Planning and Design of Airport Terminal Restrooms and Ancillary Spaces (2021)

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60 Design 4.1 Process Once an airport determines restroom and amenity locations and the first project(s) is (are) identified, the next step is to develop the design. The prototype plan has presumably been massaged and shaped to fit the location, but may require fine-tuning as the components are determined and finalized. The design stage is the ultimate tug of war among functionality, space requirements, materials/products, initial costs, and long-term costs (such as maintenance and resource usage). Everything that goes into and around the restroom and amenities needs to be researched, discussed, prioritized, priced, selected, and located within the space. This chapter walks the reader through this process. The intent of this guide is not to recom- mend design solutions, but rather to offer suggestions and considerations as the design is pulled together by the restroom and amenities team. Section 4.3 looks at each of the primary compo- nents in the restroom spaces including the following: • Signage • Surfaces • Restroom Accessories • Plumbing • HVAC • Electrical • Lighting • Technology For restroom components that have multiple attributes to compare, a matrix is provided in Appendix A that compares • Initial cost • Life-cycle cost • Warranty • Maintenance • Sustainability • Pros • Cons Similarly, the regulated/essential amenity spaces have primary components that are identi- fied in Section 4.4, and Section 4.5 offers considerations for the waiting- and layover-related amenity spaces. Prioritization worksheets are provided at the end of this chapter to help the restroom and amenities team evaluate and prioritize which components the space and budget constraints can accommodate. However, before jumping into this level of detail, it is impor- tant to consider the impacts of maintenance, sustainability, and universal design. C H A P T E R 4

Design 61 4.1.1 Maintenance Every material and product will require frequent cleaning and occasional repair or replace- ment. Components (such as paper towel dispensers) installed in the restroom of an office building may last 10 to 15 years. However, in a large-hub airport restroom, components may last an average of 2 to 5 years due to 24/7 operational use; inadvertent damage from luggage; and, unfortunately, vandalism. Durability is an important consideration for every item that is included in an airport restroom, and this feature typically comes with a higher price tag than other options. The high price is not necessarily extravagant. A material that will hold up for 20 years instead of 5 may be worth even double the cost. Key maintenance attributes of amenity surfaces are that they are durable and easy to clean. One way to achieve both is by using minimal joints. Innovations in manufacturing are large- format tiles and wall panels that can be up to 4 ft by 10 ft, with butt joints sealed with epoxy adhesive. These panels eliminate grout joints, which over time discolor—often to the shade of mop-water gray—and can develop cracks that let moisture seep into the wall or floor cavities. The elimination of grout joints can help keep restrooms looking fresh and clean. Of course, new issues come with innovation. In the example of the large-format wall panels, airports must understand wall and floor movement to avoid stress cracks in panels. Such deflection can be significant in older airports. However, it may be difficult to find exam- ples of tried and tested panel installations or even multiple, competitive manufacturers to compare products. It is important that the entire restroom team participate in researching and evaluating products, which should be an ongoing process. New materials, products, and technologies are introduced every day. Most will not pass muster, but occasionally one will fulfill a need or provide an enhancement that will greatly benefit customer service or opera- tions. For this reason, it is important for the entire team to perform diligent research. Unintentional or intentional damage is also an ongoing maintenance issue at airports. For example, airports with international flights are visited by travelers that may never have previously encountered a Western restroom. In their attempts to figure out a stall full of unfamiliar fixtures and devices, they may cause damage. There is also intentional damage from disgruntled travelers, unruly youth, and others—every airport has its share of stories: graffiti on mirrors, dented partitions, and so forth. While some airports make efforts to minimize damage such as providing instructional signage or frequent monitoring by staff, at the end of the day, replacing and repairing broken fixtures and extra cleaning are part of operating an airport. Therefore, it is imperative that selected materials and products can be easily repaired or replaced. While a light fixture from Italy may provide gorgeous lighting at the sink mirrors, when the replacement takes 4 weeks to arrive, it has a significant impact on a traveler’s experience and, ultimately, the airport’s reputation. It is best to select products that have locally available stock or at least an attentive local representative. For those products that do have long lead times, it is helpful to specify a supply of attic stock with the project. 4.1.2 Sustainability Any opportunity an airport has to reduce the waste of natural resources should be explored. Some opportunities may not be economically feasible, but airports have employed several solutions in restrooms that can have a significant impact on resource waste management with a relatively low impact on a project’s long-term costs. The most obvious opportuni- ties involve water usage. Low-flow fixtures can substantially conserve the amount of water consumed. Toilets, urinals, sink faucets, and drinking fountains all have sustainable features available (see the component comparison matrix in Appendix A). A criterion that should be

62 Planning and Design of Airport Terminal Restrooms and Ancillary Spaces considered for every product is the LEED Program’s 500-mile maximum radius from extrac- tion and manufacture to the project site. Leading-edge products and technologies are often still in development, and some end up having adverse effects. For several years, the sensors on some automatic flush valves were activated by the slightest movement of a person in a stall. This caused the toilet to flush several times during one visit. Reflective stall materials can also confuse the sensors. Recent develop- ments have corrected this annoyance in newer models. However, legacy products will likely remain for years to come. Similarly, some waterless urinals have issues with odors depending on the model and maintenance procedures. Several of the case study airports visited by the research team had tried waterless options with mixed results. Some had great success with them, while others replaced the fixture not long after the project was completed. Some products have sustainable effects in collateral areas. Drinking fountains can have a water-bottle filler attachment that allows travelers to bring their own (empty) water bottle through security and fill it before boarding. This reduces the number of plastic bottles that need disposal. A further improvement in this vein is bottle-emptying receptacles located pre- security that reduce recycling costs for the airport. (This also reduces income for retail tenants that sell bottled water. Thus, tenants may oppose such a development.) Another innovation is faucets and flush valves with small turbines that power the fixtures’ automatic sensors via water flowing through the spout. This eliminates the need for batteries or a connection to building power. Note that automated toilets are required to have emergency backup power, which may also apply to self-powered and battery-powered models in certain jurisdictions. 4.1.3 Universal Design The concept of universal design has been around for decades. It goes beyond providing accessibility as a civil right for persons with disabilities via the ADA and translated to archi- tecture through ANSI A117.1. The intent of universal design is to provide equitable access to spaces and components for everyone, regardless of mobility; age; status in life; and, most recently, gender identification. So far, in the United States at least, cultural diversity has not been a major thrust of universal design (e.g., provision of squat toilets for Asian and African travelers), but it is gaining traction. In our focus group for travelers with disabilities (see Appendix D.1), the comment was made by a person with limited vision that universal design should also mean that fixtures are always in the same relative location. For example, the toilet paper dispenser would always be on the right side of a stall. For this person, every visit to a restroom was a searching expedition. Responding to Disability As members of the restroom team interact with people with disabilities, they may feel tongue-tied as they try to communicate without using words that may sound insensitive or offensive. The Minnesota State Council on Disability has a helpful booklet, “Responding to Disability: A Question of Attitude,” that provides guidelines for navigating these interactions for those who haven’t had the opportunity to get to know people with disabilities. The booklet is also available online at www.reachable.org/content/responding-disability-question-attitude-9.

Design 63 However, in the case of accessible stalls—commonly used by guide dog handlers—standardizing fixture locations would conflict with the needs of individuals transferring from a wheelchair to a toilet, some of whom need a left transfer, others a right one. Thus, one should always be careful when considering an accommodation for one type of disability to ensure that it does not disadvantage another. (See Chapter 3.) Given that the traveling public comes from all walks of life and all corners of the globe, it is important to consider universal design, especially from the perspective of providing excellent customer service. With our increasing elderly population, for example, accommodation for limited mobility, visual and hearing impairments, and slower movement no longer pertains just to the realm of the accessible stall. In addition, small children and persons of short stature need to reach the faucet, and transgender persons need restrooms where they can feel comfortable. Comfort is the key. When a person is uncomfortable, for whatever reason, it is a distraction that degrades their experience; this is exactly the situation this guidebook endeavors to eliminate. Accommodating universal design, however, is not an easy task. Almost every accommodation conflicts with another need. For example, the accessible, 18-inch-high toilet seat works well for transferring from and to a wheelchair. This height, however, can create problems with bowel movements. The elderly, for example, often need to assume a squat position. An expert on disabilities of all types is an invaluable individual to have as part of the restroom team. 4.2 Standardization It is in the best interests of an airport to develop standards for its restroom design. This will provide consistency throughout the airport, which will help with wayfinding, streamline the design and construction process, and make the maintenance process more efficient. Standards should be determined for the following: • Prototype layouts for the restroom and regulated/essential amenities • Products • Finishes and colors A sample standards document from one of the airports that participated in the Airport Managers Survey and the case studies conducted for this research is included in Appendix F. Like the master plan, the standards document should be a living document. Products are discontinued, innovations come to market, and so forth. The standards document should be updated with each project and reviewed holistically every 5 years. 4.3 Restroom Components The restroom components—the materials and products that fit out the space—are the heart of the design. This section provides information on the initial selection of each of these. Research needs to be undertaken by the restroom team to understand what components fit best within the airport’s customer service, operations, and fiscal philosophies. Because of the extreme wear and tear on components in airport restrooms, it can be difficult to find products that are durable while not looking utilitarian. Given the quantities needed in an airport, customization of existing products is a viable option as is engaging manufacturers to develop new products to fulfill a specific need. See the summary of the product development focus group in Appendix D.1 for more information on this process.

64 Planning and Design of Airport Terminal Restrooms and Ancillary Spaces 4.3.1 Signage Concourse Wayfinding When travelers deplane, often their priority is finding a restroom. Likewise, after a long drive to the airport and facing lines at both the ticket counter and security checkpoint, many travelers make a quick stop at a restroom. If restrooms are not readily visible from gates and near checkpoints, clear directions to the nearest restrooms are critical (see Figure 4-1). Wayfinding signage for restrooms often consists of the international men/women symbol on an overhead sign with an arrow. It can be useful for travelers unfamiliar with the airport to see the distance in feet to the nearest facility, especially if there are restrooms in multiple directions. While locations are typically shown on directories, providing a phone app with restrooms highlighted, especially in relation to a person’s current location, is a great customer service feature. ACRP Research Report 177: Enhancing Airport Wayfinding for Aging Travelers and Persons with Disabilities notes the importance of also providing signage as travelers leave restrooms to reorient them to gates, baggage claim, and so forth. Room Location Sign Airports have become as cluttered as highways with signs of every size, shape, and color encumbering the visual field, making it easy for travelers to miss the restroom or amenity sign. Therefore, it is the recommendation of this guidebook to forgo the ubiquitous blade sign and let the restroom speak for itself. Using a consistent, iconic façade and entry on restrooms Figure 4-1. Wayfinding sign. Phone Apps and Directories There is tremendous inconsistency in functionality and graphics between and within airports regarding their apps and physical directories. The consumer aviation industry needs to agree on symbols, particularly for regulated/essential amenities. Also, the naming of the spaces for directory listings needs to be consistent. Several industry organizations could make this task a priority and develop a standard.

Design 65 throughout the airport helps travelers to recognize them and eliminates the need for identifying signs. (An exception to this recommendation is high-ceilinged spaces. A blade sign above the restroom can aid in locating the space when a ceiling-mounted wayfinding sign is not desirable.) That said, some indication will be needed, from about 50 ft away, to identify which restroom entry is for which gender. Airports are beginning to use bold colors, text, or graphics to draw attention, sometimes with a playful sense of humor. Room Name and Number Accessibility and building codes typically require that a sign be provided that identifies the name and the number of the room. Specific requirements for the size and location of such signs should be verified. Room signs allow the facilities staff to locate doors or openings for maintenance and emergencies. The aesthetic of the room sign is often an afterthought and the airport’s standard room signage—often a basic, primary-colored plastic plate—is applied to the wall. Consideration should be given to integrating the sign into the overall design by, at a minimum, using colors and/or material that complement the design palette. Room names should be brief so they can be quickly read. There is no need to use the word “room” on the sign because it is commonly understood that the sign is for a room (e.g., “Women” instead of “Women’s Room”). Accessible Stall In larger restrooms, it can be beneficial to provide a symbol graphic identifying the accessible stall(s). This graphic can be on the stall door or the wall next to the door; however, it should be clear which door is to the accessible stall. The graphic can be integrated into the surface material rather than being applied as a sticker or other applied signage material, which is vulner- able to damage or cleaning wear. Stainless steel, for example, can have the symbol etched into the surface. (It is important to ensure there is enough contrast for people with visual impairments to see the symbol). The FAA Office of Civil Rights requires indicating on the exterior of a restroom if it has one or more ambulatory stalls. It is also helpful to identify the ambulatory stall within the restroom. In a typical restroom, the ambulatory stall is the one with the door that is slightly wider than the doors on typical stalls. That is a subtle difference for wayfinding. Unfortunately, there is not a standard symbol for ambulatory stalls. This guidebook suggests that all typical stalls should be ambulatory, although this would not be known until the doors of the stalls are open. The FAA does waive the external indication requirement if all the typical stalls are ambulatory. Informational Signs Informational signs, such as a sign indicating that employees must wash their hands, are often an afterthought. Once a project is completed, these and other types of informational signs are attached to the walls with double-sided tape or screws, which then become a cleaning obstacle and take away from the otherwise well-thought-out placement of wall elements. If possible, informational signs should be recessed within the wall material so the surface remains flush and smooth. A simple technique to recess signage is to print the sign graphic on the back surface of a 1⁄4-inch sheet of tempered glass. The opening in the finished wall surface should be 1⁄8 inch larger than the glass on all sides and the gap should be sealed with clear silicone for future removal if a change to the sign is needed. Like all toilet accessories, signs within the restroom should be deliberately organized on the wall to create an orderly composition.

66 Planning and Design of Airport Terminal Restrooms and Ancillary Spaces Advertising Although placing an ad or flat screen above a urinal or on the inside of the stall door seems ideal for generating extra revenue with a captive audience, it is probably not the best idea. As mentioned previously, travelers are already overstimulated moving through the airport and tired from the processes of air travel. “Rest” is an important part of the term “restroom.” Optimize customer service by keeping the space calm and free of unnecessary distractions that encourage visitors to linger. Severe Weather Shelter Intuitively, a restroom block seems like a good place to shelter in severe weather such as tornadoes, hurricanes, and so forth. Restroom blocks are rigid, with a network of pipes and conduit, and are often constructed with concrete block partitions. The terminology used to indicate that a restroom is a severe weather shelter is important. Spaces labeled “safe rooms” and “storm shelters” must meet specific requirements set by the Federal Emergency Manage- ment Agency (FEMA) and the International Code Council (ICC). The construction elements surrounding a restroom (roof structure, exterior glazing, and so forth) impact the labeling of the restroom. If a restroom has windows, security film can be installed to protect against airborne projectiles to meet FEMA or ICC requirements. However, this film often compromises the warranty of insulated glass. One heavy-duty approach is to provide an exterior, specialty, insulated-glass unit with a sandwich of laminated glass and high-strength film. These window units typically are thicker and require a deeper curtain wall system, which may not match the adjacent existing curtain wall system. It is also important to check with the airport’s legal department to assess potential liability. The Metropolitan Emergency Managers Association has put together a useful checklist for determining the best spaces for shelters within a facility. Again, signage should ideally be incorporated into the overall material palette (see Figure 4-2). Figure 4-2. Severe weather shelter sign.

Design 67 Signage for Persons with Vision Loss Review with your airport’s or community’s accessibility advisory committee the best strategies for communicating information on signs for both those who are blind and low vision, as the needs of each differ. ACRP Report 52: Wayfinding and Signing Guidelines for Airport Terminals and Landside is a recommended resource as well as ACRP Research Report 177, where this is covered in greater depth. ADA standards require braille and raised characters for signs that identify permanent spaces such as restrooms or other ancillary spaces such as lactation rooms or SARAs, but braille and raised characters are not required for directional or informational signs. An airport may, however, decide to exceed code requirements where it feels that the information is critical for individuals with vision loss. London Heathrow Airport (LHR), for example, includes tactile characters and pictograms for its floor directory outside elevators. Persons with low vision, as well as those of short stature, and those who use wheelchairs benefit from placement of signs, including a FIDS, at a lower level for close approach. This enables them to use apps such as Seeing AI to read the text viewed by the smartphone camera. See ACRP Research Report 177 for detailed information on making signage accessible for persons with vision loss, including which fonts best serve their needs. Beacons, phones, apps, and directories with audible instructions are becoming common for wayfinding assistance. Instructional signs such as TRASH are another issue. Using raised letters on the face of a waste disposal bin is the most common approach. Most people with vision loss lost their vision later in life, so they recognize the shape of the letters with their fingertips, which is an easier adapta- tion than learning a new language (braille). However, this accommodation doesn’t help those who only know braille or who speak a different language. Unfortunately, many people who are visually impaired have to feel their way around a restroom, recognizing fixtures and accessories from experience. A visually impaired participant in one of the accessibility stakeholder outreach sessions for this research lamented that he had inadvertently put his hand in many a urinal. 4.3.2 Surfaces Wall versus Partition See Appendix A for component comparisons. The floors and ceiling/roof structure of restrooms are non-negotiable. The restrooms are constructed between the concrete and steel that supports the entire building. There are, how- ever, options for perimeter interior partitions. “Partitions” do not support weight from above as opposed to “walls,” which are part of the building structure. There are two basic partition types: concrete masonry units (CMUs) and metal studs. CMU walls are more durable and should always be used for plumbing walls, as metal studs will rust from leaks. When CMUs are combined with steel reinforcement, they provide more durable support for plumbing fixtures. CMU walls are heavy, and some older airports do not have the structural capacity in the deck to carry such a concentration of heavy walls. If metals studs need to be used for structural or budgetary reasons, a concrete curb provided under the studs will keep them off the floor and protect them from corrosion in case of large spills. This is especially critical at plumbing walls and in pipe chases. Floor See Appendix A for component comparisons. The use of large-format porcelain tiles with thin 1⁄16-inch maximum grout joints or seam- less terrazzo is recommended for restroom floors. Seamless floors avoid the mold and bacteria

68 Planning and Design of Airport Terminal Restrooms and Ancillary Spaces build-up that can happen with grout. A seamless surface also eliminates the clicking sound of rolling luggage, which adds to the din already common in restrooms. However, comments from the research team’s focus groups indicated that for people with visual disabilities, the clicking sound helps them discern if others are around. The slip resistance of floor materials should conform to building code requirements to avoid creating a hazardous condition when the floor is wet. It is important to point out that glossy floors are not necessarily more slippery and that water can collect in textured surfaces, creating a highly perilous surface. Grout, if used, should be a medium gray color as both stains and the cleaning process over time tend to turn grout to a mop-water gray color anyway. Another strategy (used at LAX) is to match the dust color found in an airport’s location with the grout color. The color of dirt varies in different regions of the country, so it is important to discover the correct color. It is recommended that flooring in pipe chases and janitors’ closets have a waterproof traffic coating that continues up the wall four inches to contain leaks in the space. Storage rooms without plumbing fixtures can simply use sealed concrete flooring. Wall Base See Appendix A for component comparisons. Wall base is often the same material as the wall surface. To help low-vision customers trace their way through the space, it is recommended that the base color be different from the wall and the floor. The National Institute of Building Sciences recommends that the value con- trast of floors/doors to walls have a light reflectance value difference of 30 to define space and passageways. Design trends are moving away from a cove base to a right-angle base. Cleaning crews find the right-angle transition easier to clean because the equipment can get tight to the walls. Cove bases can also be expensive if there are many corners (e.g., at urinal alcoves) and are less flexible for future expansions or modifications. Wall See Appendix A for component comparisons. As with floors, large-format porcelain tiles with 1⁄16-inch grout joints are the current trend for wall surfaces in airports; however, new wall materials in much larger sizes have been devel- oped and should be considered. Wide, floor-to-ceiling quartz or stone wall panels (3⁄8-inch to Effects of Uric Acid Urine splashed on floors and walls is a prevalent maintenance issue in high-use restrooms. Over time, the surfaces become stained and then break down while a urine odor pervades the space. The key to mitigation is how well a material is sealed. It is not enough to have seamless flooring or wall finishes. If there are tiny holes in the surface, uric acid–borne bacteria will find its way under the sealer and propagate, turning into mold and mildew and creating associated stains and smells. There are numerous commercial cleaners available to tackle urine spills, but the first line of defense is installing completely sealed antimicrobial flooring.

Design 69 1⁄2-inch thick) create an elegant, monolithic appearance. Edges are butted together and sealed with hairline-thin epoxy resin sealant. Another design feature of these monolithic panels is the ease of inserting flush graphics and text with contrasting colored material using water jet cutting. This makes the graphics easy to clean. Durable, metallic braille can also be countersunk into the wall panels. Accent wall tiles of various types and sizes offer design opportunities to add punches of color, reflectance, and/or texture. However, it is important to avoid placing less durable tiles in locations that are susceptible to wear and tear from stored personal belongings and long-term maintenance. Again, grout color and cleaning impacts should be considered. Also, be aware that most tiles bow slightly in the long direction, depending on the proportions. A running bond pattern can show this slight difference between the tile faces. Instead, use a stack bond or one-third running bond pattern. Ceiling See Appendix A for component comparisons. Ceilings in restrooms serve multiple utilitarian functions. They reflect light, can dampen sound (especially in restrooms that are open to concourse and terminal spaces), and provide access to mechanical and electrical equipment above. From an aesthetic perspective, ceilings help organize the room and influence how open a space will feel. Lighter colors, usually white, provide the greatest light reflectance and feel the most expan- sive. Higher ceilings in the traffic areas can make a crowded restroom feel less claustrophobic, while low soffits or ceilings over the stalls add to the sense of privacy. In the room prototypes described in Chapter 2, articulated ceilings and soffits can be used to visually group the stalls or sinks together to reinforce the “room” concept. With all the hard surfaces on the floors, walls, stall partitions, and fixtures, the ceiling is really the only opportunity for noise mitigation. Materials should be carefully considered as some airports have periodic hose-downs of the restrooms in their cleaning cycle. Perforated metal ceiling panels have essentially replaced the linear metal ceilings commonly used in airports in the past. Perforated metal ceiling panels are more durable and perform very well acoustically. They also come in larger sizes, which minimize joints. A variety of hinge and sliding mechanisms make even large panels (up to 10 ft long) easy to access without damaging the panels. Painted gypsum board is among the most prevalently used materials, especially on soffits, due to its simple aesthetic, ease of repair, relatively low cost, and privacy benefits. However, gypsum board does not provide good acoustics, and, if access is required above the ceiling, access panels will need to be provided. These panels clutter the ceiling plane, and, over time, the finish tends to get chipped and fingerprinted. It is best to avoid locating infrastructure that requires access, e.g., variable air volume (VAV) boxes, over restrooms because maintenance likely requires shutting down the restroom. Also, some airports have experienced “peeping Toms” among those who have access to lifting ceiling panels in the restroom. If possible, equipment requiring access in pipe chases or ceilings should be located outside the restroom. Stall Partitions See Appendix A for component comparisons. Stall partitions are often the largest surface area in a restroom, so their durability, design detailing, aesthetics, and ease of maintenance are important considerations. A wide range of

70 Planning and Design of Airport Terminal Restrooms and Ancillary Spaces materials is available for different intensities of use. Softer stones, such as marble and limestone, are not recommended because of their inherent tendency to crack, chip, break, and absorb mois- ture and stains. Lower- and moderately-priced partition systems should be considered for more private airport areas (e.g., employee areas) and moderately to higher-priced partition systems should be considered for greater performance and aesthetics in the most public restrooms. Most standard partition panels are manufactured to be 58 inches high. Per standard recommen- dations, this puts the top of the panel at only 70 inches above the floor, which can cause privacy concerns. Fortunately, in recent years, manufacturers have begun offering a broader range of panel sizes as they recognize the demand for stall privacy from all industries. Increasing the panel height and lowering the mounting height of the panel can provide better security and privacy. Also related to traveler security and privacy is the amount of space provided below partition panels, which can vary widely. It is important to verify local codes for clearance requirements below stall partitions. For the best floor cleaning access below partitions, clearance of not less than 6 inches up from the finished floor is recommended. The 2017 ANSI A117.1 requires a 12-inch-high toe clearance in accessible stalls for wheelchair maneuvering. This requirement can be lowered to 8 inches if certain exceptions are provided, primarily providing additional maneuvering clearance with the walls. Manufacturers often recommend a space at the bottom of the partitions of 12 to 14 inches. However, this makes personal belongings on the floor extremely vulnerable to theft and can also compromise privacy. There are several stall installation systems for consideration. Cleaners prefer ceiling-hung systems, but their primary drawback is that they offer no lateral stiffness. When this type of stall door swings open, the stall system moves; this movement can sometimes disengage the door latch in adjacent stalls, which makes the doors pop open. If a ceiling-hung system is chosen, it is recommended by manufacturers that a floor-to-ceiling pilaster be dropped at a maximum interval of every three stalls, which means that additional structural support is also required above the ceiling. It is strongly recommended that the pilasters are bolted to red-iron, structural bracing that in turn is secured to the building structure above. When designed properly, the partition becomes as sturdy as a full-height wall. Also, access to the bolts that secure the parti- tion to the structure should be provided, as the bolts tend to loosen over time with the constant swing of the stall door. Alternatively, a permanent cement can be used to “lock” the nuts and bolts in place. It is important to note that a ceiling-hung partition system is not feasible with heavier partition materials. Floor-and-ceiling-mounted systems are recommended by manufacturers for busy restrooms (e.g., those in airports) that are susceptible to damage from both luggage and vandalism. These systems also require structural support above the ceiling but are far more rigid and durable because of the floor connection. Two other system options include floor-mounted and floor-mounted/overhead-braced systems. The floor-mounted system is the reverse of the ceiling-hung system and requires a 2-inch penetration into the concrete deck/slab for anchoring. Water can seep under the pilaster and cause the bolts to rust. It is also less rigid than floor-and-ceiling-mounted systems. The floor-mounted/overhead-braced system features a continuous overhead metal brace at approximately 7 ft off the ground. While this system is also quite rigid, a common issue with it is vandalism, occurring when people hang from its metal bar. Anti-grip profiles are available to address this issue. Urinal Screens Paruresis (shy bladder syndrome) can impede the quick turnover of restroom occupants. To help alleviate this issue, urinal screens should be installed that are the same height as stall

Design 71 partition panels to create a sense of privacy as well as provide visual continuity to the rest of the space. If the recommended floor-and-ceiling-mounted stall partition system is being used, the same pilasters should be used at the urinal screens for extra strength and design consistency. Stall Doors Stall doors come in a variety of materials for different intensities of use. Stall doors are typically made of the same materials as stall partition panels. However, partition materials like quartz and granite should not be used for stall doors because they are too heavy for commer- cially available hardware, and a swinging door made from these materials could cause bodily harm to a person hit by it. For stone partition materials, stainless-steel doors are recommended. Stainless steel is available in a variety of finishes and textures. It is important that the restroom team provide a careful assessment of these alternatives as some finishes hide fingerprints well but may be more time consuming to clean. Stall partition hardware often comes as part of a manufacturer’s package. This hardware is often the weak link in stall systems in terms of aesthetics, privacy, and ease of use. Oftentimes, manufacturer hardware causes a gap to occur between panels, doors, and walls that can be up to an inch wide. This essentially leaves the stall occupant on display from the front and the sides. Continuous brackets are available that can cover the length of the gap, but they tend to look industrial, with exposed fastener heads. Latches typically have small knobs that are difficult to operate for those with limited manual dexterity. Ideally, a person would be able to unlatch the door with their wrist in a single motion. Occupancy indicators for toilets are increasing in popularity. Traditionally, these have been part of the door latch system and have come in versions that say “open”/”closed” and/or include red and green panels. More recently, a red/green light mounted above a stall more visibly serves the same function. This system operates using wireless technology that allows a sensor to activate the light when the latch is engaged. This alternative is still developing and seems to have promise. However, this system shares a drawback with the manual red/green indicators: those who are color blind cannot distinguish between red and green. While color-blind users make up a small percentage of users (primarily male), a system that excludes people who are color blind does not align with the principle of universal design. One low-tech solution to indicate stall occupancy is to install out-swinging doors with adjustable hinges that, when not latched, close the door to a position a few inches from completely shut. This allows potential users to see that the stall is unoccupied. Additionally, doors should always swing out of a stall to prevent occupants from having to climb over luggage to open or close the door. Counters/Backsplash See Appendix A for component comparisons. Only a few surface materials are appropriate for counters and backsplashes due to the heavy use of these components, potential graffiti, and chemical reactions with water and other liquids such as fingernail polish and remover. Stone, quartz, and solid surface materials are the most durable for these restroom conditions. Softer stones, such as marble and limestone, are not recommended due to their tendency to crack, chip, break, and absorb moisture and stains. Historically, restrooms have had countertops with cutouts for the sinks below. A common traveler complaint is that countertops are always wet from water that is dripped from the sink to the hand-drying station (See Chapter 2), leaving no dry place for belongings. A better configu ration is to eliminate the counter (one less surface to clean) and provide wall-mounted sinks. A raised shelf behind the sink can provide a dry place for belongings.

72 Planning and Design of Airport Terminal Restrooms and Ancillary Spaces Room Doors See Appendix A for component comparisons. Airport restrooms rarely have entrance doors anymore. The constant opening and closing wear out both the doors and hardware quickly and impede traffic flow, especially for those travelers with luggage in tow. An open, labyrinth-type configuration with efficient two-way traffic is more common now. Doors are still recommended for smaller rooms like companion care restrooms and pipe chases, but finishes for these doors should be durable and, to prevent collisions, these doors should not swing into public corridors. An automatic door operator is recommended on single-use restrooms, like the companion care restroom, to provide a more accessible and touchless experience. The automatic door operator also eliminates some of the ADA clearances at doors, since the door operator is placed out of the space of the swinging door. This is helpful when space is limited. A suggested hardware configuration would include the following: • An automatic door opener and closer on both sides • A wall-mounted, automatic, locking button on the inside (the interior door opener unlocks the door as does manually turning the lever) • Two wall-mounted, light-emitting-diode (LED) indicators (“open” and “in use”) on both sides of the door Stainless-steel doors and frames hold up well for access to these locations. This finish also ties in well with the stainless-steel accessories in the space and stalls/doors (if used). Non-public doors such as doors to utility spaces are typically painted steel to blend with the adjacent wall finish. However, a kick plate should be provided to avoid marking and chipping door paint (which in turn requires refinishing) from cart traffic. Installing a durable plastic kick plate that blends with the door color is recommended as opposed to stainless steel, which can mar the aesthetic of public spaces (e.g., concourses) with its industrial appearance. Wall Protection In airports, corners are vulnerable to damage from traveler’s belongings and maintenance carts and equipment, especially in restrooms where it is crowded, and space is limited for maneuvering. Even the hardest stone materials are susceptible to damage along the edges. Manufactured stainless-steel profiles are available for most thicknesses of tile; however, once materials get thicker than 3⁄8-inch, these trim pieces can also be easily dented. For thicker materials, consider custom corner guards made of a thicker gauge stainless-steel tubing with tabs welded to the non-visible side for securing to the substrate. 4.3.3 Restroom Accessories Most restroom accessories include dispensers and receptacles. Larger manufacturers of restroom accessories offer models for most of the functions discussed in this section. Ideally, accessories should be procured from the same manufacturer, and all accessories should feature the same style (see Section 4.2). This provides continuity of design throughout the space and simplifies long-term maintenance, especially when all the dispenser locks can be accessed via a single key. With so many separate accessories scattered throughout a restroom, the room risks appearing disorganized and cluttered. Careful consideration should be given to organizing components on the walls. Grouping accessories within the stalls on one wall is a strategy that has the added benefit of through-bolting the same accessories in the adjacent stall on the opposite side of the partition, providing a more durable installation. It also creates left-handed and right-handed

Design 73 configurations to provide equitable access. In addition, accessories in restrooms should be located consistently throughout the entire airport. This is particularly helpful for the visually impaired. With consistent placement of accessories, they will know, for example, that the toilet paper dispenser is always in the same place within each stall. Mirrors To reduce dwell time, some airports have opted not to place mirrors at the sinks and instead provide a mirror or two (including a full-length mirror) on a blank wall for grooming and last- minute clothing checks. Availability and placement of mirrors are also important for travelers with stomas so that they can see to replace the collection device. A mirror is recommended in a “stoma-friendly stall,” even if a sink is not available, to allow the person to see their abdomen. As noted in Chapter 2, full-height mirrors can be disorienting for persons with dementia as they think the mirror is a hallway and walk into it. Some airports provide a sign above the mirror that says NOT AN EXIT. Regardless of their location, mirrors should be tempered so that if they are broken they do not result in sharp shards that can be used as weapons. The downside to this is that the current manufacturing process for tempering distorts the clarity of larger-size mirrors. This issue will likely disappear in the coming years as the manufacturing process improves. The silvering behind mirrors is also vulnerable to damage by cleaning solvents that contain ammonia, so the edges and back should be sealed and protected from any moisture penetration. The current ANSI A117.1 requires that the bottom of a reflective surface must be no higher than 40 inches above the finished floor or sinks and counters and no higher than 35 inches in other locations. However, it is important to check local codes for height requirements as well. A frequent design-to-construction error is that the opening height for the bottom of the mirror (the backsplash typically) is at 40 inches, thus pushing the mirror up a fraction of an inch into non-compliance. See Section 4.3.7 for information on mirrors with integral lighting. Paper Towel Dispenser See Appendix A for component comparisons. Airports have been gravitating away from folded paper towels toward more economical and eco-friendly paper towel rolls. Touchless models are the most sanitary. Note that touchless does not necessarily mean powered; if only the paper pulled out is touched, the model is hygienically sound. Sensor-operated dispensers, however, are usable by persons with almost any mobility or dexterity limitation. More models are being offered with a stainless-steel finish, which is more durable than other materials and blends well with other accessories in the restroom that are typically stainless- steel. Stainless-steel enclosures that cover plastic dispensers are also available; however, they may cover the sensor on automatic models. Sink Node Waste Receptacle See Appendix A for component comparisons. The waste receptacle is one of the primary contributors to travelers’ perceptions of a rest- room as “unclean.” This perception arises from both overflowing trash—typically paper towels, but also food, diapers, etc.—and the large size of trash cans that visually dominate the restroom space. To eliminate both conditions, a common waste disposal method in airport restrooms today consists of an opening in the counter with a trash container underneath in a secured enclosure. Typically, there is one waste opening between each pair of sinks. Locating

74 Planning and Design of Airport Terminal Restrooms and Ancillary Spaces Paper Curiously, one of the big drivers in airport restroom design is paper, primarily the stock for paper towel and toilet paper dispensers. There are many variables to consider: paper thickness, number of plies, folded or rolls, regular or jumbo. There can be significant long-term cost savings with adjustments to any of these variables. Focusing on the cost factor alone, however, can ultimately compromise customer service and maintenance. The vendors that supply the paper typically provide dispensers at no or low cost; these dispensers are often plastic and not the most durable product. While the vendor will replace broken dispensers, until that happens, travelers encounter a dispenser that does not work or perhaps has a big crack on its face. That experience, within the short time that travelers are in the airport, will leave a long-lasting impression that may affect their future choices in layovers and destinations. The governing authorities of some airports require that bidding occur as frequently as every year for vendors. This can create a maintenance nightmare for the airport if the vendors change every year or two. One airport interviewed in the case studies, whose vendors did not provide dispensers, complained that every new vendor had a “new and improved” paper delivery system resulting in a half-dozen dispenser models throughout the airport that required their own sets of spare parts and more space to stock the different types of paper. Restrooms are among the most expensive spaces per square foot. The restroom team spends months planning and designing a space that is welcoming, calming, and memorable. So why leave the intended experience to chance by waiting to see which vendor is awarded the annual bid and what dispenser they will provide? What are the odds that the red plastic cover on the paper towel dispensers will complement the elegant restroom interior? One-ply toilet paper versus two-ply is another ongoing, sometimes heated, debate in the industry. Some say that people will use less toilet paper with more plies. Others counter that people pull out their preferred amount regardless of waste so the thinner product may as well be provided. The answer is elusive, but one clue lies with an airport interviewed for this guidebook. It provides staff restrooms with two-ply paper and public restrooms with one-ply. the trash under the counter efficiently takes advantage of otherwise unused space. It also creates an opportunity for additional storage for soap refills, cleaning supplies, paper products, and so forth. Traditional surface-mounted and recessed waste units can be combined with a paper towel dispenser directly above them, which saves wall space and eliminates wall clutter. Stainless-steel waste containers should be lined to make cleaning easy and prevent corrosion. While a flipper door helps conceal the trash inside, the door becomes a germ farm, and smears on the door can be quite unsightly and repellent.

Design 75 Hand Dryer See Appendix A for component comparisons. Hand dryers have evolved significantly in recent years. Attention to the disposition of water blown off hands, energy use, accessibility, noise, and hygiene has fostered design innovation in mounting methods, air movement, and refinements to improve the user’s experience. All hand dryer styles are available touchless, and these are recommended. Most hand dryers are wall units although there are faucets available with integrated hand dryers. Issues remain regarding hand dryer noise levels, which can be especially troublesome for some hearing aid users. One participant in the research team’s focus groups commented that the noise frequency can leave her “deaf” for several minutes. Noise from hand dryers is also upsetting to persons with sensory processing disorders, autism, and dementia. In companion care restrooms, one should opt for a quieter solution: paper towels. See the “Paper Towels vs. Hand Dryer” text box (Chapter 2) for further information on hand dryers versus paper towels. Biohazard Disposal See Appendix A for component comparisons. The familiar red plastic disposal for needles is a mainstay of airport restrooms. For those requiring regular injections, such as insulin, the receptacles are vital for safe disposal. In some airports, however, primarily on the landside (non-secure) side of the terminal, these disposals are also a target of vandalism as needles are stolen for further use. Thus, durability is as important as visibility, location, and aesthetics, with stainless-steel enclosures being preferred to plastic ones. The full container is typically replaced by maintenance with an empty one and collected by the airport’s biohazard vendor. Toilet Paper Dispenser See Appendix A for component comparisons. Like paper towel dispensers, toilet paper dispensers are often provided by the paper vendor. Within the stall, however, plastic models are especially vulnerable to damage from carry-on luggage. Stainless-steel models are available for both standard and jumbo rolls. Larger rolls of toilet paper reduce refill frequency but take up more space. To alleviate this, the rolls are often turned sideways. This arrangement, however, can be difficult to access for those with limited motion in their hands or arms. Also, when the dispenser is mounted below grab bars, the toilet paper comes out at an uncomfortably low level. The location of the paper outlet is narrowly defined in ANSI A117.1 as are other accessories found in combination units. It is important to check for modifications in the local code. Multiple-roll models are commonplace and highly recommended. Coreless rolls are also available that reduce waste but can be difficult to install correctly. Combination units that combine the toilet paper dispenser with a waste receptacle or a seat paper dispenser help reduce the clutter of accessories within the stall. Through-partition dispensers that have access from adjacent stalls reduce the projection of the dispenser into the stall. Recessed models protrude even less but require thickened partitions instead of panels. Stall Waste Receptacle See Appendix A for component comparisons. Traditionally, waste receptacles have been provided only in women’s stalls for sanitary products. With the increase of elderly travelers and people with disabilities, providing a waste

76 Planning and Design of Airport Terminal Restrooms and Ancillary Spaces receptacle for adult diapers or stoma collection devices supports the dignity of the user and provides a receptacle for general trash instead of the toilet. Receptacles that are big enough to accommodate an extra-large, fully absorbed men’s diaper should be used. Seat Paper Dispenser See Appendix A for component comparisons. No matter how well a restroom is maintained, some people are simply wary of unseen germs and are uncomfortable sitting exposed on a surface where only a minute before someone else sat. Sometimes, the toilet seat is visibly soiled, and no other stalls are available. Seat paper dis- pensers provide a flushable cover for users to sit on rather than hover. The dispenser should be installed either behind or to the side of the toilet. This unit is also available combined with a toilet paper dispenser. Again, a stainless-steel enclosure is more durable than plastic. There are also automatic models available. When activated, a continuous clear plastic covering slides around over the toilet seat. The used portion is automatically spooled into a container for later disposal. Shelf See Appendix A for component comparisons. Travelers are always carrying something—a bag, jacket, and/or food. Even airport employees often have a planner, folders, or another item in hand. There is always a need for a clean, dry, stoma-friendly place to put belongings in restrooms. Counters in the sink node are typically wet from splashing and from drips to the hand-drying station, and floors are usually equally suspect. Shelves at the sink, in the stalls, and at the urinals have become a mandatory customer expectation. Preferred are built-in shelves integrated with the wall materials. These may be a recessed niche at the toilets and urinals or a continuous shelf behind the lavatories. The shelves should be 8 to 12 inches deep and above wet surfaces. Accessibility is important, even for the agile. Shelves behind sinks should be within easy reach (see Chapter 2 for recommended counter depths). Shelves in stalls at and near urinals should not be placed behind toilets and urinals. Such locations are typically awkward to reach (and not accessible), and there is the hazard of dropping something into the fixture. Where budget is limited, shelves can be surface mounted, but not where they would create a projection that someone could bump into. For space-constrained locations, stainless-steel fold-down shelves are an option. Hooks Hooks are useful in the toilet stall and at urinals and sinks. Travelers often have a coat, bag, or purse they would rather not set on the floor due to concerns about cleanliness, theft, or both. Typically, two hooks are provided, one above the other. The lower hook, at 4 ft off the floor, meets accessible reach requirements. A higher one at 5 ft or more will accommodate a long coat. Within stalls, hooks should never be mounted on the back side of the door, as a common theft technique is to reach over the top while passing by and lift a purse or bag. It is preferred that hooks are located closer to the toilet to access such things as sanitary products or injection materials for diabetics. A hook can also be installed on higher urinal screens, at the sink on a side wall or hand-drying column, and in the baby diaper changing node for diaper bags. Hooks should be a strong metal with secure mounting. There should be no sharp edges. They should project enough to accommodate a wide bag strap and hook upward to hold a garment.

Design 77 Sanitary Products Vendor This coin-operated dispenser can be set for different denominations. Most airports charge a nominal price (typically 25 cents). Experience has shown that if the products are free, people will stock up. Newer models have a push button rather than a lever, so it is accessible as well as less likely to break. These can be recessed (preferred) or surface mounted. One unit within a restroom is typically enough. More may be needed in larger restrooms or if the restroom is divided into separate areas. Baby Diaper Changing Table See Appendix A for component comparisons. Durability is a key requirement for the changing table to ensure the safety of infants and to hold unintended loads like luggage or sitting adults. Changing tables can be purchased as a manufactured unit that is mounted to the wall and folds down or can be custom made as part of the counters. There are also hybrid models that consist of a manufactured changing platform that is secured to the countertop. The materials used should be antibacterial and easy to clean. Stone materials tend to be cold to the touch, so using a pad on top is more comfortable for babies. Most users will have a changing pad in their diaper bag, so providing a low enclosure with a strap that will keep the baby and pad in place is recommended. Child Step Some airports provide a child step at one of the sink locations, which can also accommodate adults of short stature. While this is a worthy accommodation, it will make that sink location inaccessible to wheelchairs (which is not too much of a problem if all the other sink locations are accessible). They can also be a cleaning nuisance because the typical models sit on a frame of stainless-steel angles that are bolted to the floor and are cumbersome to clean around. Baby Diaper Kit Vendor Most people traveling with babies are stocked with diapers, wipes, changing pad, and so forth; however, sometimes a convenient dispenser can save the day if a traveler’s resources become depleted. Providing one dispenser at each restroom block, ideally near the companion care restroom, should be adequate, although one can also be installed at each changing table. The dispensers are coin operated and typically provide a diaper, wipes, a paper liner, and a disposable bag. As with sanitary products, nominally charging for the products ensures a more stable supply. 4.3.4 Plumbing Plumbing design is critical to the restroom. It needs to be well thought out, organized, clean, and functional. Each restroom should have its own set of shut-off valves to isolate the restroom block. In a new airport, a dedicated tempered water system should be used that can serve all the hand sinks in the building. This system will always allow for warm water at the sinks; the com- fortable water temperature for handwashing is 105 degrees Fahrenheit. When piping within the pipe chase is being designed, the pipe elevations should be drawn on the construction documents and organized to all fit into the chase. Ideally, the waste piping should slope toward the chase door, and a cleanout should be provided above the spill line to allow for easy access and the ability to clean out that piping as needed. If the cleanout is in the

78 Planning and Design of Airport Terminal Restrooms and Ancillary Spaces back, the maintenance staff must take their equipment to the back of the chase. Enough space should be provided at the chase entry to allow the door to close when someone is working at that end. This conceals maintenance personnel from public view. In existing buildings, the slope of the existing sanitary mains will be critical in selecting fixtures. The slope in older plumbing systems is minimal and thus it is advantageous to have more water running through the piping. Low-flow fixtures should be evaluated before install- ing (see “Toilet” and “Urinal” sections). Sink See Appendix A for component comparisons. There are two options for hanging a sink: a concealed arm carrier or safety clips. A concealed arm carrier is much sturdier and safer and therefore requires a structural wall behind the sink to secure the carrier and piping. The clip option requires the proper backing to be on the wall to ensure structural integrity. A single cantilevered sink should be designed to carry a 150-lb load and a double should be designed to carry a 300-lb load. Each sink should have a shroud that can be easily removed to conceal the pipes, valves, and so forth, ideally by simple lifting (screws and fasteners should be avoided because they take extra time and get lost). The shroud should accommodate the required knee- and toe-space clearances. It is recommended to provide a trap and tailpiece composed of 17-gauge piping. If a shroud is not provided, trap and piping guards should be installed per the local accessible building code. Sink strainers should be made of stainless steel to prevent corrosion and discoloration. Additionally, strainers should have large holes to prevent clogging and be in a flat area large enough to use a small plunger to loosen clogs. Several trough sink basins are designed with the forward surface sharply angled toward a vertical back wall. This creates a condition where there is only a narrow flat section on which to locate the strainer. The strainers in this style of trough sink are often less than an inch in width. The narrow strainers combined with the angled geometry of the trough basins can make it difficult to service the sink with a small plunger. Often, the sink and associated drainage piping will have to be dismantled to be unclogged. Providing a cleanout above the spill line of the sink will allow the maintenance staff to clean the piping without causing an overflow. This cleanout is only possible when a sink has a chase behind it. Even without a chase, a cleanout should be provided below each sink. For wall-mounted sinks, it is recommended to have a gap between the sink and the wall. This makes for one less maintenance-prone sealant joint and allows another option for spills to drain off the flat surfaces where users want to place their belongings. Adjustable-height sinks are available (and more common in other countries). This can be beneficial, especially in companion care and changing table restrooms. A cleanliness and hygiene concern is that these typically use a flexible drain hose, which may not drain properly (and may not meet building code requirements). Faucet See Appendix A for component comparisons. Today’s market has ever-changing faucet designs and features to consider. Features that should be considered first and foremost are water capacity and power consumption. Given the usage in airport restrooms, it is important that an adequate water supply, especially hot water, reach the faucet.

Design 79 Energy savings are achievable with innovations like solar- and turbine-powered faucet sensors. Touchless faucets are both more hygienic and are preferred for accessibility. Proximity sensors, a recent innovation, turn on the faucet by sensing the heat from a person’s hands rather than motion from fingers placed near the faucet. This prevents accidental activation. The spout shape should allow water to flow high and far enough out over the basin so the user’s hands do not touch the sink bowl. If possible, a mock-up of the sinks and faucets being considered should be set up to test for ease of activation, comfort, and unexpected splashing. An existing sink is a great place to test out devices. Passengers expect warm water right away at the sink. The system design should bring the hot water main as close to the sink as possible. Section 606.4 of ADA 2010 Standards requires that water flow out of faucets for a minimum of 10 seconds. Braided supply lines used in the installation of faucets can collect dirt and dust over time. Chrome-plated brass supply tubes should be used to avoid build-up. It is also recommended to provide quarter-turn ball valves under sinks instead of the multi-turn type for shut-off directly below a sink. If no shroud is provided on a sink, provide loose-key, quarter-turn ball valves to help prevent users from shutting off the water. Soap Dispenser See Appendix A for component comparisons. One of two types of soap is typically used in restrooms: foam soap or liquid soap. Both are available in bulk and usually bought in bulk through vendors. However, the advantages of foam soap are that smaller amounts are used, and it tends not to clog the sink. Foam soap washes through piping more easily and removes bacteria from hands as effectively as, if not better than, liquid soap. Maintenance staff are typically stretched too thin to keep up with the busyness of airport restrooms. Utilizing a bulk soap-dispensing system that is accessible for refilling from the plumbing chase is ideal because it extends the period between refills. An advantage of a bulk soap system is that it can feed multiple dispensers. One should use a conduit to run the tubes to make sure they are not inadvertently cut, and the tubes should be run no higher than the dispenser output height to avoid drips. Traditional bottle dispensers are often stolen from underneath sinks if they are visible, which they usually are. The half-empty plastic bottles of pink liquid hanging below the counters are also an unsightly visual distraction. Toilet See Appendix A for component comparisons. The main difference in toilet designs is the flushing system: siphon jet versus blowout. The siphon jet utilizes a jet of water in the trapway to pull water out of the bowl. The blowout method displaces all the liquid (and its contents) from the toilet bowl. It is a more aggressive means of flushing but is more effective at removing solids, which is important for high-use restrooms like those found in airports. The drawback of the blowout flushing system is that it is startlingly loud, and the repeated sound of flushing can be heard in a holdroom if an open restroom entrance is adjacent to it. Further, a sudden loud sound can be problematic for individuals with autism or sensory processing disorder and those with hearing aids. Wall-hung toilets are the best choice for airports; however, with the increasing weight of travelers, it is important to be aware of the load limits toilets can carry. In the United States,

80 Planning and Design of Airport Terminal Restrooms and Ancillary Spaces the minimum weight requirement for a wall-hung toilet is 500 pounds. With proper selection, the weight limit on a wall-hung toilet can be up to 1,000 pounds. For this kind of weight, it is critical that the carrier and the associated wall structure have the proper capacity. In the case studies conducted for this research, more than one story was told of a person sitting on a toilet that shared a back-to-back carrier with the toilet on the opposite side of the wall being lifted into the air like a seesaw when a heavier person sat on the toilet on the opposite side of the wall. It is important to provide cleanouts on the waste piping above the toilet spill line to allow for ease of maintenance. Carriers should be installed as flush to the chase wall as possible to allow for more space in the restroom. Water hammer arrestors should be provided in an accessible place in each restroom. Toilet seats should have all-stainless-steel bolts and springs (no plastic or zinc parts) and should feature a soft close to prevent seats from slamming down and potentially breaking. Plumbing codes typically do not permit solid lids over the seat in commercial restrooms. Water conservation is a critical function in a smart building. Capturing gray water (water from sinks or rainwater) and reusing it in toilets and urinals is a great way to conserve and reuse relatively clean water. Nonetheless, these systems are complex. The water needs to be properly processed as well as maintained and cleaned to prevent bacteria from traveling through the systems. The system will also require separate drainage for collection and a separate distribu- tion system to supply it to the necessary fixtures. Gray water can be cleaned both naturally and chemically. Urinal See Appendix A for component comparisons. Urinals are a staple in men’s restrooms in the United States. They are very functional and expedient in getting users in and out. When a urinal is selected, it is important to consider aesthetics because these fixtures are very visible. Their appearance should complement the design of the room. Within the urinal, it is important to consider flow. Waterless urinals have not been extremely successful, primarily due to installation and maintenance issues. For pint or other low-flow urinals, a sink or toilet should be upstream on the waste piping of this fixture. This will help keep water flowing and help prevent pipes from deteriorating due to the effects of uric acid. The trap discharge should also be considered. Many urinals have a lip at the discharge of a trap that can make them difficult to clean. Most urinals today are mounted on factory-provided mounting brackets that seem to work well in hanging the units securely. Adequate space should be provided around a urinal for a person’s belongings. A shelf and a coat hook are also welcome provisions. Ensuring 3 ft of clear width between the urinal dividers (as recommended for ambulatory toilet stalls) provides adequate room on the floor for a roller bag as well. A long overdue development in urinal design is taller urinal options. Floor-mounted urinals that are set in the slab are a thing of the past due to pipe access from the floor level below. However, there is no reason urinals cannot all be low enough to accommodate persons of short stature, persons of tall stature, and persons with disabilities. The typical men’s restroom has a row of urinals mounted at “standard” height and one urinal on the end that is mounted at a lower height. From a universal design perspective, they should all be at the same height so that one is not highlighted as a fixture for those with special needs. Furthermore, the easier it is for the user to reach the target, the better. Some airports are using actual targets in urinals to prevent extra cleaning related to aiming or the lack thereof. These can be playful such as small, printed stickers (like a fly) or a custom

Design 81 design. Also available from some manufacturers is an embedded stainless-steel ball or an image applied to the porcelain prior to glazing. Toilet and Urinal Flush Valves See Appendix A for component comparisons. Flush valve selection decisions should consider type, location, and utility savings. Most travelers are looking for a touchless environment, so an automatic flush valve is recommended. Low-flow water solutions as well as solar- and turbine-powered valves are available for water and power savings. Based on the restroom layout, a decision must be made on whether to use a concealed or exposed flush valve. This decision will likely be driven by chase access for maintenance. If there is a chase behind the fixtures, a concealed flush valve has a much simpler look. Also, it can be accessed without the maintenance staff needing to close the restroom to perform their work. This design is also easier to clean than exposed pipe and fittings. Drinking Fountain See Appendix A for component comparisons. Long days of traveling can be dehydrating, so providing drinking fountains is important for the well-being of travelers. While the International Building Code requires only one drinking fountain per 1,000 occupants in a passenger terminal, it is good practice to provide one at each restroom set, in part, because people generally associate drinking fountains with restrooms when seeking them out. There are numerous aesthetic options for drinking fountains. Look for accessible models (bi-level models) that allow a front approach, are easy to clean, and complement the aesthetics of the restroom façade. It is recommended that the drinking fountain(s) be in an alcove off of the hallway. This avoids having the person at the fountain bent out into the traffic flow. It also keeps their bags more protected if they are temporarily set on the floor. Drinking fountains are not permitted to project more than 4 inches past the primary corridor wall, per ANSI A117.1. This protects persons with a visual disability who use a cane from walking into the side of the fixture. For locations where space is not available to adequately recess the drinking fountain or for retro- fits, some manufacturers make cane guards for newer models. The cane guards are inexpensive and can be easily attached under the high fountain to bring the fixture bottom down to the 27-inch maximum height off of the floor. Filtration on drinking fountains is recommended to provide clean and safe drinking water. The filters require maintenance in addition to the regular cleaning of the drinking fountain to remove debris collected in the drain. Bottle-Filling Station See Appendix A for component comparisons. Restrictions on the amount of fluid that can be brought through airport security, growing public awareness of recycling, and the cost of buying drinks within an airport have encouraged many travelers to use personal water bottles. Bottle-filling stations mounted on drinking fountains support travelers’ use of personal water bottles and have become quite popular. The 2017 ANSI A117.1 code allows that a single water-bottle filling station can be used on a hi-lo fountain if the station is mounted on the low, wheelchair-accessible fountain. If the high and low fountains are separate units, each will require a water-bottle filling station. Filtration on bottle fillers is recommended to provide clean and safe drinking water; however, filters will

82 Planning and Design of Airport Terminal Restrooms and Ancillary Spaces require ongoing replacement. Automatic bottle fillers need to be cleaned regularly to help keep them dry and free of mildew. The manufacturer’s recommendations on mounting for accessibility should be followed. Some airports now provide a receptacle to dispose of liquids before travelers go through airport security so that they can take the bottle with them. The airport then provides water- bottle filling station(s) post-security. This cuts down on a significant amount of water-bottle recycling. Mop Sink Mop sinks are a well-used and integral part of restroom maintenance. These should be placed in easy-to-access locations within a pipe chase, providing one mop sink per set of restrooms. There should be at least 24 inches clear space on two sides to allow for both a mop bucket and a person to fill the bucket. Given the hard use of mop sinks, they should be made of impact-resistant composite fiber- reinforced plastic with an integrally molded drain along with a factory gasket and a removable stainless-steel strainer. A stainless-steel strainer will help prevent corrosion over time and unwanted material from getting down the piping. Bumper guards (vinyl) on the edges of the mop sink will help prevent chipping and wear. A splash guard made of stainless steel stretching 18 inches up the back wall of the mop sink will prevent dirty and corrosive water from getting on the wall. In addition, providing a hose, hose hanger, and mop hanger will help keep the area surrounding the mop sink organized and clean. If a mop sink is at the end of a branch, be sure to provide a cleanout per the local plumbing code dedicated to the mop sink. The trap of the mop sink is not considered a removable trap and thus a cleanout is needed. Ideally, a wall cleanout would be provided on the back wall behind the mop sink. If this is not possible, a floor cleanout should be provided in the same room as the mop sink. Either way, it is important to ensure the cleanout is full size. Consider making the back wall 6 inches thick to allow enough room for the cleanout. Mop Sink Faucet While a faucet may seem like a simple, necessary accessory to the mop sink, there are many factors to consider. The faucet should have both a hot-water and cold-water supply. On each of these, there should be check valves (integral or separate). Other must-haves include a support arm, an atmospheric vacuum breaker, integral shutoffs, a pail hook, a chrome finish, and lever handles. Typically, the faucet is installed approximately 48 inches above the finished floor or as called for in the manufacturer’s recommendations. If a third-party chemical dispenser is used, which is often an aftermarket item, a pressure- bleeding device should be provided on the hose connection, and the dispenser should be tested to ASSE 1052. Otherwise, there is a risk over time of back-leaking soap into the water system. Hose Bibb A hose bibb is a necessary convenience for the maintenance of airport restrooms. Whether a pipe needs to be flushed, a janitor needs additional water somewhere, or the cleaning process includes a periodic hose-down of the entire restroom, having a hose bibb in an adjacent pipe chase or janitor’s closet is vital. Locate the hose bibb near the chase door and ensure the hose- bib has an atmospheric vacuum breaker (either integral or separate) to prevent backflow into the system.

Design 83 4.3.5 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Providing HVAC to the restroom is critical to creating the perception of cleanliness and managing odors. With the right amount of ventilation, restrooms will smell better and users will enjoy the experience more. It will also allow for the elimination of air fresheners, which can often be overpowering, bothersome to people with allergies and sensory processing disorders, and a maintenance hassle. Radiation Finned-tube radiation is a passive heating method used along exterior walls for both heating and reducing the formation of condensation on windows and cold surfaces. Radiation covers should complement the overall restroom aesthetic. Stainless steel is a common choice as it is durable, easy to form, and matches other stainless-steel elements in the space. Painted metal is easily scratched, can rust, and is therefore not recommended as a cover choice. In addition, covers with flat tops are to be avoided because people tend to sit, place luggage, or step on them. Consider a pointed or sloped top to provide additional strength and prevent dust collection. Make sure the surface is easy to clean if it is textured. Air Supply Most building codes do not require supply air in restrooms because they are not occupied spaces (they are considered transient). Providing supply air, however, is good practice. It makes sense to provide supply air below sinks, given that the area surrounding the sinks is often wet. This will help dry the wet surfaces and keep the area around the sinks at a comfortable temperature. The space under the counter or sink is conducive to a linear diffuser for this purpose. For a clean look, run the diffuser from wall to wall. This will also allow for an equal distribution of air throughout the space. The ductwork, located in the chase behind the sink, will need to be coordinated with piping to ensure ample space for both. The ductwork will also have to be coordinated with the plan layout as the chase will need space for the elbow from the diffuser to the duct and a clear vertical run (usually a minimum of 8 inches) behind the sink and mirrors for the insulated duct. If space is limited, at the very least one should provide supply air above the sinks to promote air mixing and eliminate short cycling of the air. Short cycling is when the air comes directly out of the supply diffuser and is sucked right back out through the exhaust without having time to condition the space. It is also recommended that supply air be provided in single-fixture restrooms, like companion care restrooms. Where supplying air below the sink is not feasible, an overhead diffuser is better than no diffuser. Exhaust Without restroom exhaust, restrooms would be unpleasant places with lingering disagreeable odors. Each restroom should have a dedicated restroom exhaust system with diffusers located directly above the toilets. Diffusers can be dedicated to each stall or can be one linear run above all the stalls. At a minimum, the code-required exhaust should be provided in the restroom. Whenever possible, provide an occupied and unoccupied setting by using the spaces’ occupancy sensor (see “Technology” section) and modulation of the fan. The code-required minimum should be the unoccupied setting; the occupied setting should be one and one-half times that. If the restroom has a restroom management system (RMS), as described in Section 4.3.8, the exhaust can be connected to provide a cleaning cycle that will be set for another one

84 Planning and Design of Airport Terminal Restrooms and Ancillary Spaces and one-half times the occupied setting. The cleaning cycle will allow additional air changes to remove cleaning chemical smells and help to dry floors that are wet from cleaning more quickly. This can be accomplished with either a standard exhaust fan with a variable frequency drive or an electronically commutated motor. If the exhaust fan is not located in the pipe chase, be sure to provide an access panel on each side of the fan to allow for duct cleaning because, over time, toilet paper dust builds up substantially in ducts and fans. Diffusers The aesthetics and layout of the space should be considered when selecting diffusers. Be sure to verify the diffuser finish with the architect. Placement of diffusers is explained in the exhaust and supply sections. Fan noise is not a major concern in restrooms since there is so much noise that a little white noise is often welcome. Squealing noise, however, should be dampened. Thermostat Locate the restroom thermostat in an inconspicuous location to avoid having it tampered with. A ceiling-mounted thermostat or a wall thermostat with no display is the best type to consider. These types can only be installed in spaces with a building automation system, common in larger airports. 4.3.6 Electrical Except for use in maintenance or cleaning, receptacles for power are often overlooked in restrooms. Outlets for convenience power are a great amenity for travelers. The best locations for outlets are at sink mirrors/shelves and make-up/grooming counters to allow for a quick shave, etc. Utilitarian functions that require power include automatic sensors on plumbing fixtures, soap dispensers, hand dryers, RMS components, and tools in plumbing chases. All receptacles near moisture need to be the ground-fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) type. There are two methods of ground-fault protection: at the circuit breaker and the individual device. GFCI circuit breakers have better sensors and are less likely to nuisance trip, but they typically cost more and require the breaker to be reset, typically by facility staff. GFCI recep- tacles are a bit more cost-effective and allow the user to reset the device, but they do trip more often. Refer to the National Electrical Code and local codes for exact ground-fault protection requirements. 4.3.7 Lighting Of all the building systems, lighting can have the most dramatic effect on a space. In restrooms especially, lighting affects people’s perceptions of everything from cleanliness to noise levels. Bright lights can be jarring and make travelers appear garish. Muted lights are calming and can make the room feel “quiet,” a welcome benefit considering the whirring of hand dryers and flushing toilets. Lighting that is too dark or a space filled with deep shadows can be potentially hazardous as occupants bump through the space. Lighting that is too dark can also make a person feel unsafe and the space seem dirty. The color temperature of lighting, measured in kelvin (K), is also a critical consideration. Warm white lights are in the 2,700 K to 3,000 K range. This coloration is like incandescent lamps. Cool white lights in the 3,500 K to 4,100 K range appear bright and are good for detailed tasks. Natural daylight is in the 5,000 K to 6,500 K range and is the coolest colored light. Cool lighting can create a bluish cast in a space. In the mirror, this can make a person appear as if they have

Design 85 traveled for days rather than hours. Warmer color temperatures feel welcoming and soft. Colors and finish materials under consideration should always be reviewed under lighting that has the same color temperature as the lighting that will be used in the restroom space. General (Ambient) Lighting Ambient lighting fills the space as opposed to task lighting, which highlights areas of specific activity. Ambient light levels should be bright and even in order to make the space feel clean and airy, not dark and dismal. This lighting type should provide approximately 5 foot-candles (FC) in the walk zones for safety, security, and cleaning. Task Lighting The following locations have different task lighting needs: Entry. Lighting at the entries should accent signage that designates wayfinding, art, or other pertinent information. Lighting levels should be set not so bright (or so dim) that users have a hard time visually transitioning from the adjacent (typically bright) area into or out of the restroom. Sink Node. Lighting at the sink should be oriented to provide even vertical illumination (from the sides) onto the face, but somewhat softly to avoid glare in the eyes. Lighting from above the mirror can supplement the vertical lighting but should not be the sole source as it casts shadows that make a person’s face look tired and gaunt. Vertical lighting should be evenly balanced on both sides of the face. Lighting integrated within mirrors works well to keep the walls clear of clutter and surfaces that collect dust or are hard to clean. Recommended light levels at the sink node are 15 FC horizontal and 20 FC vertical. Toilet Stalls. Lighting at the utility wall or over the toilet stalls will offer a clean and crisp appearance. Providing a linear slot or a light panel along the toilet wall or downlights within each stall will assist in evenly lighting all locations. The recommended light level is 15 FC. Lighting from above and behind the toilet can cast the stall in shadow when a person is finished and stands. Consider providing light from the walk aisle or adding a small downlight between the toilet and door. Switch/Occupancy Sensor Occupancy sensors provide energy savings by switching off lighting when no one is present. Occupancy sensors can also be used more creatively, such as tying them into mechanical systems to increase ventilation when the space is occupied. Care needs to be exercised when selecting types of sensors for restrooms so that the lights do not go off when people are present. Line-of-sight sensors (for example, infrared) should not be used in restrooms with partitions or walls that shield the sensor’s view of the space. Ultrasonic sensors placed too close to an entrance without a door may pick up people walking by and turn on lights when not needed. Dual technology sensors cost more but can “see” around walls and partitions, making them the best choice for larger restrooms. The time and sensitivity on devices should be properly set to maximize energy savings and minimize “false offs.” Lamps See Appendix A for component comparisons. Lamp types can have a significant impact on maintenance and operational costs for any facility. Longer-life fixtures can lower maintenance and operational costs but typically have a higher initial cost.

86 Planning and Design of Airport Terminal Restrooms and Ancillary Spaces LED lamps have a long lamp life and good color temperatures and color rendering. The technology is changing rapidly, however, so fixtures and lamps selected now may soon be obsolete. Initial costs for LED lamps are higher than fluorescents, and the drivers are likely to fail before the lamp expires. Maintenance costs are lower as relamping is rare. Fluorescent fixtures also have a long lamp life and good color temperatures and color rendering. However, relamping adds more cost over time, and ballasts for fluorescent fixtures need to be maintained. In addition, although compact fluorescent lamps provide more flex- ibility for use, they have a slight warm-up time before coming fully on. This may be bothersome in smaller restrooms where they are the only light source and an occupancy sensor is utilized to turn lights on. Daylight Daylight can have a positive effect on people’s demeanor, especially after they have spent time in parts of the terminal where there is limited natural lighting. Many restrooms are located with at least one exterior wall. Unfortunately, these walls are usually opaque. Even curtain walls have metal panels instead of glass for privacy or a pipe chase. With a little creative planning, daylight can be pulled into a restroom, enhancing the ambiance of a calm oasis. For instance, daylight can be borrowed from adjacent spaces, such as skylights in the concourse by providing a band of clerestory glazing. Privacy is indeed important, so a good strategy is to locate clerestory glazing up high. Equipment, such as aircraft de-icing rigs, that may pass nearby bathroom windows should be considered because equipment operators are often at a height where they can see in. Even if equipment operators cannot see in, the perception that someone can see inside the restroom may make occupants uncomfortable. Shadows at night can also be unintentionally revealing, so lighting should be placed to avoid casting shadows on the glass. For full-height glazing, ensure the translucent white film reaches the height where modesty is no longer a concern. Thin, clear strips of the solid film can foster a connection to the outdoors without compromising privacy. 4.3.8 Technology Some of the greatest customer service potential resides in the rapidly advancing realm of technology. Ironically, because the speed of change is so fast, incorporating cutting-edge products into restrooms may not be the most practical long-term strategy. Attempting to incorporate cutting-edge products into restrooms can create a constant state of obsolescence as newer versions of previous products and/or sensors rapidly become available. Standardization becomes nearly impossible. The key is to find a balance between innovation (especially in areas of sustainability) and long-term integration of updated products into the restroom spaces. Fire Alarm Fire alarm system design is based on national and local codes. However, the airport is encouraged to go above and beyond the code requirements for added protection and peace of mind. This typically means including smoke-detection coverage throughout the facility. One effective strategy is to locate manual pull stations adjacent to the restrooms as restrooms typically occur at standard intervals throughout terminals (see Section 2.5.2). The alarm’s visual strobe should be located so all occupants can see it, particularly those with hearing loss.

Design 87 Paging Paging is used when informing travelers of flight status and making other important announcements. The volume needs to be loud enough to be intelligible, but not overpowering. In larger restrooms, ambient noise sensors might be utilized to increase/decrease the volume of pages. The paging speakers can reinforce announcements from some fire alarm systems. Visual paging for persons with hearing loss is also a requirement of the ADA, and some air- ports have been sued for not providing this accommodation. With the clutter of accessories within the restroom, locating the visual paging device can be a challenge. Providing FIDS with a dedicated panel for visual paging outside the restroom (as recommended in Section 2.5.2) appears to be a reasonable accommodation; however, it has not been legally tested. Ambient Music Ambient music can be used to create a relaxed mood for travelers. In most facilities, the paging system can have an ambient music system input connected to it. Modest travelers appreciate the sound-masking properties of music as well. Restroom Management System Larger airports should consider incorporating an RMS. This system integrates several technologies, including some of the following: • Card reader. Airports can leverage their existing card-reader and badge systems to imple- ment an RMS (see Figure 4-3). When cleaning personnel present their airport security Figure 4-3. RMS with information monitor and backlit room sign. The card reader to activate maintenance features is located behind back-painted glass below the sign.

88 Planning and Design of Airport Terminal Restrooms and Ancillary Spaces badge to a card reader, a screen is brought up that indicates that the restroom is being cleaned. The lighting and ventilation are then also increased through the airport’s facility automation controls. • Occupant counter. Airports can use restroom occupancy counters to schedule cleaning efforts based on the number of travelers that have visited a restroom. This helps the cleaning staff work more efficiently. • Video display. A display unit can be used to indicate whether a restroom is open or closed for cleaning. This status can be generated on a screen that is integrated with the airport’s card-reader system located within the entrance signage to a restroom. The screen should also indicate the location and direction of the nearest open restroom. • Sensor integration. Product sensors for depleted paper, soap, and other products should, ideally, be connected to the RMS system to alert maintenance staff and track usage. This functionality is under development in the industry. 4.4 Components of Regulated/Essential Amenities 4.4.1 Companion Care Restroom These spaces are typically fitted out like the main restrooms for continuity in design and to minimize the types of products, finishes, and so forth. In addition to the restroom recommenda- tions presented in Section 4.3, consider the following amenities for companion care restrooms. Door Use a powered door operator with automatic locking and unlocking capabilities for touch- less operation. Mirrors Include them at the sink and provide a full-height mirror. Position mirrors for stoma use. Accessories Provide a biohazard disposal receptacle and dispensers for feminine products and diapers. Consider a wall-mounted toddler seat or fold-down bench. If space permits, a child-sized toilet can speed up a visit. An emergency call button or fall-monitoring system is highly recommended. Stoma-friendly accommodations (e.g., a hook near the sink, shelf, and mirror) should also be provided. Note that a child step is not recommended in this space as there is only one sink, and the fixed step makes the sink inaccessible for wheelchairs. Curtain/Divider A ceiling-hung curtain or folding screen on wheels can provide privacy if a traveler has a companion or children within the room. Hospital cubicle curtains are a good option for this use because they have the gap at the top to allow for proper fire protection sprinkler coverage. However, the material needs to be durable. If a wheeled divider is used, a little extra space will likely be needed to store it out of the way when it is not in use. When planning to incorporate a curtain or divider in the room, consider locating the toilet close to the door for safety reasons. For instance, if the curtain is located between the toilet and door, a small child could potentially quickly open the door and head off on an expedition.

Design 89 4.4.2 Changing Table Restroom The changing table restroom is essentially a companion care restroom that provides additional diaper changing space for any person too large to fit on a baby changing table (see Figure 4-4). For the changing table restroom, all the recommendations noted in Section 4.4.1 apply, as well as the following: Changing Table Often referred to as an adult changing table, this type of table also accommodates toddlers to teens. These tables are powered, and the height should be adjusted to a comfortable level for the person being changed (this is especially important if he or she self-transfers from a wheel- chair without the use of a hoist) and to the right height for the person assisting with the change. There are often power buttons along the front edge of the table, and sometimes tables come with a push-button operator on an extended cord that allows the operator to move around to help the person being changed while adjusting the height. The cord is vulnerable to damage, so a wall hook should be provided to encourage users not to leave the control on the bed. While the table can be folded up against a wall when not in use, assume the down position for accessibility clearances when planning a space for the table. Tables typically will accommodate a person up to 400 lb (capacity varies by model and will likely increase as use becomes more common). California building codes require 36 inches of clearance at the head and foot ends for easy access around the table. Consider providing this clearance because it will likely be a common requirement in the future. A feature that folds the table up automatically when a person climbs off will likely be avail- able for consideration soon. With this type of table, a sensor should be installed to indicate through the RMS when the table is in the down position so maintenance can dispatch a cleaner. It is recommended to have a spray hose available to rinse off the table after each use. Changing tables typically have a drain with a flexible tube connection down to a floor sink (a heavy-duty Figure 4-4. Changing table restroom (LHR).

90 Planning and Design of Airport Terminal Restrooms and Ancillary Spaces floor drain). To create a clean system, do not use corrugated flexible drain tubes with internal ridges. Only smooth flexible tubing should be used for changing table drainage. Hoist A hoist mounted on a ceiling track (with X-Y maneuverability) is essential for assisting people with transferring from a wheelchair either to the toilet or to the changing table. Hoists typically feature a suspended “handlebar” with a hook on each end to attach a sling. The hoist is operated by a hand-held operator with buttons that enable movement in different directions as well as up and down. The operator is connected to the hoist body by a cord that can be pulled out as far as needed. People who need to use a hoist typically bring their own sling. There are a variety of types of slings that accommodate different abilities and disabilities. Those with upper-body mobility can manage attaching the sling on their own. Those who need assistance typically travel with a companion. Airports are not expected to provide a stock of slings. The hoist is self-powered via a low voltage strip along the moving guiderail that continually charges the hoist. If a person touches the strip, they will not feel the electrical current. Most hoists have a switch to return the hoist to an out-of-the-way dock in a corner. This switch may be a button located on the hoist or a remote button on a wall. When planning the track and rail locations, take care to position ceiling-mounted fixtures and access panels in a location that does not conflict with the hoist movement. In addition, the hoist is a device that is prone to misuse; therefore, the restroom and amenities team should discuss liability and safety issues with the airport’s legal team to plan for and prevent damage or injuries. Some airports in the United States and Canada have installed changing tables only, forgoing the installation of hoists (or hand-held showers). While this setup is not ideal, it is nonetheless a major improvement when compared to changing adult-sized family members on restroom floors. Hand-Held Shower A hand-held shower is another essential feature for a person being changed. If soiling is beyond the capabilities of wipes, the shower can be used to rinse the person off either on the table or if they can stand and walk, at the shower. Therefore, take care to place the shower in an open area with enough room for a person to stand without anything nearby getting damaged by water spray. The shower can also be used to rinse off the table by the maintenance staff. One good practice that some airports recommend to prevent mischief is to require a code received via phone call to operate the shower. Diaper-Wipes Dispenser Locate this dispenser near the changing table. Adult-Diaper Dispenser Locate this dispenser near the changing table. Fold-Down Seat A seat may help people dress themselves or be dressed by others. Fall-Monitoring System One high-tech option is to install an infrared sensor in the ceiling that projects an invisible grid on the floor (2-ft by 2-ft squares are recommended) to monitor whether someone has fallen

Design 91 using the changing table or hoist, has become incapacitated, has had a heart attack, and so forth. For the monitoring system, a typical standing person would show a two-square pattern on the floor. A person laying on the floor would show a larger, irregular-shaped pattern. If squares are motionless for a set period (1 minute is recommended), an alert is triggered through the sensor to notify facilities management via the building management system (BMS). A two-way intercom system will allow airport staff to ask if a person is okay. If there is no response, an emergency team can be immediately dispatched. Signage should be provided to explain to occupants how and why the space is monitored. A simpler, but less comprehensively accommodating option than the infrared sensor is to provide an emergency call button, pull cord, or touch strip along the floor like those found in hospitals to call for help. These tend to invite mischief, so false alarms are likely to occur. Fall monitoring is highly recommended in other single-use toilet compartments including accessible stalls and companion care restrooms. Other Signage Be sure to provide instructions for using the change table and hoist. Post a notice that the room is monitored for fall prevention. 4.4.3 Service Animal Relief Area While a SARA should have a sink node with a single position sink and the same components as a restroom, it is a unique space with specific finishes and additional components. Artificial Turf Since most service animals are dogs, SARAs are focused on dogs in their design. Service dogs are trained to relieve themselves on real grass and/or concrete/asphalt (in urban areas). As these surfaces are impractical in an interior airport space, artificial turf that is specifically manufactured for pet relief areas is recommended. The “grass” blades in the turf should be woven onto a drainable mat that can be stored in rolls like a carpet. Ample attic stock of turf rolls cut to size should be readily available to manage busy periods. The attic stock should be stored in a nearby closet. The turf typically sits on a grid of raised interlocking plastic tiles with legs to keep an open space below for flushing. The turf is secured around the perimeter with strong Velcro, so it is easily removed for cleaning. Pheromones are typically applied to the grass to inspire the dogs to relieve themselves; however, these need periodic reapplication to remain effective. Some dogs will be reluctant to go in SARAs because of the distracting scent of previous animals or because they are trained to go on concrete (city dogs) and not on carpet (dogs can tell that the turf is not real grass). In addition, some airports provide a litter box or two for cats (usually up on a shelf away from curious canine noses). Turf Area Flushing Turf should ideally be rinsed with a hose and flushed after each use. This puts an extra burden on the airport cleaning staff but is necessary to keep the turf smelling fresh and inconspicuous to people and animals. A hose reel stored in a locked recessed cabinet can be a convenient solution. Flushing systems made of a loop of perforated pipe that lines the perimeter below the turf are available as part of the turf system. Raised tiles supporting the turf mat are also available with arched gaps in the supports so the pipework can run through. The water should flush from the pipe perforations down a subfloor that slopes to one or more floor drains below. Flushing should be activated by a wall-mounted push button located on a wall that is remote from the turf.

92 Planning and Design of Airport Terminal Restrooms and Ancillary Spaces Epoxy Flooring Because of the frequent cleaning of this space, a monolithic epoxy floor coating with integral wall base up 4 inches is highly recommended. The animals will have accidents, so a tile floor with grout is discouraged. Be mindful that sealed concrete can be slippery when wet. Jointless Wall Surface Like the floor, the walls should also be free of grout joints. Monolithic, impervious wall panels or coatings (e.g., quartz or epoxy paint) are recommended. Use the same surface finish throughout the space to minimize transition joints. Mop Sink In addition to being used for cleaning, a mop sink can be handy for rinsing an animal’s paws. Mops and cleaning supplies should be stored in a small closet within the space. This can also be a good place to store extra turf rolls. Accessories In addition to the accessories at the sink node, a dispenser should be provided with free disposable, biodegradable bags to pick up an animal’s leave-behinds. Some airports also provide a “pooper-scooper” to make cleanup easier. A vented waste can with a sealing lid will minimize odors. A refilling water bowl is a welcome feature for travelers with pets. A fold-down seat/bench is very useful, especially for people with reduced mobility, to sit and clean off a dog’s paws or sit with their dog a few moments to give it a treat or attention. The seat/bench should be located by the mop sink. In addition, an electronic air purifier can help keep the air smelling fresh. Exhaust Doubling the typical level of exhaust (or more) is recommended to manage the odors from pets and humidity from frequent cleaning. More air should be exhausted from the room than supplied to it to create a slight negative pressure. Pulling air in from the public spaces prevents odors from escaping. A sensor can be used to trigger the exhaust when the door is opened. A louver in the door will help air intake but may inadvertently let odors leak out to public spaces. 4.4.4 Lactation The American Institute of Architects has a detailed “Best Practices” document for lactation rooms that is recommended (see Figure 4-5 for a photo of an airport lactation room). While it is geared more toward corporate-type work settings, the information related to components is useful for airports as well. The recommendations below are largely based on this document. Baby Diaper Changing Node This room should feature a typical restroom baby diaper changing node with a changing surface. The faucet for this sink node should be a taller gooseneck type for easy cleaning of the lactation pump parts. The sink should be near the counter for quick access to soap, towels, etc. Upright Chair A simple-to-adjust task chair on wheels (like those found at office workstations) with durable, easy-to-clean fabric should be provided. The wheels are important so the chair can easily be

Design 93 moved out of the way for wheelchair users. If space permits, a second chair for an older child is a nice accommodation. Full-Length Mirror In addition to the mirror at the sink, a tall mirror is important for the mother to check her clothes before leaving. Materials Finishes should be calming and durable. Cork, linoleum, and low-pile, easy-to-clean carpet tile are good options for wheeled chairs. Large-format tile and terrazzo are more durable and easier to maintain but can make the room “loud” and a bit utilitarian feeling. Lighting In both lactation rooms and spaces for nursing mothers, lighting is very important. The light should not be too bright, and the ability to dim the light allows users to create their desired comfort level. Task lighting should be provided at the counter and sink. Ambient lighting should be dimmable. Other Recommendations Provide a lockable door with an occupancy indicator if possible. Other amenities to consider include coat/bag hooks, a diaper dispenser, a milk/bottle warmer, acoustic privacy to promote a calm environment, a comfortably warm temperature (or user-operable thermostat), and good exhaust. 4.4.5 Nursing Mothers The space for nursing mothers (see Figure 4-6) will need similar nodes and components as the lactation room with the following differences. Figure 4-5. Lactation room (MSP).

94 Planning and Design of Airport Terminal Restrooms and Ancillary Spaces Comfortable Chair(s) Nursing mothers sit with their child cradled in their arms, so a softer chair with good arm support is preferred. A variety of chair styles for different body types can be considered; however, for ease in sitting down and standing up, the chair should not have wheels. While a rocking motion is a welcome feature, traditional rocking chairs should be avoided, as they are difficult for people with mobility impairments to get out of, especially while holding a baby. Chair materials should be easy to clean and should not have deep crevices around the seat cushion, which are prone to trapping crumbs and spills. Multiple chairs are recommended, depending on available space. Side Tables It is recommended to provide a side table between pairs of chairs or within a chair grouping on which a baby bottle, purse, and/or phone can be placed. An easy-to-reach electrical outlet on the side of the table is useful for phone charging (provide a USB port if possible). Children’s Play Activities If a nursing mother has young children in tow in addition to her nursing baby, an activity area can be a good distraction for them. A few durable, easily cleanable toys and/or a small table and chairs with games can be provided, or if space is limited, a wall-mounted activity center works well. Privacy Curtain If there are multiple chairs for nursing, a retractable curtain (e.g., a hospital cubicle curtain with sprinkler clearance at the top) will provide mothers with a little privacy if desired. Figure 4-6. Nursing mothers’ area (MSP).

Design 95 4.5 Considerations for Waiting- and Layover-Related Amenities As described in Chapter 2, spaces for layovers and waiting provide activities and dis- tractions for a traveler who has a significant layover (often including an overnight wait) or who is waiting a short time for a flight. Most layover-related amenities are provided by airport tenants; therefore, airport input into the layouts, nodes, and components of these spaces may be minimal. The following provides items to consider for the waiting-related amenity spaces. 4.5.1 Children’s Play Area There are many types of play activities that can be provided to expel the energy of bored or antsy children. Everything from kid-sized reading carrels to sprawling collections of slides and climbing structures can be installed in a children’s play area (see Figure 4-7). Consider local artisans or craftspeople for these features. An essential component for the play area includes code-compliant flooring materials to soften falls (always verify local code requirements). Good lighting is essential to make all hazards visible and to make the play area inviting. 4.5.2 Sensory Room This new type of amenity space for people with various sensory needs or conditions is often a joint planning project involving the airport and local relevant organizations. Each new iteration is a learning experience and testing laboratory for understanding which elements are effective and which are counterproductive. Variety is a key feature in terms of activities and visual and aural stimulation. Flexibility is another key element. Materials in these spaces need to be durable and easy to clean. The activities should be accessible. LGW, for example, has an area of floor cushions that are easy to move so that a wheelchair can easily be navi- gated around the room (see Figure 4-8). It is also good practice to have a controlled entrance to prevent abuse of the space and prevent overcrowding, which can overstimulate users. See Chapter 2 for more considerations. Figure 4-7. Children’s play area—McCarran International Airport (LAS).

96 Planning and Design of Airport Terminal Restrooms and Ancillary Spaces Figure 4-8. Sensory room (LGW). 4.5.3 Meditation/Quiet Area Calm is the desired ambiance for this space (see Figure 4-9). Soft, comfortable seating of various types (couch, lounge chair, bean bag, and so forth) for different body types and mobility is desirable along with carpeted flooring, a comfortable temperature, soft lighting, and whenever possible, privacy screens to break up the space into smaller, less-distracting areas. Quiet music may be provided in the background to mask sounds from nearby active spaces. Other provisions to consider include a vending machine with sleep masks and water, as is found at Hamad International Airport (DOH). 4.5.4 Yoga Area Like meditation/quiet spaces, the yoga area is a calming space. Sometimes this space is included with meditation/quiet spaces. Desirable features include soft lighting, a comfortable temperature, no noisy distractions, and, possibly, privacy screens. A drinking fountain is an appreciated provision as well. A storage area for mats, balls, and bands (if provided) should be nearby. Since the yoga space tends to be out of view, good wayfinding signs are especially important. 4.5.5 Worship The most basic component of this amenity space (see Figure 4-10) is seating—whether chairs or benches, fixed or movable. Screens or dividers can be used to configure the space for different services or events. From there, it depends on the mission and/or denomination(s) to make additional provisions. There may be a pulpit and one or more altars. A place for prayer rugs and racks could be considered as well as shelves for removed shoes, as there may be a space for ablution (see Section 4.5.6). Shelves may be needed for a library of books. In addi- tion, office space with a desk, a few chairs (two to three), file storage, and storage space for an

Design 97 Figure 4-9. Meditation/quiet area— San Francisco International Airport (SFO). Figure 4-10. Worship area—Toronto Pearson Airport (YYZ).

98 Planning and Design of Airport Terminal Restrooms and Ancillary Spaces assortment of supplies may be needed. Specific requirements will be unique to each airport and its spiritual director. It is important to involve this person in the planning process. 4.5.6 Ablution When provided, a space for ablution (see Figure 4-11) typically features one or more benches for removing shoes and socks upon entering the space, as well as lockers to store them. There are numerous types of footbaths available, from off-the-shelf fixtures to custom-built troughs with multiple positions. At the foot-washing stations, a seat, floor mat, soap dispenser, and hand- drying options should be provided. There should be at least one wheelchair-accessible position. 4.5.7 Smoking Rarely provided in Western airports, except outdoors on the non-secure side, a smoking space (see Figure 4-12) can be as simple as an outdoor area (planned or impromptu) with (ideally) a container for spent smoking materials. When a smoking area is combined with other spaces, it may require separation from those spaces and may need to be equipped with adequate venti- lation. Smoking rooms should be equipped with an air filtration system as well as air changes to help keep the air in the space fresh. The space should be tightly sealed from adjacent areas. 4.6 Cost Analysis 4.6.1 Overview In general, airport restrooms are considerably more expensive than other types of public restrooms. The regulated/essential amenities can be costly as well. If restrooms are designed and constructed for longevity, as recommended in this guidebook, they will require more space per person and will be constructed with higher-quality materials. Managing the budget can be Figure 4-11. Ablution area (LGW).

Design 99 Figure 4-12. Smoking area (LAS). a challenge. To help find the optimum balance among customer service needs, life-cycle costs, and constraints on construction costs, it is recommended that a professional estimator or con- tractor familiar with airports and the local building climate be included on the restroom and amenities team. The matrix presented in Appendix A provides information on making initial selections of products with numerous variations based on costs, life spans, and features. Section 4.7 provides worksheets to help prioritize the components. Coupled with periodic cost estimates/updates, these tools can help keep the scope of the project within the allocated budget. 4.6.2 Estimates Regardless of whether the restroom is part of a larger building project or is a standalone project, the first estimate should be prepared at the completion of the schematic design phase (when the general design concept is complete). The first estimate should be a high-level esti- mate to test the scope based on system or square-foot costs. If the total is too high, the scope and quality of materials can be re-evaluated to meet the budget, or the airport can elect to increase funding. About midway through the architect’s development of the construction documents, it is prudent to have a second estimate prepared. This estimate should be detailed, itemizing the labor and materials for each element in the project. This detailed estimate is the last chance to verify that the scope and quality are in conformance with the budget. It is much easier (and less costly) to make modifications at this point than after the bids are submitted. 4.7 Prioritization With so many components to consider, it can be an overwhelming task to narrow a project’s scope. Some components—floor materials, stalls, and so forth—are easy to include because they are must-haves. Others—grooming nodes, for example—are extras that might be nice to have, but only if there is enough space and a large enough budget. Tables 4-1 through 4-3 show worksheets that list the components for restrooms described in this chapter (editable versions of these worksheets can be found on the TRB website by

100 Planning and Design of Airport Terminal Restrooms and Ancillary Spaces Table 4-1. Restroom Prioritization Worksheet 1 (refer to Section 4.1 for information on worksheet organization).

Design 101 Table 4-2. Restroom Prioritization Worksheet 2 (refer to Section 4.1 for information on worksheet organization).

102 Planning and Design of Airport Terminal Restrooms and Ancillary Spaces Table 4-3. Regulated/Essential Amenities Prioritization Worksheet 3 (refer to Section 4.1 for information on worksheet organization).

Design 103 searching on “ACRP Research Report 226”). These worksheets provide a tool the restroom and amenities team can use to classify potential features as (1) those that are must-have, (2) those that belong on a wish list for if/when resources become available, and (3) those in which the team is not interested. A version of this table can be created for whichever amenity spaces are included in a project. The orange headings (see Table 4-1) are the primary component groupings used for restrooms throughout this chapter. The blue headings indicate that the component has options (the bulleted items) that are compared in the component comparison matrix provided in Appendix A. Components should be considered that will have the greatest impact on the airport’s customer service needs, especially those that elicit frequent complaints. Maintenance should also be considered. For example, do desired components place additional burdens on the facilities staff in the long term? The component comparison matrix (Appendix A) can be used to narrow choices for those components with numerous alternatives. A preliminary cost comparison of the must-have and wish-list selections will add that important variable to the decision-making process.