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NCHRP Web-Only Document 291: Development of a Posted Speed Limit Setting Procedure and Tool 163 REFERENCES 1 Fitzpatrick, K., S. Das, M. P. Pratt, K. Dixon, and T. Gates (2021) NCHRP Research Report 966: Posted Speed Limit Setting Procedure and Tool: User Guide. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. 2 FHWA (undated) Speed Limit Basics. FHWA-SA-16-076. https://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/speedmgt/ref_mats/fhwasa16076/fhwasa16076.pdf. Accessed November 2019. 3 Stamatiadis, N., A. Kirk, D. Hartman, J. Jasper, S. Wright, M. King, and R. Chellman (2017) NCHRP Research Report 855: An Expanded Functional Classification System for Highways and Streets. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. 4 Forbes, G. J. (2011) NCHRP Synthesis 412: Speed Reduction Techniques for Rural High- to-Low Speed Transitions. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC. 5 Torbic, D. J., D. K. Gilmore, K. M. Bauer, C. D. Bokenkroger, D. W. Harwood, L. M. Lucas, R. J. Frzier, C. S. Kinzel, D. L. Petree, and M. D. Forsberg (2012) NCHRP Report 737: Design Guidance for High-Speed to Low-Speed Transition Zones for Rural Highways. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington DC. 6 NACTO (2017) Creating Safe, Sustainable, Multi-Modal Urban Transportation. NACTO Policy 2017. https://nacto.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/NACTO-Policy-2017.pdf. Accessed October 7, 2017. 7 National Transportation Safety Board (2017) Reducing Speeding-Related Crashes Involving Passenger Vehicles. Safety Study NTSB/SS-17/01. https://www.ntsb.gov/safety/safety-studies/Documents/SS1701.pdf. Accessed October 12, 2017. 8 . Federal Highway Administration (2009) Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways. http://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov. Accessed November 20, 2019. 9 Gitelman, V., E. Doveh, and S. Bekhor (2017) The relationship between free-flow travel speeds, infrastructure characteristics and accidents, on single-carriageway roads. Science Direct Transportation Research Procedia 25, 2026–2043. 10 Gargoum, S. A., and K. El-Basyouny (2016) Exploring the association between speed and safety: a path analysis approach. Accident Analysis and Prevention 93, 32–40. 11 Srinivasan, R., M. Parker, D. Harkey, D. Tharpe, and R. Sumner (2006) Expert System for Recommending Speed Limits in Speed Zones: Final Report. https://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/uslimits/documents/finalreport.pdf. Accessed November 20, 2019. 12 City of Portland (2016) Proposed Experimental Alternative Speed Zone. https://www.portlandoregon.gov/transportation/article/595455. Accessed September 6, 2019. 13 Ministry of Transport (2003) Speed Limits New Zealand: Guidelines for Setting Speed Limits and Procedures for Calculating Speed Limits. https://www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/rules/setting-speed-limits-2003/#schedule1. Accessed January 24, 2017. 14 Solomon, D. (1964) Accidents on Main Rural Highways Related to Speed, Driver, and Vehicle. U.S. Government Printing Office.

NCHRP Web-Only Document 291: Development of a Posted Speed Limit Setting Procedure and Tool 164 15 FHWA (2017) User Guide for USLIMITS2. https://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/uslimits/documents/appendix-l-user-guide.pdf. Accessed November 20, 2019. 16 AASHTO (2010) Highway Safety Manual, 1st edition. AASHTO. 17 AASHTO (2018) A Policy on the Geometric Design of Highways and Streets. AASHTO. 18 Traffic Engineering & Operations Office, Florida Department of Transportation (2018) Speed Zoning for Highways, Road & Streets in Florida. Topic #750-010-002. https://fdotwww.blob.core.windows.net/sitefinity/docs/default- source/traffic/speedzone/2019-01-28_speed-zoning-manual_august- 2018.pdf?sfvrsn=ac20bad7_0. Accessed December 18, 2019. 19 Bonneson, J. A., and P. T. McCoy (1997) Effect of median treatment on urban arterial safety: an accident prediction model. Transportation Research Record: No. 1581, 27–36. 20 Greibe, P. (2003) Accident prediction models for urban roads. Accident Analysis & Prevention 35 (2), 273–285. 21 Das, A., and M. A. Abdel-Aty (2011) A combined frequency–severity approach for the analysis of rear-end crashes on urban arterials. Safety Science 49, 1156–1163. 22 Fridstrom, L., J. Ifver, S. Ingebrigtsen, R. Kulmala, and L. K. Thomsen (1995) Measuring the contribution of randomness, exposure, weather and daylight to the variation in road accident counts. Accident Analysis & Prevention 27 (1), 1–20. 23 Lord, D. (2000) The Prediction of Accidents on Digital Networks: Characteristics and Issues Related to the Application of Accident Prediction Models. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, p. 297. 24 Lord, D. (2006) Modeling motor vehicle crashes using Poisson–gamma models: examining the effects of low sample mean values and small sample size on the estimation of the fixed dispersion parameter. Accident Analysis & Prevention 38, 751–766. 25 Hauer, E., F. M. Council, and Y. Mohammedshah (2004) Safety models for urban four-lane undivided road segments. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1897, 96–105. 26 Strathman, J., K. Duecker, J. Zhang, and T. Williams (2001) Analysis of Design Attributes and Crashes on the Oregon Highway System. Final Report SPR 321, Center for Urban Studies, Portland State University. 27 EI-Basyouny, K., and T. Sayed (2009) Accident prediction models with random arterial parameters. Accident Analysis & Prevention 41 (5), 1118–1123. 28 Gomes, S. V. (2013) The influence of the infrastructure characteristics on urban road accidents occurrence. Accident Analysis & Prevention 60, 289–297. 29 Ferreira, S., and A. Couto (2015) A probabilistic approach towards a crash risk assessment of urban segments. Transportation Research Part C 50, 97–105. 30 Dong, C., S. Richards, Q. Yang, and X. Jiang (2014) Examining the influence of speed limits for multilane highways with curbs and gutters. Journal of Transportation Engineering 140 (10). 31 Kononov, J., B. A. Bailey, and B. K. Allery (2008) Relationships between safety and both congestion and number of lanes on urban freeways. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2083, 26–39.

NCHRP Web-Only Document 291: Development of a Posted Speed Limit Setting Procedure and Tool 165 32 Hanbali, R. M., and C. J. Fornal (1997) Methodology for evaluating effectiveness of traffic-responsive systems on intersection congestion and traffic safety. Transportation Research Record, No. 1603, 137–149. 33 Stipancic, J., L. Miranda-Moreno, and N. Saunier (2017) Impact of congestion and traffic flow on crash frequency and severity: application of smartphone-collected gps travel data. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2659, 43–54. 34 Jovanis, P. P., and H. L. Chang (1986) Modeling the relationship of accidents to miles traveled. Transportation Research Record, No.1068, 42–51. 35 Wang, X., Q. Zhou, M. Quddus, T. Fan, and S. Fang (2018) Speed, speed variation and crash relationships for urban arterials. Accident Analysis & Prevention 113, 243. 36 Islam, T., and K. El-Basyouny (2015) Full Bayesian evaluation of the safety effects of reducing the posted speed limit in urban residential area. Accident Analysis & Prevention 80, 18–25. 37 Wasielewski, P. (1984) Speed as a measure of driver risk: observed speeds versus driver and vehicle characteristics. Accident Analysis & Prevention 16 (2), 89–103. 38 Giles, M. J. (2003) Correcting for selectivity bias in the estimation of road crash costs. Applied Economics 35 (11), 1291–1301. 39 Fildes, B., G. Rumbold, and A. Leening (1991) Speed Behaviour and Drivers’ Attitude to Speeding. Monash University Accident Research Centre (Report 16). 40 Cirillo, J. A. (1968) Interstate System Accident Research Study II, Interim Report II. Public Roads 35 (2), 71–75. 41 Garber, N. J., and R. Gadiraju (1988) Speed Variance and Its Influence on Accidents. AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety. 42 Elvik, R. (2009) The Power Model of the Relationship between Speed and Road Safety: Update and New Analyses. Institute of Transport Economics (Report No. 1034). 43 Dixit, V. V., A. Pande, M. Abdel-Aty, A. Das, and E. Radwan (2011) Quality of traffic Flow on urban arterial streets and its relationship with safety. Accident Analysis & Prevention 43 (5), 1610–1616. 44 Tay, R. (2015) A random parameters probit model of urban and rural intersection crashes. Accident Analysis & Prevention 84, 38–40. 45 Taylor, M., A. Baruya, and J. Kennedy (2002) The Relationship between Speed and Accidents on Rural Single-Carriageway Roads. https://trl.co.uk/sites/default/files/TRL511.pdf. Accessed December 18, 2019. 46 Elvik, R., P. Christensen, and A. Amundsen (2004) Speed and Road Accidents: An Evaluation of the Power Model. TØI Report 740. 47 Shi, Q., M. Abdel-Aty, and R. Yu (2016) Multi-level Bayesian safety analysis with unprocessed automatic vehicle identification data for an urban expressway. Accident Analysis & Prevention 88, 68–76. 48 Fitzpatrick, K., P. Carlson, M. A. Brewer, and M. D. Wooldridge (2001) Design factors that affect driver speed on suburban streets. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. No. 1751, 18–25. 49 Fitzpatrick, K., P. Carlson, M. A. Brewer, M. D. Wooldridge, and S. P. Miaou (2003) NCHRP Report 504: Design Speed, Operating Speed, and Posted Speed Practices. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC.

NCHRP Web-Only Document 291: Development of a Posted Speed Limit Setting Procedure and Tool 166 50 Ali, A., A. Flannery, and M. Venigalla (2007) Prediction Models for Free Flow Speed on Urban Streets. Presented at the 86th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. 51 Figueroa, A., and A. Tarko (2004) Reconciling Speed Limits with Design Speeds. Report No. FHWA/IN/JTRP-2004/26, Purdue University. 52 Nie, B., and Y. Hassan (2007) Modeling Driver Speed Behavior on Horizontal Curves of Different Road Classifications. Presented at 86th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. 53 Thiessen, A., K. El-Basyouny, and S. Gargoum (2017) Operating speed models for tangent segments on urban roads. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No, 2618, 91–99. 54 Eluru, N., V. Chakour, M. Chamberlain, and L. F. Miranda-Moreno (2013) Modeling vehicle operating speed on urban roads in Montreal: A panel mixed ordered probit fractional split model. Accident Analysis & Prevention 59, 125–134. 55 Chandler, B. E. (2013) Signalized Intersections Informational Guide, 2nd edition. Federal Highway Administration, FHWA-SA-13-027. 56 Harwood, D. W., K. M. Bauer, K. R. Richard, D. K. Gilmore, J. L. Graham, I. B. Potts, D. J. Torbic, and E. Hauer (2008) NCHRP Web-Only Document 129: Phases I and II: Methodology to Predict the Safety Performance of Urban and Suburban Arterials. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC. 57 Persaud and Lyon Inc., and Felsburg Holt & Ullevig (2009) Safety Performance Functions for Intersections. Publication CDOT-2009-10, Colorado Department of Transportation. 58 Hauer, E. (1999) Safety in Geometric Design Standards. University of Toronto, Department of Civil Engineering. 59 Abdel-Aty, M. A., and A. E. Radwan (2000) Modeling traffic accident occurrence and involvement. Accident Analysis & Prevention 32 (5), 633–642. 60 Bonneson, J. A., M. Pratt, J. Miles, and P. Carlson (2007) Development of Guidelines for Establishing Effective Curve Advisory Speeds. Texas Transportation Institute. 61 Abdel-Aty, M., and M. F. Abdalla (2004) Linking roadway geometrics and real-time traffic characteristics to model daytime freeway crashes: generalized estimating equations for correlated data. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1897, 106–115. 62 Milton, J., and F. Mannering (1998) The relationship among highway geometrics, traffic- elements and motor-vehicle accident frequencies. Transportation 25 (4), 395–413. 63 Haynes, R., A. Jones, V. Kennedy, I. Harvey, and T. Jewell (2007) District variations inroad curvature in England and wales and their association with road-traffic crashes. Environment and Planning A 39 (5), 1222. 64 Ahmed, M., H. Huang, M. Abdel-Aty, and B. Guevara (2011) Exploring a Bayesian hierarchical approach for developing safety performance functions for a mountainous freeway. Accident Analysis & Prevention 43 (4), 1581–1589. 65 McLean, J. (1981) Driver speed behaviour and rural road alignment design. Traffic Engineering & Control 22 (4), 208–211. 66 Fitzpatrick, K., C. B. Shamburger, R. A. Krammes, and D. B. Fambro (1997) Operating speeds on suburban arterial curves. Transportation Research Record, No.1579, 89–96.

NCHRP Web-Only Document 291: Development of a Posted Speed Limit Setting Procedure and Tool 167 67 Poe, C. M., and J. M. Mason Jr. (2000) Analyzing influence of geometric design on operating speeds along low-speed urban streets: mixed-model approach. Transportation Research Record, No. 1737, 18–25. 68 Yagar, S., and M. Van Aerde (1983) Geometric and environmental effects on speeds of two highways. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 17A, 315–325. 69 Yanmaz-Tuzel, O., and K. Ozbay (2010) A comparative full Bayesian before-and-after analysis and application to urban road safety countermeasures in New Jersey. Accident Analysis & Prevention 42 (6), 2099–2107. 70 Rahman, M. A., X. Sun, and S. Das (2018) Safety Performance Evaluation of Urban Undivided Four-Lane to Five-Lane Conversion in Louisiana. Presented at the 97th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Paper No. 18-06321, Washington, DC. 71 Sun, X., S. Das, N. Fruge, R. Bertinot, and D. Magri (2013) Four-lane to five-lane urban roadway conversions for safety. Journal of Transportation Safety & Security 5 (2), 106– 117. 72 Schultz, G. G., K. T. Braley, and T. Boschert (2008) Correlating Access Management to Crash Rate, Severity, and Collision Type. TRB 87th Annual Meeting Compendium of Papers, Washington, DC. 73 Crash Modification Factor Clearinghouse (2008) Correlating Access Management to Crash Rate, Severity, and Collision Type. http://www.cmfclearinghouse.org/study_detail.cfm?stid=133. Accessed November 20, 2019. 74 Bonneson, J. A., and P. T. McCoy (1998) Median treatment selection for existing arterial streets. ITE Journal 68 (3), 26–34. 75 Haleem, K., A. Gan, and J. Lu (2013) Using multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) to develop crash modification factors for urban freeway interchange influence areas. Accident Analysis & Prevention 55, 12– 21. 76 Lu, J., J. Park, J. Pernia, and S. Dissanayake (2003) Criteria for Setting Speed Limits in Suburban Areas in Florida. Florida Department of Transportation. 77 Wang, J., K. K. Dixon, H. Li, and M. P. Hunter (2006) Operating speed model for low- speed urban tangent sections based on in-vehicle global positioning systems. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1961, 24–33. 78 Medina, A. M. F., and A. P. Tarko (2005) Speed factors on two-lane rural highways in free-flow conditions. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No.1912, 39–46. 79 Aarts, L., and I. Van Schagen (2006) Driving speed and the risk of road crashes. Accident Analysis & Prevention 38 (2), 215–224. 80 Martens, M., S. Comte, and N. Kaptein (1997) The Effects of Road Design on Speed Behavior: A Literature Review. European Commission Under the Transport RTD Programme. 81 Mehta, G., and Y. Lu (2013) Safety Performance Function Calibration and Development for the State of Alabama: Two-Lane Two-Way Rural Roads and Four-Lane Divided Highways. Presented at the 92nd Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington, DC.

NCHRP Web-Only Document 291: Development of a Posted Speed Limit Setting Procedure and Tool 168 82 Gross, F., P. P. Jovanis, and K. Eccles (2009) Safety effectiveness of lane and shoulder width combinations on rural, two-lane, undivided roads. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2103, 42–49. 83 Park, J., M. Abdel-Aty, J. Lee, and C. Lee (2015) Developing crash modification functions to assess safety effects of adding bike lanes for urban arterials with different roadway and socio-economic characteristics. Accident Analysis & Prevention 74, 179–191. 84 Chen, L., C. Chen, R. Srinivasan, E. McKnight, R. Ewing, and M. Roe (2012) Evaluating the safety effects of bicycle lanes in New York City. American Journal of Public Health 6, 1120–1127. 85 Sadek, W. A., A. Dickason, and J. Kaplan (2007) Effectiveness of Green, High-Visibility Bike Lane and Crossing Treatment. Presented at 86th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. 86 Rodegerdts, L. A., B. Nevers, and B. Robinson (2004) Signalized Intersections: Informational Guide. FHWA-HRT-04-091, Federal Highway Administration Turner- Fairbank Highway Research Center. 87 Nosal, T., and L. F. Miranda-Moreno (2012) Cycle-Tracks, Bicycle Lanes and On-Street Cycling in Montreal, Canada: A Preliminary Comparison of the Cyclist Injury Risk. Presented at the 91st Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. 88 Lusk, A. C., P. G. Furth, P. Morency, L. F. Miranda-Moreno, W. C. Willet, and J. T. Dennerlein (2011) Risk of injury for bicycling on cycle tracks versus in the street. Injury Prevention 17, 131–135. 89 Reynolds, C., M. Harris, K. Teschke, P. Cripton, and M. Winters (2009) The impact of transportation infrastructure on bicycling injuries and crashes: a review of the literature. Environmental Health 8 (1), 47–66. 90 Jensen, S. U. (2008) Bicycle Tracks and Lanes: A Before-and-After Study. The 87th TRB Annual Meeting Compendium of Papers, Washington, DC. 91 Wang, X., T. Fan, M. Chen, B. Deng, B. Wu, and P. Tremont (2015) Safety modeling of urban arterials in Shanghai, China. Accident Analysis & Prevention 83, 57–66. 92 Nissan, A. (2012) Parkering i storstad—Trafikeffekter av parkering och angöring i olika typer av gaturum. Traffic and Logistic Division, Royal Institute of Technology (in Swedish). 93 Marshall, W., N. Garrick, and G. Hansen (2008) Reassessing on-street parking. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2046, 45–52. 94 Suna, J., T. Li, F. Feng Li, and F. Chen (2016) Analysis of safety factors for urban expressways considering the effect of congestion in Shanghai, China. Accident Analysis & Prevention 95, 503–511. 95 Wang, X., T. Fan, W. Li, R. Yu, D. Bullock, B. Wu, and P. Tremont (2016) Speed variation during peak and off-peak hours on urban arterials in Shanghai. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 67, 84–94. 96 Kattan, L., R. Tay, and S. Acharjee (2011) Managing speed at school and playground zones. Accident Analysis & Prevention 43 (5), 1887–1891. 97 Day, S. W. (2007) Assessment of Driver Speed Compliance in Rural School Zones: Comparison of Speed by School Level and Time of Day (Master’s Thesis). Clemson University.

NCHRP Web-Only Document 291: Development of a Posted Speed Limit Setting Procedure and Tool 169 98 Fitzpatrick, K., M. A. Brewer, K. Obeng-Boampong, E. S. Park, and N. Trout (2009) Speeds in School Zones. FHWA/Texas-08/5470-1, Texas Transportation Institute. 99 Trinkaus, J. (1998) Compliance with a school zone speed limit: another look. Perceptual and Motor Skills 87, 673–674. 100 Ash, K. G. (2006) Increasing Speed Limit Compliance in Reduced-Speed School Zones (Master’s Thesis). Brigham Young University. 101 Young, E., and K. Dixon (2003) The Effects of School Zones on Driver Behavior. Presented at the 2nd Urban Streets Symposium, Anaheim, CA. 102 Lazic, G. (2003) School Speed Zones: Before and After Study for City of Saskatoon. Presented at Transportation Factor 2003, Annual Conference and Exhibition of the Transportation Association of Canada. 103 Kim, S., and G. Ulfarsson (2019) Traffic safety in an aging society: analysis of older pedestrian crashes. Journal of Transportation Safety & Security 11 (3). 104 Das, S., K. Jha, K. Fitzpatrick, M. A. Brewer, and T. Shimu (2019) Pattern identification from older bicyclist fatal crashes. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No.2673, 638–649. 105 Bang, K. L., A. Carlsson, and Palgudani (1995) Development of speed-flow relationships for Indonesian rural roads using empirical data and simulation. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1484, 24–32. 106 Silvano, A., and K. Bang (2016) Impact of speed limits and road characteristics on free- flow speed in urban areas. Journal of Transportation Engineering 142 (2). 107 Wilmot, C. G., and M. Khanal (1999) Effect of speed limits on speed and safety: a review. Transportation Review 19 (4), 315–329. 108 Gargoum, S., K. El-Basyouny, and A. Kim (2016) Towards setting credible speed limits: Identifying factors that affect driver compliance on urban roads. Accident Analysis & Prevention 95, 138–148. 109 Goldenbeld, C., and I. Van Schagen (2007) The credibility of speed limits on 80 km/h rural roads: the effects of road and person (ality) characteristics. Accident Analysis & Prevention 39 (6), 1121. 110 Romancyshyn, T., A. Lesani, and L. Miranda-Moreno (2016) The Effect of Weather on Travel Speed from Bluetooth Sensor Data on a Cold-City Urban Arterial. Presented at the Transportation Research Board 95th Annual Meeting, Washington, DC. 111 Nouvier, J. (1990) Vitesses pratiquées sur autoroutes de liaison. In: Lyon., C.D. ed. 112 ONISR (2005) In: Routière, O.N.I.D.L.S. (Ed.), Bilan De l’année 2004. Ministère desTransports, Paris. 113 Bassani, M., L. Catani, C. Cirillo, and G. Mutani (2016) Night-time and daytime operating speed distribution in urban arterials. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 42, Part 1, 56–69. 114 Hassan, Y., M. Sarhan, and R. Porter (2011) Transportation Research Circular E-C151: Modeling Operating Speed: Synthesis Report. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies. http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec151.pdf. Accessed November 20, 2019. 115 Kay, J. J., T. J. Gates, and P. T. Savolainen. (2017) Raising speed limits on rural highways: process for identification of candidate nonfreeway segments. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2618, 58–68.

NCHRP Web-Only Document 291: Development of a Posted Speed Limit Setting Procedure and Tool 170 116 Nightingale E., N. Parvin, C. Seiberlich, P. T. Savolainen, and M. Pawlovich (2017) Investigation of skew angle and other factors influencing crash frequency at high-speed rural intersections. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2636, 9–14. 117 Lamm, R., E. M. Choueiri, J. C. Hayward, and A. Paluri (1988) Possible design procedure to promote design consistency in highway geometric design on two-lane rural roads. Transportation Research Record, No. 1195, 111–122. 118 Jessen, D. R., K. S. Schurr, P. T. McCoy, G. Pesti, and R. R. Huff (2001) Operating speed prediction on crest vertical curves of rural two-lane highways in Nebraska. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No.1751, 67–75. 119 Robertson, J., K. Fitzpatrick, E. S. Park, and V. Iragavarapu (2014) Determining level of service on freeways and multilane highways with higher speeds. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2461, 81–93. 120 Dong, C., D. Clarke, S. Richards, and B. Huang (2014) Differences in passenger car and large truck involved crash frequencies at urban signalized intersections: an exploratory analysis. Accident Analysis & Prevention 62, 87– 94. 121 Himes, S. C., and E. T. Donnell (2010) Speed prediction models for multi-lane highways: a simultaneous equations approach. Journal of Transportation Engineering 136 (10), 855– 862. 122 Wang, C. M., A. Quddus, and S. G. Ison (2013) The effect of traffic and road characteristics on road safety: a review and future research direction. Safety Science 57 264–275. 123 Kockelman, K. and J.Bottom. (2006) NCHRP Web-Only Document 90: Safety Impacts and Other Implications of Raised Speed Limits on High-Speed Roads. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC. 124 Polus, A., K. Fitzpatrick, and D. B. Fambro (2000) Predicting operating speeds on tangent sections of two-lane rural highways. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1737, 50–57. 125 Souleyrette, R. R., T. B. Stout, and A. Carriquiry (2009) Evaluation of Iowa’s 70 mph Speed Limit—2.5 Year Update. CTRE Project 06-247, Iowa State University, Iowa Department of Transportation. 126 Utah DOT (2009) Utah DOT: No Downside to 80 mph Speed Limit Increase. The Truth About Cars. https://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/2009/10/utah-dot-no-downside-to-80-mph- speed-limit-increase/. Accessed November 2014. 127 Park, E. S., J. Park, and T. J. Lomax (2010) A fully Bayesian multivariate approach to before-after safety evaluation. Accident Analysis & Prevention 42, 1118–1127. 128 Russo, F., S. A. Biancardo, and M. Busiello (2016) Operating speed as a key factor in studying the driver behavior in a rural context. Transport 31 (2), 260–270. 129 Warner J., H. Chawla, C. Zhou, and P. T. Savolainen (2019) Analysis of rural interstate fatality rates in consideration of recent increases in maximum statutory speed limits. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2673, 48–58. 130 Gayah, V., E. Donnell, Z. Yu, and L. Li (2018) Safety and operational impacts of setting speed limits below engineering recommendations. Accident Analysis and Prevention 121, 43–52.

NCHRP Web-Only Document 291: Development of a Posted Speed Limit Setting Procedure and Tool 171 131 Wilmot, C., and A. Jayadevan (2006) Effect of Speed Limit Increase on Crash Rate on Rural Two-Lane Highways in Louisiana. Report No. 07-1TA, Louisiana Transportation Research Center. 132 Schurr, K. S., P. T. McCoy, G. Pesti, and R. Huff (2002) Relationship of design, operating, and posted speeds on horizontal curves of rural two-lane highways in Nebraska. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1796, 60–71. 133 Musicant, O., H. Bar-Gera, and E. Schechtman (2016) Impact of speed limit change on driving speed and road safety on interurban roads: meta-analysis. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2601, 42–49. 134 Hu, W. (2017) Raising the speed limit from 75 to 80 mph on Utah rural interstates: Effects on vehicle speeds and speed variance. Journal of Safety Research 61, 83–92. 135 Highway Capacity Manual (2010) Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC. 136 Dixon, K. K., C. H. Wu, W. Sarasua, and J. Daniels (1999) Posted and free-flow speeds for rural multilane highways in Georgia. Journal of Transportation Engineering 125 (6), 487– 494. 137 Freedman, Z., and A. Al-Kaisy (2013) Investigation of performance and lane utilization within a passing lane on a two lane rural highway. International Journal for Traffic and Transport Engineering 3 (3), 279–290. 138 Wooldridge, M. D., K. Fitzpatrick, D. W. Harwood, I. B. Potts, L. Elefteriadou, and D. J. Torbic (2003) NCHRP Report 502: Geometric Design Consistency on High Speed Rural Two-Lane Roadways. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC. 139 Fitzpatrick, K., L. Elefteriadou, D. W. Harwood, J. Collins, J. McFadden, I. B. Anderson, R. A. Krammes, N. Irizarry, K. Parma, K. M. Bauer, and K. Passetti (2000) Speed Prediction Models for Two-Lane Rural Highways. Report FHWA-RD-99-171, Federal Highway Administration. 140 Polus, A. (1980) The relationship of overall geometric characteristics to the safety level of rural highways. Traffic Quarterly 34 (4). 141 Kulmala, R., and M. Roine (1988) Accident Prediction Models for Two-Lane Roads in Finland. Technical Research Centre of Finland. 142 Miaou, S. P., and H. Lum (1993) Modeling vehicle accidents and highway geometric design relationships. Accident Analysis & Prevention 25 (6), 689–709. 143 Zegeer, C. V., R. Stewart, D. Reinfurt, F. Council, T. Neuman, E. Hamilton, T. Miller, and W. Hunter (1991) Cost Effective Geometric Improvements for Safety Upgrading of Horizontal Curves. Federal Highway Administration. 144 Federal Highway Administration (2017) Interactive Highway Safety Design Model (IHSDM): Overview. https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/research/tfhrc/projects/safety/comprehensive/ihsdm/. Accessed October 2015. 145 Camacho-Torregrosa, F., A. Perez-Zuriaga, J. Campoy-Ungia, and A. Garcia-Garcia (2013) New geometric design consistency model based on operating speed profiles for road safety evaluation. Accident Analysis & Prevention 61, 33–42. 146 Morrall, J. F., and R. J. Talarico (1994) Side friction demanded and margins of safety on horizontal curves. Transportation Research Record, No. 1435, 145–152.

NCHRP Web-Only Document 291: Development of a Posted Speed Limit Setting Procedure and Tool 172 147 Islam, M. N., and P. N. Seneviratne (1994) Evaluation of design consistency of two-lane rural highways. ITE Journal 64 (2), 28–31. 148 Krammes, R. A., Q. Brackett, M. A. Shafer, J. L. Ottesen, I. B. Anderson, K. L. Fink, K. M. Collins, O. J. Pendleton, and C. J. Messer (1995) Horizontal Alignment Design Consistency for Rural Two-Lane Highways. Report No. FHWA-RD-94-034, Federal Highway Administration. 149 Voigt, A. P., and R. A. Krammes (1996) An Operational and Safety Evaluation of Alternative Horizontal Curve Design Approaches on Rural Two-Lane Highways. Report No. 04690-3, Texas Transportation Institute. 150 Passetti, K. A., and D. B. Fambro (1999) Operating speeds on curves with and without spiral transitions. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No.1658, 9–16. 151 McFadden, J., and L. Elefteriadou (2000) Evaluating horizontal alignment design consistency of two-lane rural highways: development of new procedure. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1737, 9–16. 152 Fitzpatrick, K., and J. M. Collins (2000) Speed-profile model for two-lane rural highways. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1737, 42–49. 153 Gibreel, G. M., S. M. Easa, and I. A. El-Dimeery (2001) Prediction of operating speed on three-dimensional highway alignments. Journal of Transportation Engineering 127 (1), 21–30. 154 Misaghi, P., and Y. Hassan (2005) Modeling operating speed and speed differential on two- lane rural roads. Journal of Transportation Engineering 131, 408–417. 155 Gong, H., and N. Stamatiadis (2008) Operating Speed Prediction Models for Horizontal Curves on Rural Four-Lane Highways. Presented at the 87th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. 156 Bassani, M., C. Cirillo, S. Molinari, and J. M. Tramblay (2016) Random effects models operating speed distribution on rural two-lane highways. Journal of Transportation Engineering 142 (6). 157 Llopis-Castelló, D., B. González-Hernández, A. M. Pérez-Zuriaga, and A. García (2018) Speed prediction models for trucks on horizontal curves of two-lane rural roads. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2672, 72–82. 158 Harwood, D. W., J. M. Hutton, C. Fees, K. M. Bauer, A. Glen, H. Ouren, Quincy Engineering, and HQE, Inc. (2014) NCHRP Report 783: Evaluation of the 13 Controlling Criteria for Geometric Design. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC. 159 Kyte, M., Z. Khatib, P. Shannon, and F. Kitchener (2001) Effect of weather on free-flow speed. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation, No. 1776, 60–68. 160 Fambro, D. B., K. Fitzpatrick, and C. W. Russell (2000) Operating speed on crest vertical curves with limited stopping sight distance. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1701, 25–31. 161 Garach, L., J. Ona, G. Lopez, and L. Baena (2016) Development of safety performance functions for Spanish two-lane rural highways on flat terrain. Accident Analysis & Prevention 94, 250–265.

NCHRP Web-Only Document 291: Development of a Posted Speed Limit Setting Procedure and Tool 173 162 Hu, W., and E. Donnell (2011) Severity models of cross-median and rollover crashes on rural divided highways in Pennsylvania. Journal of Safety Research 42, 375–382. 163 Zegeer, C. V., D. W. Reinfurt, W. W. Hunter, J. Hummer, R. Stewart, and L. Herf (1988) Accident effects of sideslope and other roadside features on two-lane roads. Transportation Research Record, No. 1195, 33–47. 164 Harwood, D. W., F. M. Council, E. Hauer, W. E. Hughes, and A. Vogt (2000) Prediction of the Expected Safety Performance of Rural Two-Lane Highways. FHWA-RD099-207, Federal Highway Administration. 165 Gluck, J., H. S. Levinson, and V. Stover (1999) NCHRP Report 420: Impact of Access Management Techniques. TRB, National Research Council, Washington, DC. 166 Forbes, G. J., T. Gardner, H. McGee, and R. Srinivasan (2012) Methods and Practices for Setting Speed Limits: An Informational Report. FHWA-SA-12-004, Institute of Transportation Engineers. 167 NZ Transport Agency (2016) Speed Management Guide. https://www.nzta.govt.nz/assets/Safety/docs/speed-management-resources/speed- management-guide-first-edition-201611.pdf. Accessed March 16, 2020. 168 Law, V., and S. Zein (2009) Canadian Guidelines for Establishing Posted Speed Limits. Transportation Association of Canada. 169 Federal Highway Administration (2014) USLIMITS2. http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/uslimits/. Accessed January 23, 2017. 170 Federal Highway Administration (2014) USLIMITS2, Appendix K: Flow Charts Illustrating Decision Rules. https://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/uslimits/documents/appendixk.pdf. Accessed October 9, 2017. 171 Bornioli, A., I. Bray, P. Pilkington, and J. Parkin (2019) Effects of city-wide 20 mph (30 km/hour) speed limits on road injuries in Bristol, UK. Injury Prevention 26 (1). 172 Hu, W., and J. B. Cicchino (2018) Lowering the Speed Limit from 30 mph to 25 mph in Boston: Effects on Vehicle Speeds. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. 173 City of Portland (2019) Speed Limits in Portland. https://www.portlandoregon.gov/transportation/article/594740. Accessed September 6, 2019. 174 New York City DOT (2019) Neighborhood Slow Zones. https://www1.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/motorist/slowzones.shtml. Accessed September 5, 2019. 175 Fitzpatrick, K., R. McCourt, and S. Das (2019) Current attitudes among transportation professionals with respect to the setting of posted speed limits. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2673. 176 McCourt, R., K. Fitzpatrick, P. Koonce, and S. Das (2019) Speed Limits: Leading to Change. ITE Journal. https://www.nxtbook.com/ygsreprints/ITE/G104038_ITE_April2019/index.php#/48. Accessed November 20, 2019. 177 NCUTCD (2019) Item RW18B-RW-03: Speed Limit Procedures. https://ncutcd.org/wp- content/uploads/meetings/2019A/AttachNo12.18B-RW- 03.SpeedLimitProcdedures.Approved.pdf. Accessed November 20, 2019. 178 Fitzpatrick, K. (2002) Is the 85th Percentile Speed Used to Set Speed Limits? Compendium of Technical Papers, Institute of Transportation Engineers.

NCHRP Web-Only Document 291: Development of a Posted Speed Limit Setting Procedure and Tool 174 179 Savolainen, P. T., T. J. Gates, R. Hamzeie, T. J. Kirsch, and Q. Cai (2018) The Interrelationships between Speed Limits, Geometry, and Driver Behavior. Report No. DTRT13-G-UTC37, Midwest Transportation Center. 180 Alabama Department of Transportation (2015) Alabama Speed Management Manual. http://www.dot.state.al.us/dsweb/div_ted/Traffic_SOS/pdf/Alabama%20Speed%20Manage ment%20Manual%20October%202015.pdf. Accessed April 12, 2017. 181 Arizona Department of Transportation (undated) Frequently Asked Questions: Establishing Speed Limits. https://azdot.gov/business/engineering-and- construction/traffic/faq/establishing-speed-limits. Accessed September 18, 2016. 182 California Department of Transportation, Division of Traffic Operations (2014) California Manual for Setting Speed Limits. http://www.dot.ca.gov/trafficops/camutcd/docs/california- manual-for-setting-speed-limits.pdf. Accessed September 18, 2016. 183 Colorado Department of Transportation (2002) Establishing Realistic Speed Limits. https://www.codot.gov/library/traffic/traffic-manuals-guidelines/traffic-guidelines- info/establishing_realistic_speed_limits_brochure.pdf. Accessed September 18, 2016. 184 Connecticut Department of Transportation (2003) Highway Design Manual, 2003 Edition. https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/DOT/documents/dpublications/highway/coverpdf.pdf?la=en. Accessed September 18, 2016. 185 Connecticut Department of Transportation (undated) Speed Limits—Frequently Asked Questions. https://portal.ct.gov/- /media/DOT/documents/dstc/SpeedLimitsFAQpdf.pdf?la=en. Accessed September 18, 2016. 186 Indiana Department of Transportation (2012) InDOT Design Manual (section 75-3.03). http://www.in.gov/indot/design_manual/files/Ch75_2012.pdf. Accessed September 21, 2016. 187 Iowa Department of Transportation (2010) Speed Limit Questions? Here’s Your Answer. http://www.iowadot.gov/traffic/manuals/pdf/speedlimitbrochure.pdf. Accessed September 21, 2016. 188 Illinois Department of Transportation (2011) Policy on Establishing and Posting Speed Limits on the State Highway System. https://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/speedmgt/ref_mats/fhwasa1304/resources2/22%20- %20Policy%20on%20Establishing%20and%20Posting%20Speed%20Limits%20on%20the %20State%20Highway%20System.pdf. Accessed March 20, 2017. 189 Kansas Department of Transportation (undated) Establishing Speed Limits: A Case of “Majority Rule.” https://www.ksdot.org/Assets/wwwksdotorg/bureaus/burTrafficSaf/brochures/pdf/speedlim itspb.pdf. Accessed September 21, 2016. 190 Commonwealth of Kentucky Transportation Cabinet (2005) Kentucky Traffic Operations Guidance Manual. http://transportation.ky.gov/Organizational- Resources/Policy%20Manuals%20Library/Traffic%20Operations.pdf. Accessed September 21, 2016. 191 Louisiana Department of Transportation & Development (undated) Speed Limits. http://wwwapps.dotd.la.gov/administration/dotdaz/definition.aspx?termID=140. Accessed September 22, 2016.

NCHRP Web-Only Document 291: Development of a Posted Speed Limit Setting Procedure and Tool 175 192 Michigan Department of Transportation (undated) Establishing Realistic Speed Limits. http://www.michigan.gov/documents/Establishing_Realistic_Speedlimits_85625_7.pdf. Accessed September 21, 2016. 193 Missouri Department of Transportation (undated) Traffic Practices: A Guidebook for City and County Agencies. http://www.modot.org/safety/documents/TrafficPracticesaGuidebookforcitycountyagencies .pdf. Accessed September 22, 2016. 194 MaineDOT (2010) How Are Speed Limits Set? http://www.maine.gov/mdot/csd/mlrc/technical/howspeedlimitsareset.htm. Accessed September 18, 2016. 195 Minnesota Department of Transportation (undated) Speed Limits in Minnesota. http://www.dot.state.mn.us/speed/index.html. Accessed September 22, 2016. 196 Montana Department of Transportation (undated) Speed Limits. http://www.mdt.mt.gov/visionzero/roads/speedlimits.shtml. Accessed September 28, 2016. 197 Nebraska Department of Roads (2012) How Are Speed Limits Established? http://www.cybermanual.com/how-are-speed-limits-set-nebraska-department-of- roads.html. Accessed September 22, 2016. 198 New York State Department of Transportation (2003) Traffic Control Program: Speed Limits. https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/operating/oom/transportation- systems/repository/TED03-002.pdf. Accessed September 22, 2016. 199 North Carolina Department of Transportation (2013) Speed Limits. https://connect.ncdot.gov/resources/safety/Teppl/TEPPL%20All%20Documents%20Librar y/S40%20-%20Brochure.pdf. Accessed September 22, 2016. 200 North Dakota Department of Transportation (2015) Speed Limit Guidelines. http://www.dot.nd.gov/divisions/programming/docs/SpeedLimitGuidelines.pdf. Accessed March 20, 2017. 201 Ohio Department of Transportation (2002) Traffic Engineering Manual. Revised October 2015. Part 12. http://www.dot.state.oh.us/Divisions/Engineering/Roadway/DesignStandards/traffic/TEM/ Documents/Part_12_Complete_071516Revision_060616_bookma.pdf. Accessed November 22, 2016. 202 Oregon Department of Transportation (undated) Speed Zone Program: Interstate Speed Limits. https://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/HWY/TRAFFIC- ROADWAY/pages/speed_zone_program.aspx#Interstate_Speed_Limits. Accessed November 28, 2016. 203 Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (2006) Official Traffic Control Devices. Publication 212 (3-06). http://www.dot.state.pa.us/public/PubsForms/Publications/PUB%20212.pdf. Accessed March 20, 2017. 204 Texas Department of Transportation (2015) Procedures for Establishing Speed Zones. http://onlinemanuals.txdot.gov/txdotmanuals/szn/szn.pdf. Accessed September 28, 2016. 205 Utah Department of Transportation (2015) Establishment of Speed Limits on State Highways. https://www.udot.utah.gov/main/uconowner.gf?n=10468406714475616. Accessed September 28, 2016.

NCHRP Web-Only Document 291: Development of a Posted Speed Limit Setting Procedure and Tool 176 206 Vermont Local Roads (2016) Setting Speed Limits—A Guide for Vermont Towns. https://localroads.vermont.gov/sites/localroads/files/files/resources/materials/Setting%20Sp eed%20Limits%20Guide%20Update%20August%202016.pdf. Accessed November 20, 2019. 207 Virginia Department of Transportation (2016) Speed Limits. http://www.virginiadot.org/info/faq-speedlimits.asp. Accessed September 22, 2016. 208 Virginia Department of Transportation (undated) Guidelines for Interstate Speed Limits. http://www.virginiadot.org/info/resources/GUIDELINES_FOR_INTERSTATE_SPEED_L IMITS.pdf. Accessed September 22, 2016. 209 Washington State Department of Transportation (2017) Speed Limits. http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/Operations/Traffic/speedlimits.htm. Accessed September 28, 2016. 210 State of Wisconsin Department of Transportation (2009) Traffic Guidelines Manual. Chapter 13, Section 5. https://wisconsindot.gov/dtsdManuals/traffic-ops/manuals-and- standards/trans/13-05-06trans.pdf. Accessed September 28, 2016. 211 City of Austin (undated) Traffic Count Data Publishing. https://github.com/cityofaustin/atd-data-publishing/wiki/Traffic-Count-Data-Publishing. Accessed November 11, 2019. 212 R Software (undated) The R Project for Statistical Computing. https://www.r-project.org/. Accessed November 11, 2019. 213 Bollen, K. A. (1989) Structural Equations with Latent Variables. John Wiley & Sons. 214 Muthén, L. K., and B. O. Muthén (1998–2017) Mplus User’s Guide, eighth edition. Muthén & Muthén. 215 Kass, R. E., and A. E. Raftery (1995) Bayes factors. Journal of the American Statistical Association 90 (430), 773–795. 216 Michigan Department of Technology Management and Budget (undated) Michigan Geographic Framework Network. https://www.michigan.gov/cgi/0,4548,7-158-12618- 31485--,00.html. Accessed November 2018. 217 Federal Highway Administration (undated) Highway Performance Monitoring System. https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/hpms.cfm. Accessed November 2018. 218 Southeast Michigan Council of Governments (undated) Open Data Portal. http://maps- semcog.opendata.arcgis.com/. Accessed November 2018. 219 Bonneson, J., S. Geedipally, M. Pratt, and D. Lord (2012) NCHRP 17-45 Report: Safety Prediction Methodology and Analysis Tool for Freeways and Interchanges. Transportation Research Board. 220 Stapleton, S., A. Ingle, M. Chakraborty, T. Gates, and P. Savoleinen (2018) Safety performance functions for rural two-lane county road segments. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672 (52), 226–237. 221 Gates, T., P. Savolainen, R. Avelar, S. Geedpially, D. Lord, A. Ingle, and S. Stapleton (2018) Safety Performance Functions for Rural Road Segments and Rural Intersections in Michigan. Michigan Department of Transportation. 222 Das, S., S. Geedipally, K. Fitzpatrick, L. Wu, R. Avelar, and M. Banihashemi (2019) Rural Speed Safety Project for USDOT Safety Data Initiative (SDI): Final Report. 223 Gates et al. (2019) Analysis of Horizontal Curves per Mile for Undeveloped Highway Segments. Paper forthcoming.

NCHRP Web-Only Document 291: Development of a Posted Speed Limit Setting Procedure and Tool 177 224 AASHTO (2019) AASHTO Issues Second Edition of Low-Volume Roads Guidelines. AASHTO Journal. https://aashtojournal.org/2019/05/31/aashto-issues-second-edition-of- low-volume-roads-guidelines/. Accessed December 2, 2019. 225 Zegeer, C., R. Stewart, F. Council, and T. Neuman (1994) NCHRP Report 362: Roadway Widths for Low-Traffic-Volume Roads. Transportation Research Board. 226 AASHTO (2011) A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets. AASHTO. 227 Wu, H., Z. Han, M. R. Murphy, and Z. Zhang (2015) Empirical Bayes before-after study on safety effect of narrow pavement widening projects in Texas. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2515, 63–69. 228 Wang, K., J. Ivan, N. Ravishanker, and E. Jackson (2017) Multivariate poisson lognormal modeling of crashes by type and severity on rural two lane highways. Accident Analysis and Prevention 99, 6–19. 229 Toole, J. L., M. T. Pietrucha, and J. Davis (1999) FHWA University Level Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation. FHWA-RD-99-198, Federal Highway Administration. 230 Bonneson, J. A., and M. P. Pratt (2009) Roadway Safety Design Workbook. FHWA/Texas- 09/0-4703-P2, Texas Transportation Institute. 231 Zegeer, C., R. Srinivasan, B. Lan, D. Carter, S. Smith, C. Sundstrom, N. Thirsk, E. Ferguson, and R. Van Houten. (2017) NCHRP Research Report 841: Development of Crash Modification Factors for Uncontrolled Pedestrian Crossing Treatments. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. 232 Fitzpatrick, K., M. Cynecki, M. Pratt, E. S. Park, and M. Beckley (2019) Evaluation of Pedestrian Hybrid Beacons on Arizona Highways. Arizona Department of Transportation.

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Several types of speed limits exist, including statutory speed limit, posted speed limit, school zone speed limit, work zone speed limit, variable speed limit, and advisory speed.

The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Web-Only Document 291: Development of a Posted Speed Limit Setting Procedure and Tool documents the research efforts and findings from an NCHRP Project 17-76 to identify factors that influence a driver’s operating speed and the development of a Speed Limit Setting Procedure and Tool.

The document is supplemental to NCHRP Research Report 966: Posted Speed Limit Setting Procedure and Tool: User Guide.

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