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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Guidelines for Cost-Effective Safety Treatments of Roadside Ditches. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26127.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Guidelines for Cost-Effective Safety Treatments of Roadside Ditches. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26127.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Guidelines for Cost-Effective Safety Treatments of Roadside Ditches. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26127.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Guidelines for Cost-Effective Safety Treatments of Roadside Ditches. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26127.
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230 REFERENCES 1. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Traffic Safety Facts 2007. DOT HS 811 002, National Center for Statistics and Analysis, USDOT, 2008. 2. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Roadway Shoulder Rumble Strips. Technical Advisory T 5040.35, Dec. 20, 2001. (http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/roadway_dept/pavement/rumble_strips/). 3. Ho, C., and Spence, C. The Multisensory Drivers: Implications for Ergonomic Car Interface Design. Ashgate Publishing, 2008. 4. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). Roadside Design Guide. 2011. 5. Viner, J. G. Rollovers on Sideslopes and Ditches. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 27(4), 1995, pp. 483–91. 6. NHTSA. FARS Analytic Reference Guide, 1975 to 2008. USDOT, June 2009. 7. NHTSA. 2007 FARS Coding and Validation Manual. USDOT, 2008. 8. Turner, S., and A. Dixon, Assessing the Crash Risk Implications of Roadside Hazards, IPENZ Transportation Conference, Wellington, New Zealand, 2004. 9. Weaver, G. D., Marquis, E. L., and Olsen, R. M. The Relation of Side Slope Design to Highway Safety. NCHRP Project 20-7, Texas Transportation Institute, September 1974. 10. Segal, D. J. Highway Vehicle Object Simulation Model—1976 (four volumes). Report Nos. FHWA-RD-76-162 to 165, Federal Highway Administration, 1976. 11. Thomson, R., and Valtonen, J. Vehicle Impacts in V-Shaped Ditches. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1797, 2002, pp. 82–88. 12. Sicking, D. L., Lechtenbury, K. A., and Petersen, S. NCHRP Report 638: Guidelines for Guardrail Implementation. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, 2009. 13. Bligh, R. P., Miaou, S.-P., and Mak, K.K. Recovery Area Distance Relationships for Highway Roadside. Preliminary Draft Final Report, NCHRP Project 17-11, Transportation Research Board, 2004. 14. Ross, H. E., Jr., and Post, E. R. Dynamic Behavior of an Automobile Traversing Selected Curbs and Medians. Report No. 140-6, Texas Transportation Institute, 1975. 15. Ross, H. E., Jr., Perera, H. S., Sicking, D. L., and Bligh, R. P. NCHRP Report 318: Roadside Safety Design for Small Vehicles. TRB, National Research Council, 1989. 16. Ross, H. E., Jr., Perera, H. S., and Mak, K. K., Clear Zones as a Function of Side Slopes for Rural Arterial Roadways. Report No. 2-9-90/1-990, Texas Transportation Institute, 1990. 17. Mak, K. K., and Mason, R. L. Accident Analysis—Breakaway and Nonbreakaway Poles Including Sign and Light Standards Along Highways. Final Report for NHTSA/FHWA, Southwest Research Institute, 1980.

231 18. Mak, K. K., and Calcote, L. R. Accident Analysis of Highway Narrow Bridge Sites. Report No. FHWA/RD-82/139, Federal Highway Administration, 1983. 19. Mak, K. K., Sicking, D. L, and Ross, H. E., Jr. Real-World Impact Conditions for Run- Off-the-Road Accidents. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1065, 1986, pp. 45–55. 20. Ross, H. E., Jr., Bligh, R. P., and Liu, J. Evaluating the Benefits of Slope Rounding. Report No. 0468F, Texas Transportation Institute, June 1993. 21. Sheikh, N. M., and Bligh, R. P. Analysis of the Impact Performance of Concrete Median Barrier Placed on or Adjacent to Slopes. Report No. 0-5210-1, Texas Transportation Institute, May 2006. 22. Marzougui, D., Mohan, P., Mahadeviah, U., and Kan, S. Performance Evaluation of Low-Tension, Three Strand Cable Median Barriers on Sloped Terrains. NCAC Report, April 2007. 23. Ross, H. E., Jr., and Sicking, D. L. Guidelines for Use of Temporary Barriers in Work Zones. Final Report, Federal Highway Administration, Nov. 1984. 24. Ross, H. E., Jr., Krammes, R. A., Sicking, D. L., Tyer, K. D., and Perera, H. S. NCHRP Report 358: Recommended Practices for Use of Traffic Barriers and Control Treatments for Restricted Work Zones. TRB, National Research Council, 1993. 25. Ross, H. E., Jr., Bligh, R. P., and Sicking, D. L. Small Sign Support Analysis Phase III— Benefit/Cost Analysis. Report No. 7024-3, Texas Transportation Institute, August 1988. 26. Kilgore, R. T., and Cotton, G. K. Design of Roadside Channels with Flexible Linings. Hydraulic Engineering Circular Number 15, Third Edition, September 2005 (https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/engineering/hydraulics/pubs/05114/05114.pdf). 27. AASHTO. AASHTO Maintenance Manual: The Maintenance and Management of Roadways and Bridges. 1999. 28. NHTSA. 2007 Coding and Editing Manual. Crashworthiness Data System, National Automotive Sampling System, USDOT, 2007. 29. NHTSA. Analytical User’s Manual. Crashworthiness Data System, National Automotive Sampling System, USDOT, 2005. 30. NHTSA. General Estimates System Coding and Editing Manual: 2008. National Automotive Sampling System, USDOT, 2009. 31. NHTSA. General Estimates System (GES) Analytical User’s Manual: 1988–2008. National Automotive Sampling System, USDOT, 2009. 32. Mak, K. K., Sicking, D. L., Coon, B. A., and de Albuquerque, F. D. B. Identification of Vehicle Impact Conditions Associated with Serious Ran-Off-Road Crashes. NCHRP Project 17-22, May 2009. 33. HSIS Database: http://www.hsisinfo.org/ 34. Skinner, C. J., Holt, D., and Smith, T. M. F. Analysis of Complex Surveys. John Wiley & Sons, 1989.

232 35. Lohr, S. L. Sampling: Design and Analysis. Duxbury Press, 1999. 36. Korn, E. L., and Graubard, B. I. Analysis of Health Surveys. John Wiley & Sons, 1999. 37. Chambers, R. L., and Skinner, C. J. (Ed.). Analysis of Survey Data. John Wiley & Sons, 2003. 38. Bethlehem, J. Applied Survey Methods: A Statistical Perspective. John Wiley & Sons, 2009. 39. Miaou, S.-P. (Ed.). Rollover Causation and Mitigation Study: Phase I Report. Federal Highway Administration, 2004. 40. Viner, J. G., Council, F. M., and Stewart, J. R. Frequency and Severity of Crashes Involving Roadside Safety Hardware by Vehicle Type. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1468, 1994, pp. 10–18. 41. NHTSA. 2009 FARS/NASS GES Standardization. USDOT HS 811 356, July 2010. 42. FHWA. Motor Vehicle Accident Costs. Technical Advisory T7570.2, October 31, 1994 (https://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/facts_stats/t75702.cfm). 43. Office of the Secretary of Transportation (OST). Treatment of the Economic Value of a Statistical Life in Departmental Analyses. Memorandum, USDOT, February 8, 2008. 44. Council, F. M., and Stewart, J. R. Severity Indices for Roadside Objects. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1528, 1996, pp. 87–96. 45. Sicking, D. L., Albuqurque, F. D. B., and Lechtenberg, K. A. Cable Median Barrier Guidelines. Report No. TRP-03-206-08, Midwest Roadside Safety Facility, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, December 2008. 46. Mak, K. K., and Sicking, D. L. Roadside Safety Analysis Program (RSAP)—User’s Manual. NCHRP Project 22-9, Transportation Research Board, 2002. 47. Cooper, P. J. Analysis of Roadside Encroachments—Single Vehicle Run-Off-Road Accident Data Analysis for Five Provinces. B.C. Research, March 1980. 48. Cooper, P. J. Analysis of Roadside Encroachment Data from Five Provinces and Its Application to an Off-Road Vehicle Trajectory Model. B.C. Research, March 1981. 49. Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT). 2009 FDOT Quality/Level of Service Handbook. FDOT, 2009. 50. Mak, K. K., and Sicking, D. L. NCHRP Report 492: Roadside Safety Analysis Program (RSAP)—Engineer’s Manual. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, 2003. 51. Korpu, S. Analysis of Speed-Related Crashes Using Event Data Recorder Data. MS Thesis, Civil Engineering, Clemson University, Dec. 2008. 52. Perchonok, K. Hazardous Effects of Highway Features and Roadside Objects. Report No. FHWA-RD-78-202, Federal Highway Administration, 1978. 53. Duchateau, L., and Janssen, P. The Frailty Model. Springer, 2008.

233 54. Klein, J., and Moeschberger, M. Survival Analysis: Techniques for Censored and Truncated Data (2nd ed.). Springer-Verlag, 2003. 55. Lawless, J. F. Statistical Models and Methods for Lifetime Data (2nd ed.). Wiley, 2003. 56. James, M. E. Jr., and Ross, H. E. Jr. HVOSM User’s Manual. Report No. 140-9, Texas Transportation Institute, 1974. 57. Ross, H. E. Jr., and Post, R. E. Comparisons of Full-Scale Embankment Tests with Computer Simulations—Volume One: Test Results and Comparisons. Report No. 140-7, Texas Transportation Institute, 1972. 58. Cooperrider, N. K., Hammoud, S. A., and Colwell, J. Characteristics of Soil-Tripped Rollovers. Paper No. 980022, Society of Automotive Engineers, 1998. 59. Grimes, W. D., Balasa, J. A., and Hunter, E. J. Analyzing the Trip-Phase of Soft-Soil Rollovers. Paper No. 2006-01-1558, Society of Automotive Engineers, 2006. 60. Viner, J. G. Risk of Rollover in Ran-off-Road Crashes. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1500, 1995, pp. 112–118. 61. 4N6XPRT Systems. Expert AutoStats, 2012 Release. 62. Weaver, G. D., Marquis, E. L., and Olson, R. M. NCHRP Report 158: Selection of Safe Roadside Cross Sections. TRB, National Research Council, 1975. 63. Ray, M. H., and Carrigan, C. E. Development of Safety Performance Based Guidelines for the Roadside Design Guide—Draft Final Report. NCHRP Project 15-65, RoadSafe LLC, 2020. 64. Carrigan, C. E., and Ray, M. H. Consideration of Roadside Features in the Highway Safety Manual. Transportation Research Board, 2018.

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Run-off-road traffic crashes account for almost one-third of the deaths and serious injuries each year on U.S. highways.

The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Web-Only Document 296: Guidelines for Cost-Effective Safety Treatments of Roadside Ditches provides new proposed design guidance for the configuration of ditches adjacent to the roadway.

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