| Author | Method | Dates of Studies Reviewed | Population | No. of Studies Included | Included Study Designs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cotelli et al., 2019 | Systematic review | 2005–2016 | Persons living with mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer’s disease, or frontotemporal dementia | 5 | Randomized controlled trial |
| Tay et al., 2019 | Systematic review | 1998–2017 | Persons living with dementia | 11 |
|
| Lim et al., 2019 | Systematic review | 2009–2017 | Persons in the early stages of dementia or mild cognitive impairment | 9 |
|
| Bahar-Fuchs et al., 2019 | Systematic review and meta-analysis | 1988–2018 | Persons living with mild to moderate dementia | 33 (32 included in meta-analysis) | Randomized controlled trial |
| Types of Interventions | Outcomes Examined for Persons Living with Dementia | Key Findings |
|---|---|---|
| Cognitive telerehabilitation | Cognitive ability |
|
| Cognitive-behavioral therapy |
|
|
| Tai chi |
|
Tai chi has the potential to improve short-term cognitive function in the early stages of dementia. |
| Cognitive training |
|
|
| Author | Method | Dates of Studies Reviewed | Population | No. of Studies Included | Included Study Designs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yen and Lin, 2018 | Systematic review | 2004–2010 | Older adults living with and without dementia | 16 |
|
| van der Steen et al., 2018 | Systematic review and meta-analysis | 1993–2016 | Persons living with dementia | 22 (21 included in meta-analysis) | Randomized controlled trial |
| van den Berg et al., 2018 | Systematic review | 1991–2017 | Persons living with dementia | 17 |
|
| Spencer et al., 2018 | Systematic review | 2009 | Persons living with dementia | 1 | Cluster randomized controlled study |
| Russell-Williams et al., 2018 | Review | 2010–2016 | Persons living with dementia, mild cognitive impairment, or subjective cognitive decline | 10 |
|
| Types of Interventions | Outcomes Examined for Persons Living with Dementia | Key Findings |
|---|---|---|
| Reminiscence therapy |
|
|
| Music therapy |
|
|
| Electroconvulsive therapy | Agitation and aggression | Clinical improvements were observed in most of the studies, but the lack of randomized controlled trials limits inference. |
| De-escalation techniques for managing aggression |
|
A single study with high risk of bias found no difference in change in overall behavior. |
Meditation:
|
|
|
| Author | Method | Dates of Studies Reviewed | Population | No. of Studies Included | Included Study Designs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peluso et al., 2018 | Review | 1995–2016 | Persons living with dementia and/or psychiatric disorders | 16 |
|
| Oltra-Cucarella et al., 2018 | Systematic review and meta-analysis | 1993–2016 | Persons living with Alzheimer’s disease or mixed dementias | 33 |
|
| Mohler et al., 2018 | Systematic review and meta-analysis | 2000–2015 | Persons living with dementia | 8 (7 included in meta-analysis) |
|
| Lorusso and Bosch, 2018 | Systematic review | 2001–2014 | Persons living with dementia | 12 |
|
| Liang et al., 2018 | Systematic review and network meta-analysis | 2004–2016 | Persons living with Alzheimer’s disease or mild cognitive impairment | 17 | Randomized controlled trial |
| Hu et al., 2018 | Systematic review and meta-analysis | 1999–2016 | Persons living with cognitive impairment, including dementia and mild cognitive impairment | 10 |
|
| Types of Interventions | Outcomes Examined for Persons Living with Dementia | Key Findings |
|---|---|---|
| Animal-assisted therapy |
|
Preliminary evidence from studies of low quality indicates that in persons with dementia, animal-assisted therapy may decrease problem behaviors and improve quality of life and social skills. |
Cognition-focused interventions:
|
|
Cognition-focused interventions have limited effects on cognition or function compared with non–cognition focused interventions. |
| Tailored activities |
|
|
| Multisensory environments |
|
|
|
|
|
| Animal-assisted intervention |
|
|
| Author | Method | Dates of Studies Reviewed | Population | No. of Studies Included | Included Study Designs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Herke et al., 2018 | Systematic review | 1986–2015 | Persons living with dementia | 9 | Randomized controlled trial |
| Fusar-Poli et al., 2018 | Systematic review and meta-analysis | 2009–2014 | Persons living with dementia | 6 | Randomized controlled trial |
| Frederiksen et al., 2018 | Systematic review | 2006–2017 | Persons living with no cognitive impairment (6 studies) Individuals with subjective memory complaints, mild cognitive impairment, or Alzheimer’s disease (2 studies) | 8 | Randomized controlled trial |
| Duan et al., 2018 | Systematic review and network meta-analysis | 2006–2016 | Persons living with dementia | 10 | Randomized controlled trial |
| Types of Interventions | Outcomes Examined for Persons Living with Dementia | Key Findings |
|---|---|---|
| Environmental or behavior modifications for food and fluid intake |
|
Conclusions could not be made due to heterogeneity in interventions and poor study design. |
| Music therapy |
|
|
| Physical exercise |
|
For persons with dementia, two small studies found physical exercise had no effect on biomarker outcomes. |
|
|
|
| Author | Method | Dates of Studies Reviewed | Population | No. of Studies Included | Included Study Designs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deshmukh et al., 2018 | Systematic review | 2006–2011 | Persons living with dementia | 2 | Randomized controlled trial |
| Theleritis et al., 2018 | Systematic review | 1998–2016 | Persons living with dementia | 43 |
|
| Wu et al., 2017 | Systematic review and meta-analysis | 2005–2015 | Persons living with dementia | 11 |
|
| Wood et al., 2017 | Systematic mapping review | 2001–2015 | Persons living with dementia | 10 |
|
| Types of Interventions | Outcomes Examined for Persons Living with Dementia | Key Findings |
|---|---|---|
|
||
| Art therapy |
|
Evidence is insufficient to draw conclusions regarding the effect of art therapy on outcomes. |
Nonpharmacologic:
|
Apathy |
|
|
Behaviors | Low-quality evidence is insufficient to draw conclusions. |
| Animal-assisted therapies incorporating dogs | Quality of life |
|
| Author | Method | Dates of Studies Reviewed | Population | No. of Studies Included | Included Study Designs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Theleritis et al., 2017 | Systematic review and meta-analysis | 2004–2016 | Persons living with Alzheimer’s disease | 22 |
|
| Streater et al., 2017 | Systematic and scoping review | 1982–2013 | Persons living with dementia | 7 |
|
| Types of Interventions | Outcomes Examined for Persons Living with Dementia | Key Findings |
|---|---|---|
Nonpharmacologic:
|
Apathy |
|
Crisis management:
|
|
|
| Author | Method | Dates of Studies Reviewed | Population | No. of Studies Included | Included Study Designs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smallfield and Heckenlaible, 2017 | Systematic review | 2006–2014 | Persons living with Alzheimer’s disease and related neurocognitive disorders | 52 |
|
| Lewis et al., 2017 | Systematic review | 2008–2015 | Persons living with cognitive impairment | 7 (6 included in meta-analysis) | Randomized controlled trial |
| Karssemeijer et al., 2017 | Systematic review and meta-analysis | 2008–2017 | Persons living with mild cognitive impairment or dementia | 10 | Randomized controlled trial |
| Karkou and Meekums, 2017 | Systematic review | N/A | Persons living with dementia | 0 | Randomized controlled trial |
| Types of Interventions | Outcomes Examined for Persons Living with Dementia | Key Findings |
|---|---|---|
Interventions to maintain self-care and leisure:
|
|
|
| Supervised home- or community-based exercise programs longer than 3 months |
|
|
| Combined cognitive-physical interventions |
|
|
| Dance movement therapy |
|
No studies met the inclusion criteria. |
| Author | Method | Dates of Studies Reviewed | Population | No. of Studies Included | Included Study Designs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ijaopo, 2017 | Systematic review | 2008–2017 | Persons living with dementia | 10 |
|
| Garrido et al., 2017 | Critical synthesis | 2006–2016 | Persons living with dementia | 28 |
|
| Dimitriou and Tsolaki, 2017 | Systematic review | 1998–2013 | Persons living with dementia | 11 | Randomized controlled trial |
| Anderson et al., 2017 | Systematic review | 2008–2015 | Persons living with dementia | 7 | Randomized controlled trial |
| Abraha et al., 2017 | Systematic review | 1997–2007 | Persons living with dementia | 3 |
|
| Charry-Sanchez et al., 2018 | Systematic review | 2000–2017 | Persons living with dementia, depression, and other conditions | 23 (8 on dementia) |
|
| Types of Interventions | Outcomes Examined for Persons Living with Dementia | Key Findings |
|---|---|---|
|
|
Evidence is limited on the effect of nonpharmacologic interventions on reducing severe agitation. |
| Prerecorded music alone or in combination with other musical activities | Behaviors | For persons with dementia, prerecorded music can be effective in reducing behavioral symptoms, including agitation. |
Sensory stimulation interventions:
|
Sleep disturbances | Bright light therapy may help reduce sleeping problems compared with usual care. |
Complementary and alternative medicine:
|
|
Complementary and alternative medicine may reduce behavioral symptoms compared with control conditions. |
| Simulated presence therapy (audio or video recording) |
|
Low quality evidence indicates the effects of simulated presence on behavioral outcomes is uncertain. |
| Animal-assisted therapies |
|
For persons living with dementia, animal–assisted therapy shows promise in short-term management of behaviors, but study designs limit inferences. |
| Author | Method | Dates of Studies Reviewed | Population | No. of Studies Included | Included Study Designs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chiu et al., 2018 | Systematic review and meta-analysis | 1981–2016 | Persons living with dementia | 11 | Randomized controlled trial |
| Creighton et al., 2013 | Systematic review | 1989–2012 | Persons living with dementia | 34 |
|
| Fakhoury et al., 2017 | Literature review | 2000–2015 | Persons living with dementia | 6 | Randomized controlled trial |
| Fleiner et al., 2017 | Systematic review | 1994–2009 | Persons living with dementia | 5 |
|
| Folkerts et al., 2017 | Systematic review and meta-analysis | 1981–2016 | Persons living with dementia | 27 (15 included in meta-analysis) |
|
| Garcia-Casal et al., 2017 | Systematic review and meta-analysis | 2003–2014 | Persons living with dementia | 12 |
|
| Types of Interventions | Outcomes Examined for Persons Living with Dementia | Key Findings |
|---|---|---|
| Reality orientation therapy alone or combined with reminiscence therapy or cognitive training |
|
|
Spaced retrieval:
|
|
Spaced-retrieval interventions are viable and may be effective in improving recall and reducing problem behaviors, but more rigorous study designs are needed. |
| Music therapy | Behavior | Findings across studies are mixed. |
| Short-term structured exercise | Behavior | Structured exercise may reduce problem behaviors. Larger and more rigorous study designs are needed. |
Cognitive intervention:
|
|
|
Computer-based cognitive training:
|
Cognition |
|
| Author | Method | Dates of Studies Reviewed | Population | No. of Studies Included | Included Study Designs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jutkowitz et al., 2016 | Systematic review and meta-analysis | 1999–2014 | Persons living with dementia | 19 | Randomized controlled trial |
| Klimova et al., 2017 | Literature review | 2010–2014 | Persons living with dementia | 6 |
|
| Woods et al., 2018 | Systematic review and meta-analysis | 1987–2016 | Persons with dementia | 22 (16 included in meta-analysis) | Randomized controlled trial |
| Levy et al., 2017 | Systematic review | 1995–2015 | Older adults | 40 (39 on dementia) |
|
| Types of Interventions | Outcomes Examined for Persons Living with Dementia | Key Findings |
|---|---|---|
Care-delivery interventions:
|
|
Evidence was insufficient to draw conclusions on the effect of care-delivery interventions on agitation/aggression or problem behaviors. |
| Dancing therapy | Any outcomes | Limited data suggest dancing therapy may positively impact cognition, physical function, and mood. |
| Reminiscence therapy |
|
Heterogeneity of study designs makes inferences challenging, but overall, effects are small and inconsistent. |
Complementary and alternative medicine:
|
|
|
| Author | Method | Dates of Studies Reviewed | Population | No. of Studies Included | Included Study Designs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Morrin et al., 2018 | Systematic review | 1995–2017 | Persons living with Lewy body dementia | 15 | Quasi-experiential |
| Nyman et al., 2018 | Systematic review | 2003–2015 | Persons living with dementia | 9 (reported in 19 articles) | Randomized controlled trial |
| O’Caoimh et al., 2019 | Systematic review and meta-analysis | 1992–2018 | Persons living with mild cognitive impairment or dementia | 48 |
|
| Zhang et al., 2017 | Systematic review and meta-analysis | 1987–2016 | Persons living with dementia | 34 |
|
SOURCE: Adapted from Gaugler et al., 2020. [commissioned paper]
| Types of Interventions | Outcomes Examined for Persons Living with Dementia | Key Findings |
|---|---|---|
Nonpharmacologic interventions:
|
|
|
| Behavior change (e.g., goal setting, social support, credible source) to promote physical activity |
|
|
Nonpharmacologic interventions:
|
|
|
| Music therapy |
|
|
REFERENCES
Abraha, I., Rimland, J.M., Lozano-Montoya, I., Dell’Aquila, G., Velez-Diaz-Pallares, M., Trotta, F.M., Cruz-Jentoft, A.J., and Cherubini, A. (2017). Simulated presence therapy for dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4, Cd011882. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011882.pub2
Anderson, A.R., Deng, J., Anthony, R.S., Atalla, S.A., and Monroe, T.B. (2017). Using complementary and alternative medicine to treat pain and agitation in dementia: A review of randomized controlled trials from long-term care with potential use in critical care. Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America, 29(4), 519–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnc.2017.08.010
Bahar-Fuchs, A., Martyr, A., Goh, A.M., Sabates, J., and Clare, L. (2019). Cognitive training for people with mild to moderate dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3, CD013069. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013069.pub2
Charry-Sanchez, J.D., Pradilla, I., and Talero-Gutierrez, C. (2018). Animal-assisted therapy in adults: A systematic review. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 32, 169–180. https://doi/org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.06.011
Chiu, H.Y., Chen, P.Y., Chen, Y.T., and Huang, H.C. (2018). Reality orientation therapy benefits cognition in older people with dementia: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 86, 20–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.06.008
Cotelli, M., Manenti, R., Brambilla, M., Gobbi, E., Ferrari, C., Binetti, G., and Cappa, S.F. (2019). Cognitive telerehabilitation in mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia: A systematic review. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, 25(2), 67–79. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633x17740390
Creighton, A.S., van der Ploeg, E.S., and O’Connor, D.W. (2013). A literature review of spaced retrieval interventions: A direct memory intervention for people with dementia. International Psychogeriatrics, 25(11), 1743–1763. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1041610213001233
Deshmukh, S.R., Holmes, J., and Cardno, A. (2018). Art therapy for people with dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9, Cd011073. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011073.pub2
Dimitriou, T.D., and Tsolaki, M. (2017). Evaluation of the efficacy of randomized controlled trials of sensory stimulation interventions for sleeping disturbances in patients with dementia: A systematic review. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 12, 543–548. https://doi.org/10.2147/cia.s115397
Duan, Y., Lu, L., Chen, J., Wu, C., Liang, J., Zheng, Y., Wu, J., Rong, P., and Tang, C. (2018). Psychosocial interventions for Alzheimer’s disease cognitive symptoms: A Bayesian network meta-analysis. BMC Geriatrics, 18(1), 175. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-018-0864-6
Fakhoury, N., Wilhelm, N., Sobota, K. F., and Kroustos, K. R. (2017). Impact of music therapy on dementia behaviors: A literature review. The Consultant Pharmacist, 32(10), 623–628. https://doi.org/10.4140/TCP.n.2017.623
Fleiner, T., Leucht, S., Forstl, H., Zijlstra, W., and Haussermann, P. (2017). Effects of short-term exercise interventions on behavioral and psychological symptoms in patients with dementia: A systematic review. Journal of Alzheimers Disease, 55(4), 1583–1594. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-160683
Folkerts, A.K., Roheger, M., Franklin, J., Middelstadt, J., and Kalbe, E. (2017). Cognitive interventions in patients with dementia living in long-term care facilities: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 73, 204–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2017.07.017
Frederiksen, K.S., Gjerum, L., Waldemar, G., and Hasselbalch, S.G. (2018). Effects of physical exercise on Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers: A systematic review of intervention studies. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 61(1), 359–372. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-170567
Fusar-Poli, L., Bieleninik, L., Brondino, N., Chen, X.J., and Gold, C. (2018). The effect of music therapy on cognitive functions in patients with dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Aging & Mental Health, 22(9), 1097–1106. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2017.1348474
Garcia-Casal, J.A., Loizeau, A., Csipke, E., Franco-Martin, M., Perea-Bartolome, M.V., and Orrell, M. (2017). Computer-based cognitive interventions for people living with dementia: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Aging & Mental Health, 21(5), 454-467. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2015.1132677
Garrido, S., Dunne, L., Chang, E., Perez, J., Stevens, C.J., and Haertsch, M. (2017). The use of music playlists for people with dementia: A critical synthesis. Journal of Alzheimers Disease, 60(3), 1129–1142. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-170612
Gaugler, J., Jutkowitz, E., and Gitlin, L.N. (2020). Non-Pharmacological Interventions for Persons Living with Alzheimer’s Disease: Decadal Review and Recommendations. Paper prepared for the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s Committee on Decadal Survey of Behavioral and Social Science Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and Alzheimer’s Disease-Related Dementias. https://www.nationalacademies.org/event/10-17-2019/meeting-2-decadal-survey-of-behavioral-and-social-science-research-on-alzheimers-disease-and-alzheimers-disease-related-dementias
Herke, M., Fink, A., Langer, G., Wustmann, T., Watzke, S., Hanff, A. M., and Burckhardt, M. (2018). Environmental and behavioural modifications for improving food and fluid intake in people with dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 7, Cd011542. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011542.pub2
Hu, M., Zhang, P., Leng, M., Li, C., and Chen, L. (2018). Animal-assisted intervention for individuals with cognitive impairment: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and quasi-randomized controlled trials. Psychiatry Research, 260, 418–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.12.016
Ijaopo, E.O. (2017). Dementia-related agitation: A review of non-pharmacological interventions and analysis of risks and benefits of pharmacotherapy. Translational Psychiatry, 7(10), e1250. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2017.199
Jutkowitz, E., Brasure, M., Fuchs, E., Shippee, T., Kane, R.A., Fink, H.A., Butler, M., Sylvanus, T., and Kane, R.L. (2016). Care-delivery interventions to manage agitation and aggression in dementia nursing home and assisted living residents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 64(3), 477–488. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.13936
Karkou, V., and Meekums, B. (2017). Dance movement therapy for dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2, Cd011022. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011022.pub2
Karssemeijer, E.G.A., Aaronson, J.A., Bossers, W.J., Smits, T., Olde Rikkert, M.G.M., and Kessels, R.P.C. (2017). Positive effects of combined cognitive and physical exercise training on cognitive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment or dementia: A meta-analysis. Ageing Research and Reviews, 40, 75–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2017.09.003
Klimova, B., Valis, M., and Kuca, K. (2017). Dancing as an intervention tool for people with dementia: A mini-review dancing and dementia. Current Alzheimer Research, 14(12), 1264–1269. https://doi.org/10.2174/1567205014666170713161422
Levy, I., Attias, S., Ben-Arye, E., Bloch, B., and Schiff, E. (2017). Complementary medicine for treatment of agitation and delirium in older persons: A systematic review and narrative synthesis. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 32(5), 492–508. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4685
Lewis, M., Peiris, C.L., and Shields, N. (2017). Long-term home and community-based exercise programs improve function in community-dwelling older people with cognitive impairment: A systematic review. Journal of Physiotherapy, 63(1), 23–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphys.2016.11.005
Liang, J.H., Xu, Y., Lin, L., Jia, R.X., Zhang, H.B., and Hang, L. (2018). Comparison of multiple interventions for older adults with Alzheimer disease or mild cognitive impairment: A PRISMA-compliant network meta-analysis. Medicine, 97(20), e10744. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000010744
Lim, K.H., Pysklywec, A., Plante, M., and Demers, L. (2019). The effectiveness of Tai Chi for short-term cognitive function improvement in the early stages of dementia in the elderly: A systematic literature review. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 14, 827–839. https://doi.org/10.2147/cia.s202055
Lorusso, L.N., and Bosch, S.J. (2018). Impact of multisensory environments on behavior for people with dementia: A systematic literature review. The Gerontologist, 58(3), e168–e179. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnw168
Mohler, R., Renom, A., Renom, H., and Meyer, G. (2018). Personally tailored activities for improving psychosocial outcomes for people with dementia in long-term care. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2, Cd009812. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009812.pub2
Morrin, H., Fang, T., Servant, D., Aarsland, D., and Rajkumar, A.P. (2018). Systematic review of the efficacy of non-pharmacological interventions in people with Lewy body dementia. International Psychogeriatrics, 30(3), 395–407. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1041610217002010
Nyman, S.R., Adamczewska, N., and Howlett, N. (2018). Systematic review of behaviour change techniques to promote participation in physical activity among people with dementia. British Journal of Health Psychology, 23(1), 148–170. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12279
O’Caoimh, R., Mannion, H., Sezgin, D., O’Donovan, M.R., Liew, A., and Molloy, D.W. (2019). Non-pharmacological treatments for sleep disturbance in mild cognitive impairment and dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Maturitas, 127, 82–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.06.007
Oltra-Cucarella, J., Ferrer-Cascales, R., Clare, L., Morris, S.B., Espert, R., Tirapu, J., and Sanchez-SanSegundo, M. (2018). Differential effects of cognition-focused interventions for people with Alzheimer’s disease: A meta-analysis. Neuropsychology, 32(6), 664–679. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000449
Peluso, S., De Rosa, A., De Lucia, N., Antenora, A., Illario, M., Esposito, M., and De Michele, G. (2018). Animal-Assisted therapy in elderly patients: Evidence and controversies in dementia and psychiatric disorders and future perspectives in other neurological diseases. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 31(3), 149–157. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891988718774634
Russell-Williams, J., Jaroudi, W., Perich, T., Hoscheidt, S., El Haj, M., and Moustafa, A.A. (2018). Mindfulness and meditation: Treating cognitive impairment and reducing stress in dementia. Reviews in the Neurosciences, 29(7), 791–804. https://doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2017-0066
Smallfield, S., and Heckenlaible, C. (2017). Effectiveness of occupational therapy interventions to enhance occupational performance for adults with Alzheimer’s disease and related major neurocognitive disorders: A systematic review. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 71(5), 7105180010p–7105180010p. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2017.024752
Spencer, S., Johnson, P., and Smith, I.C. (2018). De-escalation techniques for managing non-psychosis induced aggression in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 7, Cd012034. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012034.pub2
Streater, A., Coleston-Shields, D.M., Yates, J., Stanyon, M., and Orrell, M. (2017). A scoping review of crisis teams managing dementia in older people. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 12, 1589–1603. https://doi.org/10.2147/cia.s142341
Tay, K.W., Subramaniam, P., and Oei, T.P. (2019). Cognitive behavioural therapy can be effective in treating anxiety and depression in persons with dementia: A systematic review. Psychogeriatrics, 19(3), 264–275. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyg.12391
Theleritis, C., Siarkos, K., Katirtzoglou, E., and Politis, A. (2017). Pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatment for apathy in Alzheimer disease: A systematic review across modalities. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 30(1), 26–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891988716678684
Theleritis, C., Siarkos, K., Politis, A.A., Katirtzoglou, E., and Politis, A. (2018). A systematic review of non-pharmacological treatments for apathy in dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 33(2), e177–e192. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4783
van den Berg, J.F., Kruithof, H.C., Kok, R.M., Verwijk, E., and Spaans, H.P. (2018). Electroconvulsive therapy for agitation and aggression in dementia: A systematic review. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 26(4), 419–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2017.09.023
van der Steen, J.T., Smaling, H.J., van der Wouden, J.C., Bruinsma, M.S., Scholten, R.J., and Vink, A.C. (2018). Music-based therapeutic interventions for people with dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 7, Cd003477. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003477.pub4
Wood, W., Fields, B., Rose, M., and McLure, M. (2017). Animal-assisted therapies and dementia: A systematic mapping review using the Lived Environment Life Quality (LELQ) Model. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 71(5), 7105190030p–7105190030p. https://doi/org/10.5014/ajot.2017.027219
Woods, B., O’Philbin, L., Farrell, E., Spector, A., and Orrell, M. (2018). Reminiscence therapy for dementia. Cochrane Database Systematic Review, 3(3), CD001120. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001120.pub3
Wu, J., Wang, Y., and Wang, Z. (2017). The effectiveness of massage and touch on behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia: A quantitative systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 73(10), 2283–2295. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13311
Yen, H.Y., and Lin, L.J. (2018). A systematic review of reminiscence therapy for older adults in Taiwan. Journal of Nursing Research, 26(2), 138–150. https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.0000000000000233
Zhang, Y., Cai, J., An, L., Hui, F., Ren, T., Ma, H., and Zhao, Q. (2017). Does music therapy enhance behavioral and cognitive function in elderly dementia patients? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Research Reviews, 35, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2016.12.003
This page intentionally left blank.
