COVID-19 Addendum to Critical Issues in Transportation (2021)

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trb | transportation research board12 endnotes 1. Jacobs, A., M. Richtel, and M. Baker. 2020. “At war with no ammo”: Doctors say shortage of protective gear is dire. The New York Times, March 19. https:// www.nytimes.com/2020/03/19/health/ coronavirus-masks-shortage.html. 2. Tappe, A. 2020. Leading indicator: 1 in 4 American workers have filed for unemployment. CNN Business, May 28. https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/28/ economy/unemployment-benefits- coronavirus/index.html. 3. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. 2020. Vehicle Travel Trends. U.S. Department of Transportation. https://www.bts.gov/ covid-19/daily-vehicle-travel. 4. Airlines for America. Impact of COVID-19: Data Updates. https://www.airlines.org/ dataset/impact-of-covid19-data-updates. 5. Walker, G. 2020. In a pandemic we’re all transit dependent. Bloomberg CityLab, April 7. https://www.bloomberg.com/ news/articles/2020-04-07/in-a-pandemic- we-re-all-transit-dependent. 6. Walsh, M. 2020. A tidal wave of bankruptcies is coming. The New York Times, June 18. https://www.nytimes. com/2020/06/18/business/corporate- bankruptcy-coronavirus.html. 7. Congressional Budget Office. 2020. Interim Economic Projections for 2020 and 2021. https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/2020- 05/56351-CBO-interim-projections.pdf. 8. Transportation Research Board. 2018. Critical Issues in Transportation 2019. http://www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/178402. aspx. 9. We are indebted to an anonymous reviewer for the text of this statement. 10. Pawlak, J., G. Circella, H. Mahmassani, and P. Mokhtarian. 2020. Information and Communications Technologies (ICT), Activity Decisions, and Travel Choices: 20 Years into the Second Millennium and Where Do We Go Next? 2020. TRB Centennial Papers. http://onlinepubs. trb.org/onlinepubs/centennial/papers/ ADB20-Final.pdf. 11. Aevaz, R. 2019. 2018 ACS Survey: While Most Americans’ Commuting Trends Are Unchanged, Teleworking Continues to Grow, and Driving Alone Dips in Some Major Cities. Eno Center for Transportation. https://www.enotrans.org/article/2018- acs-survey-while-most-americans- commuting-trends-are-unchanged- teleworking-continues-to-grow-and- driving-alone-dips-in-some-major-cities. 12. Wong, M. 2020. Stanford Research Provides a Snapshot of a New Working-from-Home Economy. June. https://news.stanford. edu/2020/06/29/snapshot-new-working- home-economy. 13. Steemers, F., R. Erickson, A. Popiela, and G. Levanon. 2020. From Immediate Responses to Planning for the Reimagined Workspace: Human Capital Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic. The Conference Board. https:// conference-board.org/pdfdownload. cfm?masterProductID=20874. 14. Guyot, K., and B. Sawhill. 2020. Telecommuting Will Likely Continue Long After the Pandemic. Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up- front/2020/04/06/telecommuting-will- likely-continue-long-after-the-pandemic. 15. Yeo, L. 2020. Which company is winning the restaurant food delivery war? Second Measure, October 19. https:// secondmeasure.com/datapoints/food- delivery-services-grubhub-uber-eats- doordash-postmates. 16. Gessner, K. 2020. Instacart dominates delivery, while top grocers see little shift in market share. Second Measure, August 13. https://secondmeasure.com/datapoints/ grocery-spending-delivery-trends. 17. Cutter, C. 2020. Business travel won’t be taking off soon amid coronavirus. The Wall Street Journal, June 15. https:// www.wsj.com/articles/business- travel-wont-be-taking-off-soon-amid- coronavirus-11592220844. 18. Biron, C. 2020. Drones to robots: Pandemic fuels U.S. autonomous delivery. Reuters, July 20. https://www.reuters.com/article/ us-health-coronavirus-usa-tech-feature-t/ drones-to-robots-pandemic-fuels-u-s- autonomous-delivery-idUSKCN24L1OI. 19. Scribner, M. 2020. Surface transportation newsletter #200. Reason Foundation, June 4. https://reason.org/transportation- news/high-speed-rail-proposal- infrastructure-stimulus-and-more. 20. Glaeser, E., and J. Gottlieb. 2009. The wealth of cities: Agglomeration economies and spatial equilibrium in the United States. Journal of Economic Literature 47(4):983–1028. https://www.aeaweb. org/articles?id=10.1257/jel.47.4.983. 21. Kotkin, J., and M. Toplanksy. 2020. Towards a better urbanism. Quillette, May 14. https://quillette.com/2020/05/14/ towards-a-better-urbanism. See also Haag, M. 2020. Manhattan faces a reckoning if working from home becomes the norm. The New York Times, May 12. https://www. nytimes.com/2020/05/12/nyregion/ coronavirus-work-from-home.html. 22. Cox, W. 2020. Dispersion in U.S. metros increases even before COVID-19: New Census estimates. New Geography, May 20. http://www.newgeography.com/ content/006634-dispersion-us-metros- increases-even-before-covid-19-new- census-estimates. See also Frey, W. 2020. Even before coronavirus, Census shows U.S. cities’ growth was stagnating. Brookings Institution Metropolitan Policy Program. https://www.brookings.edu/ research/even-before-coronavirus- census-shows-u-s-cities-growth-was- stagnating. 23. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020. COVID-19 employer information for office buildings. (For travel guidance, see section titled Administrative Controls: Change the Way People Work.) https:// www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/ community/office-buildings.html. 24. Lau, J. 2020. RV sales and rentals are skyrocketing during pandemic. Boston Globe, May 21. https://www. bostonglobe.com/2020/05/21/lifestyle/ rv-sales-rentals-are-skyrocketing-during- pandemic. 25. Cox, W. 2020. Dispersion in U.S. metros increases even before COVID-19: New Census estimates. New Geography, May 20. http://www.newgeography.com/ content/006634-dispersion-us-metros- increases-even-before-covid-19-new- census-estimates. See also Frey, W. 2020. Even before coronavirus, Census shows U.S. cities’ growth was stagnating. Brookings Institution Metropolitan Policy Program. https://www.brookings.edu/ research/even-before-coronavirus- census-shows-u-s-cities-growth-was- stagnating. 26. Hendrickson, C., and L. R. Rilett. 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic and transportation engineering. Journal of Transportation Engineering (Systems). https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/ JTEPBS.0000418. 27. Browne, A., S. St-Onge Ahmad, C. R. Beck, and J. S. Nguyen-Van-Tan. 2016. The roles of transportation and transportation hubs in the propagation of influenza and coronaviruses: A systematic review. Journal of Travel Medicine 23(1). https:// academic.oup.com/jtm/article/23/1/ tav002/2635586. See also Rodrigue, J-P., T. Luke, and M. Osterholm. 2020. Transportation and Pandemics. Geography of Transportation. https:// transportgeography.org/?page_id=8869.

covid-19 addendum to critical issues in transportation 13 28. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020. How Does the Virus Spread? https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019- ncov/faq.html#Spread. World Health Organization. 2020. Q&A: How Is COVID-19 transmitted? July 9. https:// www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/ coronavirus-disease-covid-19-how-is-it- transmitted. For an overview of current and emerging research on transmissibility in aircraft, see Duncan, I. 2020. Nearly 11,000 people have been exposed to the coronavirus on flights, the CDC says. The Washington Post, September 19. https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/ trafficandcommuting/nearly-11000-people- have-been-exposed-to-the-coronavirus- on-flights-the-cdc-says/2020/09/19/ d609adbc-ed27-11ea-99a1-71343d03bc29_ story.html. 29. We are indebted to an anonymous peer reviewer for this observation and following questions. 30. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 2020. Early Estimate of Motor Vehicle Traffic Fatalities for the First Half (Jan-June) of 2020. U.S. Department of Transportation. DOT HS 813 004. https:// crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ ViewPublication/813004. 31. Wagner, E., R. Atkins, A. Berning, A. Robbins, C. Watson, and J. Anderle. 2020. Examination of the Traffic Safety Environment During the Second Quarter of 2020: Special Report. DOT HS 813 011. https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/344784297_Examination_of_ the_Traffic_Safety_Environment_During_ the_Second_Quarter_Of_2020_Special_ Report. 32. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020. COVID-19 in Ethnic and Minority Groups. https://www.cdc.gov/ coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra- precautions/racial-ethnic-minorities.html. 33. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). People with Certain Medical Conditions. https://www.cdc. gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need- extra-precautions/people-with-medical- conditions.html. 34. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Older Adults. https://www. cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need- extra-precautions/older-adults.html. 35. For railroads, see Progressive Railroading. 2020. AAR: U.S. Rail Carload Decline in April “Worst” on Record. May 7. https:// www.progressiverailroading.com/ rail_industry_trends/news/AAR-US- rail-carload-decline-in-April-worst-on- record--60399. For ports, see American Association of Port Authorities. 2020. COVID-19 Impacts to U.S. Port Cargoes, May. https://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/ May%202020%20Port%20Impacts%20 from%20COVID-19.pdf. 36. Notteboom, T., and T. Pallis. 2020. International Association of Port Authorities-World Port Sustainability Program Port Economic Impact Barometer. July 29. https://sustainableworldports. org/last-bi-weekly-wpsp-barometer- confirms-overall-improvements-in- hinterland-transport-capacity-utilization- and-port-worker-a. 37. American Transportation Research Institute and Owner-Operator Independent Driver Association Foundation. 2020. COVID-19 Impacts on the Trucking Industry. https:// truckingresearch.org/2020/05/05/joint- research-confirms-covid-19-impact-on- trucking. 38. Cohen, J., and Y. Rodgers. 2020. Contributing factors to personal protective equipment shortages during the COVID-19 pandemic. Preventive Medicine 141. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ article/pii/S0091743520302875. 39. Maloney, D. 2020. Logistics challenges are why we can’t expect a COVID-19 vaccine as soon as we’d like. DCvelocity. October 22. https://www.dcvelocity.com/ articles/47678-logistics-challenges-are- why-we-cant-expect-a-covid-19-vaccine-as- soon-as-wed-like. 40. See, for example, University of Maryland COVID-19 Impact Analysis Platform. https://data.covid.umd.edu/about/index. html. 41. Lee, K., and I. Sener. 2020. Emerging data for pedestrian and bicycle monitoring: Sources and applications. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ article/pii/S2590198220300063. 42. Hendrickson, C., and L. R. Rilett. 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic and transportation engineering. Journal of Transportation Engineering (Systems). https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/ JTEPBS.0000418. 43. McNutt, M. 2020. The coronavirus pandemic: Delivering science in a crisis. Issues in Science and Technology. June. https://issues.org/mcnutt-actionable- strategic-irreplaceable-data-delivering- science-in-a-crisis.