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Suggested Citation:"1. Background." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Improved Prediction Models for Crash Types and Crash Severities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26164.
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Page 17
Page 18
Suggested Citation:"1. Background." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Improved Prediction Models for Crash Types and Crash Severities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26164.
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Page 18

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1  1 BACKGROUND 1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND The  release of  the Highway Safety Manual  (HSM) by  the American Association of State Highway and  Transportation Officials (AASHTO) in 2010 was a landmark event in the practice of road safety analysis.  Before  it,  the United States had no  central  repository  for  information about quantitative  road  safety  analysis methodology. Consequently, road safety analysts would use methods they were already familiar  with or that were easy to locate, which were not necessarily the most appropriate for the analysis context,  let alone reflective of the most current knowledge. The HSM provides a single source for methodology  and guidance for answering questions about road safety for road segments, intersections, and projects.  Numerous state and local road authorities apply HSM methods through the AASHTO lead state initiative.   As revolutionary as it has been for the practice of road safety analysis, it is understood that the 2010 HSM  is only a first edition, and room for improvement remains. The various predictive method chapters, for  example, offer different approaches for predicting crashes by collision type and severity. Most of these  apply aggregate proportions to predictions of total crashes, without accounting for the possibility that the  proportion of crashes by type or severity level might be associated with a mixture of predictor variables  observed at the location—in particular, traffic volume. Resolving this issue is the basis for this project.   Accurately predicting crashes by collision type and severity is important for the following reasons:  1. Many crash modification factors (CMFs) in the HSM apply only to certain collision types or crashes at certain severity levels. Their proper application requires accurate prediction of the number of crashes of the corresponding collision type and severity level. 2. The safety management methodology in Part B, Chapter 7 of the HSM includes economic evaluation of the expected crash outcomes of road  improvement scenarios. These evaluations apply CMFs to improve  estimates  of  crashes  without  the  improvement  obtained  by  applying  standardized proportions of different crash types and severity levels to the predicted total crash count by type and severity level. Fully accounting for all of the factors associated with crash type and severity will result in better prediction of these counts and, thus, more accurate economic evaluations and more efficient allocation of scarce safety improvement resources. 3. Collision type and crash severity are usually associated with one another (Golob et al. 1987; Chang and Mannering 1999; Kockelman and Kweon 2002; Zhang et al. 2007). Predicting them individually potentially ignores strong associations, leading to less accurate predictions. 1.2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES The objectives of the project (as defined in the scope of work) are to produce the following:  1. Crash severity and crash type safety performance functions (SPFs) or distributions or both that can be used  in  the estimation of  the  types and severity of crashes  likely on  the  facility  types contained or intended for use in the HSM: We present in this report SPFs for crash type and severity.

2  2. Recommendations for how the research results can be incorporated into the HSM and associated tools,  including the development of associated chapters or chapter content in AASHTO standard format for  the HSM second edition, and recommended procedures for consistent use of crash severity and crash  type SPFs or distributions or both:  Recommendations are provided in the conclusions; draft content for the HSM is provided in Appendix  C.   3. A  description  of  the  statistical  and  practical  advantages  and  disadvantages  of  the methodology  developed in the research and potential barriers to implementation:   The description is provided in this report.  The remainder of the report is organized as follows:   Section 2 provides an overview of our modeling approach common to all facility types.   Section 3 provides the results of the work on two‐lane rural highways.   Section 43.2.2 provides the results of the work on multilane rural highways.   Section 5 provides the results of the work on urban and suburban arterials.    Section 6 provides the results of the work on calibration and validation of all models.    Section  7  provides  conclusions  and  recommendations  about  how  to  incorporate  the  report  findings into the HSM.    

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