and Johnston, L.D. (2007). Alcohol control policies and youth alcohol consumption: Evidence from 28 years of monitoring the future. The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy, 7. Available: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Alcohol-Control-Policies-and-Youth-Alcohol-Evidence-Carpenter-Kloska/c3ee2b1b73f5158f3cbc2d129097d60552725a3e.

Carr, P.J., and Kefalas, M.J. (2009). Hollowing Out the Middle: The Rural Brain Drain and What It Means for America. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.

Case, A., and Deaton, A. (2015). Rising morbidity and mortality in midlife among white non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st century. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112, 49, 15078-15083.

———. (2017). Mortality and morbidity in the 21st century. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1, 397-476. Available: https://data.nber.org/mortality-and-morbidity-in-the-21st-century/casetextsp17bpea.pdf.

———. (2018). Deaths of Despair Redux: A Response to Christopher Ruhm. Available: https://scholar.princeton.edu/deaton/publications/deaths-despair-redux-responsechristopher-ruhm.

———. (2020). Deaths of Despair and the Future of Capitalism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Casper, L.M., and Bianchi, S.M. (2001). Continuity and Change in the American Family. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Caspi, C.E., Sorensen, G., Subramanian, S.V., and Kawachi, I. (2012). The local food environment and diet: A systematic review. Health and Place, 18, 1172-1187.

Cassidy, J. (2015). Why Did the Death Rate Rise Among Middle-age White Americans? New Yorker. Available: https://www.newyorker.com/news/john-cassidy/why-is-the-deathrate-rising-among-middle-age-white-americans.

Catalano, R., Goldman-Mellor, S., Saxton, K., Margerison-Zilko, C., Subbaraman, M., LeWinn, K., and Anderson, E. (2011). The health effects of economic decline. Annual Review of Public Health, 32(1), 431-450.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

Cavanagh, S.E., and Fomby, P. (2019). Family instability in the lives of American children. Annual Review of Sociology, 45, 493-513.

CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). (2019). Preventing Adverse Childhood Experiences: Leveraging the Best Available Evidence. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available: https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/preventingACES.pdf [April 2020].

———. (2020a). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): People with Certain Medical Conditions. Updated 9/11/2020. Available: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-with-medical-conditions.html [9/15/2020].

———. (2020b). Underlying cause of death 1999-2018. CDC WONDER Online Database, National Center for Health Statistics. Data are from the Multiple Cause of Death Files, 1999-2018, as compiled from data provided by the 57 vital statistics jurisdictions through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program. Available: http://wonder.cdc.gov/ucd-icd10.html.

———. (2020c). Weekly Updates by Select Demographic and Geographic Characteristics: Provisional Death Counts for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Available: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/covid_weekly/index.htm [9/15/2020].

_____. (2021). COVID Data Tracker. Available: https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#cases_casesper100klast7days

Cerel, J., Maple, M., van de Venne, J., Moore, M., Flaherty, C., and Brown, M. (2016). Exposure to suicide in the community: Prevalence and correlates in one US state. Public Health Reports, 131, 1, 100-107.

Chandola, T., Brunner, E., and Marmot, M. (2006). Chronic stress at work and the metabolic syndrome: Prospective study. BMJ, 332, 7540, 521-525. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38693.435301.80.

Chandola, T., Britton, A., Brunner, E., Hemingway, H., Malik, M., Kumari, M., Badrick, E., Kivimaki, M., and Marmot, M. (2008). Work stress and coronary heart disease: What are the mechanisms? European Heart Journal, 29, 5, 640-648. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehm584.

Chao, A.M., Jastreboff, A.M., White, M.A., Grilo, C.M., and Sinha, R. (2017). Stress, cortisol, and other appetite-related hormones: Prospective prediction of 6-month changes in food cravings and weight. Obesity, 25, 4, 713-720.

Charlebois, S., Tamilia, R.D., and Labrecque, J. (2007). Food marketing and obesity: A public policy and channels perspective. Innovative Marketing, 3, 1, 83-99. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265318160_Food_marketing_A_public_policy_and_channels_perspective.

Chauvel, L., Leist, A.K., and Ponomarenko, V. (2016). Testing persistence of cohort effects in the epidemiology of suicide: An age-period-cohort hysteresis model. PloS One, 11, 7, e0158538. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158538.

Chen, V.T. (2015). Cut Loose: Jobless and Hopeless in an Unfair Economy. Oakland: University of California Press.

Chen, J.T., and Krieger, N. (2020). Revealing the unequal burden of COVID-19 by income, race and ethnicity, and household crowding: US county vs. ZIP code analyses. Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies Working Paper Series, 19, 1. Available: https://cdn1.sph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/1266/2020/04/HCPDS_Volume-19_No_1_20_covid19_RevealingUnequalBurden_HCPDSWorkingPaper_04212020-1.pdf.

Chen, Y., and Sloan, F.A. (2015). Explaining disability trends in the US elderly and near-elderly population. Health Services Research, 50, 5, 1528-1549.

Cheng, K.J.G., Sun, Y., and Monnat, S.M. (2020). COVID-19 death rates are higher in rural counties with larger shares of Blacks and Hispanics. The Journal of Rural Health. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12511.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

Cheng, T.J., Lin, C.Y., Lu, T.H., and Kawachi, I. (2012). Reporting of incorrect cause-of-death causal sequence on death certificates in the USA: Using hypertension and diabetes as an educational illustration. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 88, 1046, 690-693. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2012-130912.

Cheng, T.J., Lu, T.H., and Kawachi, I. (2012). State differences in the reporting of diabetes-related incorrect cause-of-death causal sequences on death certificates. Diabetes Care, 35, 7, 1572-1574. doi: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc11-2156.

Cherlin, A.J. (2009). Marriage, Divorce, Remarriage. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

———. (2014). Labor’s Love Lost: The Rise and Fall of the Working-Class Family in America. New York: Russell Sage.

———. (2018). Psychological health and socioeconomic status among non-Hispanic whites: Commentary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115, 28, 7176-7178.

———. (2019, April 30). Understanding Family Structure and the Life Course. Presentation to the Committee on Rising Midlife Mortality Rates and Socioeconomic Disparities, Meeting 2, NASEM Keck Center, Washington, DC.

Chernew, M.E., Hirth, R.A., and Cutler, D.M. (2009). Increased spending on health care: Long-term implications for the nation. Health Affairs, 28, 5, 1253-1255.

Cherpitel, C.J., Borges, G.L., and Wilcox, H.C. (2004). Acute alcohol use and suicidal behavior: A review of the literature. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 28, 18S-28S.

Chetty, R., Hendren, N., and Katz, L.F. (2016). The effects of exposure to better neighborhoods on children: New evidence from the Moving to Opportunity experiment. American Economic Review, 106, 4, 855-902. Available: https://www.nber.org/papers/w21156.

Chetty, R., Stepner, M., Abraham, S., Lin, S., Scuderi, B., Turner, N., Bergeron, A., and Cutler, D. (2016). The association between income and life expectancy in the United States, 2001-2014. Journal of the America Medical Association, 315, 16, 1750-1766.

Chetty, R., Grusky, D., Hell, M., Hendren, N., Manduca, R., and Narang, J. (2017). The fading American dream: Trends in absolute income mobility since 1940. Science, 356, 6336, 398-406.

Chetty, R., Hendren, N., Jones, M.R., and Porter, S.R. (2020). Race and economic opportunity in the United States: An intergenerational perspective. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 135, 2, 711-783.

Child Trends DataBank. (2015). Family Structure: Indicators on Children and Youth. Available: https://www.childtrends.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/59_Family_Structure.pdf.

Choi, N.G., DiNitto, D.M., Marti, C.N., and Choi, B.Y. (2017). Association of adverse childhood experiences with lifetime mental and substance use disorders among men and women aged 50+ years. International Psychogeriatrics, 29, 3, 359-372.

Choi, S.H., Stommel, M., Ling, J., Noonan, D., and Chung, J. (2020). The impact of smoking and multiple health behaviors on all-cause mortality. Behavioral Medicine. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/08964289.2020.1796570.

Chorniy, A., Currie, J., and Sonchak, L. (2020). Does prenatal WIC participation improve child outcomes? American Journal of Health Economics, 6, 2, 169-198.

Christian, T.J. (2012). Trade-offs between commuting time and health-related activities. Journal of Urban Health, 89, 5, 746-757.

Christie, C., Baker, C., Cooper, R., Kennedy, P. J., Madras, B., and Bondi, P. (2017, November 1). The President’s Commission on Combating Drug Addiction and the Opioid Crisis: Final Report. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office. Available: https://houstonrecoverycenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Presidents-Commission-Final-Report.pdf.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

Chu C., Buchman-Schmitt, J.M., Stanley, I.H., Hom, M.A., Tucker, R.P., Hagan, C.R., Rogers, M.L., Podlogar, M.C., Chiurliza, B., Ringer, F.B., Michaels, M.S., Patros, C.H.G., and Joiner, T.E. (2017). The interpersonal theory of suicide: A systematic review and meta-analysis of a decade of cross-national research. Psychological Bulletin, 143, 12, 1313-1345.

Church, T., and Martin, C.K. (2018). The obesity epidemic: A consequence of reduced energy expenditure and the uncoupling of energy intake? Obesity, 26, 1, 14-16. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22072.

Ciccarone, D. (2019). The triple wave epidemic: Supply and demand drivers of the U.S. opioid overdose crisis. International Journal of Drug Policy, 71, 183-188.

Cicero, T.J., and Ellis, M.S. (2015). Abuse-deterrent formulations and the prescription opioid abuse epidemic in the United States: Lessons learned from OxyContin. JAMA Psychiatry, 72, 5, 424-430. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.3043.

Cicero, T.J., Ellis, M.S., and Kasper, Z.A. (2017). Increased use of heroin as an initiating opioid of abuse. Addictive Behaviors, 74, 63-66. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.05.030.

Clark, M. (2011). Conceptualising addiction: How useful is the construct? International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 1, 13, 55-64.

Classen, T.J., and Dunn, R.A. (2012). The effect of job loss and unemployment duration on suicide risk in the United States: A new look using mass-layoffs and unemployment duration. Health Economics, 21, 3, 338-350. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.1719.

Clemans-Cope, L., Epstein, M., and Kenney, G.M. (2017). Rapid Growth in Medicaid Spending on Medications to Treat Opioid Use Disorder and Overdose. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.

Clemens, J., and Cutler, D.M. (2014). Who pays for public employee health costs? Journal of Health Economics, 38, 65-76.

Clement, S., Schauman, O., Graham, T., Maggioni, F., Evans-Lacko, S., Bezborodovs, N., Morgan, C., Rüsch, N., Brown, J.S., and Thornicroft, G. (2015). What is the impact of mental health-related stigma on help-seeking? A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies. Psychological Medicine, 45, 1, 11-27. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291714000129.

Cobb, L.K., Appel, L.J., Franco, M., Jones-Smith, J.C., Nur, A., and Anderson, C.A. (2015). The relationship of the local food environment with obesity: A systematic review of methods, study quality, and results. Obesity, 23, 7, 1331-1344.

Cohen, P.N., and Casper, L.M. (2002). In whose home? Multigenerational families in the United States, 1998-2000. Sociological Perspectives, 45, 1, 1-20.

Cohen, S., and Janicki-Deverts, D. (2009). Can we improve our physical health by altering our social networks? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4, 4, 375-379.

Cokkinides, V.E., Halpern, M.T., Barbeau, E.M., Ward, E., and Thun, M.J. (2008). Racial/ethnic disparities in smoking-cessation interventions: Analysis of the 2005 National Health Interview Survey. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 34, 5, 404-412.

Cole, M.B., Galárraga, O., Wilson, I.B., Wright, B., and Trivedi, A.N. (2017). At federally funded health centers, Medicaid expansion was associated with improved quality of care. Health Affairs, 36, 1, 40-48.

Community Guide. (2020a). CPSTF Findings for Obesity. Department of Health and Human Services. Available: https://www.thecommunityguide.org/content/task-force-findings-obesity [September 2020].

———. (2020b). CPSTF Findings for Physical Activity. Department of Health and Human Services. Available: https://www.thecommunityguide.org/content/task-force-findings-physical-activity [September 2020].

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

Conejero, I., Lopez-Castroman, J., Giner, L., and Baca-Garcia, E. (2016). Sociodemographic antecedent validators of suicidal behavior: A review of recent literature. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18, 94. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-016-0732-z.

Congressional Budget Office. (2017). Approaches to Changing Military Health Care. Available: https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/115th-congress-2017-2018/reports/53137-approachestochangingmilitaryhealthcare.pdf.

Connery, H.S. (2015). Medication-assisted treatment of opioid use disorder: Review of the evidence and future directions. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 23, 2, 63-75. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/HRP.0000000000000075.

Creamer, M.R., Wang, T.W., Babb, S., Cullen, K.A., Day, H., Willis, G., Jamal, A., and Neff, L. (2019). Tobacco product use and cessation indicators among adults—United States, 2018. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 68, 45, 1013-1019. doi: https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6845a2.

Crimmins, E.M., and Saito, Y. (2001). Trends in healthy life expectancy in the United States, 1970-1990: Gender, racial, and educational differences. Social Science & Medicine, 52, 1629-1641.

Crump, C., and Howell, E. (2019). Perinatal origins of cardiovascular health disparities across the life course. JAMA Pediatrics, 174, 2, 113-114.

Cuéllar, M.F., and Humphreys, K.N. (2019). The political economy of the opioid epidemic. Yale Law & Policy Review, 38, 1.

Currie, J. (2001). Early childhood education programs. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 15, 2, 213-238.

———. (2009). Policy interventions to address child health disparities: Moving beyond health insurance. Pediatrics, 124, Suppl 3, S246-S254.

Currie, J., and Madrian, B.C. (1999). Health, health insurance and the labor market. Handbook of Labor Economics, 3, 3309-3416.

Currie, J., and Schwandt, H. (2016). Mortality inequality: The good news from a county-level approach. Journal of Economy Perspectives, 30, 2, 29-52. doi: https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.30.2.29.

Currie, J., Jin, J.Y., and Schnell, M. (2019). U.S. Employment and Opioids: Is There a Connection? NBER Working Paper No. 24440. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. Available: https://www.nber.org/papers/w24440.

Curtin, S.C., and Arias, E. (2019). Mortality trends by race and ethnicity among adults aged 25 and over: United States, 2000-2017. NCHS Data Brief, 342.

Cutler, D. (2004). Your Money or Your Life: Strong Medicine for America’s Healthcare System. Oxford University Press.

———. (2008). Are we finally winning the war on cancer? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 22, 4, 3-26. doi: https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.22.4.3.

Cutler, D., Deaton, A., and Lleras-Muney, A. (2006). The determinants of mortality. Journal of Economic Perspectives 20, 3, 97-120.

Cutler, D., Glaeser, E.L., and Shapiro, J.M. (2003). Why have Americans become more obese? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 17, 3, 93-118.

Cutler, D., Meara, E., and Richards-Shubik, S. (2011). Health shocks and disability transitions among near-elderly workers. Boston College Retirement Research Center Working Paper, 11-08.

Czeisler, M.É., Lane, R.I., Petrosky, E., Wiley, J.F., Christensen, A., Njai, R., Weaver, M.D., Robbins, R., Facer-Childs, E.R., Barger, L.K., Czeisler, C.A., Howard, M.E., and Rajaratnam, S. (2020). Mental health, substance use, and suicidal ideation during the COVID-19 pandemic—United States, June 24-30, 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69, 32, 1049-1057. doi: https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6932a1.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

Daniels, N., Kennedy, B., and Kawachi, I. (2000). Is Inequality Bad for Our Health? Boston, MA: Beacon Press.

Darke, S., Farrell, M., Duflou, J., Larance, B., and Lappin, J. (2019). Circumstances of death of opioid users being treated with naltrexone. Addiction, 114, 11, 2000-2007. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14729.

Dasgupta, N., Beletsky, L., and Ciccarone, D. (2018). Opioid crisis: No easy fix to its social and economic determinants. American Journal of Public Health, 108, 2, 182-186. doi: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.304187.

Davis, B., and Carpenter, C. (2009). Proximity of fast-food restaurants to schools and adolescent obesity. American Journal of Public Health, 99, 3, 505-510.

Davis, R., Plaisance, E.P., and Allison, D.B. (2018). Complementary hypotheses on contributors to the obesity epidemic. Obesity, 26, 1, 17-21. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22071.

Davis, J.P., Barr, N., Dworkin, E.R., Dumas, T.M., Berey, B., DiGuiseppi, G., and Rael Cahn, B. (2019). Effect of mindfulness-based relapse prevention on impulsivity trajectories among young adults in residential substance use disorder treatment. Mindfulness, 10, 10, 1997-2009. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01164-0.

Deaton, A. (2003). Health, inequality, and economic development. Journal of Economic Literature, 41, 1, 113-158. Available: https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/002205103321544710.

Deaton, A., and Lubotsky, D. (2003). Mortality, inequality and race in American cities and states. Social Science & Medicine, 56, 6, 1139-1153. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(02)00115-6.

Deb, P., Gallo, W.T., Ayyagari, P., Fletcher, J.M., and Sindelar, J.L. (2011). The effect of job loss on overweight and drinking. Journal of Health Economics, 30, 2, 317-327. doi: doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2010.12.009.

DeFina, R., and Hannon, L. (2015). The changing relationship between unemployment and suicide. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 45, 2, 217-229.

Denney, J.T., Rogers, R.G., Krueger, P.M, and Wadsworth, T. (2009). Adult suicide mortality in the United States: Marital status, family size, socioeconomic status, and differences by sex. Social Science Quarterly, 90, 5, 1167-1185.

Dennis, M., and Scott, C.K. (2007). Managing addiction as a chronic condition. Addiction Science & Clinical Practice, 4, 1, 45-55. doi: https://doi.org/10.1151/ascp074145.

DeSalvo, K. B., Wang, Y. C., Harris, A., Auerbach, J., Koo, D., and O’Carroll, P. (2017). Public health 3.0: A call to action for public health to meet the challenges of the 21st century. Preventing Chronic Disease, 14, 170017. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd14.170017.

DeSilver, D. (2016, December 13). What’s on your table? How America’s diet has changed over the decades. Pew Research Center. Available: https://www.pewresearch.org/facttank/2016/12/13/whats-on-your-table-how-americas-diet-has-changed-over-the-decades.

Di Angelantonio, E., Bhupathiraju, S.N., Wormser, D., Gao, P., Kaptoge, S., de Gonzalez, A.B., Cairns, B.J., Huxley, R., Jackson, C.L., Joshy, G., and Lewington, S. (2016). Body-mass index and all-cause mortality: Individual-participant-data meta-analysis of 239 prospective studies in four continents. The Lancet, 388, 10046, 776-786.

Diez Roux, A.V. (2017). Despair as a cause of death: More complex than it first appears. American Journal of Public Health, 107, 10, 1566-1567. doi: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.304041.

Dinh-Zarr, T.B., Sleet, D.A., Shults, R.A., Zaza, S., Elder, R.W., Nichols, J.L., Thompson, R.S., Sosin, D.M., and the Task Force on Community Preventive Services. (2001). Reviews of evidence regarding interventions to increase the use of safety belts. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 21, 48-65. Available: https://www.thecommunityguide.org/sites/default/files/publications/mvoi-AJPM-evrev-seat-belts.pdf.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

Dobkin, C., Finkelstein, A., Kluender, R., and Notowidigdo, M.J. (2018). The economic consequences of hospital admissions. American Economic Review, 108, 2, 308-352. doi: https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20161038.

DOJ (U.S. Department of Justice). (2019). Review of the Drug Enforcement Administration’s Regulatory and Enforcement Efforts to Control the Diversion of Opioids. Washington, DC: Office of the Inspector General, Evaluation and Inspections Division 19-05. Available: https://oig.justice.gov/reports/2019/e1905.pdf.

Dorans, K.S., Mills, K.T., Liu, Y., and He, J. (2018). Trends in prevalence and control of hypertension according to the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guideline. Journal of the American Heart Association, 7, 11, e008888. doi: https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.118.008888.

Douthat, R. (2015). The dying of the whites. New York Times. Available: https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/08/opinion/sunday/the-dying-of-the-whites.html.

Dow, W.H., Godoy, A., Lowenstein, C.A., and Reich, M. (2019). Can Economic Policies Reduce Deaths of Despair? NBER Working Paper No. 25787. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.

Dowd, J.B., and Hamoudi, A. (2014). Is life expectancy really falling for groups of low socio-economic status? Lagged selection bias and artefactual trends in mortality. International Journal of Epidemiology, 43, 4, 983-988. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyu120.

Drewnowski, A. (2004). Obesity and the food environment: Dietary energy density and diet costs. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 27, 3, 154-162.

Drug Policy Alliance. (2015). The Federal Drug Control Budget: New Rhetoric, Same Failed War. New York. Available: https://drugpolicy.org/sites/default/files/DPA_Fact_sheet_Drug_War_Budget_Feb2015.pdf.

Du Bois, W.E.B. (1899). The Philadelphia Negro. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Dube, S.R., Anda, R.F., Felitti, V.J., Chapman, D.P., Williamson, D.F., and Giles, W.H. (2001). Childhood abuse, household dysfunction, and the risk of attempted suicide throughout the life span: Findings from the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 286, 24, 3089-3096.

Dube, S.R., Anda, R.F., Felitti, V.J., Edwards, V.J., and Croft, J.B. (2002). Adverse childhood experiences and personal alcohol abuse as an adult. Addictive Behaviors, 27, 5, 713-725.

Dube, S.R., Felitti, V.J., Dong, M., Chapman, D.P., Giles, W.H., and Anda, R.F. (2003). Childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction and the risk of illicit drug use: The Adverse Childhood Experiences Study. Pediatrics, 111, 3, 564-572.

Duleep, H.O. (1989). Measuring socioeconomic mortality differentials over time. Demography, 26, 345-351.

———. (1998). Has the US mortality differential by socioeconomic status increased over time? American Journal of Public Health, 88, 7, 1125-1125.

Dumont, D.M., Allen, S.A., Brockmann, B.W., Alexander, N.E., and Rich, J.D. (2013). Incarceration, community health, and racial disparities. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 24, 1, 78-88. doi: https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2013.0000.

Dupre, M.E., Gu, D., and Vaupel, J.W. (2012). Survival differences among native-born and foreign-born older adults in the United States. PLoS ONE, 7, 5, e37177.

Durante, A.J., St Louis, T., Meek, J.I., Navarro, V. J., and Sofair, A.N. (2008). The mortality burden of chronic liver disease may be substantially underestimated in the United States. Connecticut Medicine, 72, 7, 389-392.

Durkheim, E. (1951). Suicide: A Study in Sociology. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.

Dwyer, C. (2019). Your guide to the massive (and massively complex) opioid litigation. National Public Radio. Available: https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/10/15/761537367/your-guide-to-the-massive-and-massively-complex-opioid-litigation [May 2020].

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

Dwyer-Lindgren, L., Bertozzi-Villa, A., Stubbs, R.W., Morozoff, C., Kutz, M.J., Huynh, C., Barber, R.M., Shackelford, K.A., Mackenbach, J.P., van Lenthe, F.J., Flaxman, A.D., Naghavi, M., Mokdad, A.H., and Murray, C.J. (2016). US county-level trends in mortality rates for major causes of death, 1980-2014. Journal of the American Medical Association, 316, 22, 2385-2401. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.13645.

Dwyer-Lindgren, L., Bertozzi-Villa, A., Stubbs, R.W., Morozoff, C., Shirude, S., Naghavi, M., Mokdad, A.H., and Murray, C.J. (2017). Trends and patterns of differences in chronic respiratory disease mortality among US counties, 1980-2014. Journal of the American Medical Association, 318, 12, 1136-1149.

Dzau, V.J., and Balatbat, C.A. (2019). Future of hypertension: The need for transformation. Hypertension, 74, 3, 450-457. doi: https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.13437.

Eberstein, I.W., Nam, C.B., and Heyman, K.M. (2008). Causes of death and mortality crossovers by race. Biodemography and Social Biology, 54, 2, 214-228. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/19485565.2008.9989143.

Edwards, F., Lee, H., and Esposito, M. (2019). Risk of being killed by police use of force in the United States by age, race-ethnicity, and sex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116, 34, 16793-16798. doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1821204116.

Egan, J. (2018, May 9). Children of the opioid epidemic. New York Times. Available: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/09/magazine/children-of-the-opioid-epidemic.html.

Ehret, G.B., Munroe, P.B., Rice, K.M., Bochud, M., Johnson, A.D., Chasman, D.I., Smith, A.V., Tobin, M.D., Verwoert, G.C., Hwang, S.J., and Pihur, V. (2011). Genetic variants in novel pathways influence blood pressure and cardiovascular disease risk. Nature, 478, 7367, 103-109.

Einav, L., Finkelstein, A., Mullainathan, S., and Obermeyer, Z. (2018). Predictive modeling of U.S. health care spending in late life. Science, 360, 6396, 1462-1465. doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aar5045.

Eisenmann, J.C. (2003). Secular trends in variables associated with the metabolic syndrome of North American children and adolescents: A review and synthesis. American Journal of Human Biology, 15, 786-794.

Ekelund, U., Besson, H., Luan, J.A., May, A.M., Sharp, S.J., Brage, S., Travier, N., Agudo, A., Slimani, N., Rinaldi, S., and Jenab, M. (2011). Physical activity and gain in abdominal adiposity and body weight: Prospective cohort study in 288,498 men and women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 93, 4, 826-835.

Ellison, C.G., and Hummer, R.A. (Eds.). (2010). Religion, Families, and Health: Population-Based Research in the United States. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

Elo, I.T. (2009). Social class differentials in health and mortality: Patterns and explanations in comparative perspective. Annual Review of Sociology, 35, 553-572.

Elo, I.T., and Preston, S.H. (1996). Educational differentials in mortality: United States, 1979-1985. Social Science & Medicine, 42, 1, 47-57.

Elo, I., Hendi, A.S., Ho, J.Y., Vierboom, Y.C., and Preston, S.H. (2019). Trends in non-Hispanic white mortality in the United States by metropolitan-nonmetropolitan status and region, 1990-2016. Population and Development Review, 45, 3, 549-583.

Elovainio, M., Ferrie, J.E., Singh-Manoux, A., Shipley, M., Batty, G.D., Head, J., Hamer, M., Jokela, M., Virtanen, M., Brunner, E., Marmot, M.G., and Kivimäki, M. (2011). Socioeconomic differences in cardiometabolic factors: Social causation or health-related selection? Evidence from the Whitehall II Cohort Study, 1991-2004. American Journal of Epidemiology, 174, 7, 779-789. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr149.

Engeland, A., Bjørge, T., Tverdal, A., and Søgaard, A.J. (2004). Obesity in adolescence and adulthood and the risk of adult mortality. Epidemiology, 15, 1, 79-85.

Erwin, P.C. (2017). Despair in the American heartland? A focus on rural health. American Journal of Public Health, 107, 10, 1533-1534.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

Espey, D.K., Jim, M.A., Cobb, N., Bartholomew, M., Becker, T., Haverkamp, D., and Plescia, M. (2014). Leading causes of death and all-cause-mortality in American Indians and Alaskan Natives. American Journal of Public Health, 104, Suppl 3, S303-S311.

Everhart, J.E., Pettitt, D.J., Bennett, P.H., and Knowler, W.C. (1992). Duration of obesity increases the incidence of NIDDM. Diabetes, 41, 2, 235-240. doi: https://doi.org/10.2337/diab.41.2.235.

Falci, L., Lee Argov, E.J., Van Wye, G., Plitt, M., Soto, A., and Huynh, M. (2018). Examination of cause-of-death data quality among New York City deaths due to cancer, pneumonia, or diabetes from 2010 to 2014. American Journal of Epidemiology, 187, 1, 144-152. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwx207.

Fareed, A. (2020). Evolution of opioid addiction as a brain disease from stigma to modern neurosciences. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 38, 1, 84-87.

Fässberg, M.M., Cheung, G., Canetto, S.S., Erlangsen, A., Lapierre, S., Lindner, R., Draper, B., Gallo, J.J., Wong, C., Wu, J., and Duberstein, P. (2016). A systematic review of physical illness, functional disability, and suicidal behaviour among older adults. Aging and Mental Health, 20, 2, 166-194. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2015.1083945.

Faust, J.S., Krumholz, H.M., Du, C., Mayes, K.D., Lin, Z., Gilman, C., and Walensky, R.P. (2020). All-cause excess mortality and COVID-19-related mortality among US adults aged 25-44 years, March-July 2020. JAMA, e2024243. Advance online publication. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.24243.

Fazel, S., and Runeson, B. (2020). Suicide. New England Journal of Medicine, 382, 266-274. doi: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1902944.

FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration). (2020). The New Nutrition Facts Label. What’s in It for You? Available: https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-education-resources-materials/new-nutrition-facts-label [September 2020].

Felitti, V.J., Anda, R.F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D.F., Spitz, A.M., Edwards, V., and Marks, J.S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14, 4, 245-258.

Ferraro, K.F., Thorpe Jr., R.J., and Wilkinson, J.A. (2003). The life course of severe obesity: Does childhood overweight matter? Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 58, 2, S110-S119.

Flaherty, E.G., Thompson, R., Dubowitz, H., Harvey, E.M., English, D.J., Proctor, L.J., and Runyan, D.K. (2013). Adverse childhood experiences and child health in early adolescence. JAMA Pediatrics, 167, 7, 622-629.

Fleegler, E.W., Lee, L.K., Monuteaux, M.C., Hemenway, D., and Mannix, R. (2013). Firearm legislation and firearm-related fatalities in the United States. JAMA Internal Medicine, 173, 9, 732-740.

Ford, T., Reber, S., and Reeves, R.V. (2020). Race gaps in COVID-19 deaths are even bigger than they appear. Brookings Institution Up-Front Blog. Available: https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2020/06/16/race-gaps-in-covid-19-deaths-are-even-bigger-than-they-appear [September 2020].

Ford, E.S., Ajani, U.A., Croft, J.B., Critchley, J.A., Labarthe, D.R., Kottke, T.E., Giles, W.H., and Capewell, S. (2007). Explaining the decrease in U.S. deaths from coronary disease, 1980-2000. New England Journal of Medicine, 356, 23, 2388-2398. doi: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa053935.

Ford, E.S., Bergmann, M.M., Boeing, H., Li, C., and Capewell, S. (2012). Healthy lifestyle behaviors and all-cause mortality among adults in the United States. Preventive Medicine, 55, 1, 23-27. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.04.016.

Forsythe, M., and Bogdanich, W. (2019, February 1). McKinsey advised Purdue Pharma how to ‘turbocharge’ opioid sales, lawsuit says. New York Times. Available: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/01/business/purdue-pharma-mckinsey-oxycontin-opiods.html.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

Fox News. (2017). Why a lack of education raises death risk for some Americans. Fox News. Available: https://www.foxnews.com/us/why-a-lack-of-education-raises-death-risk-for-some-americans.

Franck, C., Grandi, S.M., and Eisenberg, M.J. (2013). Agricultural subsidies and the American obesity epidemic. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 45, 3, 327-333. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2013.04.010.

Frank, L.D., Saelens, B.E., Powell, K.E., and Chapman, J.E. (2007). Stepping towards causation: Do built environments or neighborhood and travel preferences explain physical activity, driving, and obesity? Social Science & Medicine, 65, 9, 1898-1914.

Franzon, K., Zethelius, B., Cederholm, T., and Kilander, L. (2015). Modifiable midlife risk factors, independent aging, and survival in older men: Report on long-term follow-up of the Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men Cohort. Journal of the American Gerontological Society, 63, 877-885.

Frasquilho, D., de Matos, M.G., Santos, T., Gaspar, T., and Caldas de Almeida, J.M. (2016). Unemployment as a source of mental distress to individuals and their family: Unemployed parents’ perceptions during the economic recession. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 62, 5, 477-486.

Frazer, K., Callinan, J.E., McHugh, J., van Baarsel, S., Clarke, A., Doherty, K., and Kelleher, C. (2016). Legislative smoking bans for reducing harms from secondhand smoke exposure, smoking prevalence and tobacco consumption. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2.

French, E.B., McCauley, J., Aragon, M., Bakx, P., Chalkley, M., Chen, S.H., Christensen, B.J., Chuang, H., Côté-Sergent, A., De Nardi, M., Fan, E., Échevin, D., Geoffard, P.Y., Gastaldi-Ménager, C., Gørtz, M., Ibuka, Y., Jones, J.B., Kallestrup-Lamb, M., Karlsson, M., Klein, T.J., de Lagasnerie, G., Michaud, P.C., O’Donnell, O., Rice, N., Skinner, J.S., van Doorslaer, E., Ziebarth, N.R., and Kelly, E. (2017). End-of-life medical spending in last twelve months of life is lower than previously reported. Health Affairs, 36, 7, 1211-1217. doi: https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0174.

Freudenberg, N. (2014). Lethal but Legal. New York: Oxford University Press.

Fryar, C.D., Carroll, M.D., and Ogden, C.L. (2018). Prevalence of overweight, obesity, and severe obesity among adults aged 20 and over: United States, 1960–1962 through 2015–2016. Health E-Stats. Division of Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, National Center for Health Statistics.

Frydl, K. (2017). Barack Obama & the opioid crisis: My president’s worst failure. Medium. Available: https://medium.com/@kfrydl/obama-the-opioid-crisis-7910ce57d0b6.

Galea, S., Ahern, J., and Vlahov, D. (2003). Contextual determinants of drug use risk behavior: A theoretic framework. Journal of Urban Health, 80, 3, iii50-iii58.

Gallagher, J.R., Whitmore, T.D., Horsley, J., Marshall, B., Deranek, M., Callantine, S., and Miller, J.W. (2019). A perspective from the field: Five interventions to combat the opioid epidemic and ending the dichotomy of harm-reduction versus abstinence-based programs. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 37, 3, 404-417. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07347324.2019.1571877.

Gao, L., Calloway, R., Zhao, E., Brayne, C., Matthews, F.E., and Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Collaboration. (2018). Accuracy of death certification of dementia in population-based samples of older people: Analysis over time. Age and Ageing, 47, 4, 589-594. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afy068.

Gaskin, D.J., and Richard, P. (2012). The economic costs of pain in the United States. Journal of Pain, 13, 8, 715-724.

Gaydosh, L., Hummer, R.A., Hargrove, T.W., Halpern, C.T., Hussey, J.M., Whitsel, E.A., Dole, N., and Harris, K.M. (2019). The depths of despair among U.S. adults entering midlife. American Journal of Public Health, 109, 5, 774-780. doi: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2019.305002.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

Gee, G.C., and Ford, C.L. (2011). Structural racism and health inequities: Old issues, new directions. Du Bois Review, 8, 1, 115-132. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742058X11000130.

Gelman, A., and Auerbach, J. (2016). Age aggregation bias in mortality trends. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113, 7, e816-e817.

Gerdtham, U-G., and Ruhm, C.J. (2006). Deaths rise in good economic times: Evidence from the OECD. Economonics and Human Biology, 4, 3, 298-316. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2006.04.001.

Geronimus, A.T., Bound, J., Waidmann, T.A., Hillemeier, M.M., and Burns, P.B. (1996). Excess mortality among blacks and whites in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine, 335, 21, 1552-1558. doi: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199611213352102.

Geronimus, A.T., Hicken, M.T., Pearson, J.A., Seashols, S.J., Brown, K.L., and Cruz, T.D. (2010). Do US black women experience stress-related accelerated biological aging? Human Nature, 21, 1, 19-38.

Geronimus, A.T., Bound, J., Waidmann, T.A., Rodriguez, J.M., and Timpe, B. (2019). Weathering, drugs, and whack-a-mole: Fundamental and proximate causes of widening educational inequity in U.S. life expectancy by sex and race, 1990-2015. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 60, 2, 222-239.

Geruso, M. (2012). Black-white disparities in life expectancy: How much can the standard SES variables explain? Demography, 49, 2, 553-574.

Gladden, R.M., O’Donnell, J., Mattson, C.L., and Seth, P. (2019). Changes in opioid-involved overdose deaths by opioid type and presence of benzodiazepines, cocaine, and methamphetamine—25 states, July-December 2017 to January-June 2018. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 68, 34, 737-744. doi: https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6834a2.

Glantz, S.A., and Balbach, E.D. (2000). Tobacco War: Inside the California Battles. Oakland: University of California Press.

Glei, D.A., and Weinstein, M. (2019). Drug and alcohol abuse: The role of economic insecurity. American Journal of Health Behaviors, 43, 4, 838-857.

Glei, D.A., Stokes, A., and Weinstein, M. (2020). Changes in mental health, pain, and drug misuse since the mid-1990s: Is there a link? Social Science & Medicine, 246, 112789. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112789.

Gluckman, P.D., Hanson, M.A., Cooper, C., and Thornburg, K.L. (2008). Effect of in utero and early-life conditions on adult health and disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 359, 1, 61-73. doi: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra0708473.

Glynn, T.J., and Manley, M. (1995). How to Help Your Patients Stop Smoking: A National Cancer Institute Manual for Physicians (No. 95). Smoking and Tobacco Control Program, Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Cancer Institute, US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health. Available: https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=pcKg91twda0C&oi=fnd&pg=PP7&ots=E_FhoNqNlx&sig=I6GSZhMLuGsyOnj0uw9gteMr9V8#v=onepage&q&f=false.

Gold, J., Rossen, L.M., Ahmad, F.B., Sutton, P., Li, Z., Salvatore, P.P., Coyle, J.P., DeCuir, J., Baack, B.N., Durant, T.M., Dominguez, K.L., Henley, S.J., Annor, F.B., Fuld, J., Dee, D.L., Bhattarai, A., and Jackson, B.R. (2020). Race, ethnicity, and age trends in persons who died from COVID-19 - United States, May-August 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69, 42, 1517-1521. doi: https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6942e1.

Goldin, J., Lurie, I.Z., and McCubbin, J. (2021). Health insurance and mortality: Experimental evidence from taxpayer outreach. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 136, 1, 1-49. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjaa029.

Goldman, N., Glei, D.A., and Weinstein, M. (2018). Declining mental health among disadvantaged Americans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115, 28, 7290-7295. doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1722023115.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

Gonsalves, G. (2019). So, I promised I’d share all the studies that tried to estimate the causal effects of social/economic policies on health. I dropped studies, which only looked at associations. Here we go. #polticalepidemiology @epitwitter 1/. Thread reader. Available: https://twitter.com/gregggonsalves/status/1206174680241115137.

Graff, S., Kunkel, D., and Mermin, S.E. (2012). Government can regulate food advertising to children because cognitive research shows that it is inherently misleading. Health Affairs, 31, 2, 392-398.

Graham, C., and Pinto, S. (2019). Unequal hopes and lives in the USA: Optimism, race, place, and premature mortality. Journal of Population Economics, 32, 2, 665-733.

Graham, C., Laffan, K., and Pinto, S. (2018). Well-being in metrics and policy. Science, 362, 6412, 287-288. doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau5234.

Graham, C., Pinto, S., and Juneau, J.II. (2017). The Geography of Desperation in America. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. Available: https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-geography-of-desperation-in-america.

Gray, L., Lee, I.M., Sesso, H.D., and Batty, G.D. (2011). Body weight in early and mid-adulthood in relation to subsequent coronary heart disease mortality: 80-year follow-up in the Harvard Alumni Study. Archives of Internal Medicine, 171, 19, 1768-1770.

Gruenewald, P.J. (2011). Regulating availability: How access to alcohol affects drinking and problems in youth and adults. Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 34, 2, 248-256.

Guy, G.P. Jr., Zhang, K., Bohm, M.K., Losby, J., Lewis, B., Young, R., Murphy, L.B., and Dowell, D. (2017). Vital signs: Changes in opioid prescribing in the United States, 2006–2015. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 66, 697-704. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6626a4External.

Hacker, J.S., Huber, G.A., Rehm, P., Schlesinger, M., and Valletta, R. (2010). Economic Security at Risk: Findings from the Economic Security Index. New York: Rockefeller Foundation. Available: https://community-wealth.org/sites/clone.community-wealth.org/files/downloads/paper-hacker-et-al.pdf.

Haddow, K., Carr, D., Winig, B.D., and Adler, S. (2020). Preemption, public health, and equity in the time of COVID-19. In S. Burris, S. de Guia, L. Gable, D.E. Levin, W.E. Parmet, and N.P Terry (Eds.), Assessing Legal Responses to COVID-19 (pp. 71-76). Boston, MA: Public Health Law Watch. Available: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5956e16e6b8f5b8c45f1c216/t/5f445bb8d70908180c4ae451/1598315448851/Chp9_COVIDPolicyPlaybook-Aug2020.pdf.

Haddox, J.D., Joranson, D., Angarola, R.T., Brady, A., Carr, D.B., Blonsky, E.R., Burchiel, K., Gitlin, M., Midcap, M., Payne, R., and Simon, D. (1997). The use of opioids for the treatment of chronic pain. Clinical Journal of Pain, 13, 1, 6-8.

Hadland, S.E., and Beletsky, L. (2018). Tighter prescribing regulations drive illicit opioid sales. British Medical Journal, 361, k2480.

Haffajee, R.L., Lin, L.A., Bohnert, A.S.B., and Goldstick, J.E. (2019). Characteristics of US counties with high opioid overdose mortality and low capacity to deliver medications for opioid use disorder. JAMA Network Open, 2, 6, e196373. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.6373.

Hales, C.M., Carroll, M.D., Fryar, C.D., and Ogden, C.L. (2020). Prevalence of obesity and severe obesity among adults: United States, 2017-2018. NCHS Data Brief, 360, 1-8. Available: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db360-h.pdf.

Hall, K.D. (2018). Did the food environment cause the obesity epidemic? Obesity, 26, 1, 11-13. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22073.

Halpern-Manners, A., Helgertz, J., Warren, J.R., and Roberts, E. (2020). The effects of education on mortality: Evidence from linked US Census and administrative mortality data. Demography, 57, 4, 1513-1541.

Hamad, R., and Rehkopf, D.H. (2015). Poverty, pregnancy, and birth outcomes: A study of the Earned Income Tax Credit. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 29, 5, 444-452. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ppe.12211.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

Hamilton, T.G., and Massey, D.S. (2019). Immigration and the Remaking of Black America. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Hansen, R.N., Oster, G., Edelsberg, J., Woody, G.E., and Sullivan, S.D. (2011). Economic costs of nonmedical use of prescription opioids. Clinical Journal of Pain, 27, 3, 194-202.

Harder, C.J. (1996). Is it curtains for Joe Camel?: A critical analysis of the 1995 FDA proposed rule to restrict tobacco advertising, promotion and sales to protect children and adolescents. Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Journal, 16, 399. Available: https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/laent16&id=413&men_tab=srchresults.

Harris, K.M. (2010). An integrative approach to health. Demography, 47(1), 1-22.

Harris, K.M., and McDade, T.W. (2018). The biosocial approach to human development, behavior, and health across the life course. Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, 4, 4, 2-26. doi: https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2018.4.4.01.

Harris, K.M., Duncan, G.J., and Boisjoly, J. (2002). Evaluating the role of ‘nothing to lose’ attitudes on risky behavior in adolescence. Social Forces, 80, 1005-1039.

Harris, K.M., Gordon-Larsen, P., Chantala, K., and Udry, J.R. (2006). Longitudinal trends in race/ethnic disparities in leading health indicators from adolescence to young adulthood. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 160, 1, 74-81. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.160.1.74.

Harris, M.C., Kessler, L.M., Murray, M.N., and Glenn, B. (2019a). Prescription opioids and labor market pains: The effect of Schedule II opioids on labor force participation and unemployment. Journal of Human Resources, 1017-9093R2.

Harris, K.M., Halpern, C.T., Whitsel, E.A., Hussey, J.M., Killeya-Jones, L.A., Tabor, J.W., and Dean, S.C. (2019b). Cohort profile: The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health). International Journal of Epidemiology, 48(5), 1415-1415k.

Hasin, D.S., Sarvet, A.L., Meyers, J.L., Saha, T.D., Ruan, W.J., Stohl, M., and Grant, B.F. (2018). Epidemiology of adult DSM-5 major depressive disorder and its specifiers in the United States. JAMA Psychiatry, 75, 4, 336-346.

Hastings, O.P. (2018). Less equal, less trusting? Longitudinal and cross-sectional effects of income inequality on trust in U.S. states, 1973-2012. Social Science Research, 74, 77-95. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.04.005.

Haughwout, S.P., and Slater, M.E. (2018). Surveillance Report #110. Apparent Per Capita Alcohol Consumption: National, State, and Regional Trends, 1977–2016. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Division of Epidemiology and Prevention Research. Available: https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/surveillance110/CONS16.pdf.

Hayward, M.D., Hummer, R.A., and Sasson, I. (2015). Trends and group differences in the association between educational attainment and U.S. adult mortality: Implications for understanding education’s causal influence. Social Science & Medicine, 127, 8-18.

Heflin, C.M., Ingram, S.J., and Ziliak, J.P. (2019). The effect of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program on mortality. Health Affairs, 38, 11, 1807-1815.

Hempstead, K.A., and Phillips, J.A. (2015). Rising suicide among adults aged 40–64 years: The role of job and financial circumstances. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 48, 5, 491-500.

Heron, M. (2019). Deaths: Leading causes for 2017. National Vital Statistics Reports, 68, 6.

Herrera, A. (2021). A delicate compromise: Striking a balance between public safety measures and the psychosocial needs of staff and clients in residential substance use disorder treatment amid COVID-19. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 122, 108208. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108208.

Hertzman, C., and Boyce, T. (2010). How experience gets under the skin to create gradients in developmental health. Annual Review of Public Health, 31, 329-347.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

HHS (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). (2011). 2010 National Healthcare Disparities Report. AHRQ Publication No. 11-0005. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Available: https://archive.ahrq.gov/research/findings/nhqrdr/nhdr10/nhdr10.pdf.

———. (2014). The Health Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health.

———. (2018). Bridged-race population estimates, United States: July 1st resident population by state, county, age, sex, bridged-race, and Hispanic origin. CDC WONDER Online Database. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Available: https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/help/bridged-race.html#About%201990-2018 [March 2020].

Hicken, M.T., Lee, H., and Hing, A.K. (2018). The weight of racism: Vigilance and racial inequalities in weight-related measures. Social Science & Medicine, 199, 157-166. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.03.058.

Hill, J.O., Wyatt, H.R., Reed, G.W., and Peters, J.C. (2003). Obesity and the environment: Where do we go from here? Science, 299, 5608, 853-855. doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1079857.

Hingham, S., Horwitz, S., and Rich, S. (2019, July 16). 76 billion opioid pills: Newly released federal data unmasks the epidemic. Washington Post. Available: https://www.washing-tonpost.com/investigations/76-billion-opioid-pills-newly-released-federal-data-unmasks-the-epidemic/2019/07/16/5f29fd62-a73e-11e9-86dd-d7f0e60391e9_story.html.

Hiscock, R., Bauld, L., Amos, A., Fidler, J.A., and Munafò, M. (2012). Socioeconomic status and smoking: A review. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1248, 1, 107-123.

Ho, J.Y. (2017). The contribution of drug overdose to educational gradients in life expectancy in the United States, 1992-2011. Demography, 54, 1175-1202.

Ho, P.M., Bryson, C.L., and Rumsfeld, J.S. (2009). Medication adherence: Its importance in cardiovascular outcomes. Circulation, 119, 23, 3028-3035. doi: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.768986.

Hochschild, A.R. (2016). Strangers in Their Own Land: Anger and Mourning on the American Right. New York: New Press.

Hoffman, J. (2020, May 27). Big pharmacy chains also fed the opioid epidemic, court filing says. New York Times. Available: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/27/health/opioids-pharmacy-cvs-litigation.html%20%20Hoffman%20J.%20Big%20Pharmacy%20Chains%20Also%20Fed%20the%20Opioid%20Crisis%20Epidemic%20Court%20Filing%20Says.

Hoffman, S.J., and Tan, C. (2015). Overview of systematic reviews on the health-related effects of government tobacco control policies. BioMed Central Public Health, 15, 744. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2041-6.

Holliday, S.B. (2018). The Relationship between Mental Health Care Access and Suicide. RAND Corporation. Available: https://www.rand.org/research/gun-policy/analysis/essays/mental-health-access-and-suicide.html.

Hollingsworth, A., Ruhm, C.J., and Simon, K. (2017). Macroeconomic conditions and opioid abuse. Journal of Health Economics, 56, 222-233. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2017.07.009.

Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T.B., Baker, M., Harris, T., and Stephenson, D. (2015). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: A meta-analytic review. Perspectives in Psychological Science, 10, 2, 227-237.

Hornik, R., and Jacobsohn, L. (2008). The best laid plans: Disappointments of the National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign. LDI Issue Brief, 14, 2, 1-4. Available: http://ldi.upenn.edu/policy/issue-briefs/2009/01/26/untitled-158.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

Hornik, R., Jacobsohn, L., Orwin, R., Piesse, A., and Kalton, G. (2008). Effects of the National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign on youths. American Journal of Public Health, 98, 12, 2229-2236. doi: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2007.125849.

Hotz, V.J. (2003). The Earned Income Tax Credit. In R.A Moffit (Ed.), Means-Tested Transfer Programs in the United States (pp. 291-363). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Available: https://www.nber.org/chapters/c10256.

Houle, J.N., and Light, M.T. (2014). The home foreclosure crisis and rising suicide rates, 2005 to 2010. American Journal of Public Health, 104, 6, 1073-1079.

House, J.S. (2015). Beyond Obamacare: Life, Death, and Social Policy. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

House, J.S., Landis, K.R., and Umberson, D. (1988). Social relationships and health. Science, 241, 4865, 540-545.

Hoynes, H., and Rothstein, J. (2016). Tax Policy toward Low-Income Families. Working Paper No. 22080. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. Available: https://www.nber.org/papers/w22080.

Hoynes, H., Miller, D., and Simon, D. (2015). Income, the Earned Income Tax Credit, and infant health. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 7, 1, 172-211. Available: https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/pol.20120179.

Hruby, A., and Hu, F.B. (2015). The epidemiology of obesity: A big picture. Pharmacoeconomics, 33, 7, 673-689.

Hser, Y.I., Evans, E., Grella, C., Ling, W., and Anglin, D. (2015). Long-term course of opioid addiction. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 23, 2, 76-89. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/HRP.0000000000000052.

Hsieh, Y.H., and Ofori, J.A. (2007). Innovations in food technology for health. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 16, Suppl 1, 65-73. Available: http://apjcn.nhri.org.tw/server../APJCN/16/s1/65.pdf.

Hughes, A., Williams, M.R., Lipari, R.N., Bose, J., Copello, E.A.P., and Kroutil, L.A. (2016). Prescription drug use and misuse in the United States: Results from the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. National Survey on Drug Use and Health Data Review. Available: https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-FFR2-2015/NSDUH-FFR2-2015.htm.

Hughes, K., Bellis, M.A., Hardcastle, K.A., Sethi, D., Butchart, A., Mikton, C., Jones, L., and Dunne, M.P. (2017). The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health, 2, 8, e356-e366.

Human Mortality Database. (2019). University of California, Berkeley (USA), and Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research (Germany). Available: http://www.mortality.org or http://www.humanmortality.de.

Hummer, R.A. (1996). Black-white differences in health and mortality: A review and conceptual model. Sociological Quarterly, 37, 1, 105-125. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1996.tb02333.x.

Hummer, R.A., and Chinn, J.J. (2011). Race and ethnicity and US adult mortality: Progress, prospects, and new analyses. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 8, 1, 5. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742058X11000051.

Hummer, R.A., and Gutin, I. (2018). Racial/ethnic and nativity disparities in the health of older U.S. men and women. In M.D. Hayward and M.K. Majmundar (Eds)., Future Directions for the Demography of Aging: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.17226/25064.

Hummer, R.A., and Hamilton, E.R. (2019). Population Health in America. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Hummer, R.A., and Hernandez, E.M. (2013). The effect of educational attainment on adult mortality in the United States. Population Bulletin, 68, 1, 1-18.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

Hummer, R.A., and Lariscy, J.T. (2011). Educational attainment and adult mortality. In R.G. Rogers and E.M. Crimmins (Eds.), International Handbook of Adult Mortality (pp. 241-261). New York: Springer Publishers.

Hummer, R.A., Rogers, R.G., Nam, C.B., and Ellison, C.G. (1999). Religious involvement and U.S. adult mortality. Demography, 36, 2, 273-285.

Huskamp, H.A., and Iglehart, J.K. (2016). Mental health and substance-use reforms—Milestones reached, challenges ahead. New England Journal of Medicine, 375, 7, 688-695. doi: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMhpr1601861.

Iceland, J. (2017). Race and Ethnicity in America. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Iceland, J., and Hernandez, E. (2017). Understanding trends in concentrated poverty: 1980–2014. Social Science Research, 62, 75-95.

Iheozor-Ejiofor, Z., Worthington, H.V., Walsh, T., O’Malley, L., Clarkson, J.E., Macey, R., Alam, R., Tugwell, P., Welch, V., and Glenny, A.M. (2015). Water fluoridation for the prevention of dental caries. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2015, 6.

Ilgen, M. (2018). Pain, opioids and suicide mortality in the United States. Annals of Internal Medicine, 169, 7, 498-499.

Inciardi, J.A., Surratt, H.L., Lugo, Y., and Cicero, T.J. (2007). The diversion of prescription opioid analgesics. Law Enforcement Executive Forum, 7, 7, 127-141. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4176900.

IOM (Institute of Medicine). (2000). To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.17226/9728.

———. (2002). The Future of the Public’s Health in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

———. (2003). Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

———. (2006). Improving the Quality of Health Care for Mental and Substance-Use Conditions. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.17226/11470.

———. (2007a). Preventing Medication Errors. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.17226/11623.

———. (2007b). Progress in Preventing Childhood Obesity: How Do We Measure Up? Washington, DC: National Academies Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.17226/11722.

———. (2011). Relieving Pain in America: A Blueprint for Transforming Prevention, Care, Education, and Research. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.17226/13172.

———. (2012a). Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention: Solving the Weight of the Nation. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.17226/13275.

———. (2012b). For the Public’s Health: Investing in a Healthier Future. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.17226/13268.

IOM and NRC (Institute of Medicine and National Research Council). (2013). U.S. Health in International Perspective: Shorter Lives, Poorer Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.17226/13497.

———. (2015). Investing in the Health and Well-Being of Young Adults. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.17226/18869.

Ivey-Stephenson, A.Z., Blair, J.M., and Crosby, A.E. (2018). Efforts and opportunities to understand women’s mortality due to suicide and homicide using the National Violent Death Reporting System. Journal of Women’s Health, 27, 9, 1073-1081.

Jackson, J.S., Knight, K.M., and Rafferty, J.A. (2010). Race and unhealthy behaviors: Chronic stress, the HPA axis, and physical and mental health disparities over the life course. American Journal of Public Health, 100, 5, 933-939.

Jalal, H., Buchanich, J.M., Roberts, M.S., Balmert, L.C., Zhang, K., and Burke, D.S. (2018). Changing dynamics of the drug overdose epidemic in the United States from 1979 through 2016. Science, 361, 6408.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

Jeffery, R.W., Drewnowski, A., Epstein, L.H., Stunkard, A.J., Wilson, G.T., Wing, R.R., and Hill, D.R. (2000). Long-term maintenance of weight loss: Current status. Health Psychology, 19, 1S, 5-16. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.19.suppl1.5.

Jemal, A., Ward, E., Anderson, R.N., Murray, T., and Thun, M.J. (2008). Widening of socioeconomic inequalities in U.S. death rates, 1993-2001. PLoS ONE, 3, 5, e2181. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002181 [March 2020].

Johns Hopkins University. (2020). COVID-19 Dashboard. Center for Systems Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University. Available: https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html [September 2020].

———. (2021). Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center. Available: https://coronavirus.jhu.edu [January 2021].

Johnson, R.C. (2019). Children of the Dream: Why School Integration Works. New York: Basic Books.

Johnson, N.J., Sorlie, P.D., and Backlund, E. (1999). The impact of specific occupation on mortality in the U.S. National Longitudinal Mortality Study. Demography, 36, 3, 355-367. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2648058.

Johnston, B.C., Kanters, S., Bandayrel, K., Wu, P., Naji, F., Siemieniuk, R.A., Ball, G.D., Busse, J.W., Thorlund, K., Guyatt, G., and Jansen, J.P. (2014). Comparison of weight loss among named diet programs in overweight and obese adults: A meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 312, 9, 923-933. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.10397.

Jones, C.M., Merrick, M.T., and Houry, D.E. (2020). Identifying and preventing adverse childhood experiences: Implications for clinical practice. Journal of the American Medical Association, 323, 1, 25-26.

Jones, C.M., Paulozzi, L.J., and Mack, K.A. (2014). Alcohol involvement in opioid pain reliever and benzodiazepine drug abuse–related emergency department visits and drug-related deaths—United States, 2010. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 63, 40, 881-885.

Juul, F., Martinez-Steele, E., Parekh, N., Monteiro, C.A., and Chang, V.W. (2018). Ultraprocessed food consumption and excess weight among US adults. British Journal of Nutrition, 120, 1, 90-100.

Kaiser Family Foundation. (2019). The Kaiser Family Foundation Employer Health Benefits: 2019 Annual Survey. Available: http://files.kff.org/attachment/Report-Employer-Health-Benefits-Annual-Survey-2019.

Kakuma, R., Minas, H., Van Ginneken, N., Dal Poz, M.R., Desiraju, K., Morris, J.E., Saxena, S., and Scheffler, R.M. (2011). Human resources for mental health care: Current situation and strategies for action. Lancet, 378, 9803, 1654-1663.

Kalmakis, K.A., and Chandler, G.E. (2015). Health consequences of adverse childhood experiences: A systematic review. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, 27, 8, 457-465.

Kamal, R., Nisha, K., McDermott, D., and Cox, C. (2020). How Prepared Is the US to Respond to COVID-19 Relative to Other Countries? Peterson-KFF Health System Tracker. Available: https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/chart-collection/how-prepared-is-the-us-to-respond-to-covid-19-relative-to-other-countries/#item-start.

Kane, J.B., Harris, K.M., Morgan, S.P., and Guilkey, D.K. (2018). Pathways of health and human capital from adolescence into young adulthood. Social Forces, 96, 3, 949-976. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sox079.

Kanjilal, S., Gregg, E.W., Cheng, Y.J., Zhang, P., Nelson, D.E., Mensah, G., and Beckles, G.L. (2006). Socioeconomic status and trends in disparities in 4 major risk factors for cardiovascular disease among US adults, 1971-2002. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166, 21, 2348-2355.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

Kanof, M.E. (2003). Youth Illicit Drug Use Prevention: DARE Long-Term Evaluations and Federal Efforts to Identify Effective Programs. GAO-03-172R. Washington, DC: U.S. General Accountability Office. Available: https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-03-172R.

Kaplan, S., and Hoffman, J. (2020, February 25). Mallinckrodt reaches $1.6 billion deal to settle opioid lawsuits. New York Times. Available: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/25/health/mallinckrodt-opioid-settlement.html.

Kaplan, R.M., and Milstein, A. (2019). Contributions of health care to longevity: A review of 4 estimation methods. Annals of Family Medicine, 17, 267-272.

Kaplan, G.A., Ranjit, N., and Burgard, S. (2008). Lifting gates—Lengthening lives: Did civil rights policies improve the health of African-American women in the 1960’s and 1970’s? In J.S. House, R.F. Schoeni, G.A. Kaplan, and H. Pollack (Eds.), Making Americans Healthier: Social and Economic Policy as Health Policy. New York: Russell Sage.

Kaplan, G.A., Pamuk, E.R., Lynch, J.W., Cohen, R.D., and Balfour, J.L. (1996). Inequality in income and mortality in the United States: Analysis of mortality and potential pathways. British Medical Journal, 312, 7037, 999-1003. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.312.7037.999.

Kaplan, M.S., Huguet, N., McFarland, B.H., Caetano, R., Conner, K.R., Giesbrecht, N., and Nolte, K.B. (2014). Use of alcohol before suicide in the United States. Annals of Epidemiology, 24, 8, 588-592.

Kaplan, M.S., Huguet, N., Caetano, R., Giesbrecht, N., Kerr, W.C., and McFarland, B.H. (2015). Economic contraction, alcohol intoxication and suicide: Analysis of the National Violent Death Reporting System. Injury Prevention, 21, 1, 35-41.

Kaufman, E.J., Morrison, C.N., Branas, C.C., and Wieb, D.J. (2018). State firearm laws and interstate firearm deaths from homicide and suicide in the United States: A cross-sectional analysis of data by county. JAMA Internal Medicine, 178, 5, 692-700. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.0190.

Kaufman, J.A., Salas-Hernández, L.K., Komro, K.A., and Livingston, M.D. (2020). Effects of increased minimum wages by unemployment rate on suicide in the USA. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 74, 3, 873-874. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-212981.

Kawachi, I., and Kennedy, B.P. (1999). Income inequality and health: Pathways and mechanisms. Health Services Research, 34, 1 Pt 2, 215-227.

Kawachi, I., Kennedy, B.P., Lochner, K., and Prothrow-Stith, D. (1997). Social capital, income inequality, and mortality. American Journal of Public Health, 87, 9, 1491-1498.

Kawohl, W., and Nordt, C. (2020). COVID-19, unemployment, and suicide. Lancet Psychiatry, 7, 5, 389-390.

Keith, T. (2011, June 7). Health care costs new threat to U.S. military. National Public Radio. Available: https://www.npr.org/2011/06/07/137009416/u-s-military-has-new-threat-health-care-costs.

Kennedy, B.P., Kawachi, I., and Prothrow-Stith, D. (1996). Income distribution and mortality: Cross sectional ecological study of the Robin Hood index in the United States. British Medical Journal, 312, 7037, 1004-1007. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.312.7037.1004.

Kerr, W.C., Greenfield, T.K., Bond, J., Ye, Y., and Rehm, J. (2009). Age-period-cohort modelling of alcohol volume and heavy drinking days in the U.S. National Alcohol Surveys: Divergence in younger and older adult trends. Addiction, 104, 1, 27-37. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02391.x.

Kerr, W.C., Greenfield, T.K., Ye, Y., Bond, J., and Rehm, J. (2013a). Are the 1976–1985 birth cohorts heavier drinkers? Age-period-cohort analyses of the National Alcohol Surveys 1979–2010. Addiction, 108, 6, 1038-1048.

Kerr, W.C., Patterson, D., Greenfield, T.K., Jones, A.S., McGeary, K.A., Terza, J.V., and Ruhm, C.J. (2013b). US alcohol affordability and real tax rates, 1950–2011. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 44, 5, 459-464.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

Kerr, W.C., Kaplan, M.S., Huguet, N., Caetano, R., Giesbrecht, N., and McFarland, B.H. (2017). Economic recession, alcohol, and suicide rates: Comparative effects of poverty, foreclosure, and job loss. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 52, 4, 469-475. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2016.09.021.

Kertesz, S.G., Gordon, A.J., and Satel, S.L. (2018). Opioid prescription control: When the corrective goes too far. Health Affairs. Available: https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hblog20180117.832392/full/.

Keyes, C.L., and Simoes, E.J. (2012). To flourish or not: Positive mental health and all-cause mortality. American Journal of Public Health, 102, 11, 2164-2172.

Keyes, K.M., Rutherford, C., Popham, F., Martins, S.S., and Gray, L. (2018). How healthy are survey respondents compared with the general population?: Using survey-linked death records to compare mortality outcomes. Epidemiology, 29, 2, 299-307. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0000000000000775.

Khantzian, E. (1997). The self-medication hypothesis of drug use disorders: A reconsideration and recent applications. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 4, 231-244.

Khavjou, O., Phelps, D., and Leib, A. (2016). Projections of Cardiovascular Disease Prevalence and Costs: 2015–2035. North Carolina: RTI International. Available: https://healthmetrics.heart.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Projections-of-Cardiovascular-Disease.pdf.

Khazan, O. (2015, November). Middle-age white Americans are dying of despair. Atlantic. Available: https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/11/boomers-deaths-pnas/413971.

Kiang, M.V., Basu, S., Chen J., and Alexander, M.J. (2019). Assessment of changes in the geographical distribution of opioid-related mortality across the United States by opioid type, 1999–2016. Journal of the American Medical Association, 2, 2, e190040.

Kiefe, C.I., Williams, O.D., Lewis, C.E., Allison, J.J., Sekar, P., and Wagenknecht, L.E. (2001). Ten-year changes in smoking among young adults: Are racial differences explained by socioeconomic factors in the CARDIA Study? American Journal of Public Health, 91, 2, 213-218.

King, C.A., Kerr, D.C., Passarelli, M.N., Foster, C.E., and Merchant, C.R. (2010). One-year follow-up of suicidal adolescents: Parental history of mental health problems and time to post-hospitalization attempt. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 3, 219-232.

Kitagawa, E.M., and Hauser, P.M. (1973). Differential Mortality in the United States: A Study in Socioeconomic Epidemiology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Kivimäki, M., Lawlor, D.A., Singh-Manoux, A., Batty, G.D., Ferrie, J.E., Shipley, M.J., Nabi, H., Sabia, S., Marmot, M.G., and Jokela, M. (2009). Common mental disorder and obesity: Insight from four repeat measures over 19 years: Prospective Whitehall II cohort study. British Medical Journal, 339, b3765. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b3765.

Klugman, J., Condran, G., and Wray, M. (2013). The role of medicolegal systems in producing geographic variation in suicide rates. Social Science Quarterly, 94, 2, 462-489.

Kochanek, K.D., Mauer, J.D., and Rosenberg, H.M. (1994). Why did black life expectancy decline from 1984 through 1989 in the United States? American Journal of Public Health, 84, 6, 938-944.

Kochanek, K.D., Murphy, S.L., Xu, J.Q., and Arias, E. (2019). Deaths: Final data for 2017. National Vital Statistics Reports, 68, 9.

Kolodny, A., Courtwright, D.T., Hwang, C.S., Kreiner, P., Eadie, J.L., Clark, T.W., and Alexander, G.C. (2015). The prescription opioid and heroin crisis: A public health approach to an epidemic of addiction. Annual Review of Public Health, 36, 559-574.

Kolstad, J.T., and Kowalski, A.E. (2016). Mandate-based health reform and the labor market: Evidence from the Massachusetts reform. Journal of Health Economics, 47, 81-106.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

Komro, K.A., Livingston, M.D., Markowitz, S., and Wagenaar, A.C. (2016). The effect of an increased minimum wage on infant mortality and birth weight. American Journal of Public Health, 106, 8, 1514-1516.

Kondo, N., Sembajwe, G., Kawachi, I., van Dam, R.M., Subramanian, S.V., and Yamagata, Z. (2009). Income inequality, mortality, and self-rated health: Meta-analysis of multilevel studies. British Medical Journal, 339. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b4471.

Koob, G.F., and Volkow, N.D. (2010). Neurocircuitry of addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35, 1, 217-238.

Kposowa, A.J. (2001). Unemployment and suicide: A cohort analysis of social factors predicting suicide in the US National Longitudinal Mortality Study. Psychological Medicine, 31, 1, 127-138.

Krause, E., and Sawhill, I. (2017). What We Know and Don’t Know about Declining Labor Force Participation: A Review. Washington, DC: Center on Children and Families, Brookings Institution.

Kravitz-Wirtz, N., Davis, C.S., Ponicki, W.R., Rivera-Aguirre, A., Marshall, B.D., Martins, S.S., and Cerdá, M. (2020). Association of Medicaid expansion with opioid overdose mortality in the United States. JAMA Network Open, 3, 1, e1919066-e1919066. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.19066.

Krawczyk, N., Picher, C.E., Feder, K.A., and Saloner, B. (2017). Only one in twenty justice-referred adults in specialty treatment for opioid use receive methadone or buprenorphine. Health Affairs, 36, 12, 2046-2053.

Krieger, N., Williams, D.R., and Moss, N.E. (1997). Measuring social class in US public health research: Concepts, methodologies, and guidelines. Annual Review of Public Health, 18, 341-378. doi: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.18.1.341.

Kristof, N.D., and WuDunn, S. (2020). Tightrope: Americans Reaching for Hope. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

Krueger, A.B. (2017). Where have all the workers gone? An inquiry into the decline of the U.S. labor force participation rate. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. Available: https://www.brookings.edu/bpea-articles/where-have-all-the-workers-gone-an-inquiry-into-the-decline-of-the-u-s-labor-force-participation-rate.

Krugman, P. (2015, November 9). Despair, American style. New York Times. Available: https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/09/opinion/despair-american-style.html?auth=login-email&login=email.

Kuh, D., and Ben-Shlomo, Y. (2004). A Lifecourse Approach to Chronic Disease Epidemiology. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.

Kuk, J.L., and Ardern, C.I. (2009). Influence of age on the association between various measures of obesity and all-cause mortality. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 57, 11, 2077-2084.

Kupper, L.L., Janis, J.M., Karmous, A., and Greenberg, B.G. (1985). Statistical age-period-cohort analysis: A review and critique. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 38, 10, 811-830. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9681(85)90105-5.

Ladha, K.S., Neuman, M.D., Broms, G., Bethell, J., Bateman, B.T., Wijeysundera, D.N., Bell, M., Hallqvist, L., Svensson, T., Newcomb, C.W., Brensinger, C.M., Gaskins, L.J., and Wunsch, H. (2019). Opioid prescribing after surgery in the United States, Canada, and Sweden. JAMA Network Open, 2, 9, e1910734. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.10734.

Lakdawalla, D., and Philipson, T. (2009). The growth of obesity and technological change. Economics and Human Biology, 7, 3, 283-293.

Lang, M., McManus, T.C., and Schaur, G. (2019). The effects of import competition on health in the local economy. Health Economics, 28, 1, 44-56. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.3826.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

Lariscy, J.T., Hummer, R.A., and Hayward, M.D. (2015). Hispanic older adult mortality in the United States: New estimates and an assessment of factors shaping the Hispanic paradox. Demography, 52, 1, 1-14. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-014-0357-y.

Larkin, H., Shields, J.J., and Anda, R.F. (2012). The health and social consequences of adverse childhood experiences (ACE) across the lifespan: An introduction to prevention and intervention in the community. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 40, 4, 263-270.

Larson, N.I., Story, M.T., and Nelson, M.C. (2009). Neighborhood environments: Disparities in access to healthy foods in the US. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 36, 1, 74-81.

Lauderdale, D.S. (2001). Education and survival: Birth cohort, period, and age effects. Demography, 38, 551-561.

Lauderdale, D.S., and Kestenbaum, B. (2002). Mortality rates of elderly Asian American populations based on Medicare and Social Security data. Demography, 39, 3, 529-540. doi: https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2002.0028.

Leavitt, R.A., Ertl, A., Sheats, K., Petrosky, E., Ivey-Stephenson, A., and Fowler, K.A. (2018). Suicides among American Indian/Alaska Natives—National Violent Death Reporting System, 18 states, 2003–2014. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 67, 8, 237-242.

Lee, H., Harris, K.M., and Gordon-Larsen, P. (2009). Life course perspectives on the links between poverty and obesity during the transition to young adulthood. Population Research and Policy Review, 28, 4, 505-532. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-008-9115-4.

Lee, C., and Kim, D. (2013). A comparative analysis of the validity of US state- and county-level social capital measures and their associations with population health. Social Indicators Research, 111, 307-326.

Lee, J.M., Pilli, S., Gebremariam, A., Keirns, C.C., Davis, M.M., Vijan, S., Freed, G.L., Herman, W.H., and Gurney, J.G. (2010). Getting heavier, younger: Trajectories of obesity over the life course. International Journal of Obesity, 34, 4, 614-623. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2009.235.

Lee, D.C., Sui, X., Artero, E.G., Lee, I.M., Church, T.S., McAuley, P.A., Stanford, F.C., Kohl III, H.W., and Blair, S.N. (2011). Long-term effects of changes in cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index on all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in men: The Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study. Circulation, 124, 23, 2483-2490.

Lee, M.M., Falbe, J., Schillinger, D., Basu, S., McCulloch, C.E., and Madsen, K.A. (2019). Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption 3 years after the Berkeley, California, sugar-sweetened beverage tax. American Journal of Public Health, 109, 4, 637-639.

Levy, D., and Brink, S. (2005). A Change of Heart: How the Framingham Heart Study Helped Unravel the Mysteries of Cardiovascular Disease. New York: Knopf.

Lexico.com. (2020). Definition of despair in English: Despair. Available: https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/despair.

Lian, Y. (2018). Stress at work in patients with cardiometabolic disease. The Lancet, Diabetes & Endocrinology, 6, 9, 676-678. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30172-4.

Lichter, D.T., and Schafft, K.A. (2016). People and places left behind. In The Oxford Handbook of the Social Science of Poverty (p. 317). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Lindrooth, R.C., Perraillon, M.C., Hardy, R.Y., and Tung, G.J. (2018). Understanding the relationship between Medicaid expansions and hospital closures. Health Affairs, 37, 1, 111-120. doi: https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0976.

Link, B.G., and Phelan, J. (1995). Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 80-94. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2626958.

Lleras-Muney, A. (2005). The relationship between education and adult mortality in the United States. Review of Economic Studies, 72, 1, 189–221. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/0034-6527.00329.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

Lloyd-Jones, D.M., Morris, P.B., Ballantyne, C.M., Birtcher, K.K., Daly, D.D., DePalma, S.M., Minissian, M.B., Orringer, C.E., Smith, S.C., and Writing Committee. (2016). 2016 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on the role of non-statin therapies for LDL-cholesterol lowering in the management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk: A report of the American College of Cardiology Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 68, 1, 92-125.

Lobao, L. (2014). Economic change, structural forces, and rural America: Shifting fortunes across communities. In C. Bailey, L. Jensen, and E. Ransom (Eds.), Rural America in a Globalizing World: Problems and Prospects for the 2010s (pp. 543-555). Morgantown: University of West Virginia Press.

Loehrer, A.P., Chang, D.C., Scott, J.W., Hutter, M.M., Patel, V.I., Lee, J.E., and Sommers, B.D. (2018). Association of the Affordable Care Act Medicaid expansion with access to and quality of care for surgical conditions. JAMA Surgery, 153, 3, e175568. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2017.5568.

Lopez, R.P. (2007). Neighborhood risk factors for obesity. Obesity, 15, 8, 2111-2119.

Lopez, A.D., and Adair, T. (2019). Is the long-term decline in cardiovascular-disease mortality in high-income countries over? Evidence from national vital statistics. International Journal of Epidemiology, 48, 6, 1815-1823. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz143.

Lopez, G., Ruiz, N.G., and Patten, E. (2017). Key facts about Asian Americans, a diverse and growing population. Pew Research Center. Available: https://www.pewresearch.org/facttank/2017/09/08/key-facts-about-asian-americans [January 2020].

Lopez-Zetina, J., Lee, H., and Friis, R. (2006). The link between obesity and the built environment: Evidence from an ecological analysis of obesity and vehicle miles of travel in California. Health and Place, 12, 4, 656-664.

Loucks, E.B., Magnusson, K.T., Cook, S., Rehkopf, D.H., Ford, E.S., and Berkman, L.F. (2007). Socioeconomic position and the metabolic syndrome in early, middle, and late life: Evidence from NHANES 1999-2002. Annals of Epidemiology, 17, 10, 782-790. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.05.003.

Loudermilk, E., Loudermilk, K., Obenauer, J., and Quinn, M.A. (2018). Impact of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on adult alcohol consumption behaviors. Child Abuse & Neglect, 86, 368-374.

Lu, T.H., Anderson, R.N., and Kawachi, I. (2010). Trends in frequency of reporting improper diabetes-related cause-of-death statements on death certificates, 1985-2005: An algorithm to identify incorrect causal sequences. American Journal of Epidemiology, 171, 10, 1069-1078. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwq057.

Lunde, I., Myhre Reigstad, M., Frisch Moe, K., and Grimholt, T.K. (2018). Systematic literature review of attempted suicide and offspring. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15, 5, 937.

Luo, F., Florence, C.S., Quispe-Agnoli, M., Ouyang, L., and Crosby, A.E. (2011). Impact of business cycles on US suicide rates, 1928–2007. American Journal of Public Health, 101, 1139–1146. doi: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2010.300010.

Luoma, J.B., Martin, C.E., and Pearson, J.L. (2002). Contact with mental health and primary care providers before suicide: A review of the evidence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 179-186.

Lupien, S.J., Ouelle-Morin, I., Hupback, A., Walker, D., Tu, M.T., and Buss, C. (2006). Beyond the stress concept: Allostatic load—A developmental biological and cognitive perspective. In D. Cicchetti (Ed.), Handbook Series on Developmental Psychopathology (pp. 784–809). New York: Springer.

Lynch, J., Smith, G.D., Harper, S., Hillemeier, M., Ross, N., Kaplan, G.A., and Wolfson, M. (2004). Is income inequality a determinant of population health? Part 1. A systematic review. Milbank Quarterly, 82, 1, 5-99. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0887-378x.2004.00302.x.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

Ma, J., Sehgal, N.L., Ayanian, J.Z., and Stafford, R.S. (2005). National trends in statin use by coronary heart disease risk category. PLoS Medicine, 2, 5, e123.

Ma, J., Ward, E.M., Siegel, R.L., and Jemal, A. (2015). Temporal trends in mortality in the United States, 1969-2013. Journal of the American Medical Association, 314, 16, 1731-1739.

MacDonald, J.M., Stokes, R.J., Cohen, D.A., Kofner, A., and Ridgeway, G.K. (2010). The effect of light rail transit on body mass index and physical activity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 39, 2, 105-112.

Mackenbach, J.D., Rutter, H., Compernolle, S., Glonti, K., Oppert, J.M., Charreire, H., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., Brug, J., Nijpels, G., and Lakerveld, J. (2014). Obesogenic environments: A systematic review of the association between the physical environment and adult weight status, the SPOTLIGHT project. BMC Public Health, 14, 233. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-233.

MACPAC (Medicaid and CHIP Payment and Access Commission). (2016). Chapter 1: Trends in Medicaid spending. In Report to Congress on Medicaid and CHIP. Available: https://www.macpac.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/June-2016-Report-to-Congress-on-Medicaid-and-CHIP.pdf.

Macpherson, A., and Spinks, A. (2008). Bicycle helmet legislation for the uptake of helmet use and prevention of head injuries. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3, CD005401.

Macy, B. (2019, August 27). Purdue Pharma and Johnson & Johnson opioid cases expose Big Pharma’s addiction lies. NBC News. Available: https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/purdue-pharma-johnson-johnson-opioid-cases-expose-big-pharma-s-ncna1046906.

Malik, V.S., Popkin, B.M., Bray, G.A., Després, J.P., and Hu, F.B. (2010). Sugar-sweetened beverages, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease risk. Circulation, 121, 11, 1356-1364. doi: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.876185.

Mallatt, J. (2019). Unintended consequences of prescription monitoring: Policy-induced substitution to illicit drugs. SSRN. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3418615.

Mannsverk, J., Wilsgaard, T., Mathiesen, E.B., Løchen, M.L., Rasmussen, K., Thelle, D.S., Njølstad, I., Hopstock, L.A., and Bønaa, K.H. (2016). Trends in modifiable risk factors are associated with declining incidence of hospitalized and nonhospitalized acute coronary heart disease in a population. Circulation, 133, 1, 74-81. doi: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.016960.

Manson, J.E., Colditz, G.A., Stampfer, M.J., Willett, W.C., Rosner, B., Monson, R.R., Speizer, F.E., and Hennekens, C.H. (1990). A prospective study of obesity and risk of coronary heart disease in women. New England Journal of Medicine, 322, 13, 882-889.

Manuck, S.B., Phillips, J.E., Gianaros, P.J., Flory, J.D., and Muldoon, M.F. (2010). Subjective socioeconomic status and presence of the metabolic syndrome in midlife community volunteers. Psychosomatic Medicine, 72, 1, 35-45. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181c484dc.

Marlatt, G.A., and Witkiewitz, K. (2010). Update on harm-reduction policy and intervention research. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 591-606. doi: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131438.

Marsh, B. (1987). Continuity and decline in the anthracite towns of Pennsylvania. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 77, 3, 337-352.

Massey, D.S. (2007). Categorically Unequal: The American Stratification System. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Massey, D.S., and Denton, N.A. (1993). American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Masters, R.K., Hummer, R.A., and Powers, D. (2012). Educational differences in U.S. adult mortality: A cohort perspective. American Sociological Review, 77, 4, 548-572.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

Masters, R.K., Powers, D.A., and Link, B.G. (2013). Obesity and US mortality risk over the adult life course. American Journal of Epidemiology, 177, 5, 431-442.

Masters, R.K., Tilstra, A.M., and Simon, D.H. (2017). Mortality from suicide, chronic liver disease, and drug poisonings among middle-age US white men and women, 1980–2013. Biodemography and Social Biology, 63, 1, 31-37.

———. (2018). Explaining recent mortality trends among younger and middle-age white Americans. International Journal of Epidemiology, 47, 1, 81-88.

Masters, R.K., Reither, E.N., Powers, D.A., Yang, Y.C., Burger, A.E., and Link, B.G. (2013). The impact of obesity on US mortality levels: The importance of age and cohort factors in population estimates. American Journal of Public Health, 103, 10, 1895-1901.

Mattes, R., and Foster, G.D. (2014). Food environment and obesity. Obesity, 22, 12, 2459-2461.

Mauer, M., and King, R. (2007). Uneven Justice: State Rates of Incarceration by Race and Ethnicity. Washington, DC: The Sentencing Project. Available: https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/uneven-justice-state-rates-of-incarceration-by-race-and-ethnicity.

Mays, G.P., and Hogg, R.A. (2015). Economic shocks and public health protections in US metropolitan areas. American Journal of Public Health, 105, S2, S280-S287.

McCarrier, K.P., Zimmerman, F.J., Ralston, J.D., and Martin, D.P. (2011). Associations between minimum wage policy and access to health care: Evidence from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 1996-2007. American Journal of Public Health, 101, 2, 359-367.

McCartney, G., Collins, C., and Mackenzie, M. (2013). What (or who) causes health inequalities: Theories, evidence and implications? Health Policy, 113, 3, 221-227. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2013.05.021.

McEwen, B.S., and Lasley, E.N. (2002). The End of Stress as We Know It. New York: Dana Press.

McEwen, C.A., and McEwen, B.S. (2017). Social structure, adversity, toxic stress, and intergenerational poverty: An early childhood model. Annual Review of Sociology, 43, 445-472.

McEwen, L.N., Karter, A.J., Curb, J.D., Marrero, D.G., Crosson, J.C., and Herman, W.H. (2011). Temporal trends in recording of diabetes on death certificates: Results from translating research into action for diabetes (TRIAD). Diabetes Care, 34, 7, 1529-1533.

McFadden, B.R. (2018). Engaging consumers about the nuances of agricultural technologies. Journal of Food Distribution Research, 49, 1, 1-3. Available: https://www.fdrsinc.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/JFDR_49.1_1_McFadden.pdf.

McGlynn, E.A., Asch, S.M., Adams, J., Keesey, J., Hicks, J., DeCristofaro, A., and Kerr, E.A. (2003). The quality of health care delivered to adults in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine, 348, 26, 2635-2645. doi: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa022615.

McKay, B., and Winslow, R. (2016, December 8). Nation’s death rate rises as progress against heart disease stalls. Wall Street Journal. Available: https://www.wsj.com/articles/nations-death-rate-rises-as-progress-against-heart-disease-stalls-1481173260.

McLanahan, S., and Sandefur, G. (1994). Growing Up with a Single Parent. What Hurts, What Helps. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

McLean, K. (2016). “There’s nothing here”: Deindustrialization as risk environment for overdose. International Journal of Drug Policy, 29, 19-26.

McLellan, A.T., Lewis, D.C., O’Brien, C.P., and Kleber, H.D. (2000). Drug dependence, a chronic medical illness: Implications for treatment, insurance, and outcomes evaluation. Journal of the American Medical Association, 284, 13, 1689-1695. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.284.13.1689.

McManus, T.C., and Schaur, G. (2016). The effects of import competition on worker health. Journal of International Economics, 102, 160-172. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022199616300770.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

Meara, E.R., Richards, S., and Cutler, D.M. (2008). The gap gets bigger: Changes in mortality and life expectancy, by education, 1981-2000. Health Affairs, 27, 350-360.

Mehta, N.K., Abrams, L.R., and Myrskylä, M. (2020). US life expectancy stalls due to cardiovascular disease, not drug deaths. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117, 13, 6998-7000.

Mehta, N.K., Elo, I.T., Engelman, M., Lauderdale, D.S., and Kestenbaum, B.M. (2016). Life expectancy among US-born and foreign-born older adults in the United States: Estimates from linked Social Security and Medicare data. Demography, 53, 4, 1109-1134.

Meier, B. (2018, May 29). Origins of an epidemic: Purdue Pharma knew its opioids were widely abused. New York Times. Available: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/29/health/purdue-opioids-oxycontin.html.

Mellor, J.M., and Milyo, J. (2001). Reexamining the evidence of an ecological association between income inequality and health. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 26, 3, 487-522. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/03616878-26-3-487.

Mendonça, R.D., Pimenta, A.M., Gea, A., de la Fuente-Arrillaga, C., Martinez-Gonzalez, M.A., Lopes, A.C., and Bes-Rastrollo, M. (2016). Ultraprocessed food consumption and risk of overweight and obesity: The University of Navarra Follow-Up (SUN) cohort study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 104, 5, 1433-1440. doi: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.116.135004.

Mendonça, R.D., Lopes, A.C., Pimenta, A.M., Gea, A., Martinez-Gonzalez, M.A., and Bes-Rastrollo, M. (2017). Ultra-processed food consumption and the incidence of hypertension in a Mediterranean cohort: The Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra project. American Journal of Hypertension, 30, 4, 358-366. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hpw137.

Mensah, G.A., Wei, G.S., Sorlie, P.D., Fine, L.J., Rosenberg, Y., Kaufmann, P.G., Mussolino, M.E., Hsu, L.L., Addou, E., Engelgau, M.M., and Gordon, D. (2017). Decline in cardiovascular mortality: Possible causes and implications. Circulation Research, 120, 2, 366-380.

Mercado, C., DeSimone, A.K., Odom, E., Gillespie, C., Ayala, C., and Loustalot, F. (2015). Prevalence of cholesterol treatment eligibility and medication use among adults—United States, 2005–2012. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 64, 47, 1305-1311.

Merriam-Webster. (2020). Despair. Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/despair.

Merrick, M.T., Ports, K.A., Ford, D.C., Afifi, T.O., Gershoff, E.T., and Grogan-Kaylor, A. (2017). Unpacking the impact of adverse childhood experiences on adult mental health. Child Abuse & Neglect, 69, 10-19.

Merrick, M.T., Ford, D.C., Ports, K.A., and Guinn, A.S. (2018). Prevalence of adverse childhood experiences from the 2011-2014 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System in 23 states. JAMA Pediatrics, 172, 11, 1038-1044.

Meyer, B.D., and Mok, W.K. (2019). Disability, earnings, income and consumption. Journal of Public Economics, 171, 51-69.

Mieno, M.N., Tanaka, N., Arai, T., Kawahara, T., Kuchiba, A., Ishikawa, S., and Sawabe, M. (2016). Accuracy of death certificates and assessment of factors for misclassification of underlying cause of death. Journal of Epidemiology, 26, 4, 191-198. doi: https://doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20150010.

Miller, M., Azrael, D., and Barber, C. (2012). Suicide mortality in the United States: The importance of attending to method in understanding population-level disparities in the burden of suicide. Annual Review of Public Health, 33, 393-408.

Miller, S., Altekruse, S., Johnson, N., and Wherry, L.R. (2019). Medicaid and Mortality: New Evidence from Linked Survey and Administrative Data. Working Paper No. 26081. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

Miranda, J., McGuire, T.G., Williams, D.R., and Wang, P. (2008). Mental health in the context of health disparities. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 9, 1102-1108.

Miron, J.A., and Waldock, K. (2010). The Budgetary Impact of Ending Drug Prohibition. Washington, DC: Cato Institute. Available: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1710812.

Modrek, S., Stuckler, D., McKee, M., Cullen, M.R., and Basu, S. (2013). A review of health consequences of recessions internationally and a synthesis of the U.S. response during the Great Recession. Public Health Reviews, 35, 10. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03391695.

Mokdad, A.H., Marks, J.S., Stroup, D.F., and Gerberding, J.L. (2004). Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000. JAMA, 291, 10, 1238-1245. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.10.1238.

Monnat, S.M. (2018). Factors associated with county-level differences in U.S. drug-related mortality rates. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 54, 5, 611-619.

———. (2019). The contributions of socioeconomic and opioid supply factors to U.S. drug mortality rates: Urban-rural and within-rural differences. Journal of Rural Studies, 68, 319-335.

———. (2020a). The opioid crisis in rural America: Trends, causes and consequences. In S. McHale, J. Glick, and V. King (Eds.), Rural Families and Communities. New York: Springer.

———. (2020b). Trends in U.S. working-age non-Hispanic white mortality: Rural-urban and within-rural differences. Population Research and Policy Review, 1-30. Advance online publication. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-020-09607-6.

Monnat, S.M., and Chandler, R.F. (2015). Long-term physical health consequences of adverse childhood experiences. Sociological Quarterly, 56, 4, 723-752.

Monnat, S.M., Peters, D.J., Berg, M., and Hochstetler, A. (2019). Using census data to understand county-level differences in overall drug mortality and opioid-related mortality by opioid type. American Journal of Public Health, 109, 1084-1091.

Monteiro, C.A., Cannon, G., Levy, R.B., Moubarac, J.C., Louzada, M.L., Rauber, F., Khandpur, N., Cediel, G., Neri, D., Martinez-Steele, E., Baraldi, L.G., and Jaime, P.C. (2019). Ultra-processed foods: What they are and how to identify them. Public Health Nutrition, 22, 5, 936-941. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980018003762.

Montez, J.K., and Zajacova, A. (2013). Explaining the widening education gap in mortality among US white women. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 54, 2, 166-182.

Montez, J.K., Hayward, M.D., and Wolf, D.A. (2017). Do U.S. states’ socioeconomic and policy contexts shape adult disability? Social Science & Medicine, 178, 115-126.

Montez, J.K., Hummer, R.A., Hayward, M.D., Woo, H., and Rogers, R.G. (2011). Trends in the educational gradient of U.S. adult mortality from 1986 through 2006 by race, gender, and age group. Research on Aging, 33, 2, 145-171.

Montez, J.K., Martikainen, P., Remes, H., and Avendano, M. (2015). Work-family context and the longevity disadvantage of US women. Social Forces, 93, 4, 1567-1597.

Montez, J.K., Beckfield, J., Cooney, J.K., Grumbach, J.M., Hayward, M.D., Koytak, H.Z., Woolf, S.H., and Zajacova, A. (2020). US state policies, politics, and life expectancy. Milbank Quarterly. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.12469.

Morden, N.E., Munson, J.C., Colla, C.H., Skinner, J.S., Bynum, J.P., Zhou, W., and Meara, E. (2014). Prescription opioid use among disabled Medicare beneficiaries: Intensity, trends, and regional variation. Medical Care, 52, 9, 852-859. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0000000000000183.

Morland, K.B., and Evenson, K.R. (2009). Obesity prevalence and the local food environment. Health & Place, 15, 2, 491-495. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2008.09.004.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

Morland, K., Wing, S., and Roux, A.D. (2002). The contextual effect of the local food environment on residents’ diets: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. American Journal of Public Health, 92, 11, 1761-1768.

Mosher, J.F. (2012). Joe Camel in a bottle: Diageo, the Smirnoff brand, and the transformation of the youth alcohol market. American Journal of Public Health, 102, 1, 56-63. doi: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300387.

Mossey, J.M. (2011). Defining racial/ethnic disparities in pain management. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 469, 7, 1859-1870.

Mueller, J.T., McConnell, K., Burow, P.B., Pofahl, K., Merdjanoff, A.A., and Farrell, J. (2021). Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on rural America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118, 1. doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2019378118.

Muennig, P.A., Reynolds, M., Fink, D.S., Zafari, Z., and Geronimus, A.T. (2018). America’s declining well-being, health, and life expectancy: Not just a white problem. American Journal of Public Health, 108, 12, 1626-1631. doi: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304585.

Muller, C., Duncombe, A., Carroll, J.M., Mueller, A.S., Warren, J.R., and Grodsky, E. (2020). Association of job expectations among high school students with early death during adulthood. JAMA Network Open, 3, 12, e2027958. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.27958.

Murphy, S.L., Xu, J.Q., Kochanek, K.D., Arias, E., and Tejada-Vera, B. (2021). Deaths: Final data for 2018. National Vital Statistics Reports, 69, 13. Available: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr69/nvsr69-13-508.pdf.

Myers, M.L. (2018). On 20th Anniversary of State Tobacco Settlement (the MSA), It’s Time for Bold Action to Finish the Fight against Tobacco. Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. Available: https://www.tobaccofreekids.org/press-releases/2018_11_26_msa20.

Nahin, R.L., Sayer, B., Stussman, B.J., and Feinberg, T.M. (2019). Eighteen-year trends in the prevalence of, and health care use for, noncancer pain in the United States: Data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Journal of Pain, 20, 7, 796-809. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30658177.

Narain, K.D.C., and Zimmerman, F.J. (2019). Examining the association of changes in minimum wage with health across race and ethnicity and gender in the United States. BioMed Central Public Health, 19, 1, 1069.

NASEM (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine). (2017). Pain Management and the Opioid Epidemic: Balancing Societal and Individual Benefits and Risks of Prescription Opioid Use. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.17226/24781.

———. (2020a). Framing Opioid Prescribing Guidelines for Acute Pain: Developing the Evidence. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.17226/25555.

———. (2020b). Identification of Factors Contributing to the Decline of Traffic Fatalities in the United States from 2008 to 2012. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.17226/25590.

Nathens, A.B., Jurkovich, G.J., Cummings, P., Rivara, F.P., and Maier, R.V. (2000). The effect of organized systems of trauma care on motor vehicle crash mortality. Journal of the American Medical Association, 283, 15, 1990-1994. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.283.15.1990.

National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics. (2019, November 25). Letter from William W. Stead, M.D. to U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Secretary Alex Azar II RE: Preparing for Adoption of ICD-11 as a Mandated U.S. Health Data Standard. Available: https://ncvhs.hhs.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Recommendation-LetterPreparing-for-Adoption-of-ICD-11-as-a-Mandated-US-Health-Data-Standard-final.pdf.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

NCES (National Center for Education Statistics). (2020a). Table 388. Labor Force Participation Rate and Employment to Population Ratios of Persons 16 to 64 Years Old, by Educational Attainment, Age, Sex, and Race and ethnicity: 2009. U.S. Department of Education. Available: https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d10/tables/dt10_388.asp [April 2020].

———. (2020b). Table 501.10. Labor Force Participation, Employment, and Unemployment of Persons 25 to 64 Years Old, by Sex, Race and ethnicity, Age Group, and Educational Attainment: 2014, 2015, 2016. U.S. Department of Education. Available: https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d17/tables/dt17_501.10.asp [April 2020].

NCHS (National Center for Health Statistics). (1964). United States Life Tables: 1959-1961. Public Health Service Publication Number 1252, 1, 1. Washington, DC: Public Health Service. Available: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/lifetables/life59-61_1_1acc.pdf.

———. (1974). Life Tables. Vital Statistics of the United States: 1970, II, 5. Washington, DC: Health Resources Administration National Center for Health Statistics.

———. (1984). Vital Statistics of the United States, 1980: Life Tables. Department of Health and Human Services Publication Number 84-1104. Volume II, Section 6. Washington, DC: Public Health Service.

———. (1994). Vital Statistics of the United States, 1990: Life Tables. Department of Health and Human Services Publication Number 84-1104, II, 6. Washington, DC: Public Health Service.

———. (2018). U.S. Detailed Mortality Micro Data, 1990-2017, as compiled from data provided by the 57 vital statistics jurisdictions through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program. Hyattsville, MD. Available: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data_access/cmf.htm.

———. (2019a). Health, United States, 2018. Hyattsville, MD. Available: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus18.pdf.

———. (2019b). Multiple Cause of Death Micro Data Files, 1990-2017. Centers of Disease Control and Prevention. Available: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/dvs_data_release.htm#anchor_1553800980 [March 2020].

———. (2021). Deaths involving coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by race and Hispanic origin group and age, by state. Updated January 21, 2021. Last accessed January 19, 2021. Available: https://data.cdc.gov/NCHS/Deaths-involving-coronavirus-disease-2019-COVID-19/ks3g-spdg.

Neill, K.A. (2014). Tough on drugs: Law and order dominance and neglect of public health in U.S. drug policy. World Medical & Health Policy, 6, 4, 375-394. Available: https://doi.org/10.1002/wmh3.123.

Nestle, M. (2013). Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health (Vol. 3). Berkeley: University of California Press.

Neuman, M.D., Bateman, B.T., and Wunsch, H. (2019). Inappropriate opioid prescription after surgery. Lancet, 393, 10180, 1547-1557. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30428-3.

Newhouse, J.P. (1993). Free for All?: Lessons from the RAND Health Insurance Experiment. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Available: https://www.rand.org/pubs/commercial_books/CB199.html.

Nguyen, Q.C., Tabor, J.W., Entzel, P.P., Lau, Y., Suchindran, C., Hussey, J.M., Halpern, C.T., Harris, K.M., and Whitsel, E.A. (2011). Discordance in national estimates of hypertension among young adults. Epidemiology, 22, 4, 532–541. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0b013e31821c79d2.

Nguyen, Q.C., Whitsel, E.A., Tabor, J.W., Cuthbertson, C.C., Wener, M.H., Potter, A.J., Halpern, C.T., Killeya-Jones, L.A., Hussey, J.M., Suchindran, C., and Harris, K.M. (2014). Blood spot-based measures of glucose homeostasis and diabetes prevalence in a nationally representative population of young US adults. Annals of Epidemiology, 24, 12, 903-909. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.09.010.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

NIDA (National Institute on Drug Abuse). (2005). Drug Abuse and Addiction: One of America’s Most Challenging Public Health Problems. Available: https://archives.drugabuse.gov/publications/drug-abuse-addiction-one-americas-most-challenging-public-health-problems.

———. (2018). Common Comorbidities with Substance Use Disorders. Available: https://d14rmgtrwzf5a.cloudfront.net/sites/default/files/1155-common-comorbidities-with-substance-use-disorders.pdf.

———. (2019). Dramatic Increases in Maternal Opioid Use Disorder and Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Available: https://www.drugabuse.gov/sites/default/files/nas-infographic-2019.pdf.

———. (2020). Part 1: The Connection Between Substance Use Disorders and Mental Illness. Available: https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/common-comorbidities-substance-use-disorders/part-1-connection-between-substance-use-disorders-mental-illness.

Nielsen. (2018). Assessing the Reduced Growth of the U.S. Adult Beverage Market. Available: https://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/article/2018/assessing-the-reduced-growth-of-the-us-adult-beverage-market/ [April 2020].

Nikpay, M., Goel, A., Won, H.H., Hall, L.M., Willenborg, C., Kanoni, S., Saleheen, D., Kyriakou, T., Nelson, C.P., Hopewell, J.C., and Webb, T.R. (2015). A comprehensive 1000 genomes-based genome-wide association meta-analysis of coronary artery disease. Nature Genetics, 47, 10, 1121-1130.

Nisbet, P.A., Duberstein, P.R., Conwell, Y., and Seidlitz, L. (2000). The effect of participation in religious activities on suicide versus natural death in adults 50 and older. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 188, 8, 543-546. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-200008000-00011.

Nordt, C., Warnke, I., Seifritz, E., and Kawohl, W. (2015). Modelling suicide and unemployment: A longitudinal analysis covering 63 countries, 2000–11. Lancet Psychiatry, 2, 3, 239-245.

Norman, J. (2018). The religious regions of the U.S. Gallup. Available: https://news.gallup.com/poll/232223/religious-regions.aspx.

Norman, R.E., Byambaa, M., De, R., Butchart, A., Scott, J., and Vos, T. (2012). The long-term health consequences of child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine, 9, 11.

Novak, N.L., and Brownell, K.D. (2011). Taxation as prevention and as a treatment for obesity: The case of sugar-sweetened beverages. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 17, 12, 1218-1222.

NRC (National Research Council). (2001). New Horizons in Health: An Integrative Approach. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.17226/10002.

———. (2011). Explaining Divergent Levels of Longevity in High-Income Countries. Washington, DC: National Academic Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.17226/13089.

———. (2014). The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

Nunn, R., Parsons, J., and Shambaugh, J. (2020). A Dozen Facts about the Economics of the U.S. Health-Care System. The Hamilton Project Report. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

Nyberg, S.T., Heikkilä, K., Fransson, E.I., Alfredsson, L., De Bacquer, D., Bjorner, J.B., Bonenfant, S., Borritz, M., Burr, H., Casini, A., Clays, E., Dragano, N., Erbel, R., Geuskens, G.A., Goldberg, M., Hooftman, W.E., Houtman, I.L., Jöckel, K.H., Kittel, F., Knutsson, A., Koskenvuo, M., Leineweber, C., Lunau, T., Madsen, I.E.H., Magnusson Hanson, L.L., Marmot, M.G., Nielsen, M.L., Nordin, M., Oksanen, T., Pentti, J., Rugulies, R., Siegrist, J., Suominen, S., Vahtera, J., Virtanen, M., Westerholm, P., Westerlund, H., Zins, M., Ferrie, J.E., Theorell, T., Steptoe, A., Hamer, M., Singh-Manoux, A., Batty, G.D., Kivimäki, M., and IPD-Work Consortium. (2012). Job strain in relation to body mass index: Pooled analysis of 160 000 adults from 13 cohort studies. Journal of Internal Medicine, 272, 1, 65-73. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02482.x.

O’Brien, R.M. (2000). Age period cohort characteristics models. Social Science Research, 29, 1, 123-139. doi: https://doi.org/10.1006/ssre.1999.0656.

O’Brien, R.M. (2014). Age-Period-Cohort Models: Approaches and Analyses with Aggregate Data. New York: Chapman & Hall/CRC.

O’Connor, K.J., and Graham, C. (2019). Longer, more optimistic, lives: Historic optimism and life expectancy in the United States. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 168, 374-392.

Ogden, C.L., Fakhouri, T.H., Carroll, M.D., Hales, C.M., Fryar, C.D., Li, X., and Freedman, D.S. (2017). Prevalence of obesity among adults, by household income and education—United States, 2011–2014., Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 66, 50, 1369-1373.

Olshansky, S.J., Passaro, D.J., Hershow, R.C., Layden, J., Carnes, B.A., Brody, J., Hayflick, L., Butler, R.N., Allison, D.B., and Ludwig, D.S. (2005). A potential decline in life expectancy in the United States in the 21st century. New England Journal of Medicine, 352, 11, 1138-1145.

O’Malley, P.M., and Wagenaar, A.C. (1991). Effects of Minimum drinking age laws on alcohol use, related behaviors and traffic crash involvement among American youth: 1976-1987. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 52, 5, 478-491.

Opoliner, A., Azrael, D., Barber, C., Fitzmaurice, G., and Miller, M. (2014). Explaining geographic patterns of suicide in the US: The role of firearms and antidepressants. Injury Epidemiology, 1, 1, 6.

Oppenheimer, V.K. (2000). The continuing importance of men’s economic position in marriage formation. In The Ties That Bind: Perspectives on Marriage and Cohabitation (pp. 283-301). New York: Aldine de Gruyter.

———. (2003). Cohabiting and marriage during young men’s career-development process. Demography, 40, 1, 127-149.

Owen, C.G., Whincup, P.H., Orfei, L., Chou, Q.A., Rudnicka, A.R., Wathern, A.K., Kaye, S.J., Eriksson, J.G., Osmond, C., and Cook, D.G. (2009). Is body mass index before middle age related to coronary heart disease risk in later life? Evidence from observational studies. International Journal of Obesity, 33, 8, 866-877.

Ozburn, A.R., Janowsky, A.J., and Crabbe, J.C. (2015). Commonalities and distinctions among mechanisms of addiction to alcohol and other drugs. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 39, 10, 1863-1877.

Painter, K. (2019, April 16). Progress against heart disease stalls: “We are at a point of real stagnation.” USA Today. Available: https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/news/50-states/2019/04/12heart-disease-progress-stalls-obesity-diabetes-prime-suspects/3400610002.

Pampel, F.C. (2002). Cigarette use and the narrowing sex differential in mortality. Population and Development Review, 28, 1, 77-104.

Pampel, F.C., Krueger, P.M., and Denney, J.T. (2010). Socioeconomic disparities in health behaviors. Annual Review of Sociology, 36, 349-370.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

Pan, W., and Bai, H. (2009). A multivariate approach to a meta-analytic review of the effectiveness of the D.A.R.E. program. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 6, 1, 267–277. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph6010267.

Pappas, G., Queen, S., Hadden, W., and Fisher, G. (1993). The increasing disparity in mortality between socioeconomic groups in the United States, 1960 and 1986. New England Journal of Medicine, 329, 103-109.

Pardo, B., Taylor, J., Caulkins, J.P., Kilmer, B., Reuter, P., and Stein, B.D. (2019). The Future of Fentanyl and Other Synthetic Opioids. Santa Monica, CA: The RAND Corporation. Available: https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR3100/RR3117/RAND_RR3117.pdf.

Perdue, D.G., Haverkamp, D., Perkins, C., Daley, C.M., and Provost, E. (2014). Geographic variation in colorectal cancer incidence and mortality, age of onset, and stage at diagnosis among American Indian and Alaska Native people, 1990-2009. American Journal of Public Health, 104, Suppl 3, S404-S414. doi: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301654.

Pérez-Bermejo, J.A., Kang, S.S., Rockwood, S.J., Simoneau, C.R., Joy, D.A., Ramadoss, G.N., Silva, A.C., Flanigan, W.R., Li, H., Nakamura, K., and Whitman, J.D. (2020). SARSCoV-2 infection of human iPSC-derived cardiac cells predicts novel cytopathic features in hearts of COVID-19 patients. BioRxiv, preprint. Available: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.25.265561v2.full.pdf [September 2020].

Pescosolido, B.A. (1990). The social context of religious integration and suicide: Pursuing the network explanation. Sociological Quarterly, 31, 3, 337-357.

———. (1994). Bringing Durkheim into the twenty-first century: A network approach to unresolved issues in the sociology of suicide. In Emile Durkheim le Suicide: One Hundred Years Later (pp. 264-295). New York: Charles Press.

Pescosolido, B.A., and Georgianna, S. (1989). Durkheim, suicide, and religion: Toward a network theory of suicide. American Sociological Review, 54, 1, 33-48.

Peters, D.J. (2012). Income inequality across micro and meso geographic scales in the mid-western United States, 1979–2009. Rural Sociology, 77, 2, 171-202.

———. (2013). American income inequality across economic and geographic space, 1970-2010. Social Science Research, 42, 6, 1490-1504.

Peters, D.J., Monnat, S.M., Hochstetler, A., and Berg, M. (2020). The opioid hydra: Understanding mortality epidemics and pandemics across the rural-urban continuum. Rural Sociology, 85, 3, 589-622.

Petrosky, E., Harpaz, R., Fowler, K.A., Bohm, M.K., Helmick, C.G., Yuan, K., and Betz, C.J. (2018). Chronic pain among suicide decedents, 2003 to 2014: Findings from the National Violent Death Reporting System. Annals of Internal Medicine, 169, 448-455. doi: https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0830.

Pew Research Center. (2019, October 17). In U.S., decline of Christianity continues at rapid pace. Washington, DC. Available: https://www.pewforum.org/2019/10/17/in-u-s-decline-of-christianity-continues-at-rapid-pace.

Phelan, J.C., and Link, B.G. (2015). Is racism a fundamental cause of inequalities in health? Annual Review of Sociology, 41, 1, 311–330. doi: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112305.

Phelan, J.C., Link, B.G., and Tehranifar, P. (2010). Social conditions as fundamental causes of health inequalities: Theory, evidence, and policy implications. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51, S28-40. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146510383498.

Phillips, J.A. (2013). Factors associated with temporal and spatial patterns in suicide rates across U.S. states, 1976–2000. Demography, 50, 591-614. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-012-0176-y.

———. (2014). A changing epidemiology of suicide? The influence of birth cohorts on suicide rates in the United States. Social Science & Medicine, 114, 151-160.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

Phillips, J.A., and Nugent, C.N. (2014). Suicide and the Great Recession of 2007–2009: The role of economic factors in the 50 U.S. states. Social Science & Medicine, 116, 22-31. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.06.015.

Phillips, J.A., Robin, A.V., Nugent, C.N., and Idler, E.L. (2010). Understanding recent changes in suicide rates among the middle-age: Period or cohort effects? Public Health Reports, 125, 5, 680-688.

Pickett, K.E., and Wilkinson, R.G. (2015). Income inequality and health: A causal review. Social Science & Medicine, 128, 316-326. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.12.031.

Pierce, J.R., and Schott, P.K. (2016). Trade Liberalization and Mortality: Evidence from U.S. Counties. NBER Working Paper 22849. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. Available: https://www.nber.org/papers/w22849.

———. (2020). Trade liberalization and mortality: Evidence from US counties. American Economic Review: Insights, 2, 1, 47-64. doi: https://doi.org/10.1257/aeri.20180396.

Piffaretti, C., Moreno-Betancur, M., Lamarche-Vadel, A., and Rey, G. (2016). Quantifying cause-related mortality by weighting multiple causes of death. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 94, 12, 870-879. doi: https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.16.172189.

Piketty, T., and Saez, E. (2014). Inequality in the long run. Science, 344, 6186, 838-843.

Pilkerton, C.S., Singh, S.S., Bias, T.K., and Frisbee, S.J. (2015). Changes in cardiovascular health in the United States, 2003-2011. Journal of the American Heart Association, 4, 9, e001650. doi: https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.114.001650.

Pletcher, M.J., Kertesz, S.G., Kohn, M.A., and Gonzales, R. (2008). Trends in opioid prescribing by race and ethnicity for patients seeking care in US emergency departments. Journal of the American Medical Association, 299, 1, 70-78.

Polednak, A.P. (2013). Using cancer registries to assess the accuracy of primary liver or intrahepatic bile duct cancer as the underlying cause of death, 1999-2010. Journal of Registry Management, 40, 4, 168-175.

Poleshuck, E.L., and Green, C.R. (2008). Socioeconomic disadvantage and pain. Pain, 136, 3, 235. doi: https://doi.og/10.1016/j.pain.2008.04.003.

Pollard, M.S., Tucker, J.S., and Green, H.D. Jr (2020). Changes in adult alcohol use and consequences during the COVID-19 pandemic in the US. JAMA Network Open, 3, 9, e2022942. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.22942.

Porter, J., and Jick, H. (1980). Addiction rare in patients treated with narcotics. New England Journal of Medicine, 302, 2, 123.

Potenza, M.N. (2006). Should addictive disorders include non-substance-related conditions? Addiction, 101, Suppl 1, 142-151. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01591.x.

Poti, J.M., Mendez, M.A., Ng, S.W., and Popkin, B.M. (2015). Is the degree of food processing and convenience linked with the nutritional quality of foods purchased by US households? American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 101, 6, 1251-1262. doi: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.114.100925.

Powell, L.M., Chriqui, J.F., Khan, T., Wada, R., and Chaloupka, F.J. (2013). Assessing the potential effectiveness of food and beverage taxes and subsidies for improving public health: A systematic review of prices, demand and body weight outcomes. Obesity Reviews, 14, 2, 110-128.

Preston, S.H., and Elo, I.T. (1995). Are educational differentials in adult mortality increasing in the United States? Journal of Aging and Health, 7, 4, 476-496.

———. (2014). Anatomy of a municipal triumph: New York City’s upsurge in life expectancy. Population and Development Review, 40, 1, 1-29. doi: https://doiorg/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2014.00648.x.

Preston, S., Heuveline, P., and Guillot, M. (2000). Demography: Measuring and Modeling Population Processes. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

Preston, S.H., Mehta, N.K., and Stokes, A. (2013). Modeling obesity histories in cohort analyses of health and mortality. Epidemiology, 24, 1.

Preston, S.H., Vierboom, Y.C., and Stokes, A. (2018). The role of obesity in exceptionally slow US mortality improvement. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115, 5, 957-961.

Prinz, D., Chernew, M., Cutler, D., and Frakt, A. (2018). Health and Economic Activity over the Lifecycle: Literature Review. Working Paper No. 24865. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. Available: https://www.nber.org/papers/w24865.

Pritchard, C., Rosenorn-Lanng, E., Silk, A., and Hansen, L. (2017). Controlled population-based comparative study of USA and international adult (55-74) neurological deaths 1989-2014. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 136, 6, 698-707. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ane.12789.

Prospective Studies Collaboration. (2009). Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900,000 adults: Collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies. Lancet, 373, 9669, 1083-1096.

Putnam, R.D. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Quinones, S. (2015). Dreamland: The Tale of America’s Opiate Epidemic. New York: Bloomsbury Press.

Racine, M. (2018). Chronic pain and suicide risk: A comprehensive review. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 87, Pt B, 269-280. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.08.020.

Ram, R. (2005). Income inequality, poverty, and population health: Evidence from recent data for the United States. Social Science & Medicine, 61, 12, 2568-2576. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.04.038.

Ramsay, S.E., Whincup, P.H., Morris, R., Lennon, L., and Wannamethee, S.G. (2008). Is socioeconomic position related to the prevalence of metabolic syndrome? Influence of social class across the life course in a population-based study of older men. Diabetes Care, 31, 12, 2380-2382. doi: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc08-1158.

Rashidi, A., Kaistha, P., Whitehead, L., and Robinson, S. (2020). Factors that influence adherence to treatment plans amongst people living with cardiovascular disease: A review of published qualitative research studies. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 110, 103727. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103727.

Ravussin, E., and Ryan, D.H. (2018). Three new perspectives on the perfect storm: What’s behind the obesity epidemic? Obesity, 26, 1, 9-10.

Reckera, N.L., and Moore, M.D. (2016). Durkheim, social capital, and suicide rates across US counties. Health Sociology Review, 25, 1, 78-91. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14461242.2015.1101703.

Redelings, M.D., Sorvillo, F., and Simon, P. (2006). A comparison of underlying cause and multiple causes of death. U.S. Vital Statistics, 2000–2001. Epidemiology, 17(1), 100-103.

Reiman, A. (2009). Cannabis as a substitute for alcohol and other drugs. Harm Reduction Journal, 6, 35. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-6-35.

Reis, J.P., Loria, C.M., Lewis, C.E., Powell-Wiley, T.M., Wei, G.S., Carr, J.J., Terry, J.G., and Liu, K. (2013). Association between duration of overall and abdominal obesity beginning in young adulthood and coronary artery calcification in middle age. Journal of the American Medical Association, 310, 3, 280-288.

Reither, E.N., Hauser, R.M., and Yang, Y. (2009). Do birth cohorts matter? Age-period-cohort analyses of the obesity epidemic in the United States. Social Science & Medicine, 69, 10, 1439-1448.

Reither, E.N., Olshansky, S.J., and Yang, Y. (2011). New forecasting methodology indicates more disease and earlier mortality ahead for today’s younger Americans. Health Affairs, 30, 8, 1562-1568.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

Remund, A., Camarda, C.G., and Riffe, T. (2018). A cause-of-death decomposition of young adult excess mortality. Demography, 55, 3, 957-978. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-018-0680-9.

Richter, D., Wall, A., Bruen, A., and Whittington, R. (2019). Is the global prevalence rate of adult mental illness increasing? Systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 140, 5, 393-407. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13083.

Rigg, K.K., and Monnat, S.M. (2015a). Comparing characteristics of prescription painkiller misusers and heroin users in the U.S. Addictive Behaviors, 51, 106-112.

———. (2015b). Urban vs. rural differences in prescription opioid misuse among adults in the United States: Informing region specific drug policies and interventions. International Journal of Drug Policy, 26, 484-491.

Rigg, K.K., Monnat, S.M., and Chavez, M.N. (2018). Opioid-related mortality in rural America: Geographic heterogeneity and intervention strategies. International Journal of Drug Policy, 57, 119-129.

Rigg, K.K., McLean, K., Monnat, S.M., Sterner, G.E., 3rd, and Verdery, A.M. (2019). Opioid misuse initiation: Implications for intervention. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 37, 3-4, 111-122. Available: https://doi.org/10.1080/10550887.2019.1609336.

Riley, C. (2010, December 7). Health care is eating a hole in the pentagon budget. CNN. Available: https://money.cnn.com/2010/12/07/news/economy/military_health_care/index.htm.

Ritchie, C.S., Garrett, S.B., Thompson, N., and Miaskowski, C. (2020). Unintended consequences of opioid regulations in older adults with multiple chronic conditions. Gerontologist, 60, 7, 1343-1352.

Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. (2010). A New D.A.R.E. Curriculum Gets Mixed Reviews. Princeton, NJ. Available: https://www.rwjf.org/en/library/research/2010/03/a-newd-a-r-e--curriculum-gets-mixed-reviews.html.

Robertson, C., and Trent, M.E. (2018). Despair, love and loss: A journey inside West Virginia’s opioid crisis. New York Times. Available: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/us/west-virginia-opioids.html?mtrref=www.google.com&assetType=REGIWALL.

Robinson, W.R., Keyes, K.M., Utz, R.L., Martin, C.L., and Yang, Y. (2013). Birth cohort effects among US-born adults born in the 1980s: Foreshadowing future trends in US obesity prevalence. International Journal of Obesity, 37, 3, 448-454. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2012.66.

Rockett, I.R., Caine, E.D., Connery, H.S., D’Onofrio, G., Gunnell, D.J., Miller, T.R., Nolte, K.B., Kaplan, M.S., Kapusta, N.D., Lilly, C.L., and Nelson, L.S. (2018). Discerning suicide in drug intoxication deaths: Paucity and primacy of suicide notes and psychiatric history. PLoS ONE, 13, 1, e0190200.

Rogers, K. (2016, December 8). Life expectancy in U.S. declines slightly, and researchers are puzzled. New York Times. Available: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/08/health/life-expectancy-us-declines.html.

Rosenquist, N.A., Cook, D.M., Ehntholt, A., Omaye, A., Muennig, P., and Pabayo, R. (2020). Differential relationship between state-level minimum wage and infant mortality risk among US infants born to white and black mothers. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 74, 1, 14-19.

Rosewicz, B., Theal, J., and Ascanio, K. (2020). States collectively spend 17 percent of their revenue on Medicaid. Pew Charitable Trusts. Available: https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/articles/2020/01/09/states-collectively-spend-17-percent-of-their-revenue-on-medicaid.

Rossen, L.M., Bastian, B., Warner, M., and Khan, D. (2017). Drug Poisoning Mortality: United States, 1999–2016. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

Rossen, L.M., Branum, A.M., Ahmad, F.B., Sutton, P., and Anderson, R.N. (2020). Excess deaths associated with COVID-19, by age and race and ethnicity - United States, January 26-October 3, 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69, 42, 1522-1527. doi: https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6942e2.

Rostron, B.L., Boies, J.L., and Arias, E. (2010). Education reporting and classification on death certificates in the United States. National Vital Statistics Reports, 2, 151.

Rothstein, R. (2017). The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America. New York: Norton and Company.

Rowan, K., McAlpine, D.D., and Blewett, L.A. (2013). Access and cost barriers to mental health care, by insurance status, 1999-2010. Health Affairs, 32, 10, 1723-1730. doi: https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2013.0133.

Rugaber, C.S. (2017, March 23). Death rates up for middle age whites with little education. Bloomberg. Available: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-03-23/less-educated-middle-age-us-whites-dying-younger-than-others.

Ruggles, S. (2015). Patriarchy, power, and pay: The transformation of American families, 1800–2015. Demography, 52, 6, 1797-1823.

Ruhm, C.J. (2017). Geographic variation in opioid and heroin involved drug poisoning mortality rates. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 53, 6, 745-753.

———. (2018a). Corrected U.S. opioid-involved drug poisoning deaths and mortality rates, 1999–2015. Addiction, 113, 7, 1339-1344.

———. (2018b). Deaths of Despair or Drug Problems? Working Paper No. 24188. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. doi: https://doi.org/10.3386/w24188.

———. (2019). Drivers of the fatal drug epidemic. Journal of Health Economics, 64, 25-42. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2019.01.001.

———. (2000). Are recessions good for your health? Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115, 2, 617-650. doi: https://doi.org/10.1162/003355300554872.

———. (2021). Living and Dying in America: An Essay on Deaths of Despair and the Future of Capitalism. NBER Working Paper No. 28358. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. Available: http://www.nber.org/papers/w28358.

Sadeghirad, B., Duhaney, T., Motaghipisheh, S., Campbell, N.R.C., and Johnston, B.C. (2016). Influence of unhealthy food and beverage marketing on children’s dietary intake and preference: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Obesity Reviews, 17, 10, 945-959.

Saez, E., and Zucman, G. (2016). Wealth inequality in the United States since 1913: Evidence from capitalized income tax data. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 131, 2, 519-578.

Salomon, J.A., Nordhagen, S., Oza, S., and Murray, C.J. (2009). Are Americans feeling less healthy? The puzzle of trends in self-rated health. American Journal of Epidemiology, 170, 3, 343-351.

Samet, J.M., Burke, T.A., and Goldstein, B.D. (2017). The Trump Administration and the environment—Heed the science. New England Journal of Medicine, 376, 12, 1182-1188. Available: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMms1615242.

SAMHSA (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration). (2014). Projections of National Expenditures for Treatment of Mental and Substance Use Disorders, 2010–2020. HHS Publication No. SMA-14-4883. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Available: https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/sma14-4883.pdf.

———. (2015). Behavioral Health Trends in the United States: Results from the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. HHS Publication No. SMA 15–4927, NSDUH Series H-50. Available: https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-FRR1-2014/NSDUH-FRR1-2014.pdf.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

———. (2019). Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. HHS Publication No. PEP195068, NSDUH Series H-54. Rockville, MD: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. Available: https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/cbhsq-reports/NSDUHNationalFindingsReport2018/NSDUHNationalFindingsReport2018.pdf.

Sampson, R.J., and Groves, W.B. (1989). Community structure and crime: Testing social-disorganization theory. American Journal of Sociology, 94, 4, 774-802.

Sancar, F., Abbasi, J., and Bucher, K. (2017). Mortality among American Indians and Alaska Natives. Journal of the American Medical Association, 319, 2, 112, infographic. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.20760.

Saslow, E. (2016, December 17). “What kind of a childhood is that?” Washington Post. Available: https://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/national/2016/12/17/orphaned-by-americas-opioid-epidemic.

Sasson, I. (2016). Diverging trends in cause-specific mortality and life years lost by educational attainment: Evidence from United States vital statistics data, 1990-2010. PLoS ONE, 11, 10, e0163412.

Savych, B., Neumark, D., and Lea, R. (2019). Do opioids help injured workers recover and get back to work? The impact of opioid prescriptions on duration of temporary disability. Industrial Relations, 58, 4, 549-590.

Sayer, L.C., Bianchi, S.M., and Robinson, J.P. (2004). Are parents investing less in children? Trends in mothers’ and fathers’ time with children. American Journal of Sociology, 110, 1, 1-43.

Schirmer, S., Nellis, A., and Mauer, M. (2009). Incarcerated parents and their children: Trends 1991-2007. The Sentencing Project. Available: https://www.sentencingproject.org/wpcontent/uploads/2016/01/Incarcerated-Parents-and-Their-Children-Trends-1991-2007.pdf.

Schneider, E.C., Sarnak, D.O., Squires, D., Shah, A., and Doty, M.M. (2017). Mirror, Mirror 2017: International Comparison Reflects Flaws and Opportunities for Better U.S. Health Care. New York, NY: The Commonwealth Fund. Available: https://www.common-wealthfund.org/publications/fund-reports/2017/jul/mirror-mirror-2017-international-comparison-reflects-flaws-and.

Schnittker, J., and Do, D. (2020). Pharmaceutical side effects and mental health paradoxes among racial-ethnic minorities. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 61, 1, 4-23.

Schoeni, R.F., House, J.S., Kaplan, G.A., and Pollack, H. (Eds.). (2008). Making Americans Healthier: Social and Economic Policy as Health Policy. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Schuchat, A., Houry, D., and Guy, G.P. Jr. (2017). New data on opioid use and prescribing in the United States. Journal of the American Medical Association, 318, 5, 425–426. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.8913.

Schweinhart, L.J. (1993). Significant Benefits: The High/Scope Perry Preschool Study through Age 27. Monographs of the High/Scope Educational Research Foundation, No. Ten. Ypsilanti, MI: High/Scope Educational Research Foundation.

Scott, K.M., Lim, C., Al-Hamzawi, A., Alonso, J., Bruffaerts, R., Caldas-de-Almeida, J.M., Florescu, S., De Girolamo, G., Hu, C., De Jonge, P., and Kawakami, N. (2016). Association of mental disorders with subsequent chronic physical conditions: World mental health surveys from 17 countries. JAMA Psychiatry, 73, 2, 150-158.

Scutchfield, F.D., and Keck, C.W. (2017). Deaths of despair: Why? What to do? American Journal of Public Health, 107, 10, 1564-1565. doi: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.303992.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

Seeman, T.E., Singer, B.H., Rowe, J.W., Horwitz, R.I., and McEwen, B.S. (1997). Price of adaptation—Allostatic load and its health consequences: MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging. Archives of Internal Medicine, 157, 19, 2259-2268.

Segal, L.M., De Biasi, A., Jennifer, L., May, K., and Warren, M. (2017). Pain in the nation: The drug, alcohol and suicide crises and the need for a national resilience strategy. Trust for America’s Health, and Well Being Trust. Available: http://www.paininthenation.org/assets/pdfs/TFAH-2017-PainNationRpt.pdf.

Shachar, C., Wise, T., Katznelson, G., and Campbell, A.L. (2019). Criminal justice or public health: A comparison of the representation of the crack cocaine and opioid epidemics in the media. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/03616878-8004862.

Shah, N.S., Lloyd-Jones, D.M., O’Flaherty, M., Capewell, S., Kershaw, K.N., Carnethon, M., and Khan, S.S. (2019). Trends in cardiometabolic mortality in the United States, 1999-2017. Journal of the American Medical Association, 322, 8, 780-782. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.9161.

Shah, N.S., Molsberry, R., Rana, J.S., Sidney, S., Capewell, S., O’Flaherty, M., Carnethon, M., Lloyd-Jones, D.M., and Khan, S.S. (2020). Heterogeneous trends in burden of heart disease mortality by subtypes in the United States, 1999-2018: Observational analysis of vital statistics. British Medical Journal, 370, m2688.

Shanahan, L., Hill, S.N., Gaydosh, L.M., Steinhoff, A., Costello, E.J., Dodge, K.A., Harris, K.M., and Copeland, W.E. (2019). Does despair really kill? A roadmap for an evidence-based answer. American Journal of Public Health, 109, 6, 854-858.

Shapira, B., Rosca, P., Berkovitz, R., Gorjaltsan, I., and Neumark, Y. (2020). The switch from one substance-of-abuse to another: Illicit drug substitution behaviors in a sample of high-risk drug users. PeerJ, 8, e9461. doi: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9461.

Sherk, A., Stockwell, T., Chikritzhs, T., Andréasson, S., Angus, C., Gripenberg, J., Holder, H., Holmes, J., Mäkelä, P., Mills, M., and Norström, T. (2018). Alcohol consumption and the physical availability of take-away alcohol: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the days and hours of sale and outlet density. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 79, 1, 58-67.

Sherman, N. (2020, October 21). Purdue Pharma to plead guilty in $8bn opioid settlement. BBC News. Available: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-54636002.

Sidney, S., Quesenberry, C.P., Jaffe, M.G., Sorel, M., Nguyen-Huynh, M.N., Kushi, L.H., Go, A.S., and Rana, J.S. (2016). Recent trends in cardiovascular mortality in the United States and public health goals. JAMA Cardiology, 1, 5, 594-599.

Silva, J. (2019). We’re Still Here: Pain and Politics in America’s Heartland. New York: Oxford University Press.

Singh, G.K., and Hiatt, R.A. (2006). Trends and disparities in socioeconomic and behavioural characteristics, life expectancy, and cause-specific mortality of native-born and foreign-born populations in the United States, 1979-2003. International Journal of Epidemiology, 35, 903-919.

Singh, G.K., and Siahpush, M. (2002). Increasing rural–urban gradients in US suicide mortality, 1970-1997. American Journal of Public Health, 92, 1161-1167.

———. (2014). Widening urban-rural disparities in life expectancy, U.S., 1969-2009. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 46, 2, e19-e29.

Slack, T. (2014). Work in rural America in the era of globalization. In C. Bailey et al. (Eds.), Rural America in a Globalizing World. Charleston: West Virginia University Press.

Slade, T., Chapman, C., Swift, W., Keyes, K., Tonks, Z., and Teesson, M. (2016). Birth cohort trends in the global epidemiology of alcohol use and alcohol-related harms in men and women: Systematic review and metaregression. BMJ Open, 6(10), e011827. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011827.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

Slavova, S., Bunn, T.L., and Talbert, J. (2014). Drug overdose surveillance using hospital discharge data. Public Health Reports, 129, 5, 437-445. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/003335491412900507.

Smith, K.E., and Tickamyer, A.R. (2011). Economic Restructuring and Family Well-Being in Rural America. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.

Smith, N., Lucia, D., and Kawachi, I. (2014). State-level social capital and suicide mortality in the 50 U.S. states. Social Science & Medicine, 120, 269-277.

Smith, M.A., Seibel, N.L., Altekruse, S.F., Ries, L., Melbert, D.L., O’Leary, M., Smith, F.O., and Reaman, G.H. (2010). Outcomes for children and adolescents with cancer: Challenges for the twenty-first century. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 28, 15, 2625-2634. doi: https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2009.27.0421.

Sobol-Goldberg, S., Rabinowitz, J., and Gross, R. (2013). School-based obesity prevention programs: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Obesity, 21, 12, 2422-2428.

Solanki, G., and Schauffler, H.H. (1999). Cost-sharing and the utilization of clinical preventive services. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 17, 2, 127-133. Available: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10490055.

Sommers, B.D. (2017). State Medicaid expansions and mortality, revisited: A cost-benefit analysis. American Journal of Health Economics, 3, 3, 392-421. doi: https://doi.org/10.1162/ajhe_a_00080.

Sommers, B.D., Maylone, B., Blendon, R.J., Orav, E.J., and Epstein, A.M. (2017). Three-year impacts of the Affordable Care Act: Improved medical care and health among low-income adults. Health Affairs, 36, 6, 1119-1128.

Sood, N., Ghosh, A., and Escarce, J.J. (2009). Employer-sponsored insurance, health care cost growth, and the economic performance of U.S. industries. Health Services Research, 44, 5, 1449-1464.

Sorlie, P.D., and Johnson, N.J. (1996). Validity of education information on the death certificate. Epidemiology, 7, 4, 437-439. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/00001648-199607000-00017.

Srour, B., Fezeu, L.K., Kesse-Guyot, E., Allès, B., Méjean, C., Andrianasolo, R.M., Chazelas, E., Deschasaux, M., Hercberg, S., Galan, P., Monteiro, C.A., Julia, C., and Touvier, M. (2019). Ultra-processed food intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: Prospective cohort study (NutriNet-Santé). BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 365, l1451. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l1451.

Srour, B., Fezeu, L.K., Kesse-Guyot, E., Allès, B., Debras, C., Druesne-Pecollo, N., Chazelas, E., Deschasaux, M., Hercberg, S., Galan, P., Monteiro, C.A., Julia, C., and Touvier, M. (2020). Ultraprocessed food consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes among participants of the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort. JAMA Internal Medicine, 180, 2, 283-291. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.5942.

Ssentongo, P., Ssentongo, A.E., Heilbrunn, E.S., Ba, D.M., and Chinchilli, V.M. (2020). Association of cardiovascular disease and 10 other pre-existing comorbidities with COVID-19 mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 15, 8, e0238215. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238215.

Steele, E.M., Baraldi, L.G., da Costa Louzada, M.L., Moubarac, J.C., Mozaffarian, D., and Monteiro, C.A. (2016). Ultra-processed foods and added sugars in the US diet: Evidence from a nationally representative cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 6, 3.

Stein, D.J., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Bruffaerts, R., De Jonge, P., Liu, Z., Caldas-de-Almeida, J.M., O’Neill, S., Viana, M.C., Al-Hamzawi, A.O., and Angermeyer, M.C. (2014). Associations between mental disorders and subsequent onset of hypertension. General Hospital Psychiatry, 36, 2, 142-149.

Stein, M.D., Conti, M.T., Kenney, S., Anderson, B.J., Flori, J.N., Risi, M.M., and Bailey, G.L. (2017a). Adverse childhood experience effects on opioid use initiation, injection drug use, and overdose among persons with opioid use disorder. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 179, 325-329.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

Stein, E.M., Gennuso, K.P., Ugboaja, D.C., and Remington, P.L. (2017b). The epidemic of despair among white Americans: Trends in the leading causes of premature death, 1999–2015. American Journal of Public Health, 107, 10, 1541-1547.

Steptoe, A., and Kivimäki, M. (2013). Stress and cardiovascular disease: An update on current knowledge. Annual Review of Public Health, 34, 337-354. doi: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031912-114452.

Sterling, M.R., Echeverría, S.E., Commodore-Mensah, Y., Breland, J.Y., and Nunez-Smith, M. (2019). Health equity and implementation science in heart, lung, blood, and sleep-related research: Emerging themes from the 2018 Saunders-Watkins Leadership Workshop. Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, 12, 10, e005586.

Stevens, J., Cai, J., Pamuk, E.R., Williamson, D.F., Thun, M.J., and Wood, J.L. (1998). The effect of age on the association between body-mass index and mortality. New England Journal of Medicine, 338, 1, 1-7.

Stevens, A.H., Miller, D.L., Page, M.E., and Filipski, M. (2015). The best of times, the worst of times: Understanding pro-cyclical mortality. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 7, 4, 279-311. doi: https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20130057.

Stice, E., Shaw, H., and Marti, C.N. (2006). A meta-analytic review of obesity prevention programs for children and adolescents: The skinny on interventions that work. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 5, 667-691. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.5.667.

Stickley, A., Koyanagi, A., Ueda, M., Inoue, Y., Waldman, K., and Oh, H. (2020). Physical multimorbidity and suicidal behavior in the general population in the United States. Journal of Affective Disorders, 260, 604-609.

Stokes, A., and Preston, S.H. (2016). Revealing the burden of obesity using weight histories. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113, 3, 572-577.

Stokes, A., Ni, Y., and Preston, S.H. (2017). Prevalence and trends in lifetime obesity in the U.S., 1988-2014. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 53, 5, 567-575.

Stone, D.M., Simon, T.R., Fowler, K.A., Kegler, S.R., Yuan, K., Holland, K.M., Ivey-Stephenson, A.Z., and Crosby, A.E. (2018). Vital signs: Trends in state suicide rates—United States, 1999–2016 and circumstances contributing to suicide—27 states, 2015. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 67, 22, 617-624. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm672.

Strashny, A. (2014). Age of substance use initiation among treatment admissions aged 18 to 30. The CBHSQ Report, 1-9. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27631064.

Strully, K.W., Rehkopf, D.H., and Xuan, Z. (2010). Effects of prenatal poverty on infant health: State Earned Income Tax Credits and birth weight. American Sociological Review, 75, 4, 534-562. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122410374086.

Studdert, D.M., Zhang, Y., Swanson, S.A., Prince, L., Rodden, J.A., Holsinger, E.E., Spittal, M.J., Wintemute, G.J., and Miller, M. (2020). Handgun ownership and suicide in California. New England Journal of Medicine, 382, 23, 2220-2229.

Sturm, R., and An, R. (2014). Obesity and economic environments. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 64, 5, 337-350. doi: https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21237.

Su, S., Jimenez, M.P., Roberts, C.T., and Loucks, E.B. (2015). The role of adverse childhood experiences in cardiovascular disease risk: A review with emphasis on plausible mechanisms. Current Cardiology Reports, 17, 10, 88.

Subramanian, S.V., and Kawachi, I. (2004). Income inequality and health: What have we learned so far? Epidemiologic Reviews, 26, 78-91. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxh003.

Sudhinaraset, M., Wigglesworth, C., and Takeuchi, D.T. (2016). Social and cultural contexts of alcohol use: Influences in a social-ecological framework. Alcohol Research, 38, 1, 35-45. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4872611.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

Sullivan, D., and von Wachter, T. (2009). Job displacement and mortality: An analysis using administrative data. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 124, 3, 1265-1306. doi: https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2009.124.3.1265.

Sunshine, J.E., Meo, N., Kassebaum, N.J., Collison, M.L., Mokdad, A.H., and Naghavi, M. (2019). Association of adverse effects of medical treatment with mortality in the United States: A secondary analysis of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study. JAMA Network Open, 2, 1, e187041-e187041.

Swaminathan, S., Sommers, B.D., Thorsness, R., Mehrotra, R., Lee, Y., and Trivedi, A.N. (2018). Association of Medicaid expansion with 1-year mortality among patients with end-stage renal disease. Journal of the American Medical Association, 320, 21, 2242-2250.

Swinburn, B., Egger, G., and Raza, F. (1999). Dissecting obesogenic environments: The development and application of a framework for identifying and prioritizing environmental interventions for obesity. Preventive Medicine, 29(6), 563-570.

Takeuchi, D.T., Zane, N., Hong, S., Chae, D.H., Gong, F., Gee, G.C., Walton, E., Sue, S., and Alegría, M. (2007). Immigration-related factors and mental disorders among Asian Americans. American Journal of Public Health, 97, 1, 84-90.

Tapia Granados, J.A. (2005). Increasing mortality during the expansions of the U.S. economy, 1900–1996, International Journal of Epidemiology, 34(6), 1194-1202. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyi141.

Tapia Granados, J.A., and Diez Roux, A.V. (2009). Life and death during the Great Depression. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(41), 17290-17295. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0904491106.

Tapscott, D. (2008). Grown Up Digital. Boston: McGraw-Hill Education.

Tavernise, S. (2016, February 13). Disparity in life spans of the rich and the poor is growing. New York Times. Available: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/13/health/disparity-in-life-spans-of-the-rich-and-the-poor-is-growing.html.

Taylor, S., Paluszek, M.M., Rachor, G.S., McKay, D., and Asmundson, G. (2021). Substance use and abuse, COVID-19-related distress, and disregard for social distancing: A network analysis. Addictive Behaviors, 114, 106754. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106754.

Temple, J. (2016). American Pain: How a Young Felon and His Ring of Doctors Unleashed America’s Deadliest Drug Epidemic. Lanham, MD: Lyons Press.

Tencza, C., Stokes, A., and Preston, S. (2014). Factors responsible for mortality variation in the United States: A latent variable analysis. Demographic Research, 21, 2, 27-70.

Tenforde, M.W., Kim, S.S., Lindsell, C.J., Rose, E.B., Shapiro, N.I., Files, D.C., Gibbs, K.W., Erickson, H.L., Steingrub, J.S., Smithline, H.A., and Gong, M.N. (2020). Symptom duration and risk factors for delayed return to usual health among outpatients with COVID-19 in a multistate health care systems network—United States, March–June 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69, 30, 993-998.

The Lancet. (2017). Syndemics: Health in context. Lancet, 389, 10072, 881. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30640-2.

Thiede, B., Kim, H., and Valasik, M. (2018). The spatial concentration of America’s rural poor population: A postrecession update. Rural Sociology, 83, 1, 109-144.

Thompson, J.R., Creasy, S.L., Mair, C.F., and Burke, J.G. (2020). Drivers of opioid use in Appalachian Pennsylvania: Cross-cutting social and community-level factors. International Journal of Drug Policy, 78, 102706. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102706.

Tipps, R.T., Buzzard, G.T., and McDougall, J.A. (2018). The opioid epidemic in Indian Country. Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics, 46, 422-436.

Tirosh, A., Shai, I., Afek, A., Dubnov-Raz, G., Ayalon, N., Gordon, B., Derazne, E., Tzur, D., Shamis, A., Vinker, S., and Rudich, A. (2011). Adolescent BMI trajectory and risk of diabetes versus coronary disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 364, 14, 1315-1325.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

Tondo, L., Albert, M.J., and Baldessarini, R.J. (2006). Suicide rates in relation to health care access in the United States: An ecological study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67(4), 517-523.

Too, L.S., Spittal, M.J., Bugeja, L., Reifels, L., Butterworth, P., and Pirkis, J. (2019). The association between mental disorders and suicide: A systematic review and meta-analysis of record linkage studies. Journal of Affective Disorders, 259, 302-313.

Tori, M.E., Larochelle, M.R., and Naimi, T.S. (2020). Alcohol or benzodiazepine co-involvement with opioid overdose deaths in the United States, 1999-2017. JAMA Network Open, 3, 4, e202361-e202361.

Tormoehlen, L.M., Tekulve, K.J., and Nañagas, K.A. (2014). Hydrocarbon toxicity: A review. Clinical Toxicology, 52, 5, 479-489.

Torr, B.M. (2011). The changing relationship between education and marriage in the United States, 1940–2000. Journal of Family History, 36, 4, 483-503.

Townshend, T., and Lake, A. (2017). Obesogenic environments: Current evidence of the built and food environments. Perspectives in Public Health, 137, 1, 38-44. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913916679860.

Treskon, M., and Docter, B. (2020). Preemption and Its Impact on Policy Responses to COVID-19. Washington, DC: Urban Institute. Available: https://www.urban.org/research/publication/preemption-and-its-impact-policy-responses-covid-19.

Trgovac, A.B., Kedron, P.J., and Bagchi-Sen, S. (2015). Geographic variation in male suicide rates in the United States. Applied Geography, 62, 201-209.

Tryon, M.S., Carter, C.S., DeCant, R., and Laugero, K.D. (2013). Chronic stress exposure may affect the brain’s response to high calorie food cues and predispose to obesogenic eating habits. Physiology and Behavior, 120, 233-242.

Tsao, T.Y., Konty, K.J., Van Wye, G., Barbot, O., Hadler, J.L., Linos, N., and Bassett, M.T. (2016). Estimating potential reductions in premature mortality in New York City from raising the minimum wage to $15. American Journal of Public Health, 106, 6, 1036-1041.

Tucker, J.A., Cheong, J., Chandler, S.D., Crawford, S.M., and Simpson, C.A. (2015). Social networks and substance use among at-risk emerging adults living in disadvantaged urban areas in the southern United States: A cross-sectional naturalistic study. Addiction, 110, 9, 1524-1532. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13010.

Turra, C.M., and Elo, I.T. (2008). The impact of salmon bias on the Hispanic mortality advantage: New evidence from Social Security data. Population Research and Policy Review, 27, 5, 515-530. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-008-9087-4.

Ullrich, F., and Mueller, K. (2021). Confirmed COVID-19 Cases, Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Counties. Iowa City, IA: Rural Policy Research Institute. Available: https://rupri.public-health.uiowa.edu/publications/policybriefs/2020/COVID%20Data%20Brief.pdf.

Unger, J.B., Kipke, M.D., Simon, T.R., Montgomery, S.B., and Johnson, C.J. (1997). Homeless youths and young adults in Los Angeles: Prevalence of mental health problems and the relationship between mental health and substance abuse disorders. American Journal of Community Psychology, 25, 3, 371-394. doi: https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1024680727864.

University of Washington. (n.d.). What Is Implementation Science? Available: https://impsciuw.org/implementation-science/learn/implementation-science-overview [September 2020].

UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime). (2020). COVID-19 and the Drug Supply Chain: From Production and Trafficking to Use. Vienna, Austria. Available: https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/covid/Covid-19-and-drug-supplychain-Mai2020.pdf.

Ursano, R.J., Kessler, R.C., Naifeh, J.A., Mash, H.B.H., Nock, M.K., Aliaga, P.A., Fullerton, C.S., Wynn, G.H., Ng, T.H.H., Dinh, H.M., and Sampson, N.A. (2018). Risk factors associated with attempted suicide among US army soldiers without a history of mental health diagnosis. JAMA Psychiatry, 75, 10, 1022-1032.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

U.S. Burden of Disease Collaborators. (2018). The state of U.S. health, 1990-2016: Burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors among U.S. states. Journal of the American Medical Association, 319, 14, 1444-1472. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.0158.

U.S. Census Bureau. (2019). Annual Estimates of the Resident Population by Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin for the United States, States, and Counties: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2018: 2018 Population Estimates. Available: https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk [January 2020].

DEA (U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration). (2016). National Drug Threat Assessment. DEA-DCTDIR-001-17. Available: https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=797265.

U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2006). Contractor’s National Evaluation Did Not Find That the Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign Was Effective in Reducing Youth Drug Use. GAO-06-818. Washington, DC. Available: https://www.gao.gov/assets/260/251217.pdf.

Van Dyke, M.E., Komro, K.A., Shah, M.P., Livingston, M.D., and Kramer, M.R. (2018). State-level minimum wage and heart disease death rates in the United States, 1980-2015: A novel application of marginal structural modeling. Preventive Medicine, 112, 97-103.

Van Zee, A. (2009). The promotion and marketing of OxyContin: Commercial triumph, public health tragedy. American Journal of Public Health, 99, 2, 221-227.

Vandoros, S., Gong, X., and Kawachi, I. (2020). The link between unemployment and opioid prescribing. An instrumental variable approach using evidence from England. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, jech-2020-213897. Advance online publication. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2020-213897.

VanEpps, E.M., Roberto, C.A., Park, S., Economos, C.D., and Bleich, S.N. (2016). Restaurant menu labeling policy: Review of evidence and controversies. Current Obesity Reports, 5, 1, 72-80.

Velez, E.D., and Woo, J.H. (2017). The Debt Burden of Bachelor’s Degree Recipients. NCES 2017-436. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Available: https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2017/2017436.pdf.

Venkataramani, A.S., Bair, E.F., O’Brien, R.L., and Tsai, A.C. (2020). Association between automotive assembly plant closures and opioid overdose mortality in the United States: A difference-in-differences analysis. JAMA Internal Medicine, 180, 2, 254-262. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.5686.

Viana, M.C., Lim, C.C., Pereira, F.G., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Bruffaerts, R., de Jonge, P., Caldas-de-Almeida, J.M., O’Neill, S., Stein, D.J., and Al-Hamzawi, A. (2018). Previous mental disorders and subsequent onset of chronic back or neck pain: Findings from 19 countries. Journal of Pain, 19, 1, 99-110.

Vierboom, Y.C., Preston, S.H., and Hendi, A.S. (2019). Rising geographic inequality in mortality in the United States. SSM-Population Health, 9, 100478.

Vilsaint, C.L., NeMoyer, A., Fillbrunn, M., Sadikova, E., Kessler, R.C., Sampson, N.A., Alvarez, K., Green, J.G., McLaughlin, K.A., Chen, R., and Williams, D.R. (2019). Racial/ethnic differences in 12-month prevalence and persistence of mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders: Variation by nativity and socioeconomic status. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 89, 52-60.

Vincus, A.A., Ringwalt, C., Harris, M.S., and Shamblen, S.R. (2010). A short-term, quasi-experimental evaluation of D.A.R.E.’s revised elementary school curriculum. Journal of Drug Education, 40, 1, 37-49. doi: https://doi.org/10.2190/DE.40.1.c.

Vogels, E.A. (2019). Millennials Stand Out for Their Technology Use, but Older Generations Also Embrace Digital Life. Pew Research Center. Available: https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/09/09/us-generations-technology-use.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

Volkow, N.D. (2001). Drug abuse and mental illness: Progress in understanding comorbidity. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 8, 1181-1183. doi: https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.8.1181.

Volkow, N.D., and Koob, G. (2015). Brain disease model of addiction: Why is it so controversial? Lancet Psychiatry, 2, 8, 677-679. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00236-9.

Wadhera, R.K., Joynt Maddox, K.E., Fonarow, G.C., Zhao, X., Heidenreich, P.A., DeVore, A.D., Matsouaka, R.A., Hernandez, A.F., Yancy, C.W., and Bhatt, D.L. (2018). Association of the Affordable Care Act’s Medicaid expansion with care quality and outcomes for low-income patients hospitalized with heart failure. Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, 11, 7, e004729.

Wagenaar, A.C., and Toomey, T.L. (2002). Effects of minimum drinking age laws: Review and analyses of the literature from 1960 to 2000. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, Supplement, 14, 206-225. Available: http://www.nabca.org/assets/Docs/effectsminimumdrinkingagelaws.pdf.

Wagner, S., Rainwater, B., and Carter, K. (2020). Preemption and the COVID-19 Pandemic: Exploring State Interference Before, During, and After the Crisis. Washington, DC: National League of Cities.

Walker, E.R., Cummings, J.R., Hockenberry, J.M., and Druss, B.G. (2015). Insurance status, use of mental health services, and unmet need for mental health care in the United States. Psychiatric Services, 66, 6, 578-584.

Walker, M.E., Xanthakis, V., Moore, L.L., Vasan, R.S., and Jacques, P.F. (2020). Cumulative sugar-sweetened beverage consumption is associated with higher concentrations of circulating ceramides in the Framingham Offspring Cohort. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 111, 2, 420-428. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqz257.

Wall, M.M., Huang, J., Oswald, J., and McCullen, D. (2005). Factors associated with reporting multiple causes of death. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 5, 1, 4. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-5-4.

Wang, H., and Preston, S.H. (2009). Forecasting United States mortality using cohort smoking histories. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 2, 393-398. doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0811809106.

Wang, Y., Wu, Y., Wilson, R.F., Bleich, S., Cheskin, L., Weston, C., Showell, N., Fawole, O., Lau, B., and Segal, J. (2013). Childhood obesity prevention programs: Comparative effectiveness review and meta-analysis. In Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE): Quality-Assessed Reviews. York, UK: Centre for Reviews and Dissemination.

Wang, Q.Q., Kaelber, D.C., Xu, R., and Volkow, N.D. (2021). COVID-19 risk and outcomes in patients with substance use disorders: Analyses from electronic health records in the United States. Molecular Psychiatry, 26, 1, 30-39. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-020-00880-7.

Wardle, J., Chida, Y., Gibson, E.L., Whitaker, K.L., and Steptoe, A. (2011). Stress and adiposity: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Obesity, 19, 4, 771-778. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.201.241.

Warshauer, M.E., and Monk, M. (1978). Problems in suicide statistics for whites and blacks. American Journal of Public Health, 68, 4, 383-388.

Wei, C., and Horn, L. (2013). Federal Student Loan Debt Burden of Noncompleters. NCES 2013-155. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Available: doi: https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2013/2013155.pdf.

Weinberger, D.M., Chen, J., Cohen, T., Crawford, F.W., Mostashari, F., Olson, D., Pitzer, V.E., Reich, N.G., Russi, M., Simonsen, L., Watkins, A., and Viboud, C. (2020). Estimation of excess deaths associated with the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, March to May 2020. JAMA Internal Medicine, 180, 10, 1336–1344. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.3391.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

Weisfeldt, M.L., and Zieman, S.J. (2007). Advances in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Health Affairs, 26, 1, 25-37.

Weiss, B.D., and Paasche-Orlow, M.K. (2020). Disparities in adherence to COVID-19 public health recommendations. Health Literacy Research and Practice, 4, 3, e171-e173.

West, S.L., and O’Neal, K.K. (2004). Project D.A.R.E. outcome effectiveness revisited. American Journal of Public Health, 94, 6, 1027-1029. doi: https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.94.6.1027.

Whisman, M.A. (2010). Loneliness and the metabolic syndrome in a population-based sample of middle-age and older adults. Health Psychology, 29, 5, 550-554. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020760.

Whisman, M.A., Uebelacker, L.A., and Settles, T.D. (2010). Marital distress and the metabolic syndrome: Linking social functioning with physical health. Journal of Family Psychology, 24, 3, 367-370. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019547.

White House Office of National Drug Control Policy. (2015). National Drug Control Budget: FY2016 Funding Highlights. Washington, DC.

WHO (World Health Organization). (2008). Closing the Gap in a Generation: Health Equity Through Action on the Social Determinants of Health. Geneva, Switzerland.

———. (2011). International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. Tenth Revision, 2010 Edition, Volume 2. Geneva, Switzerland. Available: https://www.who.int/classifications/icd/ICD10Volume2_en_2010.pdf?ua=1.

———. (2018a). Healthy Life Expectancy (HALE) Data by Country. Geneva, Switzerland. Available: http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.HALE?lang=en [March 2020].

———. (2018b). Global Health Observatory (GHO) Data: Life Expectancy. Geneva, Switzerland. Available: https://www.who.int/gho/mortality_burden_disease/life_tables/situation_trends/en/ [March 2020].

———. (2019). WHO Mortality Database. Available: https://www.who.int/data/data-collection-tools/who-mortality-database.

Wilcox, W.B., Cherlin, A.J., Uecker, J.E., and Messel, M. (2012). No money, no honey, no church: The deinstitutionalization of religious life among the white working class. Research in the Sociology of Work, 23, 1, 227-250.

Wilkinson, R.G. (1992). Income distribution and life expectancy. British Medical Journal, 304, 6820, 165-168. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.304.6820.165.

———. (1996). Unhealthy Societies: The Afflictions of Inequality. London: Routledge.

Wilkinson, R., and Pickett, K. (2011). The Spirit Level: Why Greater Equality Makes Societies Stronger. New York: Bloomsbury.

Williams, D.R. (1999). Race, socioeconomic status, and health—The added effects of racism and discrimination. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08114.x.

Williams, D.R., and Collins, C. (2001). Racial residential segregation: A fundamental cause of racial disparities in health. Public Health Reports, 116, 5, 404-416. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/phr/116.5.404.

Williams, D.R., and Earl, T.R. (2007). Commentary: Race and mental health—More questions than answers. International Journal of Epidemiology, 36, 4, 758-760.

Williams, D.R., and Jackson, P.B. (2005). Social sources of racial disparities in health. Health Affairs, 24, 2, 325-334. doi: https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.24.2.325.

Williams, D.R., and Mohammed, S.A. (2013). Racism and health I: Pathways and scientific evidence. American Behavioral Scientist, 57, 8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764213487340.

Williams, D.R., and Sternthal, M. (2010). Understanding racial-ethnic disparities in health: Sociological contributions. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51, Suppl, S15-S27. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146510383838.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

Williams, D.R., Lawrence, J.A., and Davis, B.A. (2019). Racism and health: Evidence and needed research. Annual Review of Public Health, 40, 105-125.

Williams, D.R., Priest, N., and Anderson, N.B. (2016). Understanding associations among race, socioeconomic status, and health: Patterns and prospects. Health Psychology, 35, 4, 407.

Willoughby Nason, J., and Furst, J. (2020). The Pharmacist [Documentary]. Netflix. Available: https://www.netflix.com/title/81002576.

Wilson, W.J. (1987). The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Wilson, J., Pivetz, T., Ashley, P., Jacobs, D., Strauss, W., Menkedick, J., Dixon, S., Tsai, H.C., Brown, V., Friedman, W., and Galke, W. (2006). Evaluation of HUD-funded lead hazard control treatments at 6 years post-intervention. Environmental Research, 102, 2, 237-248.

Winkelman, T.N., Chang, V.W., and Binswanger, I.A. (2018). Health, polysubstance use, and criminal justice involvement among adults with varying levels of opioid use. JAMA Network Open, 1, 3, e180558-e180558.

Woicik, P.A., Stewart, S.H., Pihl, R.O., and Conrod, P.J. (2009). The substance use risk profile scale: A scale measuring traits linked to reinforcement-specific substance use profiles. Addictive Behaviors, 34, 12, 1042-1055. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.07.001.

Wolfe, B., Evans, W.N., and Seeman, T.E. (Eds.). (2012). The Biological Consequences of Socioeconomic Inequalities. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Wolfson, M., and Beall, R.F. (2017). Contingent inequalities: An exploration of health inequalities in the United States and Canada. In G.A. Kaplan, A.V. Diez Roux, C.P. Simon, and S. Galea (Eds.). Growing Inequality: Bridging Complex Systems, Population Health, and Health Disparities (pp. 173-200). Washington, DC: Westphalia Press.

Wong, E.C., Collins, R.L., Cerully, J., Seelam, R., and Roth, B. (2017). Racial/ethnic differences in mental illness stigma and discrimination among Californians experiencing mental health challenges. RAND Health Quarterly, 6, 2, 6. Available: https://www.rand.org/pubs/periodicals/health-quarterly/issues/v6/n2/06.html.

Woolf, S.H. (2008). The meaning of translational research and why it matters. Journal of the American Medical Association, 299, 2, 211-213.

Woolf, S.H., and Johnson, R.E. (2005). The break-even point: When medical advances are less important than improving the fidelity with which they are delivered. Annals of Family Medicine, 3, 6, 545-552.

Woolf, S.H., and Schoomaker, H. (2019). Life expectancy and mortality rates in the United States, 1959-2017. Journal of the American Medical Association, 322, 20, 1996-2016.

Woolf, S.H., Chapman, D.A., Buchanich, J.M., Bobby, K.J., and Zimmerman, E.B. (2018). Changes in midlife death rates across racial/ethnic groups in the United States: A systematic analysis of vital statistics. British Medical Journal, 362, 3096. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k3096.

Woolf, S.H., Chapman, D.A., Sabo, R.T., Weinberger, D.M., Hill, L., and Taylor, D. (2020). Excess deaths from COVID-19 and other causes, March-July 2020. JAMA, 324, 15, 1562-1564. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.19545.

Woolf, S.H., Chapman, D.A., and Lee, J.H. (2021). COVID-19 as the leading cause of death in the United States. JAMA, 325, 2, 123-124. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.24865.

Wray, M., Colen, C., and Pescosolido, B. (2011). The sociology of suicide. Annual Review of Sociology, 37, 505-528.

Wrigley-Field, E., 2020. US racial inequality may be as deadly as COVID-19. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2014750117.

Xu, J.Q., Murphy, S.L., Kochanek, K.D., and Arias, E. (2020). Mortality in the United States, 2018. NCHS Data Brief, no 355. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

Yang, Y., and Land, K.C. (2013). Age-Period-Cohort Analysis: New Models, Methods, and Empirical Applications. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Yang, Y.C., Boen, C., Gerken, K., Li, T., Schorpp, K., and Harris, K.M. (2016). Social relationships and physiological determinants of longevity across the human life span. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113, 3, 578-583.

Yu, E., Ley, S.H., Manson, J.E., Willett, W., Satija, A., Hu, F.B., and Stokes, A. (2017). Weight history and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in three prospective cohort studies. Annals of Internal Medicine, 166, 9, 613-620.

Zajacova, A., Grol-Prokopczyk, H., and Zimmer, Z. (Forthcoming). Pain trends among American adults 2002-2018: Patterns, disparities, correlates. Demography. doi: https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/vgp95.

Zgierska, A.E., Miller, M.M., Rabago, D.P., Hilliard, F., McCarthy, P., Cowan, P., and Salsitz, E.A. (2020). Language matters: It is time we change how we talk about addiction and its treatment. Journal of Addiction Medicine. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000674.

Zhang, Y., and Moran, A.E. (2017). Trends in the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension among young adults in the United States, 1999 to 2014. Hypertension, 70, 4, 736-742.

Zhang, C., Rexrode, K.M., Van Dam, R.M., Li, T.Y., and Hu, F.B. (2008). Abdominal obesity and the risk of all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality. Circulation, 117, 13, 1658-1667.

Zhang, X., Holt, J.B., Lu, H., Onufrak, S., Yang, J., French, S.P., and Sui, D.Z. (2014). Neighborhood commuting environment and obesity in the United States: An urban–rural stratified multilevel analysis. Preventive Medicine, 59, 31-36.

Zheng, Y., Manson, J.E., Yuan, C., Liang, M.H., Grodstein, F., Stampfer, M.J., Willett, W.C., and Hu, F.B. (2017). Associations of weight gain from early to middle adulthood with major health outcomes later in life. Journal of the American Medical Association, 318, 3, 255-269.

Zullig, K.J., and Divin, A.L. (2012). The association between non-medical prescription drug use, depressive symptoms, and suicidality among college students. Addictive Behaviors, 37, 8, 890-899. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.02.008.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×

This page intentionally left blank.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 419
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 420
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 421
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 422
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 423
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 424
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 425
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 426
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 427
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 428
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 429
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 430
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 431
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 432
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 433
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 434
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 435
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 436
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 437
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 438
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 439
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 440
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 441
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 442
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 443
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 444
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 445
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 446
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 447
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 448
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 449
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 450
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 451
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 452
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 453
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 454
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 455
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 456
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 457
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 458
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 459
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 460
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 461
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 462
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 463
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 464
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 465
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 466
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 467
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 468
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 469
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 470
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 471
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25976.
×
Page 472
Next: Appendix A: Mortality Data Analyses: Review Process and Detailed Mortality Rate Tables »
High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults Get This Book
×
 High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults
Buy Paperback | $130.00 Buy Ebook | $104.99
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

The past century has witnessed remarkable advances in life expectancy in the United States and throughout the world. In 2010, however, progress in life expectancy in the United States began to stall, despite continuing to increase in other high-income countries. Alarmingly, U.S. life expectancy fell between 2014 and 2015 and continued to decline through 2017, the longest sustained decline in life expectancy in a century (since the influenza pandemic of 1918-1919). The recent decline in U.S. life expectancy appears to have been the product of two trends: (1) an increase in mortality among middle-aged and younger adults, defined as those aged 25-64 years (i.e., "working age"), which began in the 1990s for several specific causes of death (e.g., drug- and alcohol-related causes and suicide); and (2) a slowing of declines in working-age mortality due to other causes of death (mainly cardiovascular diseases) after 2010.

High and Rising Mortality Rates among Working Age Adults highlights the crisis of rising premature mortality that threatens the future of the nation's families, communities, and national wellbeing. This report identifies the key drivers of increasing death rates and disparities in working-age mortality over the period 1990 to 2017; elucidates modifiable risk factors that could alleviate poor health in the working-age population, as well as widening health inequalities; identifies key knowledge gaps and make recommendations for future research and data collection to fill those gaps; and explores potential policy implications. After a comprehensive analysis of the trends in working-age mortality by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and geography using the most up-to-date data, this report then looks upstream to the macrostructural factors (e.g., public policies, macroeconomic trends, social and economic inequality, technology) and social determinants (e.g., socioeconomic status, environment, social networks) that may affect the health of working-age Americans in multiple ways and through multiple pathways.

READ FREE ONLINE

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  9. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!