Rethinking Airport Parking Facilities to Protect and Enhance Non-Aeronautical Revenues (2021)

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

A-1 Annotated Bibliography A P P E N D I X A Leiner, Craig, and Thomas Adler. 2020. ACRP Research Report 215: Transportation Network Companies (TNCs): Impacts to Airport Revenues and Operations—Reference Guide. http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/180473.aspx Keywords: TNCs, surveys, revenue impacts, best practices The authors examined transportation network companies (TNCs) from multiple perspectives: regulatory, financial, operational, and managerial. The Reference Guide presents an overview of TNCs and best practices that airport operators can use to manage TNC operations and develop sustainable revenue models. The Reference Guide also includes a model to test changes in mode choice on ground transportation revenues. Ward, Stephanie, Lynn Wilson, Regal Schnug, Tom Thatcher, Diana Fainberg, and Kathleen Yodice. 2017. ACRP Research Report 176: Generating Revenue from Commercial Development On or Adjacent to Airports. http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/176413.aspx Keywords: airport revenue models, land use and development, toolkit The authors review the development of a site evaluation toolkit that analyzes the attributes of land under consideration for commercial development which is administered as an assessment questionnaire. Following the site evaluation is an implementation toolkit that considers project costs and revenues for the proposed development and identifies a path to create a refined development program with alternatives for consideration. The authors ask airports to consider local circumstances and fit to context each tool administered. Mandle, Peter, and Stephanie Box. 2017. ACRP Synthesis 84: Transportation Network Companies: Challenges and Opportunities for Airport Operators. http://www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/176493.aspx Keywords: TNCs, survey, ride hailing revenue impact, ride hailing fees The authors of this report find that the introduction of TNCs has resulted in new opportunities and challenges for airport operations. Benefits include increased transit options for airport customers; the offering of services that customers consider to be more reliable, convenient, and cheaper than existing ground transportation services. Challenges include adverse effects to the taxicab and shared-ride van businesses; airport public parking and rental car revenues; and terminal building curbside operations.

A-2 Rethinking Airport Parking Facilities to Protect and Enhance Non-Aeronautical Revenue amount of the fees the TNCs are required to pay, the number of airport passengers, and maturity of the market (i.e., length of time TNCs have been serving the airport and adjacent community).” The authors attempt to quantify, as of the report year 2017, TNC impacts to existing ground operations reporting the following: A 10%-30% decrease in taxicab trips and an 18%-30% decrease in shared-ride customers; A 10%-20% decline in use of private vehicles, with parking customers down by 5%-10%; A reduction in rental car transactions, estimated to be 13% or less; and A 46% reported increase in roadway congestion. Any decline in public parking or rental car revenues could adversely affect an airport’s finances because such revenues are the largest sources of non-airline revenues, the authors find. The authors cite a survey conducted in 2016 which finds that median gross parking revenues was $63 million for large-hub airports, $23 million for medium-hub airports, and about $9 million for small-hub airports. Kramer, Lois S., Steven Landau, Jeffery Letwin, and Michael Moroney. 2015. ACRP Report 121: Innovative Revenue Strategies—An Airport Guide. http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/172699.aspx Keywords: airport revenues, revenue enhancements, ground operations The author webinar proposes five strategies for enhancing airport revenues, improving operational efficiency, and recovering costs as represented in the following: [focus on] Customer experience, needs and wants Airport provided services/shared services, facilities and equipment Revenue participation in real estate and mineral development Value capture (i.e., access fees, fixed assessments, special tax districts, foreign trade zones etc.) Improvement to existing businesses Kramer, Lois S. 2010. ACRP Synthesis 19: Airport Revenue Diversification. http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/163650.aspx Keywords: airport revenues, diversification strategies The author reviews a number of diversification projects airports are undertaking. The following are cited as examples: Energy development Non-aviation facilities that are low impact like golf courses, athletic facilities, etc. Valet parking In response to rapid TNC growth at airports, many airports have instituted TNC fees to offset declining revenues from impacted ground transportation business as well as to manage vehicular access. The authors find that 47 of the 48 surveyed airports in the report have some kind of TNC fee in place. Annual permit fees, per-trip fees, and activation fees represent revenue models airports have adopted with approximately 87 percent of airports surveyed requiring a per-trip fee either alone or in combination with another fee. Authors find that “the annual revenue airports receive from TNCs depends on the type and Pet kennels Gas stations

Annotated Bibliography A-3 Logistics centers and intermodal cargo facilities Joint development projects with other public or private entities Jacobs Consultancy. 2009. ACRP Report 24: Guidebook for Evaluating Airport Parking Strategies and Supporting Technologies. http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/162823.aspx Keywords: airport revenues, parking products, parking technologies In this report the author describes over 80 parking products, services, and technologies usable by airports to improve customer service, enhance revenues, and/or reduce operating costs. For each item, the author describes the purpose, benefits, use by customers, implementation actions and other considerations, examples of application, and capital and operating costs. The products and services described in this document continue to remain relevant to airport operators as methods to achieve an airport’s goals for customer service, revenues, and expenses. Nichol, Cindy. 2007. ACRP Synthesis 1: Innovative Finance and Alternative Sources of Revenue for Airports. http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/158669.aspx Keywords: airport revenues, financing models, traditional sources In this report the author reviews various financing mechanisms available to airports, which include access to capital markets, types of bonds available, commercial paper, capital leases, and FAA Letters of Intent. The author reviews non-airline revenue sources to include: Airport parking revenues Rental car revenues Terminal concessions Advertising programs Commercial development and land use Energy and utility services Regarding energy, electricity from solar or wind sources could be generated on airport property to offset airport electricity or costs, or be sold to the local electric utility and/or tenants. Airport Council International – North America Economic Affairs and Research. 2017. Non- Aeronautical Revenue. https://www.aci-na.org/sites/default/files/non-aeronautical_revenue_- _july_2017.pdf Keywords: airport revenues, FAA, parking and ground transportation revenue, data According to 2016 data, the latest full fiscal year of data available in the FAA CATS database, non-aeronautical revenue totaled nearly $9.1 billion or 46 percent of total operating revenues of which parking and ground transportation accounted for $3.78 billion or nearly 41 percent of Retail outlets Hotels Health Clinics Office parks Research facilities non-airline revenues. Parking and ground transportation accounted for nearly 19 percent of total operating revenues in 2016. Fiscal 2016 saw a 1.2 percent dip in year-over-year parking and

A-4 Rethinking Airport Parking Facilities to Protect and Enhance Non-Aeronautical Revenue Alacron, Diana, Alejandra Argudin, Mark Santos, and Brett Wood. 2018. Smart and Connected Parking and Mobility Systems: Planning and Designing for Tomorrow. Presentation at the International Parking Institute 2018 Conference and Expo, Orlando, Florida. Keywords: adaptive garage reuse, infrastructure, TNC drop-off/pick-up zones The presenters provide an overview of the parking landscape as it relates to emerging technologies and trends and Florida-based case studies. In Fort Lauderdale, the Las Olas Improvement project has implemented TNC drop-off and pickup zones. The presenters recommend that industry professionals develop policy to integrate rideshare and promote more coordinated usage and partner parking and mobility to define a range of options for patrons. The presenters promote the idea of adaptive reuse of existing facilities to include the reconfiguration of existing parking garages to meet the needs of a “changing automobile.” Factors to consider include the following: Floor loads Floor slopes Floor-to-floor heights Occupancy loads Ramping Stair/Elevator design and placement Adaptive reuse garages may also be used for loading and curbside management and require more access points according to the presenters. Additionally, the presenters review a “deconstructable garage” and the requirement of additional expansion joints, the location of stair/elevator towers, and the extent of foundations. Aslam, Muhammad. 2010 (estimated date). Revenue Generation for Airports; New Ideas for generating revenues at Pakistani Airports. Final Term Assignment prepared for Superior University Lahore. https://www.scribd.com/document/105463911/Revenue- Generation-for-Airports-new-ideas- for-generating-revenues-at-Pakistani-airports Keywords: non-aeronautical revenues, creative proposals The author reviews ways that airports generate revenues and proposes new ways for airports to generate revenues for his country of Pakistan. The following represent his proposed ideas for non- aeronautical revenues: Retail services Conference rooms Internet lounges Video game arcades Hotels Food and beverage establishments Wind and solar energy projects and airport owned lands Boston Logan International Airport has a solar wind project that the author recommends for further feasibility studies. ground transportation revenue. Due to higher share of origin and destination passengers, medium and small hubs generated higher parking revenue per passenger.

Annotated Bibliography A-5 Bergal, Jenni. (2017). Uber, Lyft Cut into Parking Revenue That Keeps Airports Running. http://www.governing.com/topics/transportation-infrastructure/sl-uber-lyft-airports.html Keywords: TNC, airport revenue decline, parking fees The author reports that airport managers are just starting to understand TNC impacts. Fees from parking and ground transportation are important sources of revenue to airports. According to the American Association of Airport Executives, parking fees typically represent between one-fifth (20%) to one-quarter (25%) of non-airline revenues. As the author reviews, making up for lost parking revenues by raising airline fees, is a non- starter for many airports. Some argue that charging higher TNC user fees is a solution, while some worry about the inequity of having TNC customers pay more to make up for a revenue shortfall created by unused parking. Emptying parking garages are a concern for many airport managers as the industry is becoming keenly aware of the future feasibility and adaptability of existing airport parking facilities. Burns, Dennis, and Joshua Kavanagh. 2018. Preparing for an Uncertain Transportation Future: Autonomous Vehicles, Shared Mobility, Adaptive Garage Design, and Other Emerging Trends. Presentation at the International Parking Institute 2018 Conference and Expo, Orlando, Florida. Keywords: emerging technology, adaptive garage reuse, infrastructure, parking industry The authors review the effects technology is having on the parking industry. They ask rhetorically how the parking industry is “collaborating” in the changing mobility environment. They write that adaptive reuse of parking garages, a topic quickly gaining interest, is more complex than it appears on the surface. For instance, a typical 11’ floor-to-floor garage ceiling would need to be doubled to 22’ for office/multi-use configuration. Additional design considerations include maximizing flat floor area, and including long span construction, removable concrete floors and beams. Traditional garage design incorporates sloping floors and 11’ floor-to-floor heights with smaller structural design loads. Burns, Lawrence D., William C. Jordan, and Bonnie A. Scarborough. 2012. Transforming Personal Mobility. The Earth Institute, Columbia University. Keywords: mobility, automated vehicles, vehicle ownership This paper presents three case studies to assess the personal mobility system that results from combining self-driving/driverless vehicles, shared vehicle systems, specific-purpose vehicle designs, and advanced propulsion systems. Conclusions include that such a system is capable of supplying better mobility experiences at radically lower cost under a wide range of circumstances; and offers substantial sustainability benefits through improved roadway safety, reduced roadway congestion, increased energy efficiency, reduced emissions, improved land use and enhanced equality of access. Center for Aviation. 2015. Uber at Airports; TNCs, Airport Policies and the Issues Surrounding Them: CAPA Survey. https://centreforaviation.com/analysis/reports/uber-at-airports-tncs-airport- policies- and-the-issues-surrounding-them-capa-survey-254675

A-6 Rethinking Airport Parking Facilities to Protect and Enhance Non-Aeronautical Revenue Keywords: survey, TNCs, airport parking and ground transportation, infrastructure CAPA conducted a survey of airports and asked airports confidentially questions about TNC policies and operations. Approximately 41 percent of respondents indicated that they do not have a corporate policy on granting permission for TNCs to operate, and of these, none had an intention to introduce a policy at the time of the survey. Approximately 60 percent of respondents indicated that no charge is made to TNCs for passengers carried. Approximately 63 percent indicated that the TNC is required to ensure that the vehicle is easily identifiable. Only about 20 percent of respondents indicate that the TNC is required to report the number of passengers delivered and picked up during an interval of time. About 68 percent indicated that there is no “infrastructure investment taking place, scheduled, or planned that is specifically related to TNCs.” Of those that indicated there is infrastructure investment taking place, three of the four respondents indicated they are planning to provide a holding area for passengers, and one is repurposing a parking lot as a TNC holding area. Cohen, Ben. 2018. Skiing in the Parking Garage. The Wall Street Journal, February 19, 2018. https://www.wsj.com/articles/this-u-s-olympic-team-practices-in-a-refrigerated-parking-garage-in- slovenia- 1519039660?emailToken=12ac1483be00f9a69c3e48c62916d7b5Iy3rplrmDX3XM14WxO393%2BtXVl1q uK0D4wVHgxyWaq%2BpFcHQtLozh3mD%2Fhj8WDwWHI0QFrfgTYK1JKUyabXnY4xkIfPO7Cq4HtuQnxY0 epFkxgtFOltCTzY5IqsSLjnk5JZ30mrmtXVnITXwgEGCxA%3D%3D Keywords: creative multipurpose garage reuse, current events The U.S. Olympic ski team needed a place to train for the Winter Olympics in the middle of summer. The solution: truck in snow inside an existing parking garage. Economic Development Research Group, Inc. 2017. 2017 Economic Impact Study Update San Francisco International Airport. Keywords: economic impact assessment, TNCs, parking and ground transportation This report calculates and compares the direct impact of various on-airport services including transportation and TNCs. The Economist. 2017. Airport Profits: Ready to Depart. https://www.economist.com/business/2017/08/12/airport-profits-ready-to-depart Keywords: airport revenues, trends, aviation industry The Economist reports that non-aeronautical income is peaking, especially in mature aviation markets across North America and Europe with non-aeronautical revenues per person falling, a trend offsetting the rise in aeronautical revenues from higher passenger numbers. This news comes at a time when airport congestion is anticipated to increase and the costs of airport construction is rising more than twice the rate of inflation. Airlines are not prepared to pay higher fees to address airport capacity issues so airport managers must look to other revenue sources.

Annotated Bibliography A-7 https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/71036.pdf Keywords: TNCs, mode share, survey, airport revenues, parking and ground transportation National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) conducted a study which used four airports as case studies to “explore the extent to which emerging urban mobility services are shaping current revenues.” The four airports studied were all finalists of the U.S. DOT Smart City grant, and included San Francisco, Portland, Denver, and Kansas City. The case studies revealed that, while the ride-hailing mode share has been increasing since TNC market entry, parking revenue per passenger peaked approximately 12 to 24 months after the introduction of TNCs, and have been declining thereafter. The report indicates that the decline is “on par with the increase” in TNC use and growth in the number of airline passengers, and indicates that parking demand at airports may be half of current demand in 14 years. As the report points out, “on the one hand, this can be viewed as a declining revenue base, yet on the other hand, it may allow airports to continue to grow without investing in additional parking infrastructure or to consider repurposing of existing land for other uses.” The report also indicates that parking and car rental revenues have been declining since TNC market entry, but that Denver and San Francisco are seeing $600,000 to $2 million in new service fee revenue per month, after implementing TNC fees for pickups and drop-offs. Herzog & de Meuron. 2010. 279 1111 Lincoln Road. https://www.herzogdemeuron.com/index/projects/complete-works/276-300/279-1111-lincoln- road.html Keywords: multipurpose garage use, creative uses, case study, Miami The garage comprises a mixed-use facility that includes 300 parking spaces, residential units, and over a dozen shops and four restaurants including a rooftop restaurant. The garage is a fully open concrete structure. Ceiling heights vary between standard heights and two to three times standard heights to accommodate other aspects of the building program. An event space is located on the upper levels which hosts parties, private events, and film and fashion shoots which overlooks Miami Beach’s trendy Art Deco District. Hirsh, Max. 2018. What is the future of airport parking? Passenger Terminal Today. https://www.passengerterminaltoday.com/features/whats-the-future-of-parking.html Keywords: airport parking demand, future ground access models, adaptive garage reuse The author reviews the impacts TNC’s are having on airport parking. Anecdotally, he reveals that in conversations with ten airport directors of major hubs in the United States, Europe, and Asia that while passenger numbers are up, demand for parking has leveled off, or is even declining in some cases. He writes that airport authorities need to rethink how they monetize ground access. Successful airports, he writes, will have to have a credible and credit-worthy action plan in place. “The future ground-access model will need to creatively and coherently combine self-parking, ride hailing, AV’s and traditional mass transit,” he writes. Successful airports will develop scenarios for multimodal ground transportation centers that can flexibly accommodate a variety of access modes, and that anticipates different needs of passengers Henao, Alejandro, Josh Sperling, Venu Garikapati, Yi Hou, and Stanley Young. 2018. Airport Analyses Informing New Mobility Shifts: Opportunities to Adapt Energy-Efficient Mobility Services and Infrastructure. Presentation at the Intelligent Transportation Society of America 2018 Annual Meeting.

A-8 Rethinking Airport Parking Facilities to Protect and Enhance Non-Aeronautical Revenue redevelop existing facilities into ground transportation centers that can flexibly combine and monetize a wide range of transport modes under one roof,” says Hirsh. The author believes that garage adaptive reuse be considered as mobility patterns evolve. Koester, Steve, David Galloway, Matt Sherwood, and Brett Wood. 2018. Ubered! The True Effects of TNCs on Airport Parking. Presentation at the International Parking Institute 2018 Conference and Expo, Orlando, Florida. https://s3.amazonaws.com/eshow001/959B7463-A28B-404D-82FF- A8EAF46F5B59/2D0789F5-8B61-E711-9E33-180373F156C0/handouts/952018153531_Airport- TNCPresentation- v2.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAJJGNJEP5JIXCBLJA&Expires=1530906865&Signature=yCqllZnVl6bEOYQW 3UIhXjNxui0%3D Keywords: TNCs, airport parking revenues, recommendations The presenters provide summaries of parking activity data prior to and following the introduction of TNC services at three large-hub U.S. airports. The presentation includes mode share data. At each airport, parking transactions per passenger and revenues per passenger have been declining since the introduction of TNC services. The presentation also includes recommendations for encouraging passengers to switch from TNCs back to parking. Koirala Phillips, Sareema. 2015. Airport Operations and Alternative Transportation Services. Presented at Airport Ground Transportation Association 2015 Annual Spring Meeting. https://www.agtaweb.org/images/site_docs/TNC_SurveyResultsApril2015.pdf Keywords: survey, ground transportation operations, recommendations The Airport Ground Transportation Association (AGTA) conducted a survey in which airports indicated details of their ground transportation operations. The survey indicated that some airports have banned TNC operations and “are waiting for state and county legislature to lead the way before working with TNCs.” In 2015, 25 percent of respondent indicated that they do not have UberBlack operating at their airports, compared to 43 percent in 2014, and 68 percent in 2014. 53 percent of respondents check for insurance of TNC drivers, 31 percent require driver background checks, and 36 percent check for vehicle safety. Based on the survey, CAPA developed recommendations for airport ground transportation operations, which include the following: Continue to closely monitor the activity of the alternative transportation service and off-airport parking service providers; Continue to gather and share examples of what other airports have done; Take actions to reevaluate and alter the existing policies and procedures to cover the operations of the above-mentioned companies if required by new city and/or regulation; Closely collaborate with city and state authorities on incorporating these alternative transportation service providers into existing regulating policies to create equal standards for all industry players, if they gain authority. using these modes. “A truly future-oriented parking operator will propose innovative ways to

Annotated Bibliography A-9 Airport Executives 2016 Parking and Landside Management Conference, Charlotte, North Carolina. Keywords: revenue enhancements, emerging technology, dynamic pricing The presenter cites that airports are interested in operating their parking facilities like an airline or hotel to protect revenue, capture customer data, provide up-selling opportunities, produce parker profiles and demographics, and seize the parker before leaving their home or office. By promoting yield management, an airport can maximize revenue from a fixed, perishable resource according to the presenter. Inherent in this model is dynamic pricing which is targeted to the customer “at the right time and for the right price.” Litman, Todd. 2020. Autonomous Vehicle Implementation Predictions, Implications for Transport Planning. Victoria Transport Policy Institute, March 24, 2020. https://www.vtpi.org/avip.pdf Keywords: AVs, adoption rates The report describes potential impacts of AVs on transportation planning and potential adoption rates in terms of annual vehicle sales, share of the fleet, and share of miles traveled. Litman, Todd. 2018. Planning for Autonomous Vehicles. Presented at the Canadian Institute of Transportation Engineers, Victoria, BC, January 24, 2018. https://www.vtpi.org/AV_Litman_Presentation.pdf Keywords: AVs, adoption rates The presenter describes the levels of autonomy, benefits and safety impacts, and potential AV operating costs. The presenter also discusses potential adoption rates in terms of annual vehicle sales, share of the fleet, and share of miles traveled. Mannion, Annemarie. 2016. Gensler Turns Old Parking Lot into a Mixed-Use Development in Cincinnati. Interior Design, November 29, 2016. http://www.interiordesign.net/projects/12564-gensler-turns-old- parking-lot-into-a- mixed-use-development-in-cincinnati/ Keywords: adaptive garage reuse, future conversion, design, case studies, Cincinnati The Cincinnati Center City Development Corporation (3CDC) developed a mixed-use nine-story development with over 250,000 square feet of office, 1,000 at-and-below grade structured parking spaces, and 30,000 square feet of ground floor retail and restaurant space. The garage was designed with the same ceiling heights and columns as the office to be flexibly absorbed as potential future office space. Marcus, Jerry. 2018. The Future of Parking: Mobility Centers. Parking, January 2018. https://weareparking.org/page/MobilityCenters?_zs=1cwHe1&_zl=i9Ow4 Keywords: emerging technologies, trends, new business models, mobility centers, future revenue sources The author posits that a new business model will be needed for vehicle storage that offer users modern convenience, multi-modal mobility options, and other new product offerings. He writes, “as an industry, we all need to take the opportunity to evolve our legacy parking businesses to address the winds of change including: Ledbetter, Steve. Yield Management for Airport Parking. Presented at the American Association of

A-10 Rethinking Airport Parking Facilities to Protect and Enhance Non-Aeronautical Revenue The need for greatly increased curb loading The lack of special- purpose facilities of any kind, to store urban-based fractional ownership vehicles Storage/charging/maintenance for automated vehicles New opportunities at existing facilities, that will certainly experience decreasing demand.” He writes how the parking industry has an opportunity to deliver a new class of product that can take advantage of TNC and AV developments and offer a new menu of products at a variety of price points for a range of customer needs all in one centralized location. The following sample is provided by the author, Jerry Marcus, as an example of potential revenue streams: Monetizing Parking in the Mobility Center Model Sample Discount Pay Parking (roof nest, stacked fleet vehicles) 50% of base rate Contract Parking 50% Premium Parking Reservations 50% Premium Fees via Geo-fencing of Ride-Sharing Services $2 – $4 per access fee Retail (Bike shop, F&B) leasing EV Charging Free with premium reservation Food and Beverage Platform Discount with ride-share transaction Fractional Ownership / Car-Sharing Storage Monthly fees – for parking & charging Data Mining Sell data on location and length-of-stay Property Naming Rights High-end facilities offer greater opportunity Branded Valet Sponsorships Packages include car model viewing spaces Bike Sharing Bundle ride and parking Autonomous Vehicle – Change of Mode $2 with parking/Ride-share transaction App Branding Annual contract Source: The Parking Advisory Group. https://weareparking.org/page/MobilityCenters?_zs=1cwHe1&_zl=i9Ow4 McKentry, Chris. 2014. Why Have Online Booking? Presented at American Association of Airport Executives 2014 Parking and Landside Management Conference, Phoenix, Arizona. Keywords: revenue enhancements, emerging technology, online booking The presenter discusses reasons for airports to consider online booking of parking reservations as a way to compete against off-airport parking providers and drive parking and other revenues. Historical incremental revenue benefits of online booking are also discussed. The presenter also highlights key factors in a successful online booking system, including metrics for tracking success and potential marketing strategies. McKinsey & Company. 2016. Automotive Revolution—Perspective Towards 2030. https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/industries/automotive%20and%20assembly/our%20in sights/disruptive%20trends%20that%20will%20transform%20the%20auto%20industry/auto%202030% 20report%20jan%202016.ashx

Annotated Bibliography A-11 Keywords: AVs, adoption rates, mobility behavior This report describes the current state of the AV industry and provides estimates of future adoption rates of AVs into the vehicle fleet. Mile High CRE. 2018. KEPHART Project Denizen Achieves Top Honors for Sustainable Design. http://milehighcre.com/kephart-project-denizen-achieves-top-honors-for-sustainable-design/ Keywords: adaptive garage reuse, future conversion, design, case studies, Denver, TOD project Denizen is a mixed-use community located in the City of Denver, CO. As the first Transit Oriented Development (TOD) pilot project created by the Regional Transportation District, Denizen is a mixed-use 275-unit multifamily project. The ground level parking garage, designed by KEPHART, was designed to be converted into retail and other uses and offer future flexibility assuming a future of less parking demand. Walker is informed that project costs per space is 2013 pre-recession under-inflated prices. Moran, Maarit, Ben Ettelman, Gretchen Stoeltje, Todd Hansen, and Ashesh Pant. 2017. Final Report: Policy Implications of Transportation Network Companies. https://policy.tti.tamu.edu/congestion/policy-implications-of- transportation-network-companies/ Keywords: TNCs, regulatory, public policy This report presents the findings of a TNC legislative and regulatory review, discussions of priority issues related to TNC policy, and future considerations related to TNC policy. It serves as a database for statewide regulatory implementation. Pendergrass, Michael, Jeff Goodermote, and Jess McInerney. 2018. Today’s Innovation Driving Tomorrow’s Parking. Presented at the International Parking Institute 2018 Conference and Expo, Orlando, Florida. Keywords: adaptive garage reuse, case study In this presentation, panelists consider the adaptive reuse structure. Future clear height, floor slope and drainage, and MEP placement is discussed. The panelists review a case study, Denver Health Acoma Garage, designed for future ground level retail conversion. Praxis 3. (2018). GSU 25 Park Place Annex. http://www.praxis3.com/p3/portfolio/gsu/ Keywords: adaptive garage reuse, university campus, urban, Atlanta A parking garage constructed in the 1930s in downtown Atlanta was converted to office space in the 1950s. In 2016, Georgia State University renovated the building and repaired the Art Deco façade to create four levels (160,000 square feet) of campus office space. Prevost, Lisa. 2017. On the College Campus of the Future, Parking May Be a Relic. The New York Times, September 5, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/05/business/college-campus-parking.html Keywords: parking demand, trends, universities, adaptive garage reuse, future conversions

A-12 Rethinking Airport Parking Facilities to Protect and Enhance Non-Aeronautical Revenue decline in parking demand. Northwestern University, in Evanston, Illinois, designed a garage on its campus to be converted into university classroom space. Pyatt, Gary. 2015. Think Like an Etailer. Presented at the American Association of Airport Executives 2015 Parking and Landside Management Workshop, Dallas, Texas. Keywords: revenue enhancements, emerging technology, yield management In this presentation at the AAAE, the presenter promotes ecommerce platforms for airport parking. Through price tracking and strategic pricing, airports can enhance revenues and improve customer service according to the presenter. In addition, he recommends airports map products to customer requirements and preferences. His product advertises increased revenue by 10% within 12 months. Schoettle, Brandon, and Michael Sivak. 2015. Potential Impact of Self-Driving Vehicles on Household Vehicle Demand and Usage. Transportation Research Institute, University of Michigan. Keywords: automated vehicles, vehicle sharing, vehicle demand, vehicle ownership, vehicle usage The report presents an analysis of the potential for reduced vehicle ownership within households based on sharing of completely self-driving vehicles that employ a “return-to-home” mode, acting as a form of shared family or household vehicle. This reduction in ownership and an accompanying shift to vehicle sharing within each household, in the most extreme hypothetical scenario, could reduce average ownership rates by 43%, from 2.1 to 1.2 vehicles per household. Schwartz, Allie. 2017. Terra to Break Ground for Mary Street Office Complex. Miami’s Community Newspapers, July 22, 2017. https://communitynewspapers.com/coralgables/terra-to-break-ground-for- mary-street- office-complex/ Keywords: adaptive garage reuse, future conversions, office, Miami Terra Group and Mayfair Real Estate Advisors plan to deliver a 78,000 square foot, mixed-use Class A office building for Coconut Groove on a previous 402-space parking garage owned by the Miami Parking Authority. Redevelopment plans include three floors for office space and nearly 18,000 square feet of retail space and will incorporate some of the existing public parking. Smith, Mary. 2018. Free Ride: Autonomous Vehicles and Their Impact on the Future of Parking. Webinar presentation to the National Parking Association. Keywords: emerging technologies, autonomous vehicles, automated vehicles, parking impacts In this presentation, Walker provides an overview of the research to date on automated vehicles (AVs). It is Walker’s view that a 90 percent reduction in parking demand, as issued by various sources and reprinted across multiple media platforms, is overstated and is based upon aggressive assumptions regarding user adoption and the proliferation of shared AV trips (SAVs). Walker estimates that a more realistic scenario for parking demand reductions is 40 percent Some universities are building mixed-use garages and at least one campus has planned for a

Annotated Bibliography A-13 per unit land use nationally (per residence, per square foot floor area of office or retail) by 2040. As such, this will vary significantly by geographic area, land use, and density the authors find. Walker argues for careful and prudent thinking and planning today. On the issue of adaptive garage reuse, Walker has prepared several studies for design for significant conversion; however, no client has elected to design for 100 percent conversion. Walker finds that 100 percent conversion may not be appropriate for most decks but supports the following considerations be taken for garage conversion: Future retail at grade Future additional occupied floors Alternate uses on roof Future residential wrap According to Walker’s analysis, a 10 to 30 percent price premium exists for adaptive reuse design today for a new structure depending upon the technical requirements needed. For instance, a 25 percent and above premium covers the following: Review if short span construction (30 x 30 grid) is required for future alternate use; Provide all express ramps, all flat parking areas for future removal of express ramps; Design all floors (or many floors) for 80 psf (or more) live load for future occupant flexibility; and Provide one level of the parking below grade for future support space (MEP, storage, etc.). Stanley, Bob, and Casey Wagner. 2016. Designing for the Future: Adaptive Reuse of Parking Structures. Presentation to the National Parking Association. Keywords: adaptive garage reuse, emerging technologies, technical requirements In this presentation Walker Consultants reviews the feasibility of future garage conversion and applies a scale of easy, medium, to hard according to up-front costs and technical requirements. An easy conversion has a less than 10 percent cost premium associated and entails ramps on the exterior of the floor plan rather than the middle of the floor plate and incorporates either horizontal or vertical expansion joints [for less than 30 percent more stories] as well as taller floor-to-floor heights. Additionally, this scenario provides for future internal stair/elevator cores and design for removable façade as well as oversized MEP rooms. The medium scenario, or the 10 to 25 percent premium, accounts for an increased set back to property line for future “architectural features,” provides for future vertical expansion [for greater than 30 percent more stories but less than 50 percent more stories] and provides for medium span construction for future alternate use (30’ x 45’) to support future heavier live loads. The difficult scenario, or the greater than 25 percent premium, provides all express ramps and all flat parking areas with the intention of future removal of express ramps. This scenario provides for future vertical expansion for more than 50 percent more stories with a minimum design load per occupancy of 125 psf as well as utilizing short span construction (30x30 grid) for future alternate use. Swonsen, F. 2018. “License Plate Recognition on the Airport Roadway.” Presented at the 2018 AAAE Parking and Landside Management Workshop, Atlanta, GA.

A-14 Rethinking Airport Parking Facilities to Protect and Enhance Non-Aeronautical Revenue tolling This presentation summarizes the current state-of-the-art in technologies used for open-road tolling and how they might be applied in an airport environment to implement curbside and airport access fees. Transportation Research Board. 2016. Special Report 319: Between Public and Private Mobility: Examining the Rise of Technology-Enabled Transportation Services. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. http://nap.edu/21875 Keywords: emerging technology, TNCs, urban mobility services Vanderhey Shaw, Kristin. 2016. John Wayne Airport Considers Software to Track Fee Payment from Ride-Sharing Vehicles. Airport Improvement, January-February 2016. http://www.airportimprovement.com/article/john- wayne-airport-considers-software-track-fee- payment-ride-sharing-vehicles Keywords: TNCs, emerging technologies, geo-fencing, airport fees This article discusses the transition of John Wayne Airport (SNA) to charging for TNC rides. Airports that wish to charge passengers for TNC trips, to generate ground transportation revenue, face the challenge of fee collection from TNCs. Some airports conduct regular audits, to verify that TNCs are delivering accurate fee revenues to airports, but audits can be burdensome to conduct. SNA charges TNCs the same flat rate per pickup as it charges shuttle vehicles and limousines: either $0.18 per passenger or $883,000, whichever is greater. SNA is testing TNC-Ops, “a product from GateKeeper Systems that uses radio-frequency identification (RFID), license plate recognition, and/or GPS to track TNC vehicles on airport property.” GateKeeper receives data of the TNCs when the TNCs cross the threshold of the airport geofence technology. As the article explains, “a geofence is an electronic line made up of latitudinal and longitudinal points; GPS coordinates are connected to see when a vehicle enters the circle,” and when it does, the device sends a signal to the TNC server. SNA personnel can track TNC activity in real time, with a five-second delay. The technology does not replace the need for audits, but audits are used to help verify the technology is working, rather than fully relying on either method alone. Johnson, Charlie, and Jonathan Walker. 2016. Peak Car Ownership: The Market Opportunity of Electric Automated Mobility Services. Rocky Mountain Institute. Keywords: emerging technology, automatic vehicle identification, license plate recognition, open-road The report analyzes how innovative transportation services, including ridesharing, carsharing, bikesharing, and micro transit, are changing mobility for millions of travelers. Such services could reduce congestion and emissions from surface transportation if regulated wisely to encourage concurrent, rather than sequential, ride sharing. Rapidly growing transportation network companies (TNCs), like Uber and Lyft, however, are disrupting conventional taxi and limousine services and raise policy challenges regarding personal security and public safety, insurance requirements, employment and labor issues, and accessibility and equity.

Annotated Bibliography A-15 Keywords: automated vehicles, cost of automated TNCs, customer acceptance of automated vehicles The authors estimate future adoption patterns for automated vehicles by determining key economic tipping points such as when mobility services reach cost parity with personal vehicles. At each economic tipping point, the analysis uses consumer-adoption data and trends to estimate market sizes and potential growth rates of automated mobility services. The analysis also assesses the potential impacts on personal vehicle, gasoline, and electricity demand. Williamson, Richard. 2018. Airports, facing growth of ride-hailing apps, enhance parking technology. Bond Buyer, March 5, 2018. https://www.bondbuyer.com/news/airports-guard-parking-revenues- against-ride-hailing-services Keywords: emerging technologies, airport parking reservation systems, TNCs, airport finance Airports that are losing parking revenues to Uber and Lyft are responding with online technology that allows them to compete on parking prices though advanced online booking. Rolled out by Phoenix Sky Harbor Airport in 2014, and adopted by DFW airport in 2018, airports are coming up with creative responses to compete on pricing. The article also notes that some airports around the country are making up for lost revenues by charging the ride-hailing services to pick up and drop off passengers. According to Earl Heffintrayer, transportation analyst for Moody’s Investors Services, “[in fiscal 2017] we have, despite strong growth in enplanements, begun to see year-over-year declines in only parking revenue.” Despite this development, airports like Bergstrom International in Austin, Texas, and Dallas Love Field are continuing to bond finance new parking facilities with the outlook from ratings agencies remaining positive due to enplanement growth.