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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Entrained Air-Void Systems for Durable Highway Concrete. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26071.
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Page 69
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Entrained Air-Void Systems for Durable Highway Concrete. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26071.
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Page 69
Page 70
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Entrained Air-Void Systems for Durable Highway Concrete. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26071.
×
Page 70
Page 71
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Entrained Air-Void Systems for Durable Highway Concrete. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26071.
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Page 71

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68 References AASHTO T 22 Standard Method of Test for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens. 2017. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC. AASHTO T 121 M/T 121 Standard Method of Test for Density (Unit Weight), Yield, and Air Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete. 2017. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC. AASHTO T 152 Standard Method of Test for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Pressure Method. 2017. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC. AASHTO T 161 Standard Method of Test for Resistance of Concrete to Rapid Freezing and Thawing. 2017. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC. AASHTO T 196M/T 196 Standard Method of Test for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Volumetric Method. 2011. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC. AASHTO TP 75 Provisional Standard Test Method for Air-Void Characteristics of Freshly Mixed Concrete by Buoyancy Change. 2008. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC. AASHTO TP 118 Standard Method of Test for Characterization of the Air-Void System of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Sequential Pressure Method. 2017. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC. Akyurt, M., G. Zaki, and B. Habeebullah. 2002. Freezing Phenomena in Ice-Water Systems. Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 43, No. 14, pp. 1773–1789. Aligizaki, K. K. 2006. Pore Structure of Cement-Based Materials: Testing, Interpretation and Requirements. Taylor & Francis, New York, NY. ACAA. 2003. Fly Ash Facts for Highway Engineers. FHWA-IF-01 019. Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. ACI Committee 201. 2016. Guide to Durable Concrete. American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. ACI Committee 221R. 1996. Guide for Use of Normal Weight and Heavyweight Aggregates in Concrete. American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. Anzalone, J. 2007. Bubble Counter, Michigan Tech’s Open Sustainability Technology Lab. https://github.com/ mtu-most/bubblecounter. Appropedia. 2017. BubbleCounter. http://www.appropedia.org/BubbleCounter. Bureau de normalisation du Québec (BNQ). 2002. Détermination de la Résistance à l’écaillage du Béton soumis à des Cycles de Gel-Dégel en contact avec des Sels Fondants. NQ 2621-900, Annexe A, pp. 19–22. Chatterji, S. and A. D. Jensen. 1992. Formation and Development of Interfacial Zones between Aggregates and Portland Cement Pastes in Cement-Based Materials. Interfaces in Cementitious Composites, Proceedings of the RILEM International Conference, October, pp. 3–12. Cordon, W. 1966. Freezing and Thawing of Concrete Mechanisms and Control. Monograph No. 3. American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. Cross, W., E. Duke, J. Kellar, and D. Johnston. 2000. Investigation of Low Compressive Strengths of Concrete Paving, Precast, and Structural Concrete. South Dakota Department of Transportation, Office of Research, Pierre, SD. Crovetti, J. and J. T. Kevern. 2018. Joint Sawing Practices and Effects on Durability. Final Report for Wisconsin Highway Research Program, Project WHRP 0091-16-01. Deno, D. W. 1966. The Influence of Fine Aggregate Gradation Characteristics on Air Entrainment in Portland Cement Mortar. Joint Transportation Research Program, Indiana Department of Transportation and Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN. Dolch, W. L. 1996. Air-Entraining Admixtures. In Concrete Admixtures Handbook, Second Edition, Properties, Science, and Technology. pp. 518–557. Noyes Publications, Ottawa, Canada.

References 69 Dunn, J. R. and P. P. Hudec. 1965. Influence of Clayson Water and Ice in Rock Pores. New York State Department of Public Works. Fagerlund, G. 1993. The Long-Time Water Absorption in the Air-Pore Structure of Concrete. Division of Building Technology, Lund Institute of Technology, Lund, Sweden. Ferreira, R. M. 2004. Probability-Based Durability Analysis of Concrete Structures in Marine Environment. Doctorate dissertation. University of Miho, School of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Guimarães, Portugal. FHWA. 2007. Integrated Materials and Construction Practices for Concrete Pavement: Project Summary. Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. Garboczi, E. J. and D. P. Bentz. 1995. Multi-Scale Picture of Concrete and Its Transport Properties: Introduction for Non-Cement Researchers. NISTIR 5900. U.S. Department of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Building and Fire Research Laboratory, Gaithersburg, MD. Gaynor, R. D. 1967. Laboratory Freezing and Thawing Tests—A Method of Evaluating Aggregates? Circular No. 101. National Aggregates Association, Silver Spring, MD. Greening, N. R. 1967. Some Causes for Variations in Required Amount of Air Entraining in Portland Cement Mortar. PCA Journal, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 22–36. Helmuth, R. A. 1961. Dimensional Changes of Hardened Portland Cement Pastes Caused by Temperature Changes. Proceedings of the Fortieth Annual Meeting of the Highway Research Board, Vol. 40, pp. 315–336. Washington, DC, January 9–13, 1961. Hover, K. C. 1989. Some Recent Problems with Air Entrained Concrete. Cement, Concrete, and Aggregates, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 67–72. Hudec, P. 1989. Deterioration of Rocks as a Function of Grain Size, Pore Size, and Rate of Capillary Absorption of Water. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 3–9. Jackson, F. H. 1944. Concrete containing air-entraining agents. Journal of the American Concrete Institute, Vol. 40, pp.509–515. Jacobsen, S., D. H. Sather, and E. J. Sellevold. 1997. Frost Testing of High Strength Concrete: Frost/Salt Scaling at Different Cooling Rates. Materials and Structures, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 33–42. Janssen, D. J. 2006. Highway Concrete Pavement Technology Development and Testing: Volume II—Field Evaluation of Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) C-203 Test Sites (Freeze-Thaw Resistance). FHWA-RD-02-083. Federal Highway Administration, Research, Development, and Technology, Turner- Fairbank Highway Research Center, McLean, VA. Jennings, H. M., J. W. Bullard, J. J. Thomas, and J. E. Andrade. 2008. Characterization and Modeling of Pores and Surfaces in Cement Paste: Correlations to Processing and Properties. Journal of Advance Concrete Technology, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 5–29. Kaneuji, M., D. N. Winslow, and W. L. Dolch. 1980. The Relationship between Aggregate Pore Size Distribution and Its Freeze-Thaw Durability in Concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 433–441. Karakurt, C. and Y. Bayazit. 2015. Freeze-Thaw Resistance of Normal and High Strength Concrete Produced with Fly Ash and Silica Fume. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 2015. Klieger, P. 1957. Curing Requirements for Scale Resistance of Concrete. Bulletin No. 150, pp. 18–31. Highway Research Board, Washington, DC. Klieger, P. and W. F. Perenchio. 1976. Further Laboratory Studies of Portland-Pozzolan Cements. Research and Development Bulletin RD041.01T. Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL. Kosmatka, S. H. and M. L. Wilson. 2016. Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures: The Guide to Applications, Methods, and Materials. 16th Edition. Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL. Kosmatka, S. H., Kerkhoff, B., and Panarese, W. C. 2002. Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures: EB001. 14th Edition. Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL. Kozikowski, R. L., Jr., D. B. Vollmer, P. C. Taylor, and S. H. Gebler. 2005. Factors Affecting the Origin of Air-Void Clustering. PCA R&D Serial No. 2789. Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL. Lamond, J. F. and J. H. Pielert, Editors. 2006. Significance of Tests and Properties of Concrete and Concrete-Making Materials. STP 169D. Issue 169, Part 4. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. Ley, T., D. Cook, and G. Fick. 2012. Concrete Pavement Mixture Design and Analysis (MDA): Effect of Aggregate Systems on Concrete Properties. National Concrete Pavement Technology Center, Iowa State University, Ames, IA. Ley, M. T., and Tabb, B. 2014. A Test Method to Measure the Freeze Thaw Durability of Fresh Concrete Using Overpressure. Proceedings of the Transportation & Development Institute (T&DI) Congress, June 8–11, Orlando, FL, pp. 79–87. Ley, M. T., D. Welchel, J. Peery, S. Khatibmasjedi, and J. LeFlore. 2017. Determining the Air-Void Distribu- tion in Fresh Concrete with the Sequential Air Method. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 150, pp. 723–737.

70 Entrained Air-Void Systems for Durable Highway Concrete Li, W., M. Pour-Ghaz, J. Castro, and J. Weiss. 2012. Water Absorption and Critical Degree of Saturation Relating to Freeze-Thaw Damage in Concrete Pavement Joints. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 299–307. Liu, L., D. Shen, H. Chen, W. Sun, Z. Qian, H. Zhao, and J. Jiang. 2014. Analysis of Damage Development in Cement Paste Due to Ice Nucleation at Different Temperatures. Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol. 53, pp. 1–9. Magura, D. D. 1996. Air Void Analyzer Evaluation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. Mehta, P. K. 1986. Concrete: Structure, Properties, and Materials. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Ng, K., Y. Sun, Q. Dai, and X. Yu. 2014. Investigation of Internal Frost Damage in Cementitious Materials with Micromechanics Analysis, SEM Imaging, and Ultrasonic Wave Scattering Techniques. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 50, pp. 478–485. Ozyildirim, C. 1991. 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Banthia. 1992. Influence of Soluble Alkalis on the Production and Stability of the Air-Void System in Superplasticized and Nonsuperplasticized Concrete. ACI Materials Journal, Vol. 89, No. 1, pp. 24–31. Pigeon, M. and R. Pleau. 1995. Durability of Concrete in Cold Climates. Taylor & Francis, London and New York. Pistilli, M. F. 1983. Air Void Parameters Developed by Air-Entraining Admixtures as Influenced by Soluble Alkalis from Fly Ash and Portland Cement. ACI Journal, Proceedings, Vol. 80, No. 3, pp. 217–222. Plum, D. R. and Hammersley, G. P. 1984. Concrete Attack in an Industrial Environment. Concrete, Vol. 18, No. 5, pp. 8–11. PCA. 1962. Concrete Information, Air Entrained Concrete, Structural. Structural Bureau ST 89. Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL. Powers, T. C. 1954. Void Spacing as a Basis for Producing Air-Entrained Concrete. Research Bulletin 49, Portland Cement Association, Journal of the American Concrete Institute, pp. 741–760. Powers, T. C. 1955. 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Next: Appendices A-G »
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 Entrained Air-Void Systems for Durable Highway Concrete
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Laboratory testing and field experience have shown that highway concrete should be properly air entrained to resist the action of freezing and thawing, particularly in wet climates. Several gaps in the state of the knowledge still exist.

The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Research Report 961: Entrained Air-Void Systems for Durable Highway Concrete addresses these gaps and, more specifically, investigates innovative test methods for effectively characterizing the air system in fresh concrete and identifying the characteristics of the air-void system that are related to the performance of field concrete under freeze-thaw conditions.

Appendices A –G provide further details on the different aspects of the research performed for this project.

Appendix A: Test: Matrix for Laboratory Mixtures

Appendix B: Petrographic Analysis Report

Appendix C: Appendix C Data Obtained from Testing Concrete Mixtures Produced in the Laboratory

Appendix D: Appendix D Flatbed Scanner Threshold Optimization Details and Test Results

Appendix E: Clustering Analysis Test Results

Appendix F: Microcomputer Control for AASHTO T 161 “A” Freeze–Thaw

Appendix G: Data Obtained During F-T Testing

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