Revised Clear-Water and Live-Bed Contraction Scour Analysis (2021)

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R-1   References American Society of Civil Engineers, 2008. Sedimentation Engineering, Manual of Practice 110, Reston, VA. Arneson, L.A., Zevenbergen, L.W., Lagasse, P.F., and Clopper, P.E., 2012. Evaluating Scour at Bridges, 5th ed., Federal Highway Administration, Report FHWA-HIF-12-003, Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 18, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. Barkdoll, B.D., Ettema, R., and Melville, B.W., 2007. NCHRP Report 587: Countermeasures to Protect Bridge Abutments from Scour, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. Benedict, S.T., and Caldwell, A., 2015. The Upper Bound of Abutment Scour Defined by Selected Laboratory and Field Data, in Proceedings of the 5th Federal Interagency Hydrologic Modeling Conference and the 10th Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference, April 19–23, 2015, Reno, NV. Benedict, S.T., and Caldwell, A.W., 2010. Trends in Live-Bed Pier Scour at Selected Bridges in South Carolina, in Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Scour and Erosion, San Francisco, CA, 95–104. Benedict, S.T., and Caldwell, A.W., 2009. Development and Evaluation of Live-Bed Pier- and Contraction-Scour Envelope Curves in the Coastal Plain and Piedmont Provinces of South Carolina, U.S. Geological Survey, Scientific Investigations Report No. 2009-5099, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA. Benedict, S.T., Abrahamsen, T.A., and Caldwell, A.W., 2007a. Collection of Historic Live-Bed Scour Data at Selected Bridges in South Carolina using Ground-Penetrating Radar, in Proceedings of ASCE, World Environmental and Water Resources Congress, Tampa, FL. Benedict, S.T., Deshpande, N., and Aziz, N.M., 2007b. Evaluation of Abutment Scour Prediction Equations with Field Data, Transportation Research Board: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2025, pp. 118–126. Benedict, S.T., Deshpande, N., Aziz, N.M., and Conrads, P.A., 2006. Trends of Abutment Scour Prediction Equations Applied to 144 Field Sites in South Carolina, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003–295, Reston, VA. Benedict, S.T., and Caldwell, A.W., 2005. Development and Evaluation of Clear-Water Pier and Contraction Scour Envelope Curves in the Coastal Plain and Piedmont Provinces of South Carolina, U.S. Geological Survey, Scientific Investigations Report No. 2005-5289, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA. Benedict, S.T., 2003. Clear-Water Abutment and Contraction Scour in the Coastal Plain and Piedmont Provinces of South Carolina, 1996-99, U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigation Report 03-4064, Reston, VA. Briaud, J-L., Chen, H.-C., Li, Y., Nurtjahyo, P., and Wang, J., 2005. SRICOS-EFA Method for Contraction Scour in Fine-Grained Soils, ASCE, Journal of Geotech. and Geoenviron. Engineering, 131(10), 1283–1294. Brunner, G.W., 2016. Hydraulic Engineering Center-River Analysis System (HEC-RAS), 2D Modeling User’s Manual Version 5.0, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Hydrologic Engineering Center, Davis, CA. Dey, S., and Raikar, R.V., 2006. Scour in Long Contractions, International Journal of Sediment Research, 21(2), 166–170. Dey, S., and Raikar, R.V., 2005. Scour in Long Contractions, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 131(12), 1036–1049. Ettema, R., Nakato, T., and Muste, M., 2010. Estimation of Scour Depth at Bridge Abutments, Draft Final Report, NCHRP Project 24-20, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington D.C. Fakhri, A., 2020. Applications and Limitations of Large-Scale Particle Image Velocimetry, MS thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. FHWA, 2020. National Bridge Inventory (NBI); National Transportation Atlas Databases (NTAD) https://hifid- geoplatform.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/a9b05a595ff94f3fa3888d1240545740 and https://www.arcgis.com/ home/item.html?id=a9b05a595ff94f3fa3888d1240545740. Flow Science, Inc., 2019. FLOW-3D® Version 12.0 Users Manual, Santa Fe, NM, https://www.flow3d.com.

R-2 Revised Clear-Water and Live-Bed Contraction Scour Analysis Froehlich, D., 1995. Armor-Limited Clear-Water Contraction Scour at Bridges, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 121(6), 490–493. Gill, M.A., 1981. Bed Erosion in Rectangular Long Contraction, Journal of Hydraulics Division, 107(3), 273–284. Guy, H.P., Simons, D.B., and Richardson, E.V., 1966. Summary of Alluvial Channel Data From Flume Experiments, 1956-61, U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper, 462-I, Washington, D.C. Hong, S., Gotvald, A., Sturm, T.W., and Landers, M., 2006. Laboratory and Field Measurements of Bridge Contraction Scour, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Scour and Erosion, CURNET, Gouda, The Netherlands. Julian, P.Y., 2010. Erosion and Sedimentation, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Kerenyi, K., 2018. The Future of Bridge Scour Assessments – In-Situ Testing Device (ISTD), Presentation at the National Hydraulic Engineering Conference (NHEC), Columbus, OH, August. Kerenyi, K., 2016. FHWA Hydraulics Research Program – Proposed New Scour Design Methodology, Presented at the 95th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. Komura, S., 1966. Equilibrium Depth of Scour in Long Contractions, Journal of Hydraulics Division, 92(5), 17–37. Lagasse, P.F., Ghosn, M., Johnson, P., Zevenbergen, L.W., and Clopper, P.E., 2013. NCHRP Report 761: Reference Guide for Applying Risk and Reliability-Based Approaches for Bridge Scour Prediction, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. Lai, Y.G., 2008. SRH-2D Version 2: Theory and User’s Manual – Sedimentation and River Hydraulics – Two-Dimensional River Flow Modeling, Bureau of Reclamation Technical Service Center, Denver, CO. Lai, Y.G., and Greimann, B.P., 2010. Predicting Contraction Scour with a Two-Dimensional Depth-Averaged Model, Journal of Hydraulic Research, Vol. 48(3), 383–387. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2010.481846. Landers, M.N., and Mueller, D.S., 1996. Channel Scour at Bridges in the United States, Federal Highway Admin- istration Report FHWA-RD-95-184, Washington, D.C. Laursen, E., 1999. Clear-Water Contraction Scour under Bridges in Pressure Flow, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 125(7), 785. Laursen, E.M., 1963. An Analysis of Relief Bridge Scour, Journal of Hydraulics Division, Vol. 89, No. HY3. Laursen, E.M., 1960. Scour at Bridge Crossings, Journal of Hydraulics Division, Vol. 86, No. HY2. Laursen, E.M., and Toch, A., 1956. Scour Around Bridge Piers and Abutments, Bulletin No. 4, Iowa Highway Research Board, Iowa. Lim, S., 1993. Clear Water Scour in Long Contraction, Water, Maritime and Energy, in Proceedings of the Institute of Civil Engineers (London), 101(02), 93–98. Lim, S., and Cheng, S., 1998. Scouring in Long Contractions, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 124(5), 258–261. Madden, E.B., 1993. Modified Laursen Method for Estimating Bed-Material Sediment Load, Contract Report HL-93-3, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. Marek, M., and Dittrich, A., 2004. 3D Numerical Calculations of the Flow in an Open-channel Consisting of an Expansion and Contraction, in Proceedings of the 6th Intl. Conf. Hydro-Science and Engineering, Brisbane, Australia. Minh Duc, B., and Rodi, W., 2008. Numerical Simulation of Contraction Scour in an Open Laboratory Channel, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 134(4), 367–377. Molinas, A., and Bailey, W., 2004. Murphy Creek Flood and Scour Study, Wyoming Dept. of Transportation, Cheyenne, WY. Mueller, D.S., and Wagner C.R., 2005. Field Observations and Evaluations of Streambed Scour at Bridges, Report FHWA-RD-03-052, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C. Muste, M., Admiraal, D., Ettema, R., Aberle, J., and Garcia, M. (eds.), 2017. Experimental Hydraulics: Methods, Instrumentation, Data Processing and Management, IAHR Monographs and Design Manuals, CRC Press, Leiden, The Netherlands. Najafzadeh, M., Etemad-Shahidi, A., and Lim, S.Y., 2016. Scour Prediction in Long Contractions Using ANFIS and SVM, Ocean Engineering, 111, 128–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2015.10.053. National Bridge Scour Database http://water.usgs.gov/osw/techniques/bs/BSDMS/Data_Tables/Contraction ScourTable.htm. Nowroozpour, A., 2020. Observations from a Series of Flume Experiments on Contraction Scour at Bridge Waterways, PhD dissertation, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. Rhodes, J., and Trent, R., 1993. Economics of Floods, Scour, and Bridge Failures, Hydraulic Engineering, in Proc. of the 1993 National Conference, Vol. 1, pp. 928–933. Robinson, D., Zundel, A., Kramer, C., Nelson, R., DeRosset, W., Hunt, J., Hogan, S., and Lai, Y., 2019. Two- Dimensional Hydraulic Modeling for Highways in the River Environment – Reference Document, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, FHWA-HIF-19-061, Austin, TX.

References R-3 Souders, D.T., and Hirt, C.W., 2002. Modeling Roughness Effects in Open Channel Flows, Flow Science Technical Note (FSI-02-TN60). Straub, L.G., 1934. Effect of Channel-Contraction Works upon Regimen of Movable Bed-Streams, Geographical Review, 24(3), 454–463. Sturm, T., Ettema, R., and Melville, B., 2011. NCHRP Web-Only Document 181: Evaluation of Bridge-Scour Research: Abutment and Contraction Scour Processes and Prediction, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. Van Rijn, L.C., 1984. Sediment transport, Part III: Bedforms and Alluvial Roughness, Journal of Hydraulics Division, Vol. 110, no. 12, 1733–54. Wagner, C.R., Mueller, D.S., Parola, A.C., Haggerty, D.J., and Benedict, S.T., 2006. NCHRP Web-Only Document 83: Scour at Contracted Bridges, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. Webby, M.G., 1984. General Scour at a Contraction, RRU Bulletin 73, National Roads Board, Bridge Design and Research Seminar, New Zealand. Weise, S., 2002. Verifikation eines Zweidimensionalen Feststofftransportmodells anhand von Hydraulischen Versuchen, Diplomarbeit. Fachhochschule für Technik, Wirtschaft und Kultur, Leipzig, Germany. Wu, B., and Molinas, A., 2005. Energy Losses and Threshold Conditions for Choking in Channel Contractions. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 43(2), 139–148. Yang, C.T., 1973. Incipient Motion and Sediment Transport, Journal of Hydraulics Division, Vol. 99, No. HY10, pp. 1679–1704. Zevenbergen, L.W., 2004. Time Scale for Contraction Scour at Bridges, in Proceedings of the Joint Conf. on Water Resource Engineering and Water Resources Planning, Minneapolis, MN. Zevenbergen L.W., Arneson, L.A., Hunt, J.H., and Miller, A.C., 2012. Hydraulic Design of Safe Bridges, Hydraulic Design Series Number 7, Federal Highway Administration, Publication No. FHWA-HIF-12-018. Zey, S.S., 2017. Flow Field at Open-Channel Contractions: Insights from a Two-Dimensional Numerical Model, MS thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. Fall.