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Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders: 2015 Annual Report (2016)

Chapter: Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders: 2015 Annual Report

Suggested Citation:"Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders: 2015 Annual Report." Institute of Medicine. 2016. Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders: 2015 Annual Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26239.
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Suggested Citation:"Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders: 2015 Annual Report." Institute of Medicine. 2016. Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders: 2015 Annual Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26239.
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Suggested Citation:"Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders: 2015 Annual Report." Institute of Medicine. 2016. Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders: 2015 Annual Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26239.
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Suggested Citation:"Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders: 2015 Annual Report." Institute of Medicine. 2016. Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders: 2015 Annual Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26239.
×
Page 4
Suggested Citation:"Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders: 2015 Annual Report." Institute of Medicine. 2016. Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders: 2015 Annual Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26239.
×
Page 5
Suggested Citation:"Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders: 2015 Annual Report." Institute of Medicine. 2016. Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders: 2015 Annual Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26239.
×
Page 6
Suggested Citation:"Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders: 2015 Annual Report." Institute of Medicine. 2016. Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders: 2015 Annual Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26239.
×
Page 7
Suggested Citation:"Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders: 2015 Annual Report." Institute of Medicine. 2016. Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders: 2015 Annual Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26239.
×
Page 8
Suggested Citation:"Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders: 2015 Annual Report." Institute of Medicine. 2016. Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders: 2015 Annual Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26239.
×
Page 9
Suggested Citation:"Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders: 2015 Annual Report." Institute of Medicine. 2016. Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders: 2015 Annual Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26239.
×
Page 10
Suggested Citation:"Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders: 2015 Annual Report." Institute of Medicine. 2016. Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders: 2015 Annual Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26239.
×
Page 11
Suggested Citation:"Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders: 2015 Annual Report." Institute of Medicine. 2016. Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders: 2015 Annual Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26239.
×
Page 12
Suggested Citation:"Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders: 2015 Annual Report." Institute of Medicine. 2016. Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders: 2015 Annual Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26239.
×
Page 13
Suggested Citation:"Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders: 2015 Annual Report." Institute of Medicine. 2016. Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders: 2015 Annual Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26239.
×
Page 14
Suggested Citation:"Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders: 2015 Annual Report." Institute of Medicine. 2016. Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders: 2015 Annual Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26239.
×
Page 15
Suggested Citation:"Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders: 2015 Annual Report." Institute of Medicine. 2016. Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders: 2015 Annual Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26239.
×
Page 16
Suggested Citation:"Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders: 2015 Annual Report." Institute of Medicine. 2016. Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders: 2015 Annual Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26239.
×
Page 17
Suggested Citation:"Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders: 2015 Annual Report." Institute of Medicine. 2016. Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders: 2015 Annual Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26239.
×
Page 18
Suggested Citation:"Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders: 2015 Annual Report." Institute of Medicine. 2016. Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders: 2015 Annual Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26239.
×
Page 19
Suggested Citation:"Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders: 2015 Annual Report." Institute of Medicine. 2016. Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders: 2015 Annual Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26239.
×
Page 20

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HEALTH AND MEDICINE DIVISION BOARD ON HEALTH SCIENCES POLICY Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders 2015 Annual Report

Message from the Chairs Steven Hyman and Story Landis Disorders of the nervous system are common, major causes of premature mortality and, in aggregate, the largest cause of disability worldwide. With the vast unmet medical needs associated with these disorders, declining industry investment in brain disorders is cause for concern. The discovery and development of new treatment mechanisms present particular challenges in comparison to other disease areas such as cancer. For example, there are gaps in our understanding of disease mecha- nisms, a paucity of appropriate animal models to predict efficacy, a lack of biomarkers, and long time horizons for clinical trials. Because our brains undergird cognition, behavior, and personal identity, the application of new technologies such as neurostimulation and brain–computer interfaces raise important ethical, social, and even legal questions concerning culpability. Furthermore, emerging technologies that raise significant ethical issues across all of medicine—including cell transplantation and genome engineering—raise unique considerations as they are applied to the brain. For 10 years the Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders has provided an important venue for candid discussions about emerging and critical issues among key stakeholders, including federal agencies that serve as research sponsors and regulators; the private sector; the academic community; and the nonprofit sector, including foundations and groups focused on nervous system disorders. Through the Forum’s activities, participants have been better able to share information and concerns and to understand each other’s goals and priorities. The dialogue has often yielded ideas for concrete actions or produced new collaborations. In 2015, discussions addressed a wide range of topics in membership meetings and large public workshops, including the encouragement of greater collaboration across federal agencies supporting aspects of the presidential Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiative; the state of financial incentives to encourage research and development of treatments for unmet needs in central nervous system (CNS) disorders; a possible new focus on cognitive dysfunction in depression; the opportunities and challenges related to non-invasive neuromodulation devices; the use of digital health records for Alzheimer’s disease research; and the continuation of efforts to improve mental and neurological health care in the developing world, with a focus this past year on Ghana and Kenya.

Looking ahead to 2016, the Forum plans to address such important topics as improving clinical trial methodology to address CNS disorders; multi-modal therapy approaches that combine drugs, devices, and psychosocial interventions; steps toward an ethical and more robust focus on human biology in therapeutic discovery and development, in recognition of the limitations of animal models in predicting efficacy; steps toward an ethical and more robust focus on human biol- ogy in recognition of the limitations of animal models in predicting efficacy; and ethical, legal, and social issues related to emerging neurotechnologies. We look forward to another year of engaging and productive dialogue. Steven Hyman Story Landis Chair Vice-Chair

Reflecting Back Forum Activities in 2015 Financial Incentives to Encourage Development of Therapies That Address Unmet Medical Needs for Nervous System Disorders The global burden of nervous system disorders is projected to increase significantly over time and is estimated to cost society more than $6 trillion per year by 2030, according to the 2011 report The Global Economic Burden of Noncommunicable Diseases by the World Economic Forum and the Harvard School of Public Health. Despite the market potential and recent international research initiatives to understand the human brain better, many large pharmaceutical companies have decreased investment or even closed their neuroscience research programs based on their judgment of the difficulty of the science and the historically high failure rate of CNS drugs in late-stage clinical trials. As a result, an enormous number of patients remain without effective treatments. The Forum hosted a public workshop to explore policy options that would encourage new private- sector investments and foster innovation in the development of novel therapeutics for nervous system disorders. Enabling Development, Discovery, and Translation for Cognitive Dysfunction in Depression Depression is a highly prevalent and disabling disorder. Existing treatments (including both medications and psychotherapies) are only partly effective for some patients and ineffective for many. Often, patients who would be considered responders by clinical trial criteria continue to have symptoms and are unable to return to their previous level of function (e.g., study or work). Increasing clinical and epidemiologic evidence suggests that cognitive dysfunction is an unappreciated aspect of depression that may well contribute to ongoing symptoms and poor functional outcomes. Currently available treatments have only modest benefits in treating cognitive dysfunction in depression, and some treatments, especially February 26 Biomarkers Workshop FORUM ACTIVITIES TIMELINE 2006 2007 October 4-5 February 27 1st Meeting 2nd Meeting

Reflecting Back: Forum Activities in 2015 older drugs with anticholinergic properties, may actually worsen cognitive func- tion in some patients. At present, the scientific field has not agreed on the best way to assess cognitive dysfunction in depression or whether this dimension of illness is dependent on, or independent of, mood symptoms. The Forum convened key stakeholders to explore how best to enable the discovery, development, and translation of treatments for cognitive dysfunction in depression, including a focus on the regulatory path forward. Non-Invasive Neuromodulation of the Central Nervous System Because of advances in biotechnology and neuroscience, non-invasive neuro- modulation devices are of increasing interest to clinicians, patients, health systems, and payers and could acquire significant clinical importance in the coming years. Evidence suggests that both therapeutic and non-clinical applications of non- invasive neuromodulation will continue to expand, particularly where treatments June 25 July 30-31 October 24-25 January 30 Molecules to Mind: 3rd Meeting 4th Meeting 5th Meeting Grand Challenges Workshop 2008 April 18 June 24 Autism and Environment 6th Meeting Workshop

are currently insufficient, such as drug-resistant depression. Along with the growing number of opportunities, there are challenges and open questions regarding scientific understanding of neuromodulation, therapeutic risks and benefits, ethics, regulation, and reimbursement. The Forum hosted a public workshop to explore these questions and identify potential opportunities for additional research and action. Assessing the Impact of Applications of Digital Health Records on Alzheimer’s Disease Research Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia in older adults, yet no effective therapies are currently available to treat the symptoms or slow the progression of the disease. The Forum hosted a session at the 2015 Alzheimer’s Association International Conference to explore how digital health records might be used to help improve clinical trial design and methodology for Alzheimer’s disease research. The session brought together an international group of experts in translational, epidemiological, and health services research along with an ethicist and representative of a big data analytics company. Providing Sustainable Mental and Neurological Health Care in Ghana and Kenya Mental, neurological, and substance use (MNS) disorders are the leading cause of disability and the 10th leading cause of death worldwide. Despite this high burden, there is a significant shortage of resources available to prevent, diagnose, and treat these disorders in low- and middle-income countries. Approximately four out of five people with serious MNS disorders do not receive needed health services, with sub-Saharan Africa having one of the largest treatment gaps. Expanding on previous efforts in sub-Saharan Africa, the Forum, in collaboration with the Academies’ Board on Global Health and African October 18 October 15-16 June 16 SFN: Social Issues 7th Meeting Suicidality Workshop Roundtable 2009 October 3 February 25 June 17 August 4-5 Venture Philanthropy 8th Meeting 9th Meeting Uganda Workshop Strategies Workshop

Reflecting Back: Forum Activities in 2015 Science Academy Development Initiative, convened two workshops to examine country-specific opportunities to improve the health care infrastructure in Ghana and Kenya in order to better prevent, diagnose, and treat MNS disorders. Participants in both workshops were asked to identify specific opportunities to advance sus- tainable access to mental and neurological health care and ensure that the right patients get the right care and treatment at the right time and in the right setting. November 9 March 8-9 Animal Law Sex Differences June 23 July 12 Workshop Workshop 11th Meeting ICAD 2010 Session 2010 November 3 June 22 December 10 10th Meeting Glutamate Workshop 12th Meeting

Looking Forward Forum Activities in 2016 Neuroscience Trials of the Future Although major strides have been made over the past two decades in basic neurosciences, the pace of translation into more effective treatments has eluded the field. Among the many factors contributing to this reality is the fact that clinical trial methodology has barely changed, with the possible exception of the increased use of electronic data acquisition and analysis. Better methods, from clinical study design through execution and evaluation, could help enhance the integrity, feasibility, acceptability, efficiency, and economic viability of clinical neuropsychiatric development. The Forum will convene a public workshop to bring together key stakeholders to discuss ways to advance thera- peutic development for nervous system disorders by using innovative clinical trial designs; improving patient selection, engagement, and retention; and enhancing clinical monitoring to help decrease the failure rate of drugs and devices in development. March 2-3 July 26-27 Neuroscience and Animal Regulations November 30 the Law Workshop Workshop 15th Meeting 2011 2012 February 2 July 18 August 10 13th Meeting AAIC 2011 Session 14th Meeting

Looking Forward: Forum Activities in 2016 Multimodal Therapies for Nervous System Disorders Numerous studies have shown that combining therapies of different modalities (e.g., drugs, devices, psychosocial interventions) may be more efficacious than monotherapy for many diseases and disorders. Given the complexity of many conditions, multimodal therapies have the ability to treat different aspects (e.g., chemical and behavioral) of a disease. However, this model has not been used for many brain disorders. The Forum will host a public workshop to explore the utility of multimodal therapies for nervous system disorders, bringing together key stakeholders to consider the opportunities and challenges to the development, regulation, and reimbursement of such approaches. Therapeutic Development for Nervous System Disorders in the Absence of Animal Models Although the prevalence and burden of nervous system disorders remains high, develop- ment of new therapeutics lags behind other disease areas. Gaps in understanding of the underlying mechanisms of disease and the challenges of using animal models to predict drug efficacy for human brain disorders have contributed to large pharmaceutical companies moving away from neuroscience research programs. Building on previous Forum workshops (Improving the Utility and Translation of Animal Models for Nervous System Disorders [2012] and Accelerating Therapeutic Development for Nervous System Disorders Toward First-in-Human Trials [2013]), the Forum will convene a public workshop to explore additional ways to accelerate early stages of drug development for nervous system disorders. For example, the workshop might explore the possibility of new public–private partnerships to establish biomarkers, learning from the successes and difficulties of the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative or new diagnostic scales October 4-5 March 28-29 July 11 Sharing Clinical Animal Models Workshop 17th Meeting Research Data Workshop March 28 May 10-11 September 4-5 November 18 16th Meeting Neurodegeneration SSA Human Resources 18th Meeting Workshop Workshop

for psychiatric symptoms and impairments. The Forum might also build on the prior workshops, which began to consider the evidence needed to bring compounds that appear to be safe into human efficacy trials, even if no predictive animal model has been found. Responsible Innovation and the Brain—Societal Dimensions of Neurotechnology Advances Emerging neurotechnologies have the potential to enhance human lives, offering better health outcomes and higher quality of life through the prevention and treatment of mental illness and neurological disease. But the scientific advances that have given rise to these new technologies raise a host of ethical, legal, and social issues. Across the world, large-scale brain initiatives are deepening our understanding of how a healthy brain functions, developing new tools to address open questions in fundamental neuroscience, and deciphering the biological underpinnings of neuropsychiatric diseases. With these efforts will come the potential to manipulate brain function both in illness and in health. There is broad international agreement that ethical considerations should be integrated into brain research. Although the National Institutes of Health and other federal agencies have begun to consider research programs on ethical, legal, and social issues, to date there have been only limited opportunities to compare approaches across the different national and regional initiatives, jurisdictions, and technologies. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development —with collaboration from the Forum and other organizations internationally—will convene a meeting to share ideas for understanding and addressing the societal implications of new neurotechnologies. August 22 January 13-14 March 5 Meeting on Developing SSA Essential 19th Meeting dMRI Standards Medicines Workshop 2013 2014 April 8-9 December 2 February 18 Acceleration Therapeutic 20th Meeting 21st Meeting Development Workshop

Looking Forward: Forum Activities in 2016 January 13-14 Providing Sustainable Access June 17 November 15 to Mental Health Care: Kenya 22nd Meeting Dry AMD Workshop Workshop 2015 October 28 November 16 January 20-21 23rd Meeting The Neuroscience of Financial Incentives Gaming Session at SfN Workshop

Working Groups The Forum has working groups to provide additional opportunities to address selected topics. Workshop topics may emerge from these efforts; any such workshops are then organized by an independently appointed workshop planning committee. Clinical Research Data Sharing The Forum is participating in an activity on clinical research data sharing that is a collaboration of four Academies forums (focusing on neuroscience; drug discovery, development, and translation; genomics; and cancer). Building on the recent Academies report Sharing Clinical Trial Data: Maximizing Benefits, Minimizing Risk, the group has the following goals: • Coordination: Through communication and organization, improve coordination and collaboration among stakeholders engaged in activities related to data sharing. Contribute to a learning system where stakeholders share information on the out- comes of projects and policies. Provide support and a venue to foster the potential development of a multi-stakeholder body to discuss clinical trial data sharing. • Implementation: Support implementation efforts by creating a mechanism for collaborative participants to identify priority issues and convene or organize other activities where appropriate. Priorities and action items are determined by action collaborative participants and executed by them, with Academies staff support, in their individual/organizational capacities. July 20 April 28-29 Assessing the Impact of February 24 Providing Sustainable Access Applications of Digital Health Cognitive Dysfunction in to Mental Health Care: Ghana Records on Alzheimer’s Disease Depression Workshop Workshop Research Session at AAIC March 2-3 June 4-5 November 10 Non-Invasive 24th Meeting 25th Meeting Neuromodulation Workshop

Working Groups Training a Neuroscience Workforce Building on discussions from the 2014 Forum workshop titled Developing a 21st Century Neuroscience Workforce, the Forum established a working group to continue to examine the current challenges and gaps in neuroscience training and identify opportunities to strengthen training programs so that they are tailored to meet the current and future workforce needs. Mental, Neurological, and Substance Use Disorders in Sub-Saharan Africa The Forum has a long-standing interest in identifying innovative solutions to enhance care for MNS disorders in sub-Saharan Africa. Since 2009, the Forum has hosted five workshops in Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, and Uganda to examine both general and country-specific barriers and potential innovative solutions, with particular focus on increasing human and financial resources to support current and future efforts. Using the World Health Organization Mental Health Gap Action Programme as a basis, the Forum, in collaboration with global entities, is continuing to explore additional opportunities to contribute in this area. June 14-15 27th meeting and February 23 Multimodal Therapies September 15-16 26th Meeting Workshop OECD Workshop 2016 March 3-4 September 12-13 Neuroscience Trials of Development in the Absence the Future Workshop of Animal Models Workshop

2015 Publications Developing a 21st Century Financial Incentives to Encourage Neuroscience Workforce: Development of Therapies That Workshop Summary Address Unmet Medical Needs for Nervous System Disorders: Workshop Summary

Enabling Discovery, Non-Invasive Neuromodulation Development, and Translation of the Central Nervous System: of Treatments for Cognitive Opportunities and Challenges: Dysfunction in Depression: Workshop Summary Workshop Summary

2015 Publications Providing Sustainable Mental Assessing the Impact of and Neurological Health Care Applications of Digital Health in Ghana and Kenya: Workshop Records on Alzheimer’s Disease Summary Research: Workshop Summary

Advancing Therapeutic The Neuroscience of Gaming: Development for Dry Age– Workshop in Brief Related Macular Degeneration (AMD): Workshop in Brief

Forum Members (as of December 2015) Membership in the Forum includes a diverse range of stakeholders from multiple sectors, including government, the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, biomedical research founders and sponsors, academia, and patient groups. Steven Hyman (Chair) William Dunn Walter Koroshetz Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Food and Drug Administration National Institute of Neurological Institute of Technology and Harvard Emmeline Edwards Disorders and Stroke Story Landis (Vice-Chair) National Center for Complementary Alan Leshner Former Director, National Institute of and Integrative Health, NIH Blueprint Chief Executive Officer Emeritus, Neurological Disorders and Stroke Martha Farah American Association for the Susan Amara University of Pennsylvania Advancement of Science Society for Neuroscience Daniel Geschwind Husseini Manji Rita Balice-Gordon University of California, Los Angeles Janssen Research & Development, LLC Pfizer Inc. Hank Greely David Michelson Katja Brose Stanford University Merck Research Laboratories Cell Press Magali Haas James Olds Daniel Burch Cohen Veterans Bioscience National Science Foundation Pharmaceutical Product Development, Ramona Hicks Atul Pande Inc. One Mind Tal Medical Sarah Caddick Richard Hodes Steven Paul Gatsby Charitable Foundation National Institute on Aging Voyager Therapeutics Rosa Canet-Aviles Stuart Hoffman Emiliangelo Ratti National Institutes of Health Department of Veteran Affairs Takeda Pharmaceuticals International, Maria Carrillo Inc. Michael Irizarry Alzheimer’s Association Eli Lilly and Company Todd Sherer C. Thomas Caskey The Michael J. Fox Foundation for John Isaac Parkinson’s Research Baylor College of Medicine Wellcome Trust Karen Chandross David Shurtleff Inez Jabalpurwala National Center for Complementary Sanofi Brain Canada Foundation and Integrative Health Timothy Coetzee Frances Jensen National Multiple Sclerosis Society Paul Sieving University of Pennsylvania Health National Eye Institute Fay Lomax Cook System National Science Foundation Nora Volkow George Koob National Institute on Drug Abuse Bruce Cuthbert National Institute on Alcohol Abuse National Institute of Mental Health and Alcoholism Stevin Zorn Lundbeck USA

Forum Sponsorship Forum Membership and Sponsorship (as of December 2015) Financial support for the Forum is derived from federal agencies, disease advocacy organizations, industry, and a nonprofit membership society. Alzheimer’s Association Brain Canada Foundation Cohen Veterans Bioscience Department of Veterans Affairs Eli Lilly and Company Food and Drug Administration Foundation for the National Institutes of Health Gatsby Charitable Foundation Nonprofit Genzyme, a Sanofi Company Janssen Research & Development, LLC 12% Lundbeck USA Merck Research Laboratories The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health National Eye Institute National Institute of Mental Health 52% Federal National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Industry 36% National Institutes of Health Blueprint for Neuroscience Research National Institute on Aging National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism National Institute on Drug Abuse National Multiple Sclerosis Society National Science Foundation One Mind Pfizer Inc. Pharmaceutical Product Development, Inc. Sanofi Society for Neuroscience Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Inc. Wellcome Trust

About the Neuroscience Forum About the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine The Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders at the National The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine was established in of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, nongovernmental 2006 to bring together government, industry, academia, disease advocacy institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and tech- organizations, and other interested parties. The Forum meets several nology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions times per year and provides its members with a structured, neutral venue to research. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president. for exchanging information, ideas, and differing perspectives. At its The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under meetings, the Forum examines significant—and sometimes contentious— the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices issues concerning scientific needs and opportunities, priority setting, and of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their policies related to neuroscience research, its societal implications, and peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., nervous system disorders, and the development, regulation, and use of is president. interventions for the nervous system. The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) The Forum sponsors workshops (symposia), workshop summaries, was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of and commissioned papers as additional mechanisms for informing its Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are membership, other stakeholders, and the public about emerging issues elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and and matters deserving scrutiny. Information about past and upcoming health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. meetings is available at the Forum’s website, www.nas.edu/neuroforum. The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objec- tive analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The Academies also Forum Staff encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions Clare Stroud, Ph.D. to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, Forum Director engineering, and medicine. Sheena Posey Norris, M.S. Program Officer Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.national-academies.org. Joanna Roberts, M.P.P. Senior Program Assistant Board on Health Sciences Policy Andrew M. Pope, Ph.D. Director

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