Criteria for Restoration of Longitudinal Barriers, Phase II (2021)

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1 REFERENCES AASHTO04 AASHTO-AGC-ARTBA Joint Committee, “A Guide to Standardized Hardware,” American Association of State and Highway Officials, Association of General Contractors, and American Road and Transportation Builder’s Association, Web- Document, https://www.aashtotf13.org/guide_display.php (2004). AASHTO09 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware, AASHTO Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures, Washington, D.C. (2009). Bielenberg07 Bielenberg, R.W., Faller, R.K., Rohde, J.R., Reid, J.D., Sicking, D.L., Holloway, J.C., Allison, E.M., and Polivka, K.A., Midwest Guardrail System for Long-Span Culvert Applications, Final Report to the Midwest States' Regional Pooled Regional Pooled Fund Program, Transportation Research Report No. TRP-03- 187-07, Project No.: SPR-3(017), Project Code: RPFP-05-04 -Year 15, Midwest Roadside Safety Facility, University of Nebraska-Lincoln (November 16, 2007). Bligh95 Bligh, R.P. and W.L. Menges, “Crash Testing and Evaluation of Round, Wood Post, W-Beam Guardrail System,” Report No. 405391, Texas Transportation Institute, College Station, Texas (1995). Bligh97a Bligh, R.P., W.L. Menges, B.G. Butler, “Evaluation of a Modified Steel Post W- Beam Guardrail System,” Report No. TX-98/3963-S, Performed for the Texas Department of Transportation, Performing Agency: Texas Transportation Institute, College Station, Texas (January 1997). Bligh97b Bligh, R.P. and W.L. Menges, “Testing and Evaluation of Modified Steel Post W- Beam Guardrail with Recycled Polyethylene Blockouts,” TTI Project 400001- MPT, Texas Transportation Institute, College Station, Texas (1997). Brewer90 Brewer, K., “W-Beam Guardrail Repair and Maintenance: A Guide for Street and Highway Maintenance Personnel,” FHWA-RT-90-001, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C. (1990). Bronstad71 Bronstad, M.E. and R.B. Burket, “Evaluation of timber weak-post guardrail systems,” Highway Research Record 343, Washington, D.C. (1971). Bronstad88 Bronstad, M.E., Calcote, L.R., Ray, M.H., and Mayer, J.B., Guardrail-Bridge Rail Transition Designs Volume 1, Research Report. Publication No. FHWA/RD- 86/178 (1988). Brown91 CM Brown, ‘Pendulum Testing of BCT Wood Posts, FOIL Tests: 91P039 through 91P045', Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL), McLean, Virginia (August 1991). Bullard96 Bullard, D.L., Jr., W.L. Menges, and D. Alberson, “NCHRP Report 350 Compliance Test 3-11 of the Modified G4(1S) Guardrail with Timber Blockouts,” FHWA Contract DTFH61-95-C-00090, Research Project 405421-1, Texas Transportation Institute, College Station, Texas (January 1996).

2 Bullard00 Bullard, D.L., W.L. Menges, “NCHRP Report 350 Test 3-11 on the G4(2W) Strong Post W-Beam Guardrail with 100 mm High Asphaltic Curb,” Report 404201-1, Texas Transportation Institute, College Station, Texas (June 2000). Bullard09 Bullard, D.L., Jr., R.P. Bligh, and W.L. Menges, “MASH TL-3 Testing and Evaluation of the G4(2W) W-Beam Guardrail,” Report No. 476460-1-5, Texas Transportation Institute, College Station, Texas (January 2009). Bullard10 Bullard, D.L., Jr., R.P. Bligh, W.L. Menges, and R.R. Haug, NCHRP Web-Only Document 157, Volume I: Evaluation of Existing Roadside Safety Hardware Using Updated Criteria – Technical Report, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. (2010). Buth99a Buth, E.C., R.A. Zimmer and W.L. Menges, “Testing and Evaluation of a Modified G4(1S) guardrail with W150x17 Steel Blockouts,” Test Report No. 405421-2, Texas Transportation Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (1999). Buth99b Buth, E.C., R.A. Zimmer and W.L. Menges, “NCHRP Report 350 Test 3-11 of the Strong Wood Post Thrie Beam Guardrail,” Report No. FHWA-RD-99-061, Test Report No. 404211-11, Texas Transportation Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (1999). Buth99c Buth, E.C. and W.L. Menges, “NCHRP Report 350 Test 4-12 of the Modified Thrie Beam Guardrail,” Report No. FHWA-RD-99-065, Test Report No. 404211- 5a, Texas Transportation Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (1999). Buth00a Buth, C.E., W.L. Menges, and S.K. Schoeneman, “NCHRP Report 350 Test 3-11 on the Modified PennDOT Type 2 Guide Rail, Test No. 473750-1, Texas Transportation Institute, College Station, Texas (January 2000). Buth00b Buth, C.E., W.L. Menges, and S.K. Schoeneman, “NCHRP Report 350 Test 3-11 on the Modified PennDOT Type 2 Guide Rail – Test 2, Test No. 473750-2, Texas Transportation Institute, College Station, Texas (February 2000). Buth00c Buth, C.E., W.L. Menges, and S.K. Schoeneman, “NCHRP Report 350 Test 3-11 on the Modified PennDOT Type 2 Guide Rail – Test 3, Test No. 473750-3, Texas Transportation Institute, College Station, Texas (2000). Buth00d Buth, C.E., W. L. Menges, S. K. Schoeneman, “NCHRP Report 350 Assessment of Existing Roadside Safety Hardware,” Research Report 404211-F, Texas Transportation Institute, College Station, Texas (November 2000). Buth00e Buth, C.E., W.L. Menges, and S.K. Schoeneman, “NCHRP Report 350 Test 3-10 on the Modified PennDOT Type 2 Guide Rail – Test 4, Test No. 473750-4, Texas Transportation Institute, College Station, Texas (2000). Buth00f Buth, C.E., D.L. Bullard, and W.L. Menges, “NCHRP Report 350 Test 3-11 on the Modified PennDOT Type 2 Guide Rail – Test 3, Test No. 473750-3, Texas Transportation Institute, College Station, Texas (2000). http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/662.1.pdf

3 Buth06 Buth, C.E., W.L. Menges, and S.K. Schoeneman, “NCHRP Report 350 Test 3-11 of the Long-Span Guardrail with 5.7 m Clear Span and Nested W-Beams Over 11.4 m,” Report/Test No.405160-1-1, Texas Transportation Institute, College Station, Texas (May 2006). Coon99 Coon, B.A., Reid, J.D., and Rohde, J.R., Dynamic Impact Testing of Guardrail Posts Embedded in Soil, Research Report TRP-03-77-98, Midwest Roadside Safety Facility, The University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska (July 1999). Dolci12 Dolci, Stefano, “Design of Suspension Component Testing for Chevy Silverado Model,” Unpublished Power Point document, Presentation made to the Computational Mechanics Workshop, Turner Fairbank , McLean, VA (January 2012). Engstrand00 Engstrand, K.E., M.H. Ray, C.A. Plaxico and R.G. McGinnis, “Testing of PennDOT Type 2 Guide Rail,” Work Order No. 50, Final Report to the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, Work performed at Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts (December 2000). Faller04 Faller, R.K., K.A. Polivka, B.D. Kuipers, R.W. Bielenberg, J.D. Reid, J.R. Rohde, and D.L. Sicking, Midwest Guardrail System for Standard and Special Applications, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1890, pp 19-33 (2004). https://doi.org/10.3141%2F1890-03 Faller07 Faller, R.K., D.L. Sicking, R.W. Bielenberg, J.R. Rohde, K.A. Polivka, and J.D. Reid, Performance of Steel-Post, W-Beam Guardrail Systems, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2025, pp 18-33 (2007). http://pubsindex.trb.org/view.aspx?id=802321 Faller09 Faller, R.K., J.D. Reid, D.E. Kretschmann, J.A. Hascall, and D.L. Sicking, Midwest Guardrail System with Round Timber Posts, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2120, pp 47-59 (2009). http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2009/fpl_2009_faller001.pdf Fleck08a Fleck, “1997 Chevrolet C2500 Pickup Impact with the Strong Steel Post W-Beam Guardrail – Part 1,” Test Report C08C3-027-1, MGA Research Corporation, Burlington, WI (2008). Fleck08b Fleck, “1997 Chevrolet C2500 Pickup Impact with the Strong Steel Post W-Beam Guardrail – Part 2,” Test Report C08C3-027-2, MGA Research Corporation, Burlington, WI (2008). Gabler10 Gabler, H.C., D.J. Gabauer, and C.E. Hampton, NCHRP Report 656: Criteria for Restoration of Longitudinal Barriers, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. (2010). https://dx.doi.org/10.17226/14374 Garret98 Riley, “Light Vehicle Inertial Parameter Database,” (http://wwwnrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/vrtc/ca/nhtsa_inertia_database_metric.pdf), National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C. (1998).

4 Hampton10 Hampton, C.E., and Gabler, H.C., “Crash Performance of Strong-Post W-Beam Guardrail with Missing Blockouts,” Virginia Tech – Center for Injury Biomechanics, Blacksburg, VA 24061, Proceedings of the 2010 ICRASH Conference, Paper No. 2010-118, Washington, D.C. (September 2010). http://www.me.vt.edu/gabler/publications/ICRASH-2010-118.pdf Hascall07 Hascall, J.A., R.K. Faller, J.D. Reid, D.L. Sicking, and D.E. Kretschmann, “Investigating the Use of Small-Diameter Softwood as Guardrail Posts (Dynamic Test Results),” MwRSF Research Report No. TRP-03-179-07, Midwest Roadside Safety Facility, Lincoln, Nebraska (2007). HRB62 HRB, "Proposed Full-scale Testing Procedures for Guardrails, “Highway Research Board Circular 482, Highway Research Board, Washington, D.C. (1962). Jeyapalan84 Jeyapalan, J.K., J.F. Dewey, T.J. Hirsch, H.E. Ross, and H. Cooner, Soil- Foundation Interaction Behavior of Highway Guardrail Posts, Transportation Research Record, No. 970, pp 37-47 (1984). http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1984/970/970-006.pdf Karlsson00 Karlsson, J., Design of a Non-Snagging Guardrail Post, Master’s Thesis, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA (June 2000). Kilarski99 Kilarski, W. P., M. El-Gindy, B. D. St. John and B. Peacheux, “Type 2 Weak Post Guardrail Testing,” Pennsylvania Transportation Institute, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA (1999). Kuipers03 Kuipers, B.D. and Reid, J.D., Testing of W152x23.8 (W6x16) Steel Posts - Soil Embedment Depth Study for the Midwest Guardrail System (Non-Proprietary Guardrail System, Final Report to the Midwest States' Regional Pooled Fund Program, Transportation Research Report No. TRP-03-136-03, Midwest Roadside Safety Facility, University of Nebraska-Lincoln (June 12, 2003). Kuipers05 Kuipers, B.D., R.K. Faller, and J.D. Reid, Critical Flare Rates for W-Beam Guardrail - Determining Maximum Capacity Using Computer Simulation, Final Report, NCHRP Project No. 17-20(3), Transportation Research Report No. TRP 03-157-04, Midwest Roadside Safety Facility, University of Nebraska-Lincoln (January 24, 2005). LS-DYNA13 User’s Manual Volumes 1 and 2 Version R7.0, Livermore Software Technology Corporation, Livermore, California (February 2013). Mak93 Mak, K.K, R.P Bligh, D.L. Bullard, “Crash Testing and Evaluation of a Low- Speed W-Beam Guardrail System”, Final Report Number WA-RD 325.1, Texas Transportation Institute, College Station, Texas (1993). Mak94 Mak, K.K. and W.C. Menges, “Crash Testing and Evaluation of Strong-Post W- beam Guardrails,” Texas Transportation Institute, College Station, Texas (1994). Mak95 Mak, K.K., R.P. Bligh, and W.L. Menges, “Crash Testing and Evaluation of Existing Guardrail Systems.” Texas Transportation Institute, Test Report No.

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6 Mayer99 Mayer, J.B., “Full-Scale Crash Evaluation of a Modified Eccentric Loader Terminal”, Final Report, Report Number FHWA-RD-99-031, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C. (September 1999). http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/15000/15600/15676/PB2000100277.pdf Michie71 Michie, J.D., L.R. Calcote, M.E. Bronstad, NCHRP Report 115: Guardrail Performance and Design, HRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C. (1971). http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp_rpt_115.pdf Michie81 Michie, J.D., NCHRP Report 230: Recommended Procedures for the Safety Performance Evaluation of Highway Appurtenances, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C. (March 1981). https://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp_rpt_230.pdf Murray07 Murray, Y.D., “Manual for LS-DYNA Material Model 143,” Report Number FHWA-HRT-04-097, APTECK, Inc., Colorado Springs, CO (2007). NCAC08 Finite Element Model of C1500 Pickup Truck, http://www.ncac.gwu.edu/vml/archive/ncac/vehicle/c2500pickup-0.7.pdf Patzner97 Patzner, G.S. “Effect of Wood Post Strength and Soil Strength on the Performance of the Modified Eccentric Loader Breakaway Cable Terminal (MELT) Under Impact Conditions Prescribed by NCHRP Report 350, Test3-35,” Master’s Thesis, University of Iowa (December 1997). Patzner99 Patzner, G.S., C.A. Plaxico, and M.H. Ray, Effect of Post and Soil Strength on the Performance of the Modified Eccentric Loader Breakaway Cable Terminal (MELT), Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1690, pp 78-83 (1999). https://doi.org/10.3141%2F1690-08 Plaxico95 Plaxico, C.A., Hackett, R.M., Uddin, W. and Adeff, S.E. "Crashworthiness Analysis of a Modified Thrie-Beam Guardrail," Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Technical Meeting of the Society of Engineering Science, New Orleans, October 29 - November 2, 1995, pp 201-202. Plaxico97 Plaxico, C.A., R.M. Hackett, and W. Uddin, Simulation of Vehicle Impacting a Modified Thrie-Beam Guardrail, Transportation Research Record, No. 1599, pp 1-10 (1997). https://doi.org/10.3141%2F1599-01 Plaxico98 Plaxico, C.A., G.S. Patzner, and M.H. Ray, Finite Element Modeling of Guardrail Timber Posts and the Post-Soil Interaction, Transportation Research Record, No. 1647, pp 139-146, Paper No. 980791 (1998). https://doi.org/10.3141%2F1647-17 Plaxico00 Plaxico, C.A., M.H. Ray, and K. Hiranmayee, Comparison of the Impact Performance of the G4(1W) and G4(2W) Guardrail Systems Under Report 350 Test 3-11 Conditions, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1720, pp 7-18 (2000). https://doi.org/10.3141%2F1720-02 Plaxico02 Plaxico, C.A., Design Guidelines for the Use of Curbs and Curb/Guardrail Combinations along High-Speed Roadways, Ph.D. Dissertation, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA (2002).

7 Plaxico03 Plaxico, C.A., F. Mozzarelli and M.H. Ray, “Tests and Simulation of a W-Beam Rail-to-Post Connection,” International Journal of Crashworthiness, Vol.8, No. 3, pp. 001-009, Woodhead Publishing Ltd 0257 (2003). Plaxico07 Plaxico, C.A., Kennedy, J.C., and Miele, C.R., “Evaluation and Redesign of a Culvert Guardrail and Transition System,” Technical Report, Ohio Department of Transportation (2007). Plaxico09 Plaxico, C., Miele, C., Kennedy, J., Simunovic, S. and Zisi, N., Enhanced Finite Element Analysis Crash Model of Tractor-Trailers (Phase B), National Transportation Research Center, Inc., Knoxville, TN (August 2009). Polivka99 Polivka, K.A., R.K. Faller, D.L. Sicking, J.R. Rhode, J.D. Reid and J.C. Holloway, .Guardrail and Guardrail Terminals Installed Over Curbs,. MwRSF Research Report No. TRP-03-83-99, Midwest Roadside Safety Facility, University of Nebraska-Lincoln (September 23, 1999). Polivka00a Polivka, K.A., R.K. Faller, D.L. Sicking, J.R. Rohde, J.D. Reid, and J.C. Holloway, “Guardrail and Guardrail Terminals Installed Over Curbs”, Final Report to the Midwest States' Regional Pooled Fund Program, Transportation Research Report No. TRP-03-83-99, Project No. SPR-3(017)-Year 8, Midwest Roadside Safety Facility, University of Nebraska-Lincoln (2000). Polivka00b Polivka, K.A., Faller, R.K., Sicking, D.L., Rohde, J.R., Holloway, J.C., and Keller, E.A., Development of a W-Beam Guardrail System for Use on a 2:1 Slope, Final Report to the Midwest States' Regional Pooled Fund Program, Transportation Research Report No. TRP-03-99-00, Project No. SPR-3(017)- Years 9 & 10, Midwest Roadside Safety Facility, University of Nebraska-Lincoln (October 16, 2000). Polivka06a Polivka, K.A., R.K. Faller, D.L. Sicking, J.R. Rohde, B.W. Bielenberg, J.D.Reid, “Performance Evaluation of the Modified G4(1S) Guardrail – Update to NCHRP Report 350 Test No. 3-11 (2214WB-1),” Report No,. TRP-03-168-06. Midwest Roadside Safety Facility, University of Nebraska-Lincoln (October 2006). Polivka06b Polivka, K.A., R.K. Faller, D.L. Sicking, J.R. Rohde, B.W. Bielenberg, J.D.Reid, “Performance Evaluation of the Modified G4(1S) Guardrail – Update to NCHRP Report 350 Test No. 3-11 with 28” C.G. Height (2214WB-2),” Report No. TRP- 03-169-06, Midwest Roadside Safety Facility, University of Nebraska-Lincoln (October 2006). Polivka06c Polivka, K.A., R.K. Faller, D.L. Sicking, J.R. Rohde, B.W. Bielenberg, J.D.Reid, “Performance Evaluation of the Midwest Guardrail System – Update to NCHRP Report 350 Test No. 3-11 (2214MG-1),” Report No. TRP-03-170-06, Midwest Roadside Safety Facility, University of Nebraska-Lincoln (October 2006). Polivka06d Polivka, K.A., R.K. Faller, D.L. Sicking, J.R. Rohde, B.W. Bielenberg, J.D.Reid, “Performance Evaluation of the Midwest Guardrail System – Update to NCHRP Report 350 Test No. 3-11 with 28” C.G. Height (2214MG-2),” Report No. TRP- 03-171-06, Midwest Roadside Safety Facility, University of Nebraska-Lincoln (October 2006).

8 Polivka06e Polivka, K.A., R.K. Faller, D.L. Sicking, J.R. Rohde, B.W. Bielenberg, J.D.Reid, “Performance Evaluation of the Midwest Guardrail System – Update to NCHRP Report 350 Test No. 3-10 (2214MG-3),” Report No. TRP-03-172-06, Midwest Roadside Safety Facility, University of Nebraska-Lincoln (October 2006). Ray01a Ray, M.H., K.E. Engstrand, C.A. Plaxico, and R.G. McGinnis, Improvements to the Weak-Post W-Beam Guardrail, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1743, pp 88-96, Paper No. 01-2282 (2001). https://doi.org/10.3141%2F1743-12 Ray01b Ray, M.H., C.A. Plaxico, and K.E. Engstrand, Performance of W-Beam Splices, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1743, pp 120-125, Paper No. 01-2420 (2001). https://doi.org/10.3141%2F1743-16 Ray04 Ray, M.H., C.A. Plaxico and E. Oldani, “Finite Element Simulations of the Performance of the Alberta Weak-Post W-Beam Guardrail,” Performed for the Providence of Alberta, Canada, Performed by Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA (November 2004). Ray08 Ray, M.H., Anghileri, M., Mongiardini, M., “Comparison of Validation Metrics Using Full-Scale Automobile Crash Tests,” 8th World Congress on Computational Mechanics, Venice, Italy (June 30 – July 5, 2008). Ray10 Ray, M.H., M. Mongiardini, C.A. Plaxico, and M. Anghileri, NCHRP Web-Only Document 179: Procedures for Verification and Validation of Computer Simulations Used for Roadside Safety Applications, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. (2010). Reid97 Reid, J.D., D.L. Sicking, R.K. Faller, and B.G. Pfeifer, Development of a New guardrail System, Transportation Research Record, No. 1599, pp. 72-80 (1997). Reid07 Reid, J.D, B.D. Kuipers, D.L. Sicking, and R.K. Faller, Guardrail Flare Rates, Presented at 86th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. (2007). Rhohde95 Rohde, J.R. and Reid, J.D., Evaluation of the Performance Criteria for Wood Posts in Strong-Post W-Beam Guardrail, Research Report, Midwest Roadside Safety Facility, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska (1995). Rhohde96 Rohde, J.R., B.T. Rosson and R. Smith, Instrumentation for Determination of Guardrail-Soil Interaction, Transportation Research Record, No. 1528, pp 109- 115 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0361198196152800111 ROBUST02 Road Barrier Upgrade of Standards (ROBUST), “Deliverable 4.1.1 – Full scale test results – An analysis,” ROBUST PROJECT, GRD-2002-70021 (2002). Ross93 Ross, H.E., D.L. Sicking, R.A. Zimmer, and J.D. Michie, NCHRP Report 350: Recommended Procedures for the Safety Performance Evaluation of Highway Features, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C. (1993). http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp_rpt_350-a.pdf