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A-1 Appendix A. 3R Project Implementation Cost Estimation Procedures Procedures have been developed to estimate the cost of implementing a 3R project, including construction and right-of-way (ROW) costs. Clearly, construction and ROW costs vary widely across the United States. The procedures estimate typical or average implementation costs for projects that are suitable for application in benefitâcost analyses. The implementation cost for a 3R project for use in benefitâcost analysis of potential design improvements is the total construction and ROW cost minus the pavement resurfacing cost that would have been incurred whether or not design improvements are implemented. These procedures are used in the benefitâ cost analysis spreadsheet tools to provide default values for 3R project implementation costs. Highway agencies are encouraged to use their own cost estimation procedures to obtain more accurate local or site-specific project implementation cost estimates. Separate discussions are presented for nonfreeway and freeway projects. A.1 Cost Estimation Procedures for Nonfreeway Projects A.1.1 Cost Estimates for Cross Section Improvements A.1.1.1 User Input Application of the cost estimation procedures requires input data on the existing site characteristics (before construction) and the proposed site characteristics (after construction). The roadway types that can be considered with the procedures include: ï· Rural two-lane undivided highway (R2U) ï· Rural four-lane undivided highway (R4U) ï· Rural four-lane divided highway (nonfreeway) (R4D) ï· Urban two-lane undivided highway (U2U) ï· Urban four-lane undivided highway (U4U) ï· Urban four-lane divided highway (nonfreeway) (U4D) The number of lanes is specified as part of the roadway type. The following terrain types are considered: ï· level ï· rolling ï· mountainous The typical embankment height is determined from the terrain type, based on typical values developed in NCHRP Report 362 (45). ï· 2.5 ft for level terrain
A-2 ï· 3 ft for rolling terrain ï· 4.5 ft for mountainous terrain The data needed for existing and proposed geometrics, including allowable values for which the procedure has been tested include: ï· Lane width (9, 10, 11, or 12 ft) ï· Shoulder width (0, 2, 4, 6, or 8 ft) ï· Shoulder type (paved or unpaved) ï· Roadside foreslope (1V:2H, 1V:3H, 1V:4H, or 1V:6H) ï· Roadway length with improved guardrail (ft) The following roadway characteristics also need to be specified and are assumed to remain the same both before and after the project: ï· Roadway length (mi); i.e., length of project ï· Pavement type (flexible, rigid) ï· Pavement depth (in); needed for flexible pavement only ï· Pavement milling depth (in); needed for flexible pavement only ï· Pavement base depth (in) ï· Shoulder pavement depth (in); needed for flexible pavement only ï· Shoulder pavement milling depth (in); needed for flexible pavement only ï· Shoulder base depth (in) A.1.1.2 Cost Estimating Procedures The estimated cost for cross section improvements is estimated with the following sequence of equations. The unit cost and estimating assumptions are presented in Section A.3. Milling Width, Quantity, and Cost First, the milling width, quantity and cost are calculated in Equations (A-1), (A-2), and (A-3), separately. This refers to milling of the existing lanes. ððððððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ðð¢ðððð ðð ð¿ðððð ð¸ð¥ðð ð¡ððð ð¿ððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ (A-1) ððððððð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ð¦ð ððððððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð ðððð¤ðð¦ ð¿ðððð¡â ðð (A-2) ððððððð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ððððððð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ð¦ð ððððððð ð¶ðð ð¡ ððð ð¦ð (A-3)
A-3 Resurfacing Width, Quantity, and Cost Next, the resurfacing width [see Equation (A-4)], quantity [see Equations (A-5) and (A-6)] and cost [see Equations (A-7) and (A-8)] are calculated. The quantity and cost are dependent on the pavement type. This only considers resurfacing of the existing lanes. ð ðð ð¢ððððððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ðð¢ðððð ðð ð¿ðððð ð¸ð¥ðð ð¡ððð ð¿ððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ (A-4) ð ðð ð¢ððððððð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦, ðððð¥ðððð ððð£ððððð¡ ð¡ððð ðð ðð ðâððð¡ ððð£ððððð¡ ððððððð ð·ððð¡â ðð ð ðð ð¢ððððððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð´ð ðâððð¡ ð·ððð ðð¡ð¦ ð¡ððð ðð¡â ð ðððð¤ðð¦ ð¿ðððð¡â ðð (A-5) ð ðð ð¢ððððððð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦, ððððð ððð£ððððð¡ ð¦ð ðð ððð£ððððð¡ ð ð¢ððððð ð ðð ð¢ððððððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð ðððð¤ðð¦ ð¿ðððð¡â ðð (A-6) ð ðð ð¢ððððððð ð¶ðð ð¡, ðððð¥ðððð ððð£ððððð¡ $ ð ðð ð¢ððððððð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ð¡ððð ðð ðâððð¡ ððð ð¡ ððð ð¡ðð (A-7) ð ðð ð¢ððððððð ð¶ðð ð¡, ððððð ððð£ððððð¡ $ ð ðð ð¢ððððððð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ð¦ð ððð ð¢ððððððð ððð ð¡ ððð ð¦ð (A-8) Surfacing Width, Quantity, and Cost of Widened Traveled Way The surfacing width of the widened traveled way [see Equation (A-9)], surfacing quantity [see Equations (A-10) and (A-11)] and surfacing cost [see Equations (A-12) and (A-13)] are determined. This only refers to additional lane width that is added due to the improvement project. The quantity and cost are dependent on the pavement type. ðð¢ððððððð ðððð¡â ððð ððððððð ðððð£ðððð ððð¦ ðð¡ ðð¢ðððð ðð ð¿ðððð ð¼ððððð£ðð ð¿ððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð¸ð¥ðð ð¡ððð ð¿ððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ (A-9) ðð¢ððððððð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ððð ððððððð ðððð£ðððð ððð¦,ðððð¥ðððð ððð£ððððð¡ ð¡ððð ðð ðð ðâððð¡ ððð£ððððð¡ ð·ððð¡â ðð ðð¢ððððððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð´ð ðâððð¡ ð·ððð ðð¡ð¦ ð¡ððð ðð¡â ð ðððð¤ðð¦ ð¿ðððð¡â ðð 5280 ðð¡1 ðð 1 ðð¡ 12 ðð (A-10) ðð¢ððððððð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ððð ððððððð ðððð£ðððð ððð¦, ððððð ððð£ððððð¡ ð¦ð ðð¢ððððððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð ðððð¤ðð¦ ð¿ðððð¡â ðð 5280 ðð¡ / 1 ðð 1 ð¦ð / 9 ðð¡ (A-11) ðð¢ððððððð ð¶ðð ð¡ ððð ððððððð ðððð£ðððð ððð¦,ðððð¥ðððð ððð£ððððð¡ $ ðð¢ððððððð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ð¡ððð ðð ðð ðâððð¡ ðð ðâððð¡ ððð ð¡ ððð ð¡ðð (A-12) ðð¢ððððððð ð¶ðð ð¡ ððð ððððððð ðððð£ðððð ððð¦, ððððð ððð£ððððð¡ $ ðð¢ððððððð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ð¦ð ððð ð¢ððððððð ððð ð¡ ððð ð¦ð (A-13)
A-4 Additional Base Width, Quantity, and Cost of Widened Traveled Way The additional base width for the widened traveled way [see Equation (A-14)], additional base quantity [see Equation (A-15)] and additional base cost [see Equation (A-16)] are calculated for the base under the widened portion of lanes. ð´ðððð¡ððððð ðµðð ð ðððð¡â ððð ððððððð ðððð£ðððð ððð¦ ðð¡ ðð¢ððððððð ðððð¡â ððð ððððððð ðððð£ðððð ððð¦ ðð¡ (A-14) ð´ðððð¡ððððð ðµðð ð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ððð ððððððð ðððð£ðððð ððð¦ ãð¦ðã^3 ðµðð ð ð·ððð¡â ðð 1 ðð¡ / 12 ðð ð´ðððð¡ððððð ðµðð ð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð ðððð¤ðð¦ ð¿ðððð¡â ðð 5280 ðð¡ / 1 ðð 1 ãð¦ðã^3 / 27 ãðð¡ã^3 (A-15) ð´ðððð¡ððððð ðµðð ð ð¶ðð ð¡ ððð ððððððð ðððð£ðððð ððð¦ $ ð´ðððð¡ððððð ðµðð ð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ð¦ð ððð ð ððð ð¡ ððð ð¦ð (A-16) Shoulder Milling Cost for Existing Roadway The shoulder milling width [see Equations (A-17) and (A-18)], quantity [see Equation (A-19)] and cost [see Equation (A-20)] are calculated for the existing roadway. Note that if the lanes are being widened, then shoulder milling does not take place. New shoulders will be constructed regardless of whether the shoulder widths change during the improvement. If the surfacing width for widened traveled way equals zero and the existing paved shoulder width and improved paved shoulder width are the same, then the shoulder milling width equals zero. If the surfacing width for widened traveled way equals zero and the improved paved shoulder width is different than the existing paved shoulder width, use Equation (A-17). If the surfacing width for widened traveled way does not equal zero, use Equation (A-18). ðâðð¢ðððð ððððððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ 2 ð¸ð¥ðð ð¡ððð ððð£ðð ðâðð¢ðððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ (A-17) ðâðð¢ðððð ððððððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ðð¢ðððð ðð ð¿ðððð ð¸ð¥ðð ð¡ððð ð¿ððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ 2 ð¸ð¥ðð ð¡ððð ððð£ðð ðâðð¢ðððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ðð¢ðððð ðð ð¿ðððð ð¼ððððð£ðð ð¿ððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ (A-18) If the improved lane width is greater than the existing lane width, then the shoulder milling quantity equals zero. Otherwise use Equation (A-19). ðâðð¢ðððð ððððððð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ð¦ð ðâðð¢ðððð ððððððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð ðððð¤ðð¦ ð¿ðððð¡â ðð 5280 ðð¡1 ðð 1 ð¦ð 9 ðð¡ (A-19) ðâðð¢ðððð ððððððð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ðâðð¢ðððð ððððððð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ð¦ð ð âðð¢ðððð ððððððð ððð ð¡ ððð ð¦ð (A-20)
A-5 Shoulder Resurfacing Cost for Existing Roadway Next, the shoulder resurfacing width [see Equation (A-21)], quantity [see Equations (A-22) and (A-23)] and cost [see Equations (A-24) and (A-25)] are determined for the existing roadway. Similar to the shoulder milling, shoulder resurfacing only takes place when the lane widths do not change as a result of the 3R project. If the shoulder milling width equals zero, then the shoulder resurfacing width equals zero. If the shoulder milling width does not equal zero and the surfacing width for widened traveled way is greater than zero, then the shoulder resurfacing width equals zero. If the shoulder milling width does not equal zero and the surfacing width for widened traveled way is not greater than zero, use Equation (A-21). ðâðð¢ðððð ð ðð ð¢ððððððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ 2 ð¸ð¥ðð ð¡ððð ððð£ðð ðâðð¢ðððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ (A-21) ðâðð¢ðððð ð ðð ð¢ððððððð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦,ðððð¥ðððð ððð£ððððð¡ ð¡ððð ðð ðð ðâððð¡ ðâðð¢ðððð ððððððð ð·ððð¡â ðð ðâðð¢ðððð ð ðð ð¢ððððððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð´ð ðâððð¡ ð·ððð ðð¡ð¦ ð¡ððð ðð¡â ð ðððð¤ðð¦ ð¿ðððð¡â ðð 5280 ðð¡1 ðð 1 ðð¡ 12 ðð (A-22) ðâðð¢ðððð ð ðð ð¢ððððððð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦, ððððð ððð£ððððð¡ ð¦ð ðâðð¢ðððð ð ðð ð¢ððððððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð ðððð¤ðð¦ ð¿ðððð¡â ðð (A-23) ðâðð¢ðððð ð ðð ð¢ððððððð ð¶ðð ð¡,ðððð¥ðððð ððð£ððððð¡ $ ðâðð¢ðððð ð ðð ð¢ððððððð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ð¡ððð ðð ðð ðâððð¡ ðð ðâððð¡ ððð ð¡ ððð ð¡ðð (A-24) ðâðð¢ðððð ð ðð ð¢ððððððð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ðâðð¢ðððð ð ðð ð¢ððððððð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ð¦ð ððð ð¢ððððððð ððð ð¡ ððð ð¦ð (A-25) Paving Cost for New Shoulder The new shoulder pavement width [see Equations (A-26) and (A-27)], quantity [see Equations (A-28) and (A-29)] and cost [see Equations (A-30) and (A-31)] is calculated. Shoulder widening refers to new shoulder pavement. New shoulder pavement occurs anytime additional lane width is added regardless of whether the paved shoulder width increases. If the lane width remains the same, new shoulder pavement is present only if the paved shoulder width increases as a result of the 3R project. If the surfacing width for widened traveled way is greater than zero or if the unpaved shoulder width is being paved as part of the 3R project, use Equation (A-26). Otherwise, use Equation (A- 27). ððð¤ ðâðð¢ðððð ððð£ððððð¡ ðððð¡â ðð¡ 2 ð¼ððððð£ðð ððð£ðð ðâðð¢ðððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ (A-26) ððð¤ ðâðð¢ðððð ððð£ððððð¡ ðððð¡â ðð¡ 2 ð¼ððððð£ðð ððð£ðð ðâðð¢ðððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð¸ð¥ðð ð¡ððð ððð£ðð ðâðð¢ðððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ (A-27)
A-6 ððð¤ ðâðð¢ðððð ððð£ððððð¡ ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦,ðððð¥ðððð ððð£ððððð¡ ð¡ððð ðð ðð ðâððð¡ ðâðð¢ðððð ð·ððð¡â ðð ððð¤ ðâðð¢ðððð ððð£ððððð¡ ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð´ð ðâððð¡ ð·ððð ðð¡ð¦ ð¡ððð ðð¡â ð ðððð¤ðð¦ ð¿ðððð¡â ðð (A-28) ððð¤ ðâðð¢ðððð ððð£ððððð¡ ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦, ððððð ððð£ððððð¡ ð¦ð ððð¤ ðâðð¢ðððð ððð£ððððð¡ ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð ðððð¤ðð¦ ð¿ðððð¡â ðð (A-29) ððð¤ ðâðð¢ðððð ððð£ððððð¡ ð¶ðð ð¡,ðððð¥ðððð ððð£ððððð¡ $ ððð¤ ðâðð¢ðððð ððð£ððððð¡ ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ð¡ððð ðð ðð ðâððð¡ ðð ðâððð¡ ððð ð¡ ððð ð¡ðð (A-30) ððð¤ ðâðð¢ðððð ððð£ððððð¡ ð¶ðð ð¡, ððððð ððð£ððððð¡ $ ððð¤ ðâðð¢ðððð ððð£ððððð¡ ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ð¦ð ððð ð¢ððððððð ððð ð¡ ððð ð¦ð (A-31) Shoulder Base Width The shoulder base width [see Equation (A-32)], quantity [see Equation (A-33)] and cost [see Equation (A-34)] are determined. Shoulder base refers to the base installed under any new shoulder pavement. ðâðð¢ðððð ðµðð ð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ððð¤ ðâðð¢ðððð ððð£ððððð¡ ðððð¡â ðð¡ (A-32) ðâðð¢ðððð ðµðð ð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ð¦ð ðâðð¢ðððð ðµðð ð ð·ððð¡â ðð ðâðð¢ðððð ðµðð ð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð ðððð¤ðð¦ ð¿ðððð¡â ðð (A-33) ðâðð¢ðððð ðµðð ð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ðâðð¢ðððð ðµðð ð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ð¦ð ððð ð ððð ð¡ ððð ð¦ð (A-34) Unpaved Shoulder Cost Lastly, unpaved shoulder quantity and cost [see Equation (A-38)] are calculated. If the lane width changes, then the entire improved unpaved shoulder width is considered in the calculations. If the condition shown in Equation (A-35) is true, use Equation (A-36) to calculate the unpaved shoulder quantity. If the condition shown in Equation (A-35) is false, use Equation (A-37). ð¼ððððð£ðð ð¿ððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð¸ð¥ðð ð¡ððð ð¿ððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ 0 (A-35) ððððð£ðð ðâðð¢ðððð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ð¦ð 2 ð¼ððððð£ðð ððððð£ðð ðâðð¢ðððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð¸ð¥ðð ð¡ððð ððððð£ðð ðâðð¢ðððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð ðððð¤ðð¦ ð¿ðððð¡â ðð 5280 ðð¡1 ðð 1 ð¦ð 9 ðð¡ (A-36)
A-7 ððððð£ðð ðâðð¢ðððð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ð¦ð 2 ð¼ððððð£ðð ððððð£ðð ðâðð¢ðððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð ðððð¤ðð¦ ð¿ðððð¡â ðð (A-37) ððððð£ðð ðâðð¢ðððð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ððððð£ðð ðâðð¢ðððð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ð¦ð ð¢ðððð£ðð ð âðð¢ðððð ððð ð¡ ððð ð¦ð (A-38) Additional Embankment Cost (Earthwork) The cost estimate tool determines the cost of additional embankment needed for the project. First, the embankment quantity is calculated, followed by the cost calculation [see Equation (A-42)]. If the existing slope and the improved slope are the same and the condition shown in Equation (A-39) is true, then the embankment quantity equals zero. Otherwise, use Equation (A-40) to calculate the embankment quantity. ðð¢ððððððð ðððð¡â ððð ððððððð ðððð£ðððð ððð¦ ðð¡ ððð¤ ðâðð¢ðððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ = 0 (A-39) ð¸ððððððððð¡ ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ð¦ð â© ðð¢ððððððð ðððð¡â ððð ððððððð ðððð£ðððð ððð¦ ðð¡ ððð¤ ðâðð¢ðððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ⪠ð¸ððððððððð¡ ð»ðððâð¡ ðð¡ ððððð ð ðð¡ðð ððð ð¼ððððð£ðð ððððð ð¸ððððððððð¡ ð»ðððâð¡ ðð¡ ð ðððð¤ðð¦ ð¿ðððð¡â ðð 5280 ðð¡1 ðð 1 ð¦ð 27 ðð¡ (A-40) Use Equation (A-41) to calculate the slope ratio for improved slope. For example, Error! Reference source not found.1 shows a slope whose slope ratio equals four. ððððð ð ðð¡ðð ððð ð¼ððððð£ðð ððððð ð»ðððð§ððð¡ðð ð¶ðððððððð¡ ððð ð¼ððððð£ðð ððððððððð¡ðððð ð¶ðððððððð¡ ððð ð¼ððððð£ðð ððððð (A-41) Figure A-1. Roadside Foreslope with Slope Rate of 4. If the embankment quantity is greater than or equal to zero then use Equation (A-42) to determine the embankment cost. Otherwise, the embankment cost is zero. ð¸ððððððððð¡ ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ð¸ððððððððð¡ ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ð¦ð ðððð¡âð¤ððð ððð ð¡ ððð ð¦ð (A-42) Incidental costs [see Equation (A-43)] are a percentage of the total cost of base, pavement, embankment and guardrail. Table A-1 shows how these percentages are derived based on the road type. Horizontal Slope 1 4 V er tic al S lo pe Co m po ne nt
A-8 Table A-1. Incidental Cost Percentages by Road Type for Nonfreeways Drainage EC TC Sign/PM Lighting Total Rural Two-Lane Undivided 0.9% 0.3% 8.0% 7.5% 0.0% 16.7% Rural Four-Lane Undivided 0.4% 0.1% 8.0% 5.0% 0.0% 13.5% Urban Two-Lane Undivided 0.8% 0.0% 8.0% 7.0% 0.0% 15.8% Urban Four-Lane Undivided 0.4% 0.0% 8.0% 5.5% 0.0% 13.9% Urban Four-Lane Divided 0.4% 0.0% 8.0% 5.0% 0.0% 13.4% ð¼ððððððð¡ðð ð¶ðð ð¡ð $ ððð¡ðð ð¼ððððððð¡ðð ððððððð¡ððð ððð ð ðððð¡ð¦ðð % ððððððð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ð ðð ð¢ððððððð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ðð¢ððððððð ð¶ðð ð¡ ððð ððððððð ðððð£ðððð ððð¦ $ ð´ðððð¡ððððð ðµðð ð ð¶ðð ð¡ ððð ððððððð ðððð£ðððð ððð¦ $ ðâðð¢ðððð ððððððð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ðâðð¢ðððð ð ðð ð¢ððððððð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ððð¤ ðâðð¢ðððð ððð£ððððð¡ ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ðâðð¢ðððð ðµðð ð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ððððð£ðð ðâðð¢ðððð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ð¸ððððððððð¡ ð¶ðð ð¡ $ (A-43) Right-of-Way Cost The distance to the right-of-way line, defined as the distance in feet from the centerline to the outside edge of the roadside foreslope, is calculated [see Equations (A-44) and (A-46)] for existing and improved conditions. The formula for the slope ratio for existing slope is shown in Equation (A-45). ð·ðð ð¡ðððð ð¡ð ð ðð ð¿ððð ððð ð¸ð¥ðð ð¡ððð ð ðððð¤ðð¦ ð¸ð¥ðð ð¡ððð ð¿ððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð¸ð¥ðð ð¡ððð ððð£ðð ðâðð¢ðððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð¸ð¥ðð ð¡ððð ððððð£ðð ðâðð¢ðððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð¸ððððððððð¡ ð»ðððâð¡ ðð¡ ððððð ð ðð¡ðð ððð ð¸ð¥ðð ð¡ððð ððððð (A-44) ððððð ð ðð¡ðð ððð ð¸ð¥ðð ð¡ððð ððððð (A-45) ð·ðð ð¡ðððð ð¡ð ð ðð ð¿ððð ððð ð¼ððððð£ðð ð ðððð¤ðð¦ ð¼ððððð£ðð ð¿ððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð¼ððððð£ðð ðâðð¢ðððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð¸ððððððððð¡ ð»ðððâð¡ ðð¡ ððððð ð ðð¡ðð ððð ð¼ððððð£ðð ððððð (A-46) Next, the right-of-way width [see Equation (A-47)], quantity [see Equation (A-48)] and cost [see Equation (A-49)] are determined. Table A-4 displays the right-of-way cost per acre as a function of road type. ð ðð ðððð¡â ðð¡ 2 ð·ðð ð¡ðððð ð¡ð ð ðð ð¿ððð ððð ð¼ððððð£ðð ð ðððð¤ðð¦ ðð¡ â ð·ðð ð¡ðððð ð¡ð ð ðð ð¿ððð ððð ð¸ð¥ðð ð¡ððð ð ðððð¤ðð¦ ðð¡ (A-47) ð ðð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ðððð ð ðð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð ðððð¤ðð¦ ð¿ðððð¡â ðð (A-48) If the ROW quantity is greater than or equal to zero, then use Equation (A-49) to calculate the ROW cost. Otherwise, the ROW cost equals zero.
A-9 ð ðð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ð ðð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ðððð ð ðð ð¶ðð ð¡ ððð ðððð (A-49) Total Improvement Cost Lastly, the total cost [see Equation (A-50)] of the project is calculated. The net cost [see Equation (A-51)] is the total cost of the 3R project without milling and resurfacing of the lanes. ððð¡ðð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ð¼ððððððð¡ðð ð¶ðð ð¡ð $ ð ðð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ððððððð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ð ðð ð¢ððððððð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ðð¢ððððððð ð¶ðð ð¡ ððð ððððððð ðððð£ðððð ððð¦ $ ð´ðððð¡ððððð ðµðð ð ð¶ðð ð¡ ððð ððððððð ðððð£ðððð ððð¦ $ ðâðð¢ðððð ððððððð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ðâðð¢ðððð ð ðð ð¢ððððððð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ððð¤ ðâðð¢ðððð ððð£ððððð¡ ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ðâðð¢ðððð ðµðð ð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ððððð£ðð ðâðð¢ðððð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ð¸ððððððððð¡ ð¶ðð ð¡ $ (A-50) ððð¡ ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ððð¡ðð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ððððððð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ð ðð ð¢ððððððð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ (A-51) A.1.2 Unit Costs and Assumptions Table A-2 contains the unit costs used as defaults in the cost estimation procedures of Section A.1.1. Highway agencies using the benefitâcost analysis spreadsheets for 3R projects may replace these values with their own local values. Table A-2. Unit Costs Type Unit Unit cost Milling yd2 $2 Asphalt Pavement Resurfacing ton $55 Rigid Pavement Resurfacing yd2 $40 Base yd3 $10 Shoulder Milling yd2 $2 Unpaved Shoulder yd2 $1 Earthwork yd $8 Guardrail ft $20 Pavement Removal yd2 $10 Excavation yd2 $8 Table A-3 shows the right-of-way cost per acre for each of the six road types in the cost estimation procedure presented in Section A.1.1.
A-10 Table A-3. Right-of-Way Cost per Acre by Road Type ROW cost per acre Rural Two-Lane Undivided $5,000 Rural Four-Lane Undivided $5,000 Rural Four-Lane Divided $5,000 Urban Two-Lane Undivided $50,000 Urban Four-Lane Undivided $50,000 Urban Four-Lane Divided $50,000 The asphalt density assumed for quantity calculations is 115 tons/1500 ft3. A.2 Cost Estimation Procedures for Freeway Projects A.2.1 Cost Estimates for Freeway Cross Section Improvements A.2.1.1 User Input Application of the cost estimation procedures requires input data on the existing site characteristics (before construction) and the proposed site characteristics (after construction). The roadway types that can be considered with the procedures include: ï· Rural four-lane freeway (R4F) ï· Rural six-lane freeway (R6F) ï· Urban four-lane freeway (U4F) ï· Urban six-lane freeway (U6F) ï· Urban eight-lane freeway (U8F) The number of lanes is specified as part of the roadway type. The following terrain types are considered: ï· level ï· rolling ï· mountainous The typical embankment height is determined from the terrain type, based the same values used for rural two-lane highways in Section A.1.1. ï· 2.5 ft for level terrain ï· 3 ft for rolling terrain ï· 4.5 ft for mountainous terrain No freeway-specific values for average embankment height are available.
A-11 The data needed for existing and proposed geometrics, including allowable values for which the procedure has been tested include: ï· Lane width (10, 11, 12 or 13 ft) ï· Shoulder width â Paved (0 to 12 ft) ï· Shoulder width â Unpaved (0 to 8 ft) ï· Roadside foreslope (1V:2H, 1V:3H, 1V:4H, or 1V:6H) ï· Roadway length with roadside barrier (ft) The following roadway characteristics also need to be specified and are assumed to remain the same both before and after the project: ï· Roadway length (mi); i.e., length of project ï· Pavement type (flexible, rigid) ï· Pavement depth (in); needed for flexible pavement only ï· Pavement milling depth (in); needed for flexible pavement only ï· Pavement base depth (in) ï· Shoulder pavement depth (in); needed for flexible pavement only ï· Shoulder pavement milling depth (in); needed for flexible pavement only ï· Shoulder base depth (in) ï· Lane widening (inside or outside) ï· Median width (ft) ï· Roadside barrier type (guardrail, cable barrier or concrete barrier) ï· Median barrier type (guardrail, cable barrier or concrete barrier) ï· Roadside barrier location (one side, both sides or none) ï· Median barrier location (one side, both sides or none) A.2.1.2 Cost Estimating Procedures The estimated cost for cross section improvements is estimated with the following sequence of equations. The unit cost and estimating assumptions are presented in Section A.2.3. Milling Width, Quantity, and Cost First, the milling width, quantity and cost are calculated in Equations (A-52), (A-53), and (A-54), separately. This refers to milling of the existing lanes. ððððððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ðð¢ðððð ðð ð¿ðððð ð¸ð¥ðð ð¡ððð ð¿ððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ (A-52) ððððððð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ð¦ð ððððððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð ðððð¤ðð¦ ð¿ðððð¡â ðð (A-53) ððððððð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ððððððð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ð¦ð ððððððð ð¶ðð ð¡ ððð ð¦ð (A-54)
A-12 Resurfacing Width, Quantity, and Cost Next, the resurfacing width [see Equation (A-55)], quantity [see Equations (A-56) and (A-57)] and cost [see Equations (A-58) and (A-59)] are calculated. The quantity and cost are dependent on the pavement type. This only considers resurfacing of the existing lanes. ð ðð ð¢ððððððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ðð¢ðððð ðð ð¿ðððð ð¸ð¥ðð ð¡ððð ð¿ððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ (A-55) ð ðð ð¢ððððððð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦, ðððð¥ðððð ððð£ððððð¡ ð¡ððð ðð ðð ðâððð¡ ððð£ððððð¡ ððððððð ð·ððð¡â ðð ð ðð ð¢ððððððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð´ð ðâððð¡ ð·ððð ðð¡ð¦ ð¡ððð ðð¡â ð ðððð¤ðð¦ ð¿ðððð¡â ðð (A-56) ð ðð ð¢ððððððð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦, ððððð ððð£ððððð¡ ð¦ð ðð ððð£ððððð¡ ð ð¢ððððð ð ðð ð¢ððððððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð ðððð¤ðð¦ ð¿ðððð¡â ðð (A-57) ð ðð ð¢ððððððð ð¶ðð ð¡, ðððð¥ðððð ððð£ððððð¡ $ ð ðð ð¢ððððððð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ð¡ððð ðð ðâððð¡ ððð ð¡ ððð ð¡ðð (A-58) ð ðð ð¢ððððððð ð¶ðð ð¡, ððððð ððð£ððððð¡ $ ð ðð ð¢ððððððð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ð¦ð ððð ð¢ððððððð ððð ð¡ ððð ð¦ð (A-59) Surfacing Width, Quantity, and Cost of Widened Traveled Way The cost procedure allows for the option of widening to the outside or into the median. These equations apply to the side that is being widened. The other direction will be zero. The surfacing width of the widened traveled way [see Equation (A-60)], surfacing quantity [see Equations (A-61) and (A-62)] and surfacing cost [see Equations (A-63) and (A-64)] are determined. This only refers to additional lane width that is added due to the improvement project. The quantity and cost are dependent on the pavement type. ðð¢ððððððð ðððð¡â ððð ððððððð ðððð£ðððð ððð¦ ðð¡ ðð¢ðððð ðð ð¿ðððð ð¼ððððð£ðð ð¿ððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð¸ð¥ðð ð¡ððð ð¿ððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ (A-60) ðð¢ððððððð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ððð ððððððð ðððð£ðððð ððð¦,ðððð¥ðððð ððð£ððððð¡ ð¡ððð ðð ðð ðâððð¡ ððð£ððððð¡ ð·ððð¡â ðð ðð¢ððððððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð´ð ðâððð¡ ð·ððð ðð¡ð¦ ð¡ððð ðð¡â ð ðððð¤ðð¦ ð¿ðððð¡â ðð 5280 ðð¡1 ðð 1 ðð¡ 12 ðð (A-61) ðð¢ððððððð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ððð ððððððð ðððð£ðððð ððð¦, ððððð ððð£ððððð¡ ð¦ð ðð¢ððððððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð ðððð¤ðð¦ ð¿ðððð¡â ðð (A-62) ðð¢ððððððð ð¶ðð ð¡ ððð ððððððð ðððð£ðððð ððð¦,ðððð¥ðððð ððð£ððððð¡ $ ðð¢ððððððð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ð¡ððð ðð ðð ðâððð¡ ðð ðâððð¡ ððð ð¡ ððð ð¡ðð (A-63)
A-13 ðð¢ððððððð ð¶ðð ð¡ ððð ððððððð ðððð£ðððð ððð¦, ððððð ððð£ððððð¡ $ ðð¢ððððððð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ð¦ð ððð ð¢ððððððð ððð ð¡ ððð ð¦ð (A-64) Additional Base Width, Quantity, and Cost of Widened Traveled Way The additional base width for the widened traveled way [see Equation (A-65)], additional base quantity [see Equation (A-66)] and additional base cost [see Equation (A-67)] are calculated for the base under the widened portion of lanes. ð´ðððð¡ððððð ðµðð ð ðððð¡â ððð ððððððð ðððð£ðððð ððð¦ ðð¡ ðð¢ððððððð ðððð¡â ððð ððððððð ðððð£ðððð ððð¦ ðð¡ (A-65) ð´ðððð¡ððððð ðµðð ð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ððð ððððððð ðððð£ðððð ððð¦ ð¦ð ðµðð ð ð·ððð¡â ðð ð´ðððð¡ððððð ðµðð ð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð ðððð¤ðð¦ ð¿ðððð¡â ðð (A-66) ð´ðððð¡ððððð ðµðð ð ð¶ðð ð¡ ððð ððððððð ðððð£ðððð ððð¦ $ ð´ðððð¡ððððð ðµðð ð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ð¦ð ððð ð ððð ð¡ ððð ð¦ð (A-67) Shoulder Milling Cost for Existing Roadway The shoulder milling width [see Equations (A-68) and (A-69)], quantity [see Equation (A-70)] and cost [see Equation (A-71)] are calculated for the existing roadway. Note that if the lanes are being widened, then shoulder milling does not take place. New shoulders will be constructed regardless of whether the shoulder widths change during the improvement. If the surfacing width for widened traveled way equals zero and the existing paved shoulder width and improved paved shoulder width are the same, then the shoulder milling width equals zero. If the surfacing width for widened traveled way equals zero and the improved paved shoulder width is different than the existing paved shoulder width, use Equation (A-68). If the surfacing width for widened traveled way does not equal zero, use Equation (A-69). Sâðð¢ðððð ððððððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ 2 ð¸ð¥ðð ð¡ððð ððð£ðð ðâðð¢ðððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ (A-68) ðâðð¢ðððð ððððððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ðð¢ðððð ðð ð¿ðððð ð¸ð¥ðð ð¡ððð ð¿ððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ 2 ð¸ð¥ðð ð¡ððð ððð£ðð ðâðð¢ðððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ðð¢ðððð ðð ð¿ðððð ð¼ððððð£ðð ð¿ððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ (A-69) If the improved lane width is greater than the existing lane width, then the shoulder milling quantity equals zero. Otherwise use Equation (A-70). ðâðð¢ðððð ððððððð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ð¦ð ðâðð¢ðððð ððððððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð ðððð¤ðð¦ ð¿ðððð¡â ðð (A-70)
A-14 ðâðð¢ðððð ððððððð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ðâðð¢ðððð ððððððð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ð¦ð ð âðð¢ðððð ððððððð ððð ð¡ ððð ð¦ð (A-71) Shoulder Resurfacing Cost for Existing Roadway Next, the shoulder resurfacing width [see Equation (A-72)], quantity [see Equations (A-73) and (A-74)] and cost [see Equations (A-75) and (A-76)] are determined for the existing roadway. Similar to the shoulder milling, shoulder resurfacing only takes place when the lane widths do not change as a result of the 3R project. If the shoulder milling width equals zero, then the shoulder resurfacing width equals zero. If the shoulder milling width does not equal zero and the surfacing width for widened traveled way is greater than zero, then the shoulder resurfacing width equals zero. If the shoulder milling width does not equal zero and the surfacing width for widened traveled way is not greater than zero, use Equation (A-72). ðâðð¢ðððð ð ðð ð¢ððððððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ 2 ð¸ð¥ðð ð¡ððð ððð£ðð ðâðð¢ðððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ (A-72) ðâðð¢ðððð ð ðð ð¢ððððððð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦,ðððð¥ðððð ððð£ððððð¡ ð¡ððð ðð ðð ðâððð¡ ðâðð¢ðððð ððððððð ð·ððð¡â ðð ðâðð¢ðððð ð ðð ð¢ððððððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð´ð ðâððð¡ ð·ððð ðð¡ð¦ ð¡ððð ðð¡â ð ðððð¤ðð¦ ð¿ðððð¡â ðð 5280 ðð¡1 ðð 1 ðð¡ 12 ðð (A-73) ðâðð¢ðððð ð ðð ð¢ððððððð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦, ððððð ððð£ððððð¡ ð¦ð ðâðð¢ðððð ð ðð ð¢ððððððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð ðððð¤ðð¦ ð¿ðððð¡â ðð (A-74) ðâðð¢ðððð ð ðð ð¢ððððððð ð¶ðð ð¡,ðððð¥ðððð ððð£ððððð¡ $ ðâðð¢ðððð ð ðð ð¢ððððððð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ð¡ððð ðð ðð ðâððð¡ ðð ðâððð¡ ððð ð¡ ððð ð¡ðð (A-75) ðâðð¢ðððð ð ðð ð¢ððððððð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ðâðð¢ðððð ð ðð ð¢ððððððð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ð¦ð ððð ð¢ððððððð ððð ð¡ ððð ð¦ð (A-76) Paving Cost for New Shoulder The new shoulder pavement width [see Equations (A-77) and (A-78)], quantity [see Equations (A-79) and (A-80)] and cost [see Equations (A-81) and (A-82)] is calculated. Shoulder widening refers to new shoulder pavement. New shoulder pavement occurs anytime additional lane width is added regardless of whether the paved shoulder width increases. If the lane width remains the same, new shoulder pavement is present only if the paved shoulder width increases as a result of the 3R project. If the surfacing width for widened traveled way is greater than zero, use Equation (A-77). Otherwise, use Equation (A-78).
A-15 ððð¤ ðâðð¢ðððð ððð£ððððð¡ ðððð¡â ðð¡ 2 ð¼ððððð£ðð ððð£ðð ðâðð¢ðððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ (A-77) ððð¤ ðâðð¢ðððð ððð£ððððð¡ ðððð¡â ðð¡ 2 ð¼ððððð£ðð ððð£ðð ðâðð¢ðððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð¸ð¥ðð ð¡ððð ððð£ðð ðâðð¢ðððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ (A-78) ððð¤ ðâðð¢ðððð ððð£ððððð¡ ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦,ðððð¥ðððð ððð£ððððð¡ ð¡ððð ðð ðð ðâððð¡ ðâðð¢ðððð ð·ððð¡â ðð ððð¤ ðâðð¢ðððð ððð£ððððð¡ ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð´ð ðâððð¡ ð·ððð ðð¡ð¦ ð¡ððð ðð¡â ð ðððð¤ðð¦ ð¿ðððð¡â ðð (A-79) ððð¤ ðâðð¢ðððð ððð£ððððð¡ ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦, ððððð ððð£ððððð¡ ð¦ð ððð¤ ðâðð¢ðððð ððð£ððððð¡ ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð ðððð¤ðð¦ ð¿ðððð¡â ðð (A-80) ððð¤ ðâðð¢ðððð ððð£ððððð¡ ð¶ðð ð¡,ðððð¥ðððð ððð£ððððð¡ $ ððð¤ ðâðð¢ðððð ððð£ððððð¡ ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ð¡ððð ðð ðð ðâððð¡ ðð ðâððð¡ ððð ð¡ ððð ð¡ðð (A-81) ððð¤ ðâðð¢ðððð ððð£ððððð¡ ð¶ðð ð¡, ððððð ððð£ððððð¡ $ ððð¤ ðâðð¢ðððð ððð£ððððð¡ ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ð¦ð ððð ð¢ððððððð ððð ð¡ ððð ð¦ð (A-82) Shoulder Base Width The shoulder base width [see Equation (A-83)], quantity [see Equation (A-84)] and cost [see Equation (A-85)] are determined. Shoulder base refers to the base installed under any new shoulder pavement. ðâðð¢ðððð ðµðð ð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ððð¤ ðâðð¢ðððð ððð£ððððð¡ ðððð¡â ðð¡ (A-83) ðâðð¢ðððð ðµðð ð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ð¦ð ðâðð¢ðððð ðµðð ð ð·ððð¡â ðð ðâðð¢ðððð ðµðð ð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð ðððð¤ðð¦ ð¿ðððð¡â ðð (A-84) ðâðð¢ðððð ðµðð ð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ðâðð¢ðððð ðµðð ð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ð¦ð ððð ð ððð ð¡ ððð ð¦ð (A-85) Additional Embankment Cost (Earthwork) The same equations are used for the embankment due to change in the roadside slope and the slope in the median. The cost estimate tool determines the cost of additional roadside embankment needed for the project. First, the embankment quantity is calculated, followed by the cost calculation [see Equation (A-89)].
A-16 If the existing slope and the improved slope are the same and Equation (A-86) is true, then the embankment quantity equals zero. Otherwise, use Equation (A-87) to calculate the embankment quantity. ðð¢ððððððð ðððð¡â ððð ððððððð ðððð£ðððð ððð¦ ðð¡ ððð¤ ðâðð¢ðððð ððð£ððððð¡ ðððð¡â ðð¡ 2 ð¼ððððð£ðð ððððð£ðð ðâðð¢ðððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð¸ð¥ðð ð¡ððð ððððð£ðð ðâðð¢ðððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ 0 (A-86) ð¸ððððððððð¡ ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ð¦ð â© ðð¢ððððððð ðððð¡â ððð ððððððð ðððð£ðððð ððð¦ ðð¡ ððð¤ ðâðð¢ðððð ððð£ððððð¡ ðððð¡â ðð¡ 2 ð¼ððððð£ðð ððððð£ðð ðâðð¢ðððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð¸ð¥ðð ð¡ððð ððððð£ðð ðâðð¢ðððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ⪠ð¸ððððððððð¡ ð»ðððâð¡ ðð¡ ððððð ð ðð¡ðð ððð ð¼ððððð£ðð ððððð ð¸ððððððððð¡ ð»ðððâð¡ ðð¡ 2 ð ðððð¤ðð¦ ð¿ðððð¡â ðð (A-87) Use Equation (A-88) to calculate the slope ratio for improved slope. For example, Figure A-2 shows a slope whose slope ratio equals four. ððððð ð ðð¡ðð ððð ð¼ððððð£ðð ððððð ð»ðððð§ððð¡ðð ð¶ðððððððð¡ ððð ð¼ððððð£ðð ððððððððð¡ðððð ð¶ðððððððð¡ ððð ð¼ððððð£ðð ððððð (A-88) Figure A-2. Roadside Foreslope with Slope Rate of 4. If the embankment quantity is greater than or equal to zero then use Equation (A-89) to determine the embankment cost. Otherwise, the embankment cost is zero. ð¸ððððððððð¡ ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ð¸ððððððððð¡ ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ð¦ð ðððð¡âð¤ððð ððð ð¡ ððð ð¦ð (A-89) Roadside Barrier Cost If roadside or median barrier is added as part of the 3R project, the cost estimation tool calculates the cost [see Equation (A-90)] of the guardrail addition. ðºð¢ððððððð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ðºð¢ððððððð ð¿ðððð¡â ðð¡ ðð¢ððððððð ððð ð¡ ððð ðððððð ðððð¡ (A-90) Horizontal Slope 1 4 V er tic al S lo pe Co m po ne nt
A-17 Median Barrier Cost If roadside or median barrier is added as part of the 3R project, the cost estimation tool calculates the cost [see Equation (A-91)] of the guardrail addition. ðºð¢ððððððð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ðºð¢ððððððð ð¿ðððð¡â ðð¡ ðð¢ððððððð ððð ð¡ ððð ðððððð ðððð¡ (A-91) Incidental costs [see Equation (A-92)] are a percentage of the total cost of base, pavement, embankment and guardrail. Table A-4 shows how these percentages are derived based on the road type. Table A-4. Incidental Cost Percentages by Road Type for Freeways Drainage EC TC Sign/PM Lighting Total Rural 4âLane Freeway 0.9% 0.3% 8.0% 5.0% 0.0% 14.2% Rural 6âLane Freeway 0.4% 0.3% 8.0% 6.0% 0.0% 14.7% Urban 4âLane Freeway 8.0% 0.4% 8.5% 7.0% 1.0% 24.9% Urban 6âLane Freeway 7.0% 0.4% 9.0% 10.0% 1.0% 27.4% Urban 8âLaneFreeway 6.0% 0.5% 9.0% 10.0% 1.0% 27.0% ð¼ððððððð¡ðð ð¶ðð ð¡ð $ ððð¡ðð ð¼ððððððð¡ðð ððððððð¡ððð ððð ð ðððð¡ð¦ðð % ððððððð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ð ðð ð¢ððððððð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ðð¢ððððððð ð¶ðð ð¡ ððð ððððððð ðððð£ðððð ððð¦ $ ð´ðððð¡ððððð ðµðð ð ð¶ðð ð¡ ððð ððððððð ðððð£ðððð ððð¦ $ ðâðð¢ðððð ððððððð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ðâðð¢ðððð ð ðð ð¢ððððððð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ððð¤ ðâðð¢ðððð ððð£ððððð¡ ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ðâðð¢ðððð ðµðð ð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ððððð£ðð ðâðð¢ðððð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ð¸ððððððððð¡ ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ðºð¢ððððððð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ (A-92) Right-of-Way Cost The distance to the right-of-way line, defined as the distance in feet from the reference line (inside edge of pavement) to the outside edge of the roadside foreslope, is calculated [see Equations (A-93) and (A-95)] for existing and improved conditions. The formula for the slope ratio for existing slope is shown in Equation (A-94). ð·ðð ð¡ðððð ð¡ð ð ðð ð¿ððð ððð ð¸ð¥ðð ð¡ððð ð ðððð¤ðð¦ ð¸ð¥ðð ð¡ððð ð¿ððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð¸ð¥ðð ð¡ððð ððð£ðð ðâðð¢ðððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð¸ð¥ðð ð¡ððð ððððð£ðð ðâðð¢ðððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð¸ððððððððð¡ ð»ðððâð¡ ðð¡ ððððð ð ðð¡ðð ððð ð¸ð¥ðð ð¡ððð ððððð (A-93) ððððð ð ðð¡ðð ððð ð¸ð¥ðð ð¡ððð ððððð ð»ðððð§ððð¡ðð ð¶ðððððððð¡ ððð ð¸ð¥ðð ð¡ððð ððððððððð¡ðððð ð¶ðððððððð¡ ððð ð¸ð¥ðð ð¡ððð ððððð (A-94)
A-18 ð·ðð ð¡ðððð ð¡ð ð ðð ð¿ððð ððð ð¼ððððð£ðð ð ðððð¤ðð¦ ð¼ððððð£ðð ð¿ððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð¼ððððð£ðð ððð£ðð ðâðð¢ðððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð¼ððððð£ðð ððððð£ðð ðâðð¢ðððð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð¸ððððððððð¡ ð»ðððâð¡ ðð¡ ððððð ð ðð¡ðð ððð ð¼ððððð£ðð ððððð (A-95) Next, the right-of-way width [see Equation (A-96)], quantity [see Equation (A-97)] and cost [see Equation (A-98)] are determined. Table A-5 displays the right-of-way cost per acre as a function of road type. Table A-5. Right-of-Way Cost per Acre by Road Type ROW cost per acre Rural 4âLane Freeway $25,000 Rural 6âLane Freeway $50,000 Urban 4âLane Freeway $100,000 Urban 6âLane Freeway $250,000 Urban 8âLaneFreeway $500,000 ð ðð ðððð¡â ðð¡ 2 ð·ðð ð¡ðððð ð¡ð ð ðð ð¿ððð ððð ð¼ððððð£ðð ð ðððð¤ðð¦ ðð¡ ð·ðð ð¡ðððð ð¡ð ð ðð ð¿ððð ððð ð¸ð¥ðð ð¡ððð ð ðððð¤ðð¦ ðð¡ (A-96) ð ðð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ðððð ð ðð ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð ðððð¤ðð¦ ð¿ðððð¡â ðð (A-97) If the ROW quantity is greater than or equal to zero, then use Equation (A-98) to calculate the ROW cost. Otherwise, the ROW cost equals zero. ð ðð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ð ðð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ðððð ð ðð ð¶ðð ð¡ ððð ðððð (A-98) Total Improvement Cost Lastly, the total cost [see Equation (A-99)] of the project is calculated. The net cost [see Equation (A-100)] is the total cost of the 3R project without milling and resurfacing of the lanes. ððð¡ðð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ð¼ððððððð¡ðð ð¶ðð ð¡ð $ ð ðð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ððððððð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ð ðð ð¢ððððððð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ðð¢ððððððð ð¶ðð ð¡ ððð ððððððð ðððð£ðððð ððð¦ $ ð´ðððð¡ððððð ðµðð ð ð¶ðð ð¡ ððð ððððððð ðððð£ðððð ððð¦ $ ðâðð¢ðððð ððððððð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ðâðð¢ðððð ð ðð ð¢ððððððð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ððð¤ ðâðð¢ðððð ððð£ððððð¡ ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ðâðð¢ðððð ðµðð ð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ððððð£ðð ðâðð¢ðððð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ð¸ððððððððð¡ ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ðºð¢ððððððð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ (A-99) ððð¡ ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ððð¡ðð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ððððððð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ð ðð ð¢ððððððð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ (A-100)
A-19 A.2.2 Cost Estimates for Stand-Alone Improvements There are other items that may be added with a 3R project. The stand-alone improvement cost estimation tool calculates the cost of increasing these additional items. A.2.2.1 Freeway Project Input The following input data are needed for freeway projects in addition to the basic input data set for nonfreeway projects presented in Section A.1.1.1. The number of lanes is specified as part of the roadway type. The following roadway characteristics also need to be specified and are assumed to remain the same both before and after project: ï· Pavement type (flexible, rigid) ï· Deflection angle of curve (degrees) ï· Pavement depth (in); needed for flexible pavement only ï· Pavement milling depth (in); needed for flexible pavement only ï· Pavement base depth (in) ï· Shoulder pavement depth (in); needed for flexible pavement only ï· Shoulder pavement milling depth (in); needed for flexible pavement only ï· Shoulder base depth (in) Input length of roadway in miles. Length of added roadside barrier. Length of removal of old roadside barrier. Length of added median barrier. Length of removal of old median barrier. Superelevation correction, input existing and proposed superelevation rates. Length of curve. Transition length. Laneline pavement markings â Thermoplastic, reflective tape, none Edgeline pavement markings â Thermoplastic, reflective tape, none Delineator posts â rural, urban, none A.2.2.2 Cost Estimating Procedures The estimated cost for these additional improvement items is estimated with the following sequence of equations. The unit cost and estimating assumptions are presented in Section A.2.3.
A-20 Addition of Inside and Outside Shoulder Rumble Strips ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ððð ð ð¢ðððð ðð¡ðððð ð¿ð¹ ð ðððð¤ðð¦ ð¿ðððð¡â ðð â 2 ðð ððð¡â ð ðððð (A-101) ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ð ð¢ðððð ðð¡ððð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ð¿ð¹ ð¶ðð ð¡ ððð ð¿ð¹ (A-102) Pavement Markings ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ððð ð¿ðððððððð ð¿ð¹ ð ðððð¤ðð¦ ð¿ðððð¡â ðð â 1.25 ððð 8 ððððð , 1.0 ððð 6 ððððð , .5 ððð 4 ððððð (A-103) ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ððð ð¸ðððððððð ð¿ð¹ ð ðððð¤ðð¦ ð¿ðððð¡â ðð â 4 (A-104) ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ðð¡ðððððð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ð¿ð¹ ð¶ðð ð¡ ððð ð¿ð¹ (A-105) ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ððð ð ððð ðð ððððððð ð¸ð´ ð ðððð¤ðð¦ ð¿ðððð¡â ðð â 6 ððð 8 ððððð , 4 ððð 6 ððððð , 2 ððð 4 ððððð /(Marker Spacing) (A-106) ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ð ððð ðð ðððððð ðð¢ððð¡ðð¡ð¦ ð¸ð´ ð¶ðð ð¡ ððð ð¸ð´ (A-107) Fixed Object Treatment If a fixed object is identified as part of the project, the cost estimation tool includes the cost of the removal of the object or shielding with an attenuator. ð ðððð£ðð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ðð¢ðððð ðð ð»ðð§ðððð ð ðððð£ðð ð¸ð´ ð ðððð£ðð ððð ð¡ ððð ð¸ððâ (A-108) ð´ð¡ð¡ððð¢ðð¡ðð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ðð¢ðððð ðð ð´ð¡ð¡ððð¢ðð¡ððð ð¸ð´ ð´ð¡ð¡ððð¢ðð¡ðð ððð ð¡ ððð ðððð¡ (A-109) Roadside or Median Barrier Cost If additional barrier is added or being replaced as part of the project, the cost estimation tool calculates the cost of the barrier removal and installation. ðµðððððð ð ðððð£ðð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ð ðððð£ðð ð¿ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð ðððð£ðð ððð ð¡ ððð ðððððð ðððð¡ (A-110) ðµðððððð ð¼ðð ð¡ððððð¡ððð ð¶ðð ð¡ $ ð¼ðð ð¡ððððð¡ððð ð¿ðððð¡â ðð¡ ð¼ðð ð¡ððððð¡ððð ððð ð¡ ððð ðððððð ðððð¡ (A-111)
A-21 A.2.3 Unit Costs and Assumptions Table A-6 contains the unit costs used in the cost estimation procedures of Sections A.2.1 and A.2.2. Table A-6. Unit Costs for Freeway Projects Type Unit Unit cost Milling yd2 $2 Asphalt Pavement Resurfacing ton $65 Rigid Pavement Resurfacing yd2 $45 Base ton $10 Shoulder Milling yd2 $2 Unpaved Shoulder yd2 $1 Earthwork yd $8 Guardrail ft $40 Cable Barrier ft $15 Concrete Barrier ft $165 Guardrail Removal ft $2 Cable Barrier Removal ft $1 Concrete Barrier Removal ft $10 Pavement Removal yd2 $10 Thermoplastic Marking Line ft $0.75 Reflective Marking Tape ft $4 Raised Pavement Markers each $25 Delineators each $60 Attenuators each $1,500 Remove Obstacles each $10,000 Table A-7 shows the right-of-way cost per acre for each of the six road types in the cost estimation procedure presented in Section A.2.1. Table A-7. Right-of-Way Cost per Acre by Road Type for Freeways ROW cost per acre Rural 4-Lane Freeway $25,000 Rural 6-Lane Freeway $50,000 Urban 4-Lane Freeway $100,000 Urban 6-Lane Freeway $250,000 Urban 8-LaneFreeway $500,000 The asphalt density assumed for quantity calculations is 115 tons/1500 ft3.